abductive reasoning

• Abductive Reasoning

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Scientific method

1 Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25) described the incipient stages

of inquiry, instigated by the "irritation of doubt" to venture a plausible guess, as abductive reasoning


Empiricism - Pragmatism

1 To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive

reasoning


Logic programming - Abductive logic programming

1 It has also been used to interpret Negation as Failure as a form of abductive reasoning.


Charles Sanders Peirce -

1 Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of inquiry in Aristotle's work, in such loci as: the

basic terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the founding description of sign relations in On

Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference into three modes that are commonly translated into English as Abductive reasoning|abduction, Deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive

reasoning|induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by

Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the other three modes.


Charles Sanders Peirce - Modes of inference

1 Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three

basic modes of inference — abductive reasoning|abduction,

deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive reasoning|induction — in his critique of arguments or logic

proper


Abductive reasoning

1 Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night

is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a

single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J


Abductive reasoning

1 Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that, e.g., Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is

among the Occam's razor|most economical explanations for P.

Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie

Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from of Memoir 27:


Abductive reasoning

1 In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do

not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning

as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot. Core

Questions in Philosophy,5th edition.


Abductive reasoning - Deduction, induction, and abduction

1 Deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning thus differ in the direction

in which a rule like a entailment|entails b is used for inference


Abductive reasoning - Abductive validation

1 Abductive validation is the process of validating a given hypothesis through

abductive reasoning


Abductive reasoning - Probabilistic abduction

1 Probabilistic abductive reasoning is a form of abductive validation, and is

used extensively in areas where conclusions about possible

hypotheses need to be derived, such as for making diagnoses from

medical tests


Formal reasoning -

1 Abductive reasoning, or argument to the best explanation, is a form of

inductive reasoning, since the conclusion in an abductive argument does not follow with certainty from

its premises and concerns something unobserved


Psychology of reasoning - Different sorts of reasoning

1 Psychologically, what are the relationships between inductive reasoning|induction, deductive reasoning|deduction, abductive

reasoning|abduction, and analogy?


List of thought processes

1 * Abductive reasoning


Models of scientific inquiry - Classical model

1 The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle, who

distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning,

set out the threefold scheme of abductive reasoning|abductive,

deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive

inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning

by analogy.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

Inquiry - Abduction

1 The locus classicus for the study of abductive reasoning is found in

Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Book 2, Chapt. 25. It begins this way:


Inquiry - Abduction

1 We have Reduction (απαγωγη, abductive reasoning|abduction):


Inquiry - Abduction

1 Aristotle's latter variety of abductive reasoning, though it will take some

explaining in the sequel, is well worth our contemplation, since it hints already at streams of inquiry that course well beyond the syllogistic

source from which they spring, and into regions that Peirce will explore

more broadly and deeply.


Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm

1 Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three

fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in inquiry, commonly known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|

deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference.


Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm

1 In rough terms, abductive reasoning|abduction is what we use to generate a

likely hypothesis or an initial diagnosis in response to a phenomenon of interest or a

problem of concern, while deductive reasoning|deduction is used to clarify, to

derive, and to explicate the relevant consequences of the selected hypothesis,

and inductive reasoning|induction is used to test the sum of the predictions against the

sum of the datahttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

Semiotics - Some important semioticians

1 He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also

encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and

inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but

distinct from logic's pure mathematics


Logic

1 Logic is often divided into three parts; inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.


Inference - Nonmonotonic logic

1 Various kinds of defeasible but remarkably successful inference have traditionally captured the

attention of philosophers (theories of induction, Peirce's theory of

abductive reasoning|abduction, inference to the best explanation,

etc.)


Defeasible reasoning

1 Other kinds of non-demonstrative reasoning are probabilistic reasoning,

inductive reasoning, statistical reasoning, abductive reasoning, and

paraconsistent reasoning


Defeasible reasoning

1 * abductive reasoning|Abductive (from data and theory): p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p;

hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause


Automatic reasoning

1 The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving

(and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking

(viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work

has also been done in reasoning by analogy Induction (philosophy)|induction and

Abductive reasoning|abduction.


Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis

1 Model-based diagnosis is an example of abductive reasoning using a model

(abstract)|model of the system. In general, it works as follows:


Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis

1 The semantics of these formulae is the following: if the behaviour of the system is not abnormal (i.e. if it is normal), then the internal (unobservable) behaviour will be

Int1\, and the observable behaviour Obs1\,. Otherwise, the internal behaviour will be

Int2\, and the observable behaviour Obs2\,. Given the observations Obs\,, the problem is to determine whether the system behaviour

is normal or not (\neg Ab(S)\, or Ab(S)\,). This is an example of abductive reasoning.


Analogies

1 In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an Logical argument|argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deductive reasoning|deduction,

inductive reasoning|induction, and abductive reasoning|abduction,

where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general


Analysis of competing hypotheses

1 Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with

similarities to ACH.


Analysis of competing hypotheses - Weaknesses

1 Since deception often is the result of a cognitive trap, Elsaesser and Stech

use state-based hierarchical plan recognition (see abductive

reasoning) to generate causal explanations of observations


Gregory Bateson - Other terms used by Bateson

1 *'Abductive reasoning|Abduction'


List of statistics articles - A

1 *Abductive reasoning


Grounded theory - Strauss Corbin's approach

1 The research principle behind grounded theory method is neither inductive reasoning|inductive nor

deductive reasoning|deductive, but combines both in a way of abductive reasoning (coming from the works of

Charles Sanders Peirce)


Semiotic - Some important semioticians



inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but



Outline of human intelligence - Capacities of intelligence

1 *** Abductive reasoning


Nursing process

1 Some authors refer to a mind map or Abductive|abductive reasoning as a

potential alternative strategy for organizing care.Bradshaw, J Lowenstein (2010)

Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions. Intuition

(knowledge)|Intuition plays a part for experienced nurses.Funnell, R., Koutoukidis,

G. Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing Care (5th Edition), page 222, Elsevier Pub,

Australia.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

Logical

1 Logic is often divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.


Scientific realism - Arguments for and against scientific realism

1 Arguments for scientific realism often appeal to abductive reasoning or inference to the best explanation (Lipton, 2004). Scientific realists point to the success of scientific

theories in predicting and explaining a variety of phenomena, and argue that from this we can infer that our scientific theories (or at least the

best ones) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so.


Outline of epistemology - Justification

1 ** Abductive Reasoning or Inference to the Best Explanation ndash; kind

of logical inference described by Charles Sanders Peirce as the

process of arriving at an explanatory hypothesis


Abduction (logic)

1 'Abductive reasoning' (also called 'abduction',* Magnani, L. Abduction, Reason, and Science: Processes of Discovery and Explanation. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001. xvii þ 205 pages. Hard

cover, ISBN 0-306-46514-0.


Abduction (logic)

1 One can understand abductive reasoning as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot


Abduction (logic) - History

1 Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night

is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a

single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J


Abduction (logic) - History

1 Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination

that Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the Occam's razor|most economical

explanations for P. Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution,

see MS L75.329-330, from [http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l75/ver1/l75v1-08.htm#