abbreviations used in airway manual

19 MAR 10 INTRODUCTION 41

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN AIRWAY MANUAL

DEFINITIONS

A/A Air to Air

AAF Army Air Field

AAIM Aircraft Autonomous IntegrityMonitoring

AAIS Automated Aerodrome InformationService

AAL Above Aerodrome Level

AAS Airport Advisory Service

AAU Authorized Approach UNICOM

AB Air Base

ABM Abeam

ABN Aerodrome Beacon

AC Air Carrier

ACA Arctic Control Area

ACA Approach Control Area

ACAS Airborne Collision AvoidanceSystem

ACARS Airborne CommunicationsAddressing and Reporting System

ACC Area Control Center

ACFT Aircraft

ACN Aircraft Classification Number

AD Aerodrome

ADA Advisory Area

ADF Automatic Direction Finding

ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone

ADNL Additional

ADR Advisory Route

ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance

ADV Advisory Area

AEIS Aeronautical Enroute InformationService

AER Approach End of Runway

AERADIO Air Radio

AERO Aerodrome

AF Aux Air Force Auxiliary Field

AFB Air Force Base

AFIS Aerodrome Flight InformationService

AFLD Airfield

AFN American Forces Network

AFRS Armed Forces Radio Stations

AFRU Aerodrome Frequency ResponseUnit

AFS Air Force Station

AFSS Automated Flight Service Station

A/G Air-to-Ground

AGL Above Ground Level

AGNIS Azimuth Guidance Nose-in-Stand

AH Alert Height

AHP Army Heliport

AIRAC Aeronautical InformationRegulation and Control

AIREP Air-Report

AIS Aeronautical Information Services

ALA Aircraft Landing Area

ALF Auxiliary Landing Field

ALS Approach Light System

ALS Low Intensity Approach Lights

ALT Altitude

ALTN Alternate

AMA Area Minimum Altitude

AMSL Above Mean Sea Level

ANGB Air National Guard Base

AOE Airport/Aerodrome of Entry

AOM Airport Operating Minimums

AOR Area of Responsibility

APAPI Abbreviated Precision ApproachPath Indicator

APC Area Positive Control

APCH Approach

APP Approach Control

APT Airport

APV Approach Procedure with VerticalGuidance

AR Authorization Required

ARB Air Reserve Base

ARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc.

ARO Aerodrome Reporting Officer

ARP Airport Reference Point

ARR Arrival

ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center

ASDA Accelerate Stop Distance Available

ASOS Automated Surface ObservingSystem

ASR Airport Surveillance Radar

ATA Actual Time of Arrival

ATCAA Air Traffic Control AssignedAirspace

ATCC Air Traffic Control Center

ATCT Air Traffic Control Tower

ATD Actual Time of Departure

ATF Aerodrome Traffic Frequency

ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management

ATIS Automatic Terminal InformationService

ATND SKD Attended Scheduled Hours

ATS Air Traffic Service

ATZ Aerodrome Traffic Zone

AU Approach UNICOM

AUP Airspace Utilization Plane

AUTH Authorized

AUW All-up Weight

AUX Auxiliary

AVBL Available

AWIB Aerodrome Weather InformationBroadcast

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© JEPPESEN, 1984, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

42 INTRODUCTION 19 MAR 10


AWIS Aerodrome Weather InformationService

AWOS Automated Weather ObservingSystem

AWSS Aviation Weather Sensor System

AWY Airway

AZM Azimuth

Baro VNAV Barometric Vertical Navigation

BC Back Course

BCM Back Course Marker

BCN Beacon

BCOB Broken Clouds or Better

BCST Broadcast

BDRY Boundary

BLDG Building

BM Back Marker

BRG Bearing

B-RNAV Basic RNAV

BS Broadcast Station (Commercial)

C ATC IFR Flight Plan ClearanceDelivery Frequency

CADIZ Canadian Air Defense IdentificationZone

CAE Control Area Extension

CA/GRS Certified Air/Ground Radio Service

CANPA Constant Angle Non-PrecisionApproach

CARS Community Aerodrome RadioStation

CAT Category

CBA Cross Border Area

CDFA Continuous Descent FinalApproach

CDI Course Deviation Indicator

CDR Conditional Route

CDT Central Daylight Time

CEIL Ceiling

CERAP Combined Center/Radar ApproachControl

CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain

CGAS Coast Guard Air Station

CGL Circling Guidance Lights

CH Channel

CH Critical Height

CHGD Changed

CL Centerline Lights

CMNPS Canadian Minimum NavigationPerformance Specification

CMV Converted Met Visibility

CNF Computer Navigation Fix

CO County

COMLO Compass Locator

COMMS Communications

CONT Continuous

CONTD Continued

COORDS Coordinates

COP Change Over Point

CORR Corridor

CP Command Post

CPDLC Controller Pilot Data LinkCommunications

Cpt Clearance (Pre-Taxi Procedure)

CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check

CRP Compulsory Reporting Point

CRS Course

CST Central Standard Time

CTA Control Area

CTAF Common Traffic AdvisoryFrequency

CTL Control

CTOT Calculated Take-off Time

CTR Control Zone

CVFP Charted Visual Flight Procedure

CVFR Controlled VFR

D Day

DA Decision Altitude

DA (H) Decision Altitude (Height)

D-ATIS Digital ATIS

DCL Data Link Departure ClearanceService

DCT Direct

DECMSND Decommissioned

DEG Degree

DEP Departure Control/DepartureProcedures

DER Departure End of Runway

DEWIZ Distance Early WarningIdentification Zone

DF Direction Finder

DISPLTHRESH

Displaced Threshold

DIST Distance

DME Distance-Measuring Equipment

DOD Department of Defense

DOM Domestic

DP Obstacle Departure Procedure

DRCO Dial-up Remote CommunicationsOutlet

E East or Eastern

EAT Expected Approach Time

ECOMS Jeppesen Explanation of CommonMinimum Specifications

EDT Eastern Daylight Time

EET Estimated Elapsed Time

EFAS Enroute Flight Advisory Service

EFF Effective

EFVS Enhanced Flight Vision System

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EH Eastern Hemisphere

ELEV Elevation

EMAS Engineered Materials ArrestingSystem

EMERG Emergency

ENG Engine

EOBT Estimated Off Block Time

EST Eastern Standard Time

EST Estimated

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

ETD Estimated Time of Departure

ETE Estimated Time Enroute

ETOPS Extended Range Operation withtwo-engine airplanes

EVS Enhanced Vision System

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FACF Final Approach Course Fix

FAF Final Approach Fix

FAIL Failure

FANS Future Air Navigation System

FAP Final Approach Point

FAR Federal Aviation Regulation

FAS DB Final Approach Segment Datablock

FAT Final Approach Track

FATO Final Approach and Take-off Area

FCP Final Control Point

FIA Flight Information Area

FIC Flight Information Center

FIR Flight Information Region

FIS Flight Information Service

FL Flight Level (Altitude)

FLARES Flare Pots or Goosenecks

FLD Field

FLG Flashing

FLT Flight

FM Fan Marker

FMC Flight Management Computer

FMS Flight Management System

FPM Feet Per Minute

FPR Flight Planning Requirements

FRA Free Route Airspace

FREQ Frequency

FSS Flight Service Station

FT Feet

FTS Flexible Track System

G Guards only (radio frequencies)

GA General Aviation

GBAS Ground-Based AugmentationSystem

GCA Ground Controlled Approach(radar)

GCO Ground Communication Outlet

GEN General

GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation SatelliteSystem

GLS Global Navigation Satellite System[GNSS] Landing System

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GND Ground Control

GND Surface of the Earth (either landor water)

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GP Glidepath

GPA Glidepath Angle

GPS Global Positioning System

GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System

GS Glide Slope

G/S Ground Speed

GWT Gross Weight

H Non-Directional Radio Beacon orHigh Altitude

H24 24 Hour Service

HAA Height Above Airport

HALS High Approach Landing System

HAS Height Above Site

HAT Height Above Touchdown

HC Critical Height

HDG Heading

HF High Frequency (3-30 MHz)

HGS Head-up Guidance System

HI High (altitude)

HI High Intensity (lights)

HIALS High Intensity Approach LightSystem

HIRL High Intensity Runway Edge Lights

HIRO High Intensity Runway Operations

HIWAS Hazardous Inflight WeatherAdvisory Service

HJ Sunrise to Sunset

HN Sunset to Sunrise

HO By Operational Requirements

hPa Hectopascal (one hectopascal =one millibar)

HR Hours (period of time)

HS During Hours of ScheduledOperations

HST High Speed Taxiway Turn-off

HUD Head-up Display

HUDLS Head-Up Display Landing System

HX No Specific Working Hours

Hz Hertz (cycles per second)

I Island

IAC Instrument Approach Chart

IAF Initial Approach Fix

IAML Integrity Monitor Alarm

IAP Instrument Approach Procedure

IAS Indicated Airspeed

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IATA International Air TransportAssociation

IAWP Initial Approach Waypoint

IBN Identification Beacon

ICAO International Civil AviationOrganization

IDENT Identification

IF Intermediate Fix

IFBP Inflight Broadcast Procedure

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

IGS Instrument Guidance System

ILS Instrument Landing System

IM Inner Marker

IMAL Integrity Monitor Alarm

IMC Instrument MeteorologicalConditions

IMTA Intensive Military Training Area

INDEFLY Indefinitely

IN or INS Inches

INFO Information

INOP Inoperative

INS Inertial Navigation System

INT Intersection

INTL International

IORRA Indian Ocean Random RNAV Area

IR Instrument Restricted ControlledAirspace

IS Islands

ITWS Integrated Terminal WeatherSystem

I/V Instrument/Visual ControlledAirspace

JAA Joint Aviation Authorities

JAR-OPS Joint Aviation Requirements–Oper-ations

KGS Kilograms

kHz Kilohertz

KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed

KM Kilometers

KMH Kilometer(s) per Hour

KT Knots

KTAS Knots True Airspeed

L Locator (Compass)

LAA Local Airport Advisory

LAAS Local Area Augmentation System

LACFT Large Aircraft

LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations

LAT Latitude

LBCM Locator Back Course Marker

LBM Locator Back Marker

LBS Pounds (Weight)

LCG Load Classification Group

LCN Load Classification Number

Lctr Locator (Compass)

LDA Landing Distance Available

LDA Localizer-type Directional Aid

LDI Landing Direction Indicator

LDIN Lead-in Light System

LGTH Length

LIM Locator Inner Marker

LIRL Low Intensity Runway Lights

LLWAS Low Level Wind Shear AlertSystem

LMM Locator Middle Marker

LNAV Lateral Navigation

LNDG Landing

LO Locator at Outer Marker Site

LOC Localizer

LOM Locator Outer Marker

LONG Longitude

LPV Localizer Performance with VerticalGuidance

LSALT Lowest Safe Altitude

LT Local Time

LTP Landing Threshold Point

LTS Lights

LVP Low Visibility Procedures

LWIS Limited Weather InformationSystem

M Meters

MAA Maximum Authorized Altitude

MAG Magnetic

MAHF Missed Approach Holding Fix

MALS Medium Intensity Approach LightSystem

MALSF Medium Intensity Approach LightSystem with Sequenced FlashingLights

MALSR Medium Intensity Approach LightSystem with Runway AlignmentIndicator Lights

MAP Missed Approach Point

MAX Maximum

MB Millibars

MCA Minimum Crossing Altitude

MCAF Marine Corps Air Facility

MCAS Marine Corps Air Station

MCTA Military Controlled Airspace

MDA Minimum Descent Altitude

MDA(H) Minimum Descent Altitude (Height)

MDT Mountain Daylight Time

MEA Minimum Enroute Altitude

MEHT Minimum Eye Height OverThreshold

MEML Memorial

MET Meteorological

MF Mandatory Frequency

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MFA Minimum Flight Altitude

MHA Minimum Holding Altitude

MHz Megahertz

MI Medium Intensity (lights)

MIALS Medium Intensity Approach LightSystem

MIL Military

MIM Minimum

MIN Minute

MIRL Medium Intensity Runway EdgeLights

MKR Marker Radio Beacon

MLS Microwave Landing System

MM Middle Marker

MNM Minimum

MNPS Minimum Navigation PerformanceSpecifications

MOA Military Operation Area

MOCA Minimum Obstruction ClearanceAltitude

MORA Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Gridor Route)

MRA Minimum Reception Altitude

MROT Minimum Runway OccupancyTime

MSA Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude

MSL Mean Sea Level

MST Mountain Standard Time

MTA Military Training Area

MTAF Mandatory Traffic AdvisoryFrequency

MTCA Minimum Terrain ClearanceAltitude

MTMA Military Terminal Control Area

MTOW Maximum Take-off Weight

MUN Municipal

MVA Minimum Vectoring Altitude

N Night, North or Northern

NA Not Authorized

NAAS Naval Auxiliary Air Station

NADC Naval Air Development Center

NAEC Naval Air Engineering Center

NAF Naval Air Facility

NALF Naval Auxiliary Landing Field

NAP Noise Abatement Procedure

NAR North American Routes

NAS Naval Air Station

NAT North Atlantic Traffic

NAT/OTS North Atlantic Traffic/OrganizedTrack System

NATL National

NAVAID Navigational Aid

NCA Northern Control Area

NCRP Non-Compulsory Reporting Point

NDB Non-Directional Beacon/RadioBeacon

NE Northeast

NM Nautical Mile(s)

No Number

NoPT No Procedure Turn

NOTAM Notices to Airmen

NPA Non-Precision Approach

NW Northwest

NWC Naval Weapons Center

OAC Oceanic Area Control

OAS Obstacle Assessment Surface

OCA Oceanic Control Area

OCA (H) Obstacle Clearance Altitude(Height)

OCL Obstacle Clearance Limit

OCNL Occasional

OCTA Oceanic Control Area

ODALS Omni-Directional Approach LightSystem

ODP Obstacle Departure Procedure

OFZ Obstacle Free Zone

OM Outer Marker

OPS Operations or Operates

O/R On Request

O/T Other Times

OTR Oceanic Transition Route

OTS Out-of-Service

PA Precision Approach

PAL Pilot Activated Lighting

PANS-OPS Procedures for Air NavigationServices - Aircraft Operations

PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator

PAR Precision Approach Radar

PARK Parking

PCL Pilot Controlled Lighting

PCN Pavement Classification Number

PCZ Positive Control Zone

PDC Pre-Departure Clearance

PDG Procedure Design Gradient

PDT Pacific Daylight Time

PERF Performance

PERM Permanent

PinS Point In Space

PISTON Piston Aircraft

PJE Parachute Jumping Exercise

PLASI Pulsating Visual Approach SlopeIndicator

PNR Prior Notice Required

POFZ Precision Obstacle Free Zone

PPO Prior Permission Only

PPR Prior Permission Required

PRA Precision Radar Approach

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PRM Precision Radar Monitor

P-RNAV Precision RNAV

PROC Procedure

PROP Propeller Aircraft

PSP Pierced Steel Planking

PST Pacific Standard Time

PTO Part Time Operation

PVT Private Operator

QDM Magnetic bearing to facility

QDR Magnetic bearing from facility

QFE Height above airport elevation (orrunway threshold elevation) basedon local station pressure

QNE Altimeter setting 29.92" Hg or1013.2 Mb.

QNH Altitude above sea level based onlocal station pressure

R R-063 or 063R

Magnetic Course (radial) measuredas 063 from a VOR station. Flightcan be inbound or outbound onthis line.

RA Radio Altimeter

RAI Runway Alignment Indicator

RAIL Runway Alignment Indicator Lights

RAIM Receiver Autonomous IntegrityMonitoring

RAPCON Radar Approach Control

RASS Remote Altimeter Source

RCAG Remote Communications AirGround

RCC Rescue Coordination Center

RCL Runway Centerline

RCLM Runway Center Line Markings

RCO Remote Communications Outlet

REF Reference

REIL Runway End Identifier Lights

REP Reporting Point

RESA Runway End Safety Area

REV Reverse

REP Ramp Entrance Point

RF Radius to Fix

RL Runway (edge) Lights

RNAV Area Navigation

RNP Required Navigation Performance

RNP AR Required Navigation PerformanceAuthorization Required

RNPC Required Navigation PerformanceCapability

ROC Rate of Climb

RON Remain Overnight

RPT Regular Public Transport

RSA Runway Safety Area

RTE Route

RTF Radiotelephony

RTS Return to Service

RVR Runway Visual Range

RVSM Reduced Vertical SeparationMinimum

RVV Runway Visibility Values

RW Runway

RWSL Runway Status Lights

RWY Runway

S South or Southern

SAAAR Special Aircraft and AircrewAuthorization Required

SALS Short Approach Light System

SALSF Short Approach Light System withSequenced Flashing Lights

SAP Stabilized Approach

SAR Search and Rescue

SATCOM Satellite voice air-ground calling

SAWRS Supplementary Aviation WeatherReporting Station

SBAS Satellite-Based AugmentationSystem

SCA Southern Control Area

SCOB Scattered Clouds or Better

SDF Simplified Directional Facility

SE Southeast

SEC Seconds

SELCAL Selective Call System

SFC Surface of the earth (either land orwater)

SFL Sequenced Flashing Lights

SFL-V Sequenced Flashing Lights -Variable Light Intensity

SID Standard Instrument Departure

SIWL Single Isolated Wheel Load

SKD Scheduled

SLP Speed Limiting Point

SM Statute Miles

SMA Segment Minimum Altitude

SMGCS Surface Movement Guidance andControl System

SMSA Segment Minimum Safe Altitude

SOC Start of Climb

SODALS Simplified OmnidirectionalApproach Lighting System

SPAR French Light Precision ApproachRadar

SRA Special Rules Area

SRA Surveillance Radar Approach

SRE Surveillance Radar Element

SR-SS Sunrise-Sunset

SSALF Simplified Short Approach LightSystem with Sequenced FlashingLights

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16 APR 10 INTRODUCTION 47


SSALR Simplified Short Approach LightSystem with Runway AlignmentIndicator Lights

SSALS Simplified Short Approach LightSystem

SSB Single Sideband

SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar (inU.S.A. ATCRBS)

STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route(USA)

Standard Instrument Arrival (ICAO)

STD Indication of an altimeter set to29.92" Hg or 1013.2 hPa (Mb)without temperature correction

Std Standard

ST-IN Straight-in

STOL Short Take-off and Landing

SUPP Supplemental/Supplementary

SW Single Wheel Landing Gear

SW Southwest

SYS System

°T True (degrees)

T Terrain clearance altitude (MOCA)

T Transmits only (radio frequencies)

T-VASI Tee Visual Approach SlopeIndicator

TA Transition Altitude

TAA Terminal Arrival Area (FAA)

TAA Terminal Arrival Altitude (ICAO)

TACAN Tactical Air Navigation (bearingand distance station)

TAR Terminal Area Surveillance Radar

TAS True Air Speed

TCA Terminal Control Area

TCAS Traffic Alert and CollisionAvoidance System

TCH Threshold Crossing Height

TCTA Transcontinental Control Area

TDWR Terminal Doppler Weather Radar

TDZ Touchdown Zone

TDZE Touchdown Zone Elevation

TEMP Temporary

TERPS United States Standard forTerminal Instrument Procedure

THR Threshold

TIBA Traffic Information Broadcast byAircraft

TIZ Traffic Information Zone

TL Transition Level

TMA Terminal Control Area

TML Terminal

TMN Terminates

TMZ Transponder Mandatory Zone

TNA Transition Area

TODA Take-off Distance Available

TORA Take-off Run Available

TP Turning Point

TRA Temporary Reserved Airspace

TRACON Terminal Radar Approach Control

TRANS Transition(s)

TRANS ALT Transition Altitude

TRANSLEVEL

Transition Level

TRCV Tri-Color Visual Approach SlopeIndicator

TSA Temporary Segregated Area

TVOR Terminal VOR

TWEB Transcribed Weather Broadcast

TWIP Terminal Weather Information forPilots

TWR Tower (Aerodrome Control)

TWY Taxiway

U Unspecified

U UNICOM

UAS Unmanned Aerial System

UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

UFN Until Further Notice

UHF Ultra High Frequency (300-3000MHz)

UIR Upper Flight Information Region

UNCT’L Uncontrolled

UNICOM Aeronautical Advisory Service

UNICOM (A) Automated UNICOM

UNL Unlimited

U/S Unserviceable

USAF US Air Force

USB Upper Sideband

USN US Navy

UTA Upper Control Area

UTC Coordinated Universal Time

VAL Vertical Alert Limit

VAR Magnetic Variation

VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator

VDA Vertical Descent Angle

VDP Visual Descent Point

VE Visual Exempted

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VGSI Visual Glide Slope Indicator

VHA Volcanic Hazard Area

VHF Very High Frequency (30-300MHz)

VIBAL Visibilité Balise (RVR taken by ahuman observer)

VIS Visibility

VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions

VNAP Vertical Noise AbatementProcedures

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48 INTRODUCTION 16 APR 10


VNAV Vertical Navigation

VOLMET Meteorological Information forAircraft in Flight

VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range

VORTAC VOR and TACAN co-located

VOT Radiated Test Signal VOR

VPA Vertical Path Angle

VV Vertical Visibility

V/V Vertical Velocity or speed

W West or Western

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

WATIR Weather and Terminal InformationReciter

WH Western Hemisphere

W/O Without

WP Area Navigation (RNAV) Waypoint

WSP Weather Systems Processor

WX Weather

X On Request

Z Zulu Time/Coordinated UniversalTime (UTC)


25 NOV 11 INTRODUCTION 1

GLOSSARY

This glossary provides definitions that are unique and abbreviations commonly used in Jeppesen pub-

lications. No attempt has been made to list all the terms of basic aeronautical nomenclature.

Because of the international nature of flying, terms used by the FAA (USA) are included when they differ

from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definitions. A vertical bar, that is omitted on all new

pages, tables of contents, tabular listings and graphics, indicates changes.

DEFINITIONSACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE

(ASDA) — The length of the take-off run availableplus the length of the stopway, if provided.

ACROBATIC FLIGHT — Manoeuvres intentionallyperformed by an aircraft involving an abrupt changein its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormalvariation in speed.

ADEQUATE VIS REF (Adequate Visual Refer-

ence) — Runway markings or runway lighting thatprovides the pilot with adequate visual reference tocontinuously identify the take-off surface and main-tain directional control throughout the take-off run.

ADS AGREEMENT — An ADS reporting plan whichestablishes the conditions of ADS data reporting (i.e.,data required by the air traffic services unit and fre-quency of ADS reports which have to be agreed toprior to the provision of the ADS services).

NOTE: The terms of the agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft by meansof a contract, or a series of contracts.

ADS-C AGREEMENT — A reporting plan whichestablishes the conditions of ADS-C data reporting(i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit andfrequency of ADS-C reports which have to be agreedto prior to using ADS-C in the provision of air trafficservices).

NOTE: The terms of the agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft by meansof a contract, or a series of contracts.

ADS CONTRACT — A means by which the termsof an ADS agreement will be exchanged between theground system and the aircraft, specifying under whatconditions ADS reports would be initiated, and whatdata would be contained in the reports.

NOTE: The term “ADS contract” is a generic termmeaning variously, ADS event contract, ADS demandcontract, ADS periodic contract or an emergencymode. Ground forwarding of ADS reports may beimplemented between ground systems.

ADVISORY AIRSPACE — An airspace of defineddimensions, or designated route, within which air traf-fic advisory service is available.

ADVISORY ROUTE (ADR) — A designated routealong which air traffic advisory service is available.

NOTE: Air traffic control service provides a muchmore complete service than air traffic advisory ser-vice; advisory areas and routes are therefore not

established within controlled airspace, but air trafficadvisory service may be provided below and abovecontrol areas.

ADVISORY SERVICE — Advice and information pro-vided by a facility to assist pilots in the safe conductof flight and aircraft movement.

AERODROME — A defined area on land or water(including any buildings, installations and equipment)intended to be used either wholly or in part for thearrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

NOTE: The term “aerodrome” where used in the pro-visions relating to flight plans and ATS messages isintended to cover also sites other than aerodromeswhich may be used by certain types of aircraft; e.g.,helicopters or balloons.

AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY —

Concise summary of specified meteorological ele-ments at an aerodrome, based on statistical data.

AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE — Tableproviding statistical data on the observed occurrenceof one or more meteorological elements at an aero-drome.

AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE — Air trafficcontrol service for aerodrome traffic.

AERODROME CONTROL TOWER — A unit estab-lished to provide air traffic control service to aero-drome traffic.

AERODROME ELEVATION — The elevation of thehighest point of the landing area.

AERODROME FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE

(AFIS) — A directed traffic information and opera-tional information service provided within an aero-drome flight information zone, to all radio equippedaircraft, to assist in the safe and efficient conduct offlight.

AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE — Anoffice, located at an aerodrome, designated to pro-vide meteorological service for international air navi-gation.

AERODROME REFERENCE CODE — A simplemethod for interrelating the numerous specificationsconcerning the characteristics of aerodromes so asto provide a series of aerodromes facilities that aresuitable for the aeroplanes that are intended to oper-ate at the aerodrome. The aerodrome reference code— code number and letter, which are selected foraerodrome planning purposes, have the meaningsassigned to them as indicated in the table below:

Code Element 1 Code Element 2

Code

Number

Aeroplane

Reference Field

Length

Code

Letter Wing Span Outer Main Gear Wheel Span a)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 Less than 800m A Up to but not including 15m Up to but not including 4.5m

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2 INTRODUCTION 25 NOV 11

GLOSSARY

Code Element 1 Code Element 2

Code

Number

Aeroplane

Reference Field

Length

Code

Letter Wing Span Outer Main Gear Wheel Span a)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

2 800m up to but notincluding 1200m

B 15m up to but not including 24m 4.5m up to but not including 6m

3 1200m up to but notincluding 1800m

C 24m up to but not including 36m 6m up to but not including 9m

4 1800m and over D 36m up to but not including 52m 9m up to but not including 14m

E 52m up to but not including 65m 9m up to but not including 14m

F 65m up to but not including 80m 14m up to but not including 16m

a) Distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.

NOTE: Guidance on planning for aeroplanes withwing spans greater than 80m is given in the ICAODoc. 9157 “Aerodrome Design Manual,” Parts 1 and2.

AERODROME TRAFFIC — All traffic on the manoeu-vring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in thevicinity of an aerodrome.

NOTE: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodromewhen it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome trafficcircuit.

AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT — The specifiedpath to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity ofan aerodrome.

AERODROME TRAFFIC FREQUENCY (ATF) — Afrequency designated at an uncontrolled airport. AnATF is used to ensure all radio equipped aircraft oper-ating within the area, normally within a 5NM radius ofthe airport, are listening on a common frequency. TheATF is normally the ground station frequency. Wherea ground station does not exist, a common frequencyis designated. Radio call sign is that of the ground sta-tion, or where no ground station exists, a broadcast ismade with the call sign “Traffic Advisory.” Jeppesencharts list the frequency and the area of use whenother than the standard 5NM.

AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONE (ATZ) — Anairspace of detailed dimensions established aroundan aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE (AFS) — Atelecommunication service between specified fixedpoints provided primarily for the safety of air navi-gation and for the regular, efficient and economicaloperation of air services.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED STATION — A station in theaeronautical fixed service.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION

NETWORK (AFTN) — A world-wide system ofaeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of theaeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of mes-sages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixedstations having the same or compatible communica-tions characteristics.

AERONAUTICAL GROUND LIGHT — Any light spe-cially provided as an aid to air navigation, other thana light displayed on an aircraft.

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION

(AIP) — A publication issued by or with the authorityof a State and containing aeronautical information ofa lasting character essential to air navigation.

AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL STA-

TION — A station designated to make observationsand meteorological reports for use in international airnavigation.

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE — A mobileservice between aeronautical stations and aircraftstations, or between aircraft stations, in which sur-vival craft stations may participate; emergencyposition-indicating radio beacon stations may alsoparticipate in this service on designated distress andemergency frequencies.

AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INCORPORATED

(ARINC) — An international radio network pro-viding air-to-ground communications available on asubscription (fee) basis.

AERONAUTICAL STATION — A land station in theaeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, anaeronautical station may be located, for example, onboard ship or on a platform at sea.

AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SER-

VICE — A telecommunication service provided forany aeronautical purpose.

AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION STA-

TION — A station in the aeronautical telecommuni-cation service.

AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

(ACAS) — An aircraft system based on secondarysurveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals whichoperates independently of ground-based equipmentto provide advice to the pilot on potential conflictingaircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders.

AIRCRAFT — Any machine that can derive supportin the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherthan the reactions of the air against the earth’s sur-face.

AIRCRAFT ADDRESS — A unique combination of24 bits available for assignment to an aircraft for thepurpose of air-ground communications, navigationand surveillance.

AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (USA

TERPS) — A grouping of aircraft based on a speedof Vref, if specified, or if Vref is not specified, 1.3VS0 at the maximum certificated landing weight. Vref,VS0, and the maximum certificated landing weight

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GLOSSARY

are those values as established for the aircraft by thecertification authority of the country of registry. Anaircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is necessaryto maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limitof a speed range for a category, the minimums forthe next higher category must be used. For example,an aircraft which falls in Category A, but is circlingto land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should usethe approach Category B minimums when circling toland. The categories are as follows:

Category A Speed less than 91KT.

Category B Speed 91KT or more but less than121KT.

Category C Speed 121KT or more but lessthan 141KT.

Category D Speed 141KT or more but lessthan 166KT.

Category E Speed 166KT or more.

AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (ICAO) — TheICAO table, depicted in the ATC section-200 series,indicates the specified range of handling speeds (IASin Knots) for each category of aircraft to perform themaneuvers specified. These speed ranges have beenassumed for use in calculating airspace and obstacleclearance for each procedure.

AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION — A group of letters,figures or combination thereof which is either identicalto, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign tobe used in air-ground communications, and which isused to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air trafficservices communications.

AIRCRAFT – LARGE AIRCRAFT (LACFT) — Termused when referring to ICAO aircraft category DLstandard dimensions:

– wing span – more than 65m/213ft (max80m/262ft); and/or

– vertical distance between the flight parts of thewheels and the glide path antenna – more than7m/23ft (max 8m/26ft).

For precision approach procedures, the dimensionsof the aircraft are also a factor for the calculation ofthe OCH.

For category DL aircraft, additional OCA/H is pro-vided, when necessary.

AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION — The evaluation of oneor more meteorological elements made from an air-craft in flight.

AIRCRAFT PROXIMITY — A situation in which, inthe opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel,the distance between aircraft as well as their relativepositions and speed have been such that the safetyof the aircraft involved may have been compromised.An aircraft proximity is classified as follows:

Risk of Collision — The risk classification of anaircraft proximity in which serious risk of collisionhas existed.

Safety not Assured — The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which the safety of the air-craft may have been compromised.

No Risk of Collision — The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which no risk of collisionhas existed.

Risk not Determined — The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which insufficient informa-tion was available to determine the risk involved,or inconclusive or conflicting evidence precludedsuch determination.

AIRCRAFT STATION — A mobile station in the aero-nautical mobile service, other than a survival craft sta-tion, located on board an aircraft.

AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) —The area of airspace over land or water, extendingupward from the surface, within which the ready iden-tification, the location, and the control of aircraft arerequired in the interest of national security.

AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION — Two-way com-munication between aircraft and stations or locationson the surface of the earth.

AIR-GROUND CONTROL RADIO STATION —An aeronautical telecommunication station havingprimary responsibility for handling communicationspertaining to the operation and control of aircraft ina given area.

AIRMET INFORMATION — Information issued bya meteorological watch office concerning the occur-rence or expected occurrence of specified en routeweather phenomena which may affect the safetyof low-level aircraft operations and which was notalready included in the forecast issued for low-levelflights in the flight information region concerned orsub-area thereof.

AIRPORT — An area on land or water that is usedor intended to be used for the landing and take-off ofaircraft and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.

AIRPORT ELEVATION/FIELD ELEVATION — Thehighest point of an airports usable runways measuredin feet from mean sea level. In a few countries, the air-port elevation is determined at the airport referencepoint.

AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP) — A point onthe airport designated as the official airport location.

AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR) —Approach control radar used to detect and display anaircraft’s position in the terminal area. ASR providesrange and azimuth information but does not provideelevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend upto 60 miles.

AIRPROX — The code word used in an air trafficincident report to designate aircraft proximity.

AIR-REPORT — A report from an aircraft in flightprepared in conformity with requirements for positionand operational and/or meteorological reporting.

NOTE: Details of the AIREP form are given inPANSATM (Doc 4444) and ATC section.

AIR-TAXIING — Movement of a helicopter/VTOLabove the surface of an aerodrome, normally inground effect and at a ground speed normally lessthan 20KT (37kmh).

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GLOSSARY

NOTE: The actual height may vary, and some heli-copters may require air-taxiing above 25ft (8m) AGLto reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clear-ance for cargo slingloads.

AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION — One-waycommunication from aircraft to stations or locationson the surface of the earth.

AIR TRAFFIC — All aircraft in flight or operating onthe manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.

AIR TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE — A serviceprovided within advisory airspace to ensure separa-tion, in so far as practical, between aircraft which areoperating on IFR flight plans.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ASSIGNED AIRSPACE(ATCAA) — Airspace of defined vertical/lateral limits,assigned by ATC, for the purpose of providing airtraffic segregation between the specified activitiesbeing conducted within the assigned airspace andother IFR air traffic.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE — Autho-rization for an aircraft to proceed under conditionsspecified by an air traffic control unit.

NOTE 1: For convenience, the term “air traffic controlclearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance”when used in appropriate contexts.

NOTE 2: The abbreviated term “clearance” may beprefixed by the words “taxi,” “take-off,” “departure,” “enroute,” “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particu-lar portion of flight to which the air traffic control clear-ance relates.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTION — Direc-tives issued by air traffic control for the purpose ofrequiring a pilot to take a specific action.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE — A serviceprovided for the purpose of:

a. preventing collisions:

1. between aircraft; and

2. on the manoeuvring area between aircraftand obstructions; and

b. expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of airtraffic.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNIT — A generic termmeaning variously, area control centre, approachcontrol office or aerodrome control tower.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE (ATS) — A generic termmeaning variously, flight information service, alertingservice, air traffic advisory service, air traffic controlservice (area control service, approach control ser-vice or aerodrome control service).

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACES — Airspacesof defined dimensions, alphabetically designated,within which specific types of flights may operate andfor which air traffic services and rules of operationare specified.

NOTE: ATS airspaces are classified as Class “A” to“G.”

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES REPORTING OFFICE —A unit established for the purpose of receiving reportsconcerning air traffic services and flight plans submit-ted before departure.

NOTE: An air traffic services reporting office may beestablished as a separate unit or combined with anexisting unit, such as another air traffic services unit,or a unit of the aeronautical information service.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE — A speci-fied route designated for channeling the flow of trafficas necessary for provision of air traffic services.

NOTE: The term “ATS Route” is used to mean var-iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon-trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE (USA) —A generic term that includes ‘VOR Federal airways’,‘colored Federal airways’, ‘jet routes’, ‘Military Train-ing Routes’, ‘named routes’, and ‘RNAV routes.’

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNIT — A generic termmeaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight infor-mation centre or air traffic services reporting office.

AIRWAY (ICAO) — A control area or portion thereofestablished in the form of a corridor equipped withradio navigation aids.

AIRWAY (USA) — A Class “E” airspace area estab-lished in the form of a corridor, the centerline of whichis defined by radio navigational aids.

ALERFA — The code word used to designate an alertphase.

ALERT AREA (USA) — [see SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE (SUA)].

ALERTING SERVICE — A service provided to notifyappropriate organizations regarding aircraft in needof search and rescue aid, and assist such organiza-tions as required.

ALERT PHASE — A situation wherein apprehensionexists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.

ALLOCATION, ALLOCATE — Distribution of fre-quencies, SSR Codes, etc. to a State, unit or service,Distribution of 24-bit aircraft addresses to a State orcommon mark registering authority.

ALONG TRACK DISTANCE — The distance mea-sured from a point-in-space by systems using areanavigation reference capabilities that are not subjectto slant range errors.

ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS (Alphanumer-ics) — A collective term for letters and figures (digits).

ALTERNATE AERODROME (ICAO) — An aero-drome to which an aircraft may proceed when itbecomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceedto or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.Alternate aerodromes include the following:

Take-Off Alternate — An alternate aerodrome atwhich an aircraft can land should this become nec-essary shortly after take-off and it is not possibleto use the aerodrome of departure.

En Route Alternate — An aerodrome at which anaircraft would be able to land after experiencing anabnormal or emergency condition while en route.

Destination Alternate — An alternate aerodrometo which an aircraft may proceed should it becomeimpossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodromeof intended landing.

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GLOSSARY

NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departsmay also be an en route or a destination alternateaerodrome for that flight.

ETOPS En Route Alternate — A suitable andappropriate alternate aerodrome at which anaeroplane would be able to land after experienc-ing an engine shutdown or other abnormal oremergency condition while en route in an ETOPSoperation.

ALTERNATE AIRPORT (USA) — An airport at whichan aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airportbecomes inadvisable.

ALTIMETER SETTING — The barometric pressurereading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for vari-ations in existing atmospheric pressure or to thestandard altimeter setting (29.92 inches of mercury,1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars).

QFE — The atmospheric pressure setting which,when set in the aircraft’s altimeter, will cause thealtimeter to read zero when at the reference datumof the airfield.

QNE — The constant atmospheric pressurerelated to a reference datum of 29.92 inches ofmercury or 1013.25 hectopascals or 1013.25millibars, used for expressing flight levels.

QHN — The atmospheric pressure setting which,when set in the aircraft’s altimeter, will cause thealtimeter to read altitudes referenced to mean sealevel.

ALTITUDE (ICAO) — The vertical distance of a level,a point, or an object considered as a point, measuredfrom Mean Sea Level (MSL).

ALTITUDE (USA) — The height of a level, point orobject measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL)or from Mean Sea Level (MSL).

a. AGL Altitude — Altitude expressed in feet mea-sured above ground level (QFE).

b. MSL Altitude — Altitude expressed in feet mea-sured from mean sea level (QNH).

c. Indicated Altitude — The Altitude as shown byan altimeter. On a pressure barometric altimeterit is altitude as shown uncorrected for instru-ment error and uncompensated for variationfrom standard atmospheric conditions.

APPROACH BAN — An approach procedure, forwhich continuation is prohibited beyond a specificpoint, and or specified height, if the reported visibil-ity or RVR is below the minimum specified for thatapproach.

APPROACH CONTROL OFFICE — A unit estab-lished to provide air traffic control service to controlledflights arriving at, or departing from, one or moreaerodromes.

APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE — Air traffic con-trol service for arriving or departing controlled flights.

APPROACH CONTROL UNIT — A unit establishedto provide air traffic control service to controlledflights arriving at, or departing from, one or moreaerodromes.

APPROACH FUNNEL — A specified airspacearound a nominal approach path within which an air-craft approaching to land is considered to be makinga normal approach.

APPROACH PROCEDURE WITH VERTICAL GUID-

ANCE (APV) — [see INSTRUMENT APPROACHPROCEDURE (IAP)].

APPROACH SEQUENCE — The order in which twoor more aircraft are cleared to approach to land at theaerodrome.

APPROPRIATE ATS AUTHORITY — The relevantauthority designated by the State responsible for pro-viding air traffic services in the airspace concerned.

APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY —

a. Regarding flight over the high seas: The rel-evant authority of the State of Registry.

b. Regarding flight other than over the high

seas: The relevant authority of the State havingsovereignty over the territory being overflown.

APRON — A defined area, on a land aerodrome,intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes ofloading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo,fueling, parking or maintenance.

AREA CONTROL CENTRE — A unit established toprovide air traffic control service to controlled flightsin control areas under its jurisdiction.

AREA CONTROL SERVICE — Air traffic control ser-vice for controlled flights in control areas.

AREA MINIMUM ALTITUDE (AMA) — The minimumaltitude to be used under instrument meteorologicalconditions (IMC), that provides a minimum obstacleclearance within a specified area, normally formed byparallels and meridians.

AREA NAVIGATION/RNAV — A method of naviga-tion which permits aircraft operation on any desiredflight path within the coverage of the station-refer-enced navigation aids or within the limits of the capa-bility of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.

AREA NAVIGATION ROUTE — An ATS route estab-lished for the use of aircraft capable of employing areanavigation.

ARRIVAL ROUTES — Routes on an instrumentapproach procedure by which aircraft may proceedfrom the enroute phase of flight to the initial approachfix.

ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGN — Distribution of frequen-cies to stations. Distribution of SSR Codes or 24-bitaddresses to aircraft.

ATIS — ASOS INTERFACE — A switch that allowsASOS weather observations to be appended tothe ATIS broadcast, making weather informationavailable on the same (ATIS) frequency H24. Whenthe tower is open, ATIS information and the hourlyweather will be broadcast. When the tower is closed,one-minute weather information updates are broad-cast, and the controller can add overnight ATISinformation to the ASOS automated voice weathermessage.

ATS ROUTE — A specified route designed for chan-neling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provisionof air traffic services.

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GLOSSARY

NOTE 1: The term “ATS route” is used to mean var-iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon-trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.

NOTE 2: An ATS route is defined by route specifi-cations which include an ATS route designator, thetrack to or from significant points (way-points), dis-tance between significant points, reporting require-ments and, as determined by the appropriate ATSauthority, the lowest safe altitude.

ATS SURVEILLANCE SERVICE — A term used toindicate a service provided directly by means of anATS surveillance system.

ATS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM — A generic termmeaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any compa-rable ground-based system that enables the identifi-cation of aircraft.

NOTE: A comparable ground-based system is onethat has been demonstrated, by comparative assess-ment or other methodology, to have a level of safetyand performance equal to or better than monopulseSSR.

AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE(ADS) — A surveillance technique, in which air-craft automatically provide, via a data link, dataderived from on-board navigation and position fixingsystems, including aircraft identification, four-dimen-sional position and additional data as appropriate.

AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE —BROADCAST (ADS-B) — A means by which air-craft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects canautomatically transmit and/or receive data such asidentification, position and additional data, as appro-priate, in a broadcast mode via a data link.

AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE —CONTRACT (ADS-C) — A means by which theterms of an ADS-C agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft, via adata link, specifying under what conditions ADS-Creports would be initiated, and what data would becontained in the reports.

NOTE: The abbreviated term “ADS” contract is com-monly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADSdemand contract or an emergency mode.

AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE(ATIS) — The automatic provision of current, routineinformation to arriving and departing aircraft through-out 24 hours or a specified portion thereof:

– Data link-automatic terminal information service(D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS via data link.

– Voice-automatic terminal information service(Voice-ATIS). The provision of ATIS by means ofcontinuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM(ASOS) — The Automated Surface ObservationSystem, in the United States, is a surface weatherobserving system implemented by the NationalWeather Service, the Federal Aviation Administra-tion and the Department of Defense. It is designedto support aviation operations and weather fore-cast activities. The ASOS provides continuousminute-by-minute observations and performs thebasic observing functions necessary to generate anaviation routine weather report (METAR) and other

aviation weather information. ASOS information maybe transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequencyor the voice portion of a local navaid.

AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVING SYSTEM(AWOS) — An automated weather reporting systemwhich transmits local real-time weather data directlyto the pilot.

AWOS-A Only reports altimeter setting.

AWOS-A/V Reports altimeter setting plus visibility.

AWOS-1 Usually reports altimeter setting, winddata, temperature, dewpoint anddensity altitude.

AWOS-2 Reports same as AWOS-1 plusvisibility.

AWOS-3 Reports the same as AWOS-2 pluscloud/ceiling data.

AUTOMATED WEATHER SENSOR SYSTEM(AWSS) — A surface weather observing systemsimilar to AWOS and ASOS, providing all the weatherinformation furnished by ASOS systems. The AWSSsensor suite automatically collects, measures, pro-cesses, and broadcasts surface weather data includ-ing altimeter setting, temperature and dew point,cloud height and coverage, visibility, present weather(rain, drizzle, snow), rain accumulation, freezing rain,thunderstorms, fog, mist, haze, freezing fog, as wellas wind speed, direction, and gusts.

BALKED LANDING — A landing manoeuvre that isunexpectedly discontinued below DA(H)/MDA(H) orbeyond MAP.

BASE TURN — A turn executed by the aircraft duringthe initial approach between the end of the outboundtrack and the beginning of the intermediate or finalapproach track. The tracks are not reciprocal.

NOTE: Base turns may be designated as being madeeither in level flight or while descending, according tothe circumstances of each individual procedure.

BLIND TRANSMISSION — A transmission from onestation to another station in circumstances wheretwo-way communication cannot be established butwhere it is believed that the called station is able toreceive the transmission.

BRAKING ACTION (GOOD, FAIR, POOR, NIL) —A report of conditions on the airport movement areaproviding a pilot with a degree/quality of braking thatmight be expected. Braking action is reported interms of good, fair, poor, or nil.

BRIEFING — Oral commentary on existing and/orexpected conditions.

BROADCAST — A transmission of information relat-ing to air navigation that is not addressed to a specificstation or stations.

CARDINAL ALTITUDES OR FLIGHT LEVELS —“Odd” or “Even” thousand-foot altitudes or flight lev-els; e.g., 5000, 6000, 7000, FL60, FL250, FL260,FL270.

CATCH POINT — A fix/waypoint that serves as atransition point from the high altitude waypoint nav-igation structure to the low altitude structure or anarrival procedure (STAR).



GLOSSARY

CEILING (ICAO) — The height above the ground orwater of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below6000m (20,000ft) covering more than half the sky.

CEILING (USA) — The height above the earth’s sur-face of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phe-nomena that is reported as “broken”, “overcast”, or“obscuration”, and not classified as “thin”, or “partial”.

CHANGE-OVER POINT — The point at which an air-craft navigating on an ATS route segment definedby reference to very high frequency omnidirectionalradio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navi-gational reference from the facility behind the aircraftto the next facility ahead of the aircraft.

NOTE: Change-over points are established to providethe optimum balance in respect of signal strength andquality between facilities at all levels to be used andto ensure a common source of azimuth guidance forall aircraft operating along the same portion of a routesegment.

CHART CHANGE NOTICES — Jeppesen ChartChange Notices include significant informationchanges affecting Enroute, Area, and Terminalcharts. Entries are published until the temporarycondition no longer exists, or until the permanentchange appears on revised charts. Enroute chartnumbers/panel numbers/letters and area chart identi-fiers are included for each entry in the enroute portionof the Chart Change Notices. To avoid duplication ofinformation in combined Enroute and Terminal ChartChange Notices, navaid conditions, except for ILScomponents, are listed only in the Enroute portion ofthe Chart Change Notices. All times are local unlessotherwise indicated. Vertical bars indicate new orrevised information. Chart Change Notices are onlyan abbreviated service. Always ask for pertinentNOTAMs prior to flight.

CIRCLING APPROACH / CIRCLE-TO-LANDMANEUVER — An extension of an instrumentapproach procedure which provides for visual cir-cling of the aerodrome prior to landing.

CLEARANCE LIMIT — The point to which an aircraftis granted an air traffic control clearance.

CLEARWAY — An area beyond the take-off runwayunder the control of airport authorities within whichterrain or fixed obstacles may not extend above spec-ified limits. These areas may be required for certainturbine-powered operations and the size and upwardslope of the clearway will differ depending on whenthe aircraft was certified.

CLOUD OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE — Acloud with the height of cloud base below 5000ft(1500m) or below the highest minimum sector alti-tude, whichever is greater, or a cumulonimbus cloudor a towering cumulus cloud at any height.

CODE (SSR CODE) — The number assigned to aparticular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by atransponder in Mode A or Mode C.

COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY(CTAF) (USA) — A frequency designed for the pur-pose of carrying out airport advisory practices whileoperating to or from an uncontrolled airport. TheCTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or towerfrequency.

COMMUNITY AERODROME RADIO STATION(CARS) — An aerodrome radio that providesweather, field conditions, accepts flight plans andposition reports.

COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS — Reportingpoints which must be reported to ATC. They aredesignated on aeronautical charts by solid trianglesor filed in a flight plan as fixes selected to definedirect routes. These points are geographical loca-tions which are defined by navigation aids/fixes.Pilots should discontinue position reporting overcompulsory reporting points when informed by ATCthat their aircraft is in “radar contact.”

COMPUTER — A device which performs sequencesof arithmetical and logical steps upon data withouthuman intervention.

NOTE: When the word “computer” is used in thisdocument it may denote a computer complex, whichincludes one or more computers and peripheralequipment.

CONDITIONAL ROUTES (CDR) (Europe) —Category 1,2,3.

Category 1: Permanently plannable CDR duringdesignated times.

Category 2: Plannable only during timesdesignated in the ConditionalRoute Availability Message (CRAM)published at 1500 for the 24 hourperiod starting at 0600 the next day.

Category 3: Not plannable. Usable only whendirected by ATC.

CONTROL AREA (ICAO) — A controlled airspaceextending upwards from a specified limit above theearth.

CONTROLLED AERODROME — An aerodrome atwhich air traffic control service is provided to aero-drome traffic.

NOTE: The term “controlled aerodrome” indicatesthat air traffic control service is provided to aero-drome traffic but does not necessarily imply that acontrol zone exists.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE — An airspace ofdefined dimensions within which air traffic controlservice is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flightsin accordance with the airspace classification.

NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term whichcovers ATS airspace Classes “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, and“E”.

CONTROLLED FIRING AREA (USA) — [see SPE-CIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

CONTROLLED FLIGHT — Any flight which is subjectto an air traffic control clearance.

CONTROLLER-PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICA-TIONS (CPDLC) — A means of communicationbetween controller and pilot, using data link for ATCcommunications.

CONTROL ZONE (CTR) (ICAO) — A controlledairspace extending upwards from the surface of theearth to a specified upper limit.

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GLOSSARY

COURSE —a. The intended direction of flight in the horizontal

plane measured in degrees from north.

b. The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specifiedas front course or back course.

c. The intended track along a straight, curved, orsegmented MLS path.

CRITICAL HEIGHT — Lowest height in relation to anaerodrome specified level below which an approachprocedure cannot be continued in a safe mannersolely by the aid of instruments.

CRUISE CLIMB — An aeroplane cruising techniqueresulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplanemass decreases.

CRUISING LEVEL — A level maintained during a sig-nificant portion of a flight.

CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN (CPL) — The flight plan,including changes, if any, brought about by subse-quent clearances.

DANGER AREA (ICAO) — [see SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE (SUA)].

DATA CONVENTION — An agreed set of rules gov-erning the manner or sequence in which a set of datamay be combined into a meaningful communication.

DATA LINK COMMUNICATIONS — A form of com-munication intended for the exchange of messagesvia a data link.

DATA LINK INITIATION CAPABILITY (DLIC) —A data link application that provides the ability toexchange addresses, names and version numbersnecessary to initiate data link applications.

DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION — The esti-mating or determining of position by advancing anearlier known position by the application of direction,time and speed data.

DECISION ALTITUDE (DA) or DECISION HEIGHT(DH) (ICAO) — A specified altitude or height inthe precision approach or approach with verticalguidance at which a missed approach must be initi-ated if the required visual reference to continue theapproach has not been established.

NOTE:

a. Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sealevel (MSL) and decision height (DH) is refer-enced to the threshold elevation.

b. The required visual reference means that sec-tion of the visual aids or of the approach areawhich should have been in view for sufficienttime for the pilot to have made an assessment ofthe aircraft position and rate of change of posi-tion, in relation to the desired flight path. In Cat-egory III operations with a decision height therequired visual reference is that specified for theparticular procedure and operation.

c. For convenience where both expressions areused they may be written in the form “decisionaltitude/height” and abbreviated “DA/H.”

DECISION ALTITUDE/HEIGHT (DA/H) (FAA) — Isa specified altitude/height in an instrument approachprocedure at which the pilot must decide whetherto initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot

does not see the required visual reference, or tocontinue the approach. Decision altitude/height isexpressed in feet above mean sea level/ground level.

NOTE: Jeppesen approach charts use the abbrevia-tion DA(H). The decision altitude “DA” is referenced tomean sea level (MSL) and the parenthetical decisionheight (DH) is referenced to the TDZE or thresholdelevation. A DA(H) of 1440ft (200ft is a Decision Alti-tude of 1440ft and a Decision Height of 200ft.

DEPARTURE CLEARANCE VIA DATA LINK(DCL) — Provides assistance for requesting anddelivering information and clearance, with the objec-tive of reducing aircrew and controller workload. TheDCL service shall be initiated by the aircrew at asuitable time between Ti and Tt where:

Ti – the earliest time at which a DCL service canbe initiated;

Tt – the latest time after which an aircrew, havingnot completed the DCL service, is still ableto receive by voice procedures and in duetime, the vocal departure clearance.

The third time parameter of the DCL acknowledgeprocedure is T1 where:

T1 – timer implemented in the ATS ground systembetween the sending by ATS ground systemof the DCL clearance message and thereception by it of the read-back of DCLclearance message.

DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES — Simul-taneous approaches to parallel or near-parallelinstrument runways where radar separation minimabetween aircraft on adjacent extended runway centrelines are prescribed.

DETRESFA — The code word used to designate adistress phase.

DIRECT ROUTE - D1228763652000 — A requested route pub-

lished on a Jeppesen Enroute or Area chart to assistpilots who have previous knowledge of acceptanceof these routes by ATC. Use of a Direct route mayrequire prior ATC approval and may not provide ATCor Advisory services, or be acceptable in flight plans.

DISCRETE CODE — A four-digit SSR Code with thelast two digits not being “00.”

DISPLACED THRESHOLD — A threshold that islocated at a point on the runway other than thedesignated beginning of the runway.

DISTRESS — A condition of being threatened byserious and/or imminent danger and of requiringimmediate assistance.

DISTRESS PHASE — A situation wherein there isa reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occu-pants are threatened by grave and imminent dangeror require immediate assistance.

DME DISTANCE — The line of sight distance (slantrange) from the source of a DME signal to the receiv-ing antenna.

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GLOSSARY

EFFECTIVE DATE/TIME —FAA and Canada: Aeronautical information inthe U.S. and its territories is generally effec-tive on the designated effective date at 09:01Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The effec-tive time applies to airspace, airways and flightprocedures. It allows for implementation between01:00 and 06:00 local standard time in the U.S.Local authorities may change the date or time ofimplementation due to local operational consider-ations. Check NOTAMs and contact local ATC forinformation.

International: The International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) guidance specifies thataeronautical information should be effective onthe designated effective date at 00:00 Coordi-nated Universal Time (UTC). However nationaland local authorities often change the effectivetime to allow for implementation during the localnight or at other times due to local operationalconsiderations. When an effective time otherthan 00:00 UTC is used, ICAO requires that it bepublished in the official Aeronautical InformationPublication (AIP) of the country. Check NOTAMsand contact local ATC for information.

ELEVATION — The vertical distance of a point or alevel, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, mea-sured from mean sea level.

EMERGENCY PHASE — A generic term meaning,as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phaseor distress phase.

ENGINEERED MATERIALS ARRESTING SYSTEM(EMAS) — High-energy-absorbing material locatedin the runway overrun that is designed to crush underthe weight of an aircraft as the material exerts decel-eration forces on the aircraft landing gear.

ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (FLIGHTWATCH) — A service specifically designed to pro-vide, upon pilot request, timely weather informationpertinent to the type of flight, intended route of flight,and altitude. The FSSs providing this service are indi-cated on Jeppesen Enroute and Area charts.

ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME — The estimatedtime required to proceed from one significant pointto another.

ESTIMATED OFF-BLOCK TIME — The estimatedtime at which the aircraft will commence movementassociated with departure.

ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL — For IFR flights,the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft willarrive over that designated point, defined by refer-ence to navigation aids, from which it is intendedthat an instrument approach procedure will be com-menced, or if no navigation aid is associated with theaerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arriveover the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at whichit is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aero-drome.

EXPECTED APPROACH TIME — The time at whichATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay,will leave the holding point to complete its approachfor a landing.

NOTE: The actual time of leaving the holding pointwill depend upon the approach clearance.

EXTENDED OPERATION (ETOPS) — Any flight byan aeroplane with two turbine power-units where theflight time at the one power-unit inoperative cruisespeed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a pointon the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, isgreater than the threshold time approved by the Stateof the Operator.

FAA AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS SPECIFICA-TIONS — Document issued to users operating underFederal Aviation Administration Regulations (FAR)Parts 121, 125, 127, 129, and 135. Operations Spec-ifications are established and formalized by FARs.The primary purpose of FAA Air Carrier OperationsSpecifications is to provide a legally enforceablemeans of prescribing an authorization, limitationand/or procedures for a specific operator. OperationsSpecifications are subject to expeditious changes.These changes are usually too time critical to adoptthrough the regulatory process.

FEEDER FIX — The fix depicted on instrumentapproach procedure charts which establishes thestarting point of the feeder route.

FEEDER ROUTE — Routes depicted on instrumentapproach procedure charts to designate routes foraircraft to proceed from the enroute structure to theinitial approach fix (IAF).

FILED FLIGHT PLAN (FPL) — The flight plan asfiled with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designatedrepresentative, without any subsequent changes.

FINAL APPROACH COURSE — A bearing/radial/track of an instrument approach leading to a runwayor an extended runway centerline all without regardto distance.

FINAL APPROACH (ICAO) — That part of an instru-ment approach procedure which commences at thespecified final approach fix or point, or where such afix or point is not specified,

a. at the end of the last procedure turn, base turnor inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if spec-ified; or

b. at the point of interception of the last track spec-ified in the approach procedure; and ends at apoint in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:

1. a landing can be made; or

2. a missed approach procedure is initiated.

FINAL APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF AREA(FATO) — A defined area over which the final phaseof the approach manoeuvre to hover or landing iscompleted and from which the take-off manoeuvreis commenced. Where the FATO is to be used byperformance Class 1 helicopters, the defined areaincludes the rejected take-off area available.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) — The fix fromwhich the final approach (IFR) to an airport is exe-cuted and which identifies the beginning of the finalapproach segment. It is designated in the profileview of Jeppesen Terminal charts by the MalteseCross symbol for non-precision approaches andby the glide slope/path intercept point on precisionapproaches. The glide slope/path symbol starts at

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GLOSSARY

the FAF. When ATC directs a lower-than-publishedGlide Slope/Path Intercept Altitude, it is the resultantactual point of the glide slope/path intercept.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) (AUSTRALIA) — Aspecified point on a non-precision approach whichidentifies the commencement of the final segment.The FAF is designated in the profile view of JeppesenTerminal charts by the Maltese Cross symbol.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) OR POINT (FAP)(ICAO) — That fix or point of an instrument approachprocedure where the final approach segment com-mences.

FINAL APPROACH — IFR (USA) — The flight pathof an aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a finalinstrument approach course, beginning at the finalapproach fix or point and extending to the airportor the point where a circling approach/circle-to-landmaneuver or a missed approach is executed.

FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (USA) — Thepoint, applicable only to a non-precision approachwith no depicted FAF (such as an on-airport VOR),where the aircraft is established inbound on the finalapproach course from the procedure turn and wherethe final approach descent may be commenced. TheFAP serves as the FAF and identifies the beginningof the final approach segment.

FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (AUSTRALIA) —A specified point on the glide path of a precisioninstrument approach which identifies the commence-ment of the final segment.

NOTE: The FAP is co-incident with the FAF of a local-izer-based non-precision approach.

FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT (FAS) — That seg-ment of an instrument approach procedure in whichalignment and descent for landing are accomplished.

FLIGHT CREW MEMBER — A licensed crew mem-ber charged with duties essential to the operation ofan aircraft during flight time.

FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION — Written or printeddocuments, including charts or forms, containingmeteorological information for a flight.

FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE — A unit estab-lished to provide flight information service and alert-ing service.

FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR, UIR) — Anairspace of defined dimensions within which FlightInformation Service and Alerting Service are pro-vided.

FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS) — A serviceprovided for the purpose of giving advice and informa-tion useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

FLIGHT LEVEL (FL) — A surface of constant atmo-spheric pressure which is related to a specific pres-sure datum, 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is sep-arated from other such surfaces by specific pressureintervals.

NOTE 1: A pressure type altimeter calibrated inaccordance with the Standard Atmosphere:

a. when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicatealtitude;

b. when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicateheight above the QFE reference datum;

c. when set to a pressure of 1013.2 hectopascals(hPa), may be used to indicate flight levels.

NOTE 2: The terms “height” and “altitude,” used inNOTE 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geo-metric heights and altitudes.

FLIGHT PATH MONITORING — The use of ATSsurveillance systems for the purpose of providingaircraft with information and advice relative to signif-icant deviations from nominal flight path, includingdeviations from the terms of their air traffic controlclearances.

NOTE: Some applications may require a specifictechnology, e.g. radar, to support the function of flightpath monitoring.

FLIGHT PLAN — Specified information provided toair traffic services units, relative to an intended flightor portion of a flight of an aircraft.

NOTE: Specifications for flight plans are containedin ICAO Rules of the Air, Annex 2. A Model FlightForm is contained in ICAO Rules of the Air and AirTraffic Services, PANS-RAC (Doc 4444), Appendix 2and ATC section.

FLIGHT VISIBILITY — The visibility forward from thecockpit of an aircraft in flight.

FLIGHT WATCH (USA) — A shortened term for usein air-ground contacts to identify the flight service sta-tion providing Enroute Flight Advisory Service; e.g.,“Oakland Flight Watch.”

FLOW CONTROL — Measures designed to adjustthe flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a givenroute, or bound for a given aerodrome, so as toensure the most effective utilization of the airspace.

FORECAST — A statement of expected meteorolog-ical conditions for a specified time or period, and fora specified area or portion of airspace.

GAMET AREA FORECAST — An area forecast inabbreviated plain language for low-level flights fora flight information region or sub-area thereof, pre-pared by the meteorological office designated by themeteorological authority concerned and exchangedwith meteorological offices in adjacent flight informa-tion regions, as agreed between the meteorologicalauthorities concerned.

GBAS-LANDING SYSTEM (GLS) — A system forApproach and Landing operations utilizing GNSS,augmented by a Ground-Based Augmentation Sys-tem (GBAS), as the primary navigational reference.

GLIDE PATH (GP) (ICAO) — A descent profile deter-mined for vertical guidance during a final approach.

GLIDE SLOPE (GS) (USA) — Provides vertical guid-ance for aircraft during approach and landing. Theglide slope/glidepath is based on the following:

a. Electronic components emitting signalswhich provide vertical guidance by referenceto airborne instruments during instrumentapproaches such as ILS/MLS; or

b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which providevertical guidance for a VFR approach or for thevisual portion of an instrument approach andlanding.

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GLOSSARY

c. PAR, used by ATC to inform an aircraft making aPAR approach of its vertical position (elevation)relative to the descent profile.

GLIDE SLOPE/GLIDE PATH INTERCEPT ALTI-TUDE — The minimum altitude to intercept the glideslope/path on a precision approach. The intersec-tion of the published intercept altitude with the glideslope/path, designated on Jeppesen Terminal chartsby the start of the glide slope/path symbol, is theprecision FAF; however, when ATC directs a loweraltitude, the resultant lower intercept position is thenthe FAF.

GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS(GNSS) — An “umbrella” term adopted by theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) toencompass any independent satellite navigationsystem used by a pilot to perform onboard positiondeterminations from the satellite data.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) — Aspace-based radio positioning, navigation, andtime-transfer system. The system provides highlyaccurate position and velocity information, andprecise time, on a continuous global basis, to anunlimited number of properly equipped users. Thesystem is unaffected by weather, and provides aworldwide common grid reference system. The GPSconcept is predicated upon accurate and continuousknowledge of the spatial position of each satellitein the system with respect to time and distancefrom a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPSreceiver automatically selects appropriate signalsfrom the satellites in view and translates these intoa three-dimensional position, velocity, and time. Sys-tem accuracy for civil users is normally 100 metershorizontally.

GRID MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (GridMORA) — An altitude derived by Jeppesen or pro-vided by State Authorities. The Grid MORA altitudeprovides terrain and man-made structure clearancewithin the section outlined by latitude and longitudelines. MORA does not provide for navaid signal cov-erage or communication coverage.

a. Grid MORA values derived by Jeppesen clearall terrain and man-made structures by 1000ftin areas where the highest elevations are 5000ftMSL or lower. MORA values clear all terrain andman-made structures by 2000ft in areas wherethe highest elevations are 5001ft MSL or higher.When a Grid MORA is shown as “Unsurveyed”it is due to incomplete or insufficient informa-tion. Grid MORA values followed by a +/- denotedoubtful accuracy, but are believed to providesufficient reference point clearance.

b. Grid MORA (State) altitude supplied by the StateAuthority provides 2000ft clearance in moun-tainous areas and 1000ft in non-mountainousareas.

GRID POINT DATA IN DIGITAL FORM — Computerprocessed meteorological data for a set of regularlyspaced points on a chart, for transmission from ameteorological computer to another computer in acode form suitable for automated use.

NOTE: In most cases such data are transmitted onmedium or high speed telecommunications channels.

GRIP-FLEX MICRO-SURFACING — A thermoplas-tic compound that uses highly refined, environmen-tally safe coal tar derivative for anti-oxidation and fuel-resistance qualities to create a stable wearing surfacefor pavements.

GROUND COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (GCO)(USA) — An unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ ground communications facility. Pilots at uncon-trolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHFto a telephone connection to obtain an instrumentclearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan. They mayalso get an updated weather briefing prior to take-off.Pilots will use four “key clicks” on the VHF radio tocontact the appropriate ATC facility, or six “key clicks”to contact FSS. The GCO system is intended to beused only on the ground.

GROUND EFFECT — A condition of improved per-formance (lift) due to the interference of the surfacewith the airflow pattern of the rotor system when ahelicopter or other VTOL aircraft is operating near theground.

NOTE: Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effectto a height of about one rotor diameter for most heli-copters.

GROUND VISIBILITY — The visibility at an aero-drome, as reported by an accredited observer.

HEADING — The direction in which the longitudi-nal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressedin degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass orgrid).

HEIGHT — The vertical distance of a level, a pointor an object considered as a point, measured from aspecified datum.

HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT (HAA) — The height ofthe Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) above the pub-lished airport elevation. This is published in conjunc-tion with circling minimums.

HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN (HAT) — The heightof the Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitudeabove the highest runway elevation in the touchdownzone of the runway. HAT is published on instrumentapproach charts in conjunction with all straight-in min-imums.

HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS — Highradio frequencies (HF) between 3 and 30MHz usedfor air-to-ground voice communication in overseasoperations.

HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY / TURNOFF (HST) — A longradius taxiway designed and provided with lighting ormarking to define the path of an aircraft, traveling athigh speed (up to 60KT), from the runway center toa point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred toas long radius exit or turnoff taxiway. The high speedtaxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning offthe runway after landing, thus reducing runway occu-pancy time.

HOLDING FIX, HOLDING POINT — A specifiedlocation, identified by visual or other means, in thevicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flightis maintained in accordance with air traffic controlclearances.

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HOLD / HOLDING PROCEDURE — A prede-termined maneuver which keeps aircraft within aspecified airspace while awaiting further clearancefrom air traffic control. Also used during ground oper-ations to keep aircraft within a specified area or at aspecified point while awaiting further clearance fromair traffic control.

HOT SPOT — A location on an aerodrome move-ment area with a history or potential risk of collisionor runway incursion, and where heightened attentionby pilots/drivers is necessary.

HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES — Principleswhich apply to aeronautical design, certification,training, operations and maintenance and whichseek safe interface between the human and othersystem components by proper consideration tohuman performance.

HUMAN PERFORMANCE — Human capabilitiesand limitations which have an impact on the safetyand efficiency of aeronautical operations.

IFR FLIGHT — A flight conducted in accordance withthe instrument flight rules.

ILS CATEGORIES (ICAO) —a. ILS Category I — An ILS approach procedure

which provides for an approach to a decisionheight not lower than 60m (200ft) and a visibilitynot less than 800m (2400ft) or a runway visualrange not less than 550m (1800ft).

b. ILS Category II (Special authorization required)— An ILS approach procedure which providesfor an approach to a decision height lower than60m (200ft) but not lower than 30m (100ft) and arunway visual range not less than 300m (1000ft)for aircraft categories A, B, C (D with auto land-ing), and not less than 350m (1200ft) for aircraftcategory D without auto landing.

c. ILS Category III (Special authorization required)—

1. IIIA — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with either a decisionheight lower than 30m (100ft) or with nodecision height and with a runway visualrange of not less than 175m (574ft).

2. IIIB — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with either a deci-sion height lower than 15m (50ft) or withno decision height and with a runway visualrange of less than 175m (574ft) but not lessthan 50m (150ft).

3. IIIC — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with no decisionheight and no runway visual range limita-tions.

d. Some areas require special authorization for ILSCategory I approaches. In these areas, an addi-tional category of approach called ILS is avail-able without special authorization. These ILSapproaches have minimums higher than a deci-sion height of 200ft and a runway visual rangevalue of 2600ft. Jeppesen approach charts, atthese locations, will have a notation in the chartheading or in the minimum box titles.

ILS CATEGORIES (USA) —a. ILS Category I — An ILS approach procedure

which provides for approach to a height abovetouchdown of not less than 200ft and with run-way visual range of not less than 1800ft.

b. ILS Category II — An ILS approach procedurewhich provides for approach to a height abovetouchdown of not less than 100ft and with run-way visual range of not less than 1200ft.

c. ILS Category III —

1. IIIA — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and with runway visualrange of not less than 700ft.

2. IIIB — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and with runway visualrange of not less than 150ft.

3. IIIC — An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and without runway visualrange minimum.

INCERFA — The code word used to designate anuncertainty phase.

INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES —Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallelinstrument runways where radar separation minimabetween aircraft on adjacent extended runway centrelines are not prescribed.

INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES —Simultaneous departures from parallel or near-par-allel instrument runways.

INITIAL APPROACH FIX (IAF) — A fix that marks thebeginning of the initial segment and the end of thearrival segment, if applicable. In RNAV applicationsthis fix is normally defined by a fly-by waypoint.

INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT — That segment ofan instrument approach procedure between the initialapproach fix and the intermediate approach fix or,where applicable, the final approach fix or point.

INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (IAP) —A series of predetermined manoeuvres by referenceto flight instruments with specified protection fromobstacles from the initial approach fix, or where appli-cable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route toa point from which a landing can be completed andthereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a positionat which holding or en-route obstacle clearance crite-ria apply. Instrument approach procedures are clas-sified as follows:

– Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. Aninstrument approach procedure which utilizeslateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guid-ance.

– Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV).An instrument approach based on a navigationsystem that is not required to meet the precisionapproach standards of ICAO Annex 10 but pro-vides course and glide path deviation information(sometimes referred to as “semi-precision”). Baro-VNAV, LDA with glide path, LNAV/VNAV and LPVare examples of APV approaches.

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GLOSSARY

– Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instru-ment approach procedure using precision lateraland vertical guidance with minima as determinedby the category of operation.

NOTE: Lateral and vertical guidance refers to theguidance provided either by:

a. a ground-based navigation aid; or

b. computer-generated navigation data.

INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP)(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR)air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilotuse in graphic and/or textual form. DPs provide tran-sition from the terminal to the appropriate enroutestructure.

INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS(IMC) — Meteorological conditions expressed interms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling,less than the minima specified for visual meteorolog-ical conditions.

NOTE 1: The specified minima for visual meteorolog-ical conditions are contained in ICAO Rules of the Air,Annex 2, Chapter 4.

NOTE 2: In a control zone, a VFR flight may proceedunder instrument meteorological conditions if and asauthorized by air traffic control.

INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT — Thatsegment of an instrument approach procedurebetween either the intermediate approach fix and thefinal approach fix or point, or between the end of areversal, racetrack or dead reckoning track procedureand the final approach fix or point, as appropriate.

INTERMEDIATE FIX (IF) — A fix that marks the endof an initial segment and the beginning of the inter-mediate segment. In RNAV applications this fix is nor-mally defined by a fly-by waypoint.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ICAO) — Any airportdesignated by the Contracting State in whose territoryit is situated as an airport of entry and departure forinternational air traffic, where the formalities incidentto customs, immigration, public health, animal andplant quarantine and similar procedures are carriedout.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (USA) — Relating tointernational flight, it means:

a. An airport of entry which has been designatedby the Secretary of Treasury or Commissioner ofCustoms as an international airport for customsservice.

b. A landing rights airport at which specific per-mission to land must be obtained from customsauthorities in advance of contemplated use.

c. Airports designated under the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation as an airport for useby international air transport and/or internationalgeneral aviation.

INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH(IAVW) — International arrangements for monitoringand providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash inthe atmosphere.

NOTE: The IAVW is based on the co-operation of avi-ation and non-aviation operational units using infor-mation derived from observing sources and networks

that are provided by States. The watch is coordinatedby ICAO with the co-operation of other concernedinternational organizations.

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZA-TION (ICAO) — A specialized agency of the UnitedNations whose objective is to develop the principlesand techniques of international air navigation and tofoster planning and development of international civilair transport.

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS(LAHSO) — Operations which include simultaneoustake-offs and landings and/or simultaneous landingswhen a landing aircraft is able and is instructed bythe controller to hold short of the intersecting runway/ taxiway or designated hold short point. Pilots areexpected to promptly inform the controller if the holdshort clearance cannot be accepted.

LANDING AREA — That part of a movement areaintended for the landing or take-off of aircraft.

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE (LDA) (ICAO) —The length of runway which is declared available andsuitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.

LATERAL NAVIGATION (LNAV) — Provides thesame level of service as the present GPS stand-aloneapproaches. LNAV minimums support the followingnavigation systems: WAAS, when the navigationsolution will not support vertical navigation; and,GPS navigation systems which are presently autho-rized to conduct GPS/GNSS approaches.

LATERAL NAVIGATION / VERTICAL NAVIGATION(LNAV/VNAV) — Identifies APV minimums devel-oped to accommodate an RNAV IAP with verticalguidance, usually provided by approach certifiedBaro-VNAV, but with lateral and vertical integritylimits larger than a precision approach or LPV. LNAVstands for Lateral Navigation; VNAV stands for Ver-tical Navigation. These minimums can be flown byaircraft with a statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual(AFM) that the installed equipment supports GPSapproaches and has an approach-approved baro-metric VNAV, or if the aircraft has been demonstratedto support LNAV/VNAV approaches. This includesClass 2, 3 and 4 TSO-C146 WAAS equipment.Aircraft using LNAV/VNAV minimums will descendto landing via an internally generated descent pathbased on satellite or other approach approved VNAVsystems. WAAS equipment may revert to this modeof operation when the signal does not support “pre-cision” or LPV integrity.

LEVEL — A generic term relating to the verticalposition of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously,height, altitude or flight level.

LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY (LAA) — A serviceprovided by flight service stations or the military atairports not serviced by an operating control tower.This service consists of providing information to arriv-ing and departing aircraft concerning wind directionand speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, perti-nent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions,airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorizedinstrument approach procedures. This information isadvisory in nature and does not constitute an ATCclearance.

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GLOSSARY

LOCALIZER PERFORMANCE WITH VERTICALGUIDANCE (LPV) — Identifies the APV minimumsthat incorporate electronic lateral and vertical guid-ance. The lateral guidance is equivalent to localizer,and the protected area is considerably smallerthan the protected area for the present LNAV andLNAV/VNAV lateral protection. Aircraft can fly theseminimums with a statement in the Aircraft Flight Man-ual (AFM) that the installed equipment supports LPVapproaches. This includes Class 3 and 4 TSO-C146WAAS equipment, and future LAAS equipment. Thelabel LPV denotes minima lines associated withAPV-I or APV-II performance on approach charts.

LOCATION INDICATOR — A four-letter code groupformulated in accordance with rules prescribed byICAO and assigned to the location of an aeronauti-cal fixed station.

LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE / FEDERALAIRWAYS (USA) — The network of airways servingaircraft operations up to but not including 18,000ftMSL.

LOW FREQUENCY (LF) — The frequency bandbetween 30 and 300kHz.

MAGNETIC VARIATION (VAR) — The orientation ofa horizontal magnetic compass with respect to truenorth. Because there is a continuous small change ofdirection of lines of magnetic force over the surface ofthe earth, magnetic variation at most locations is notconstant over long periods of time.

MANDATORY ALTITUDE — An altitude depicted onan instrument approach procedure chart requiring theaircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.

MANDATORY FREQUENCY (MF) — A frequencydesignated at selected airports that are uncontrolledduring certain hours only. Aircraft operating withinthe designated MF Area, normally 5NM radius of theairport, must be equipped with a functioning radiocapable of maintaining two-way communications.Jeppesen charts list the MF frequency and the areawhen other than the standard 5NM.

MANOEUVRING AREA — That part of an aero-drome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiingof aircraft, excluding aprons.

MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE (MAA) — Apublished altitude representing the maximum usablealtitude or flight level for an airspace structure or routesegment.

MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) — The frequenciesbetween 300kHz and 3MHz.

METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY — The authorityproviding or arranging for the provision of meteorolog-ical service for international air navigation on behalfof a Contracting State.

METEOROLOGICAL BULLETIN — A text compris-ing meteorological information preceded by an appro-priate heading.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION — Meteo-rological report, analysis, forecast, and any otherstatement relating to existing or expected meteoro-logical conditions.

METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE — An office desig-nated to provide meteorological service for interna-tional air navigation.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT — A statement ofobserved meteorological conditions related to aspecified time and location.

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE — An artificialearth satellite making meteorological observationsand transmitting these observations to earth.

MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA (MOA) (USA) —[see SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE (MCA) — Thelowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraftmust cross when proceeding in the direction of ahigher minimum enroute IFR altitude (MEA).

MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE (MDA) (FAA) —Is the lowest altitude specified in an instrumentapproach procedure, expressed in feet above meansea level, to which descent is authorized on finalapproach or during circle-to-land maneuvering untilthe pilot sees the required visual references for theheliport or runway of intended landing.

MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE (MDA) OR MINI-MUM DESCENT HEIGHT (MDH) (ICAO) — A spec-ified altitude or height in a non-precision approach orcircling approach below which descent must not bemade without the required visual reference.

NOTE 1: Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is refer-enced to mean sea level and minimum descent height(MDH) is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or tothe threshold elevation if that is more than 2m (7ft)below the aerodrome elevation. A minimum descentheight for a circling approach is referenced to theaerodrome elevation.

NOTE 2: The required visual reference means thatsection of the visual aids or of the approach areawhich should have been in view for sufficient timefor the pilot to have made an assessment of the air-craft position and rate of change of position, in rela-tion to the desired flight path. In the case of a circlingapproach the required visual reference is the runwayenvironment.

NOTE 3: For convenience when both expressionsare used they may be written in the form “minimumdescent altitude/height” abbreviated “MDA/H.”

MINIMUM ENROUTE IFR ALTITUDE (MEA) — Thelowest published altitude between radio fixes thatmeets obstacle clearance requirements betweenthose fixes and in many countries assures accept-able navigational signal coverage. The MEA appliesto the entire width of the airway, segment, or routebetween the radio fixes defining the airway, segment,or route.

MINIMUM FUEL — The term used to describe a sit-uation in which an aircraft’s fuel supply has reacheda state where little or no delay can be accepted.

NOTE: This is not an emergency situation but merelyindicates that an emergency situation is possible,should any undue delay occur.

MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES (USA) — Minimum alti-tudes for IFR operations are published on aeronauti-cal charts for airways, routes, and for standard instru-

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GLOSSARY

ment approach procedures. Within the USA, if noapplicable minimum altitude is prescribed the follow-ing minimum IFR altitudes apply.

a. In designated mountainous areas, 2000ft abovethe highest obstacle within a horizontal distanceof 4NM from the course to be flown; or

b. Other thanmountainous areas, 1000ft above thehighest obstacle within a horizontal distance of4NM from the course to be flown; or

c. As otherwise authorized by the Administrator orassigned by ATC.

MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI-TUDE (MOCA) — The lowest published altitude ineffect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off airwayroutes, or route segments which meets obstacleclearance requirements for the entire route segmentand in the USA assures acceptable navigationalsignal coverage only within 22NM of a VOR.

MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (MORA) —This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen. The MORAprovides known obstruction clearance 10NM eitherside of the route centerline including a 10NM radiusbeyond the radio fix reporting or mileage break defin-ing the route segment. For terrain and man-madestructure clearance refer to Grid MORA.

MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE (MRA) — Thelowest altitude at which an intersection can be deter-mined.

MINIMUM SAFE/SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA)(FAA) — Altitude depicted on an instrument chartand identified as the minimum safe altitude whichprovides 1000ft of obstacle clearance within a 25NMradius from the navigational facility upon which theMSA is predicated. If the radius limit is other than25NM, it is stated. This altitude is for EMERGENCYUSE ONLY and does not necessarily guaranteenavaid reception. When the MSA is divided into sec-tors, with each sector a different altitude, the altitudesin these sectors are referred to as “minimum sectoraltitudes”.

MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA) (ICAO) —The lowest altitude which may be used which will pro-vide a minimum clearance of 300m (1000ft) above allobjects located in an area contained within a sectorof a circle of 46km (25NM) radius centered on a radioaid to navigation.

MINIMUM STABILIZATION DISTANCE (MSD) —The minimum distance to complete a turn manoeuvreand after which a new manoeuvre can be initiated.The minimum stabilization distance is used to com-pute the minimum distance between waypoints.

MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE (MVA) — Thelowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will bevectored by a radar controller, except as otherwiseauthorized for radar approaches, departures andmissed approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacleclearance criteria. It may be lower than the publishedMEA along an airway of J-route segment. It may beutilized for radar vectoring only upon the controller’sdetermination that an adequate radar return is beingreceived from the aircraft being controlled.

MISSED APPROACH —a. A maneuver conducted by a pilot when aninstrument approach cannot be completedto a landing. The route of flight and altitudeare shown on instrument approach procedurecharts. A pilot executing a missed approachprior to the Missed Approach Point (MAP) mustcontinue along the final approach to the MAP.The pilot may climb immediately to the altitudespecified in the missed approach procedure.

b. A term used by the pilot to inform ATC thathe/she is executing the missed approach.

c. At locations where ATC radar service is providedthe pilot should conform to radar vectors, whenprovided by ATC, in lieu of the published missedapproach procedure.

MISSED APPROACH HOLDING FIX (MAHF) — Afix used in RNAV applications that marks the end ofthe missed approach segment and the centre pointfor the missed approach holding.

MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (ICAO) — Thatpoint in an instrument approach procedure at orbefore which the prescribed missed approach pro-cedure must be initiated in order to ensure that theminimum obstacle clearance is not infringed.

MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (USA) — Apoint prescribed in each instrument approach pro-cedure at which a missed approach procedure shallbe executed if the required visual reference does notexist.

MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE — The proce-dure to be followed if the approach cannot be contin-ued.

MODE (SSR) — The conventional identifier relatedto specific functions of the interrogation signals trans-mitted by an SSR interrogator. There are four modesspecified in ICAO Annex 10 (not published herein): A,C, S and intermode.

MOUNTAINOUS AREA (ICAO) — An area of chang-ing terrain profile where the changes of terrain eleva-tion exceed 900m (3000ft) within a distance of 10NM.

MOVEMENT AREA — That part of an aerodrome tobe used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft,consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

NEAR-PARALLEL RUNWAYS — Non-intersectingrunways whose extended centre lines have an angleof convergence/divergence of 15 degrees or less.

NON PRECISION APPROACH (NPA) PROCE-DURE — [see INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCE-DURE (IAP)]

NO PROCEDURE TURN (NoPT) — No procedureturn is required nor authorized.

NORMAL OPERATING ZONE (NOZ) — Airspaceof defined dimensions extending to either side ofan ILS localizer course and/or MLS final approachtrack. Only the inner half of the normal operatingzone is taken into account in independent parallelapproaches.

NOTAM (ICAO) — A notice distributed by means oftelecommunication containing information concern-ing the establishment, condition or change in any

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GLOSSARY

aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, thetimely knowledge of which is essential to personnelconcerned with flight operations.

NO-TRANSGRESSION ZONE (NTZ) — In the con-text of independent parallel approaches, a corridorof airspace of defined dimensions located centrallybetween the two extended runway centre lines, wherea penetration by an aircraft requires a controller inter-vention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on theadjacent approach.

OBSERVATION (METEOROLOGICAL) — The eval-uation of one or more meteorological elements.

OBSTACLE ASSESSMENT SURFACE (OAS) — Adefined surface intended for the purpose of determin-ing those obstacles to be considered in the calcula-tion of obstacle clearance altitude/height for a specificAPV or precision approach procedure.

OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (OCA) OROBSTACLE CLEARANCE HEIGHT (OCH) — Thelowest altitude or the lowest height above the ele-vation of the relevant runway threshold or the aero-drome elevation as applicable, used in establishingcompliance with appropriate obstacle clearance cri-teria.

NOTE 1: Obstacle clearance altitude is referencedto mean sea level and obstacle clearance height isreferenced to the threshold elevation or in the caseof non-precision approaches to the aerodrome ele-vation or the threshold elevation if that is more than7ft (2m) below the aerodrome elevation. An obstacleclearance height for a circling approach is referencedto the aerodrome elevation.

NOTE 2: For convenience when both expressions areused they may be written in the form “obstacle clear-ance altitude/height” and abbreviated “OCA/H.”

OBSTACLE FREE ZONE (OFZ) (ICAO) — Theairspace above the inner approach surface, innertransitional surfaces, and balked landing surface andthat portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces,which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle otherthan a low-mass and frangibly mounted one requiredfor air navigation purposes.

OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE LIMIT (OCL) — Theheight above aerodrome elevation below which theminimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot bemaintained either on approach or in the event of amissed approach.

OPERATIONAL CONTROL — The exercise ofauthority over the initiation, continuation, diversionor termination of a flight in the interest of the safetyof the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of theflight.

OPERATOR — A person, organization or enterpriseengaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft oper-ation.

PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING (PCL) (USA) —(For other states see Air Traffic Control Rules andProcedures.)

Radio control of lighting is available at selected air-ports to provide airborne control of lights by keyingthe aircraft’s microphone. The control system con-sists of a 3-step control responsive to 7, 5, and/or3 microphone clicks. The 3-step and 2-step lighting

facilities can be altered in intensity. All lighting is illu-minated for a period of 15min (except for 1-step and2-step REILs which may be turned off by keying themike 5 or 3 times, respectively).

Suggested use is to always initially key the mike 7times; this assures that all controlled lights are turnedon to the maximum available intensity. If desired,adjustment can then be made, where the capability isprovided, to a lower intensity (or the REIL turned off)by keying the mike 5 and/or three times. Approvedlighting systems may be activated by keying the mikeas indicated below:

KEY MIKE FUNCTION7 times within 5

secondsHighest intensity available

5 times within 5seconds

Medium or lower intensity(Lower REIL or REIL Off)

3 times within 5seconds

Lowest intensity available(Lower REIL or REIL Off)

Due to the close proximity of airports using the samefrequency, radio controlled lighting receivers may beset at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft to be rel-atively close to activate the system. Consequently,even when lights are on, always key mike as directedwhen overflying an airport of intended landing or justprior to entering the final segment of an approach.This will assure the aircraft is close enough to acti-vate the system and a full 15min lighting duration isavailable.

PILOT-IN-COMMAND (PIC) — The pilot responsiblefor the operation and safety of the aircraft during flighttime.

PITCH POINT — A fix/waypoint that serves as a tran-sition point from a departure procedure or the low alti-tude ground-based navigation structure into the highaltitude waypoint system.

POINT-IN-SPACE APPROACH (PinS) — Thepoint-in-space approach is based on a basic GNSSnon-precision approach procedure designed forhelicopters only. It is aligned with a reference pointlocated to permit subsequent flight manoeuvring orapproach and landing using visual manoeuvring inadequate visual conditions to see and avoid obsta-cles.

POINT-IN-SPACE REFERENCE POINT (PRP) —Reference point for the point-in-space approach asidentified by the latitude and longitude of the MAPt.

PRECISION APPROACH (PA) PROCEDURE —[see INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE(IAP)].

PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR) — Primaryradar equipment used to determine the position ofan aircraft during final approach, in terms of lateraland vertical deviations relative to a nominal approachpath, and in range relative to touchdown.

NOTE: Precision approach radars are designatedto enable pilots of aircraft to be given guidance byradio communication during the final stages of theapproach to land.

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GLOSSARY

PRECISION OBJECT FREE ZONE (POFZ) (FAA)— A volume of airspace above an area beginningat the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation,and entered on the extended runway centerline. Thestandard POFZ is 200ft (60m) long and 800ft (240m)wide. The POFZ must be kept clear when an air-craft on a vertically guided final approach is within twonautical miles (NM) of the runway threshold and thereported ceiling is below 250ft and/or visibility lessthan ¾ statute miles (SM) (or runway visual rangebelow 4000ft). The POFZ is considered clear evenif the wing of the aircraft holding on a taxiway wait-ing for runway clearance penetrates the POFZ; how-ever, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringeon the POFZ. For approaching aircraft, in the eventthat a taxiing/parked aircraft or vehicle is not clearof the POFZ, air traffic control will provide advisoriesto the approaching aircraft regarding the position ofthe offending aircraft/vehicle. In this case the pilotof the approaching aircraft must decide to continueor abort the approach. When the reported ceiling isbelow 800ft or visibility less than 2SM, departing air-craft must do the following. When there is an air trafficcontrol tower (ATCT) in operation, plan to hold at theILS hold line and hold as directed by air traffic control.When there is no operating ATCT, honor the ILS holdline and do not taxi into position and take-off if thereis an approaching aircraft within 2NM of the runwaythreshold.

PRE-DEPARTURE CLEARANCE (PDC) — Anautomated Clearance Delivery system relaying ATCdeparture clearances from the FAA to the user net-work computer for subsequent delivery to the cockpitvia ACARS (Airline/Aviation VHF data link) whereaircraft are appropriately equipped, or to gate print-ers for pilot pickup.

PRESSURE ALTITUDE — An atmospheric pressureexpressed in terms of altitude which corresponds tothat pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.

PREVAILING VISIBILITY — The greatest visibilityvalue, observed in accordance with the definition “vis-ibility”, which is reached within at least half the hori-zon circle or within at least half of the surface of theaerodrome. These areas could comprise contiguousor non-contiguous sectors.

NOTE: This value may be assessed by humanobservation and/or instrumented systems. Wheninstruments are installed, they are used to obtain thebest estimate of the prevailing visibility.

PRIMARY AREA — A defined area symmetricallydisposed about the nominal flight track in whichfull obstacle clearance is provided. (See also SEC-ONDARY AREA.)PRIMARY RADAR — A radar system which usesreflected radio signals.

PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (PSR) — Asurveillance radar system which uses reflected radiosignals.

PROCEDURE ALTITUDE/HEIGHT — Are recom-mended altitudes/heights developed in coordinationwith Air Traffic Control requirements flown opera-tionally at or above the minimum altitude/height andestablished to accommodate a stabilized descentat a prescribed descent gradient/angle in the inter-

mediate/final approach segment. Procedure alti-tudes/heights are never below the Segment MinimumAltitude (SMA) or Segment Minimum Safe Altitude(SMSA).

PROCEDURE TURN (PT) (ICAO) — A maneuver inwhich a turn is made away from a designated trackfollowed by a turn in the opposite direction to permitthe aircraft to intercept and proceed along the recip-rocal of the designated track.

NOTE 1: Procedure turns are designated “left” or“right” according to the direction of the initial turn.

NOTE 2: Procedure turns may be designated asbeing made either in level flight or while descending,according to the circumstances of each individualprocedure.

PROCEDURE TURN (PT) (USA) — The maneuverprescribed when it is necessary to reverse directionto establish an aircraft on the intermediate approachsegment or final approach course. The outboundcourse, direction of turn, distance within which theturn must be completed, and minimum altitude arespecified in the procedure. However, unless other-wise restricted, the point at which the turn may becommenced and the type and rate of turn are at thediscretion of the pilot.

PROCEDURE TURN INBOUND — That point ofa procedure turn maneuver where course reversalhas been completed and an aircraft is establishedinbound on the intermediate approach segment orfinal approach course. A report of “procedure turninbound” is normally used by ATC as a position reportfor separation purposes.

PROFILE — The orthogonal projection of a flight pathor portion thereof on the vertical surface containingthe nominal track.

PROGNOSTIC CHART — A forecast of a specifiedmeteorological element(s) for a specified time orperiod and a specified surface or portion of airspace,depicted graphically on a chart.

PROHIBITED AREA (ICAO) (USA) — [see SPECIALUSE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

QFE — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]

QNE — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]

QNH — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]

RACETRACK PROCEDURE (ICAO) — A proceduredesigned to enable the aircraft to reduce altitude dur-ing the initial approach segment and/or establish theaircraft inbound when the entry into a reversal proce-dure is not practical.

RADAR — A radio detection device which providesinformation on range, azimuth and/or elevation ofobjects.

RADAR APPROACH — An approach, executed byan aircraft, under the direction of a radar controller.

RADAR CONTACT — The situation which existswhen the radar position of a particular aircraft is seenand identified on a radar display.

RADAR SEPARATION — The separation usedwhen aircraft position information is derived fromradar sources.

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GLOSSARY

RADAR WEATHER ECHO INTENSITY LEVELS —Existing radar systems cannot detect turbulence.However, there is a direct correlation betweenthe degree of turbulence and other weather featuresassociated with thunderstorms and the radar weatherecho intensity. The National Weather Service hascategorized radar weather echo intensity for precip-itation into six levels. These levels are sometimesexpressed during communications as “VIP LEVEL” 1through 6 (derived from the component of the radarthat produces the information — Video Integratorand Processor). The following list gives the “VIPLEVELS” in relation to the precipitation intensitywithin a thunderstorm:

Level 1.

Level 2.

Level 3.

Level 4.

Level 5.

Level 6.

WEAK

MODERATE

STRONG

VERY STRONG

INTENSE

EXTREME

RADIO ALTIMETER / RADAR ALTIMETER — Air-craft equipment which makes use of the reflection ofradio waves from the ground to determine the heightof the aircraft above the surface.

RADIOTELEPHONY — A form of radio communica-tion primarily intended for the exchange of informationin the form of speech.

RADIOTELEPHONY NETWORK — A group ofradiotelephony aeronautical stations which operateon and guard frequencies from the same family andwhich support each other in a defined manner toensure maximum dependability of air-ground com-munications and dissemination of air-ground traffic.

REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMUMS(RVSM) — A reduction in the vertical separationbetween FL290 – FL410 from 2000ft to 1000ft.

REGIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENT —Agreement approved by the Council of ICAO nor-mally on the advice of a regional air navigationmeeting.

REPETITIVE FLIGHT PLAN (RPL) — A flight planrelated to a series of frequently recurring, regularlyoperated individual flights with identical basic fea-tures, submitted by an operator for retention andrepetitive use by ATS units.

REPORTING POINT — A specified geographicallocation in relation to which the position of an aircraftcan be reported.

REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE(RNP) — A statement of navigation position accuracynecessary for operation within a defined airspace.RNP is performance-based and not dependent on aspecific piece of equipment. RNP includes a descrip-tive number, the value being an indicator of the sizeof the containment area (e.g., RNP-0.3, RNP-1,RNP-3, etc.). The different values are assigned toterminal, departure, and enroute operations. Someaircraft have RNP approval in their AFM without aGPS sensor. The lowest level of sensors that the FAAwill support for RNP service is DME/DME. However,necessary DME signal may not be available at the

airport of intended operations. For those locationshaving an RNAV chart published with LNAV/VNAVminimums, a procedure note may be provided suchas "DME/DME RNP-0.3 NA." This means that RNPaircraft dependent on DME/DME to achieve RNP-0.3are not authorized to conduct this approach. WhereDME facility availability is a factor, the note mayread "DME/DME RNP-0.3 authorized; ABC andXYZ required." This means that ABC and XYZfacilities have been determined by flight inspectionto be required in the navigation solution to assureRNP-0.3. VOR/DME updating must not be used forapproach procedures.

RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER — A unitresponsible for promoting efficient organization ofsearch and rescue service and for coordinating theconduct of search and rescue operations within asearch and rescue region.

RESCUE UNIT — A unit composed of trained per-sonnel and provided with equipment suitable for theexpeditious conduct of search and rescue.

RESTRICTED AREA (ICAO) (USA) — [see SPE-CIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

REVERSAL PROCEDURE — A procedure designedto enable aircraft to reverse direction during the initialapproach segment of an instrument approach proce-dure. The sequence may include procedure turns orbase turns.

RNAV APPROACH — An instrument approach pro-cedure which relies on aircraft area navigation equip-ment for navigation guidance.

RNP TYPE — A containment value expressed as adistance in nautical miles from the intended positionwithin which flights would be for at least 95 percent ofthe total flying time.

EXAMPLE: RNP 4 represents a navigation accuracyof plus or minus 7.4km (4NM) on a 95 percent con-tainment basis.

ROUTE MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (RouteMORA) — This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen.The Route MORA altitude provides reference pointclearance within 10NM of the route centerline(regardless of the route width) and end fixes. RouteMORA values clear all reference points by 1000ft inareas where the highest reference points are 5000ftMSL or lower. Route MORA values clear all refer-ence points by 2000ft in areas where the highestreference points are 5001ft MSL or higher. When aRoute MORA is shown along a route as “unknown” itis due to incomplete or insufficient information.

RUNWAY — A defined rectangular area on a landaerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off ofaircraft.

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (ICAO) — Are provided fora runway intended for use at night or for a precisionapproach runway intended for use by day or night.Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing vari-able white, except that:

a. in the case of a displaced threshold, the lightsbetween the beginning of the runway andthe displaced threshold shall show red in theapproach direction; and

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GLOSSARY

b. a section of the lights 600m or one-third of therunway length, whichever is the less, at theremote end of the runway from the end at whichthe take-off run is started, may show yellow.

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (USA) — Lights usedto outline the edges of runways during periodsof darkness or restricted visibility conditions. Thelight systems are classified according to the inten-sity or brightness they are capable of producing:they are the High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL),Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL), and theLow Intensity Runway Lights (RL). The HIRL andMIRL systems have variable intensity controls, wherethe RLs normally have one intensity setting.

a. The runway edge lights are white, except oninstrument runways amber replaces white onthe last 2000ft or half of the runway length,whichever is less, to form a caution zone forlandings.

b. The lights marking the ends of the runway emitred light toward the runway to indicate the endof runway to a departing aircraft and emit greenoutward from the runway end to indicate thethreshold to landing aircraft.

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION — A designatedposition intended to protect a runway, an obstaclelimitation surface, or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitivearea at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stopand hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aero-drome control tower.

NOTE: In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expres-sion “holding point” is used to designate the runway-holding position.

RUNWAY INCURSION — Any occurrence at an aero-drome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft,vehicle or person on the protected area of a surfacedesignated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

RUNWAY MARKINGS —a. Basic marking — Markings on runways used foroperations under visual flight rules consisting ofcenterline markings and runway direction num-bers and, if required, letters.

b. Instrument marking — Markings on runwaysserved by nonvisual navigation aids andintended for landings under instrument weatherconditions, consisting of basic marking plusthreshold markings.

c. All-weather (precision instrument) marking —Marking on runways served by nonvisual pre-cision approach aids and on runways havingspecial operational requirements, consisting ofinstrument markings plus landing zone mark-ings and side strips.

RUNWAY STRIP — A defined area including the run-way and stopway, if provided, intended:

a. to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft runningoff a runway; and

b. to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off orlanding operations.

RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) — The range overwhich the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of arunway can see the runway surface markings or thelights delineating the runway or identifying its centreline.

SAFETY-SENSITIVE PERSONNEL — Persons whomight endanger aviation safety if they perform theirduties and functions improperly including, but not lim-ited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance person-nel and air traffic controllers.

SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES UNIT — Ageneric term meaning, as the case may be, rescuecoordination center, rescue subcenter or alertingpost.

SECONDARY AREA — A defined area on each sideof the primary area located along the nominal flighttrack in which decreasing obstacle clearance is pro-vided. (See also PRIMARY AREA).SECONDARY RADAR — A radar system wherein aradio signal transmitted from a radar station initiatesthe transmission of a radio signal from another sta-tion.

SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR) — Asurveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) and transponders.

SEGMENT MINIMUM ALTITUDE (SMA), or SEG-MENT MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE (SMSA) — Analtitude that provides minimum obstacle clearance ineach segment of a non-precision approach. Segmentminimum (safe) altitudes can be considered “do notdescend below” altitudes and can be lower than pro-cedure altitudes which are specifically developed tofacilitate a constant rate or stabilized descent.

SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACHPROCEDURE — An instrument approach proce-dure may have as many as four separate segmentsdepending on how the approach procedure is struc-tured.

ICAO —a. Initial Approach — That segment of an instru-ment approach procedure between the initialapproach fix and the intermediate approach fixor, where applicable, the final approach fix orpoint.

b. Intermediate Approach — That segment ofan instrument approach procedure betweeneither the intermediate approach fix and thefinal approach fix or point, or between the endof a reversal, race track or dead reckoning trackprocedure and the final approach fix or point,as appropriate.

c. Final Approach — That segment of an instru-ment approach procedure in which alignmentand descent for landing are accomplished.

d. Missed Approach Procedure — The procedureto be followed if the approach cannot be contin-ued.

USA —a. Initial Approach — The segment between theinitial approach fix and the intermediate fix orthe point where the aircraft is established on theintermediate course or final course.

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GLOSSARY

b. Intermediate Approach — The segmentbetween the intermediate fix or point and thefinal approach fix.

c. Final Approach — The segment between thefinal approach fix or point and the runway, airportor missed approach point.

d. Missed Approach — The segment between themissed approach point, or point of arrival at deci-sion height, and the missed approach fix at theprescribed altitude.

SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS —

Simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallelinstrument runways in which one runway is usedexclusively for approaches and the other runway isused exclusively for departures.

SELECTIVE CALL SYSTEM (SELCAL) — A systemwhich permits the selective calling of individual air-craft over radiotelephone channels linking a groundstation with the aircraft.

SHORELINE — A line following the general contourof the shore, except that in cases of inlets or bays lessthan 30NM in width, the line shall pass directly acrossthe inlet or bay to intersect the general contour on theopposite side.

SIDESTEP MANEUVER — A visual maneuveraccomplished by a pilot at the completion of aninstrument approach to permit a straight-in landingon a parallel runway not more than 1200ft to eitherside of the runway to which the instrument approachwas conducted.

SIGMET INFORMATION — Information issued bya meteorological watch office concerning the occur-rence or expected occurrence of specified en routeweather phenomena which may affect the safety ofaircraft operations.

SIGNAL AREA — An area on an aerodrome used forthe display of ground signals.

SIGNIFICANT POINT — A specified geographicallocation used in defining an ATS route or the flightpath of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATSpurposes.

NOTE: There are three categories of significantpoints: ground-based navigation aid, intersectionand waypoint. In the context of this definition, inter-section is a significant point expressed as radials,bearings and/or distances from ground-based navi-gation aids.

SLUSH — Water-saturated snow which with a heel-and-toe slap-down motion against the ground will bedisplaced with a splatter; specific gravity: 0.5 up to0.8.

NOTE: Combinations of ice, snow and/or standingwater may, especially when rain, rain and snow, orsnow is falling, produce substances with specificgravities in excess of 0.8. These substances, due totheir high water/ice content, will have a transparentrather than a cloudy appearance and, at the higherspecific gravities, will be readily distinguishable fromslush.

SNOW (on the ground) —

a. Dry snow. Snow which can be blown if loose or, ifcompacted by hand, will fall apart upon release;specific gravity: up to but not including 0.35.

b. Wet snow. Snow which, if compacted by hand,will stick together and tend to or form a snowball;specific gravity: 0.35 up to but not including 0.5.

c. Compacted snow. Snow which has been com-pressed into a solid mass that resists furthercompression and will hold together or break upinto lumps if picked up; specific gravity: 0.5 andover.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE — Airspace of defineddimensions identified by an area on the surface of theearth wherein activities must be confined becauseof their nature and/or wherein limitations may beimposed upon aircraft operations that are not a partof those activities. Types of special use airspace are:

a. Alert Area (USA) — Airspace which may con-tain a high volume of pilot training activities or anunusual type of aerial activity, neither of which ishazardous to aircraft. Alert Areas are depictedon aeronautical charts for the information of non-participating pilots. All activities within an AlertArea are conducted in accordance with FederalAviation Regulations, and pilots of participatingaircraft as well as pilots transiting the area areequally responsible for collision avoidance.

b. Controlled Firing Area (USA) — Airspacewherein activities are conducted under con-ditions so controlled as to eliminate hazardsto non participating aircraft and to ensure thesafety of persons and property on the ground.

c. Danger Area (ICAO) — An airspace of defineddimensions within which activities dangerous tothe flight of aircraft may exist at specified times.

d. Military Operations Area (MOA) (USA) — AMOA is airspace established outside of a Class“A” airspace area to separate or segregate cer-tain nonhazardous military activities from IFRtraffic and to identify for VFR traffic where theseactivities are conducted.

e. Prohibited Area (ICAO) — An airspace ofdefined dimensions, above the land areas orterritorial waters of a State, within which theflight of aircraft is prohibited.

Prohibited Area (USA) — Airspace designatedunder FAR Part 73 within which no person mayoperate an aircraft without the permission of theusing agency.

f. Restricted Area (ICAO) — An airspace ofdefined dimensions, above the land areas orterritorial waters of a State, within which theflight of aircraft is restricted in accordance withcertain specified conditions.

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GLOSSARY

Restricted Area (USA) — Airspace designatedunder Part 73, within which the flight of air-craft, while not wholly prohibited, is subjectto restriction. Most restricted areas are des-ignated joint use and IFR/VFR operations inthe area may be authorized by the controllingATC facility when it is not being utilized by theusing agency. Restricted areas are depicted onenroute charts. Where joint use is authorized,the name of the ATC controlling facility is alsoshown.

g. Warning Area (USA) — A warning area isairspace of defined dimensions from 3NM out-ward from the coast of the United States, thatcontains activity that may be hazardous tononparticipating aircraft. The purpose of suchwarning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilotsof the potential danger. A warning area may belocated over domestic or international waters orboth.

SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT — A VFR flight cleared byair traffic control to operate within a control zone inmeteorological conditions below VMC.

STANDARD INSTRUMENT ARRIVAL (STAR)(ICAO) — A designated instrument flight rule (IFR)arrival route linking a significant point, normally onan ATS route, with a point from which a publishedinstrument approach procedure can be commenced.

STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID)(ICAO) — A designated instrument flight rule (IFR)departure route linking the aerodrome or a specifiedrunway of the aerodrome with a specified point,normally on a designated ATS route, at which theenroute phase of a flight commences.

STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID)(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR)air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilotuse in graphic and/or textual form. SIDs provide tran-sition from the terminal to the appropriate enroutestructure.

STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE — An isobaricsurface used on a world-wide basis for representingand analyzing the conditions in the atmosphere.

STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE (STAR)(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) airtraffic control arrival procedure published for pilot usein graphic and/or textual form. STARs provide transi-tion from the enroute structure to an outer fix or aninstrument approach fix/arrival waypoint in the termi-nal area.

STATION DECLINATION — The orientation withrespect to true north of VHF transmitted signals.The orientation is originally made to agree with themagnetic variation (an uncontrollable global phenom-enon) at the site. Hence station declination (fixed byman) may differ from changed magnetic variationuntil the station is reoriented.

STOPWAY — A defined rectangular area on theground at the end of take-off run available preparedas a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stoppedin the case of an abandoned take-off.

SUBSTITUTE ROUTE — A route assigned to pilotswhen any part of an airway or route is unusablebecause of navaid status.

SUNSET AND SUNRISE — The mean solar timesof sunset and sunrise as published in the NauticalAlmanac, converted to local standard time for thelocality concerned. Within Alaska, the end of eveningcivil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight,as defined for each locality.

SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CON-TROL SYSTEM (SMGCS) (USA) — Provisions forguidance and control or regulation for facilities, infor-mation, and advice necessary for pilots of aircraftand drivers of ground vehicles to find their way on theairport during low visibility operations and to keepthe aircraft or vehicles on the surfaces or within theareas intended for their use. Low visibility operationsfor this system means reported conditions of RVR1200 or less.

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH (ASR) — An instru-ment approach wherein the air traffic controller issuesinstructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraftposition in relation to the final approach course(azimuth), and the distance (range) from the endof the runway as displayed on the controller’s radarscope. The controller will provide recommendedaltitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot.

SURVEILLANCE RADAR — Radar equipment usedto determine the position of an aircraft in range andazimuth.

TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA)(ICAO) — The length of the take-off run avail-able plus the length of the clearway, if provided.

TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA) (ICAO) — Thelength of runway declared available and suitable forthe ground run of an airplane taking off.

TAXIING —Movement of an aircraft on the surface ofan aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-offand landing.

TAXIWAY — A defined path on a land aerodromeestablished for the taxiing of aircraft and intended toprovide a link between one part of the aerodrome andanother, including:

Aircraft Stand Taxilane — A portion of an aprondesignated as a taxiway and intended to provideaccess to aircraft stands only.

Apron Taxiway — A portion of a taxiway systemlocated on an apron and intended to provide athrough taxi route across the apron.

Rapid Exit Taxiway — A taxiway connected to arunway at an acute angle and designed to allowlanding aeroplanes to turn off at higher speedsthan are achieved on other exit taxi-ways andthereby minimizing runway occupancy times.

TERMINAL CONTROL AREA (ICAO) — A controlarea normally established at the confluence of ATSroutes in the vicinity of one or more major aero-dromes.

TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREA (FAA) / TERMINALAREA ALTITUDE (TAA) (ICAO) — Provides aseamless and efficient transition from the enroutestructure to the terminal environment to an underly-

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GLOSSARY

ing RNAV instrument approach procedure for FMSand/or GPS equipped aircraft. Minimum altitudesdepict standard obstacle clearances compatiblewith the associated instrument approach procedure.TAAs will not be found on all RNAV procedures,particularly in areas with a heavy concentration ofair traffic. When the TAA is published, it replaces theMSA for that approach procedure. A standard race-track holding pattern may be provided at the centerIAF, and if present may be necessary for coursereversal and for altitude adjustment for entry into theprocedure. In the latter case, the pattern providesan extended distance for the descent as requiredby the procedure. The published procedure will beannotated to indicate when the course reversal is notnecessary when flying within a particular TAA (e.g.,"NoPT"). Otherwise, the pilot is expected to executethe course reversal under the provisions of 14 CFRSection 91.175 (USA). The pilot may elect to use thecourse reversal pattern when it is not required bythe procedure, but must inform air traffic control andreceive clearance to do so.

TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE (USA) — Anational program instituted to extend the terminalradar services provided instrument flight rules (IFR)aircraft to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft. The pro-gram is divided into four types of service referred toas basic radar service, terminal radar service area(TRSA) service, Class “B” service and Class “C”service.

a. Basic Radar Service — These services areprovided for VFR aircraft by all commissionedterminal radar facilities. Basic radar serviceincludes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limitedradar vectoring when requested by the pilot, andsequencing at locations where procedures havebeen established for this purpose and/or whencovered by a letter of agreement. The purposeof this service is to adjust the flow of arrivingIFR and VFR aircraft into the traffic pattern in asafe and orderly manner and to provide trafficadvisories to departing VFR aircraft.

b. TRSA Service — This service provides, in addi-tion to basic radar service, sequencing of allIFR and participating VFR aircraft to the pri-mary airport and separation between all partici-pating VFR aircraft. The purpose of this serviceis to provide separation between all participatingVFR aircraft and all IFR aircraft operating withinthe area defined as a TRSA.

c. Class “B” Service — This service provides, inaddition to basic radar service, approved sep-aration of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/orweight, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to theprimary airport(s).

d. Class “C” Service — This service provides,in addition to basic radar service, approvedseparation between IFR and VFR aircraft, andsequencing of VFR aircraft, and sequencing ofVFR arrivals to the primary airport.

TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA)(USA) — Airspace surrounding designated airportswherein ATC provides radar vectoring, sequencingand separation on a full-time basis for all IFR and

participating VFR aircraft. Service provided in aTRSA is called Stage III Service. Pilots’ participationis urged but is not mandatory.

THRESHOLD (THR) — The beginning of that portionof the runway usable for landing.

THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT (TCH) — Thetheoretical height above the runway threshold atwhich the aircraft’s glide slope antenna (or equiva-lent position) would be if the aircraft maintains thetrajectory of the ILS glide slope, MLS glide path orcharted descent angle.

TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME — For IFRflights, the estimated time required from take-off toarrive over that designated point, defined by refer-ence to navigation aids, from which it is intendedthat an instrument approach procedure will be com-menced, or, if no navigation aid is associated withthe destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destina-tion aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated timerequired from take-off to arrive over the destinationaerodrome.

TOUCHDOWN — The point where the nominal glidepath intercepts the runway.

NOTE: “Touchdown” as defined above is only a datumand is not necessarily the actual point at which theaircraft will touch the runway.

TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION (TDZE) — Thehighest elevation in the first 3000ft of the landing sur-face.

TRACK — The projection on the earth’s surface ofthe path of an aircraft, the direction of which path atany point is usually expressed in degrees from North(true, magnetic or grid).

TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCESYSTEM (TCAS) — An airborne collision avoidancesystem based on radar beacon signals which oper-ates independent of ground-based equipment.

TCAS-I generates traffic advisory only;

TCAS-II generates traffic advisories, and resolution(collision avoidance) advisories in the vertical plane.

TRAFFIC AVOIDANCE ADVICE — Advice providedby an air traffic services unit specifying manoeuvresto assist a pilot to avoid a collision.

TRAFFIC INFORMATION — Information issued byan air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to otherknown or observed air traffic which may be in prox-imity to the position or intended route of flight and tohelp the pilot avoid a collision.

TRANSITION ALTITUDE (TA) — The altitude in thevicinity of an airport at or below which the verticalposition of an aircraft is controlled by reference toaltitudes (MSL).

TRANSITION HEIGHT — The height in the vicinityof an airport at or below which the vertical positionof an aircraft is expressed in height above the airportreference datum.

TRANSITION LAYER — The airspace between thetransition altitude and the transition level. Aircraftdescending through the transition layer will usealtimeters set to local station pressure, while depart-



GLOSSARY

ing aircraft climbing through the layer will be usingstandard altimeter setting (QNE) of 29.92 inches ofMercury, 1013.2 millibars, or 1013.2 hectopascals.

TRANSITION LEVEL (TL) — The lowest flight levelavailable for use above the transition altitude.

TROPICAL CYCLONE — Generic term for anon-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating overtropical or sub-tropical waters with organized con-vection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.

TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRE(TCAC) — A meteorological centre designatedby regional air navigation agreement to provideadvisory information to meteorological watch offices,world area forecast centres and international OPMETdatabanks regarding the position, forecast directionand speed of movement, central pressure and maxi-mum surface wind of tropical cyclones.

TURN ANTICIPATION — Turning maneuver initiatedprior to reaching the actual airspace fix or turn pointthat is intended to keep the aircraft within establishedairway or route boundaries.

UNCERTAINTY PHASE — A situation whereinuncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft andits occupants.

UNMANNED FREE BALLOON — A non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air aircraft in freeflight.

NOTE: Unmanned free balloons are classified asheavy, medium or light in accordance with specifica-tions contained in ICAO Rules of the Air, Annex 2,Appendix 4.

UPPER-AIR CHART — A meteorological chart relat-ing to a specified upper-air surface or layer of theatmosphere.

URGENCY — A condition concerning the safety of anaircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on boardor within sight, but which does not require immediateassistance.

VECTORING — Provision of navigational guidanceto aircraft in the form of specific headings, based onthe use of an ATS surveillance system.

VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV) — That functionof RNAV equipment which provides guidance in thevertical plane.

VERTICAL PATH ANGLE (VPA) (ICAO) — Angle ofthe published final approach descent in Baro-VNAVprocedures.

VERTICAL PATH ANGLE (VPA) (USA) — Thedescent angle shown on some non-precisionapproaches describing the geometric descent pathfrom the Final approach fix (FAF), or on occasionfrom an intervening stepdown fix, to the ThresholdCrossing Height (TCH). This angle may or may notcoincide with the angle projected by a Visual GlideSlope Indicator (VASI, PAPI, PLASI, etc.)

VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) — The frequenciesbetween 30MHz and 300MHz (200MHz – 3GHz isconsidered as UHF in the Aviation).

VFR FLIGHT — A flight conducted in accordancewith the visual flight rules.

VIBAL — (Visibilité Balise) Is the method wherebya human observer (or pilot in take-off position) deter-mines the RVR by counting specific markers adjacentto the runway or by counting runway edge lights.

VISIBILITY (ICAO) — The ability, as determined byatmospheric conditions and expressed in units of dis-tance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objectsby day and prominent lighted objects by night.

a. Flight Visibility — The visibility forward from thecockpit of an aircraft in flight.

b. Ground Visibility — The visibility at an aero-drome as reported by an accredited observer.

c. Runway Visual Range (RVR) — The range overwhich the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline ofa runway can see the runway surface markingsor the lights delineating the runway or identifyingits centerline.

VISIBILITY (USA) — The ability, as determined byatmospheric conditions and expressed in units of dis-tance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objectsby day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visibil-ity is reported as statute or nautical miles, hundredsof feet or meters.

a. Flight Visibility — The average forward horizon-tal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft inflight, at which prominent unlighted objects maybe seen and identified by day and prominentlighted objects may be seen and identified bynight.

b. Ground Visibility — Prevailing horizontal visibil-ity near the earth’s surface as reported by theUnited States National Weather Service or anaccredited observer.

c. Prevailing Visibility — The greatest horizontalvisibility equaled or exceeded throughout atleast half the horizon circle which need notnecessarily be continuous.

d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV) — The visibilitydetermined for a particular runway by a trans-missometer. A meter provides a continuous indi-cation of the visibility (reported in miles or frac-tions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieuof prevailing visibility in determining minimumsfor a particular runway.

e. Runway Visual Range (RVR) — An instru-mentally derived value, based on standardcalibrations, that represents the horizontal dis-tance a pilot will see down the runway fromthe approach end; it is based on the sightingof either high intensity runway lights or on thevisual contrast of other targets whichever yieldsthe greater visual range. RVR, in contrast toprevailing or runway visibility, is based on whata pilot in a moving aircraft should see look-ing down the runway. RVR is horizontal visualrange, not slant visual range. It is based on themeasurement of a transmissometer made nearthe touchdown point of the instrument runwayand is reported in hundreds of feet. RVR isused in lieu of RVV and/or prevailing visibility indetermining minimums for a particular runway.

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GLOSSARY

1. Touchdown RVR — The RVR visibilityreadout values obtained from RVR equip-ment serving the runway touchdown zone.

2. Mid-RVR — The RVR readout valuesobtained from RVR equipment locatedmidfield of the runway.

3. Rollout RVR — The RVR readout valuesobtained from RVR equipment locatednearest the rollout end of the runway.

VISUAL APPROACH (ICAO) — An approach byan IFR flight when either part or all of an instru-ment approach procedure is not completed and theapproach is executed in visual reference to terrain.

VISUAL APPROACH (USA) — An approach con-ducted on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight planwhich authorizes the pilot to proceed visually andclear of clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at alltimes, have either the airport or the preceding aircraftin sight. This approach must be authorized and underthe control of the appropriate air traffic control facility.Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at orabove 1000ft and visibility of 3 miles or greater.

VISUAL DESCENT POINT (VDP) — A defined pointon the final approach course of a non-precisionstraight-in approach procedure from which normaldescent from the MDA to the runway touchdownpoint may be commenced, provided the approachthreshold of that runway, or approach lights, or othermarkings identifiable with the approach end of thatrunway are clearly visible to the pilot.

VISUAL MANOEUVRING (CIRCLING) AREA —The area in which obstacle clearance should betaken into consideration for aircraft carrying out acircling approach.

VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS(VMC) — Meteorological conditions expressed interms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceilingequal to or better than specified minima.

NOTE: The specified minima are contained in ICAORules of the Air, Annex 2, Chapter 4.

VOLMET BROADCAST — Routine broadcast ofmeteorological information for aircraft in flight.

VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRE (VAAC) — Ameteorological centre designated by regional air nav-igation agreement to provide advisory information tometeorological watch offices, area control centres,flight information centres, world area forecast cen-tres, relevant regional area forecast centres and inter-national OPMET data banks regarding the lateral andvertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic ashin the atmosphere following volcanic eruptions.

VOLMET BROADCAST — Provision of currentaerodrome meteorological reports (METAR) andspecial meteorological reports (SPECI), aerodromeforecasts (TAF), SIGMET by means of continuousand repetitive voice broadcasts for aircraft in flight.

VOLMET DATA LINK SERVICE (D-VOLMET) —Provision of current METAR, SPECI, TAF, SIGMET,special air-reports not covered by SIGMET and,where available, AIRMET via data link.

WARNING AREA (USA) — [see SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE (SUA)].

WAYPOINT — A specified geographical locationused to define an area navigation route or the flightpath of an aircraft employing area navigation. Way-points are identified as either:

Fly-by waypoint — A fly-by waypoint requires theuse of turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of thenext flight segment; or

Fly-over waypoint — A fly-over waypoint pre-cludes any turn until the waypoint is overflownand is followed by an intercept maneuver of thenext flight segment.

WEATHER SYSTEMS PROCESSOR (WSP) —An add-on weather processor to selected AirportSurveillance Radar (ASR)-9 facilities that addsDoppler weather radar capability and provides windshear and microburst warnings. The system givescontrollers timely and accurate warnings for relayingto pilots via radio communications. The WSP alsoprovides controllers with thunderstorm cell locationsand movement as well as the predicted future posi-tion and intensity of wind shifts that may affect airportoperations. The system can also process precipi-tation data to reduce false severe weather reportscaused by anomalous propagation.

WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM (WAAS) —WAAS is a navigation system developed for civil avi-ation that provides extremely accurate horizontaland vertical navigation for all classes of aircraft inall phases of flight - including enroute navigation,airport departures, and airport arrivals. This includesvertically-guided landing approaches in instrumentmeteorological conditions at all qualified locations.

WORLD AREA FORECAST CENTRE (WAFC) —A meteorological centre designated to prepare andissue significant weather forecasts and upper-air fore-casts in digital and/or pictorial form on a global basisdirect States by appropriate means as part of theaeronautical fixed service.

WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM (WAFS) —A world-wide system by which world area forecastcentres provide aeronautical meteorological en-routeforecasts in uniform standardized formats.

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abbreviations used in airway manual

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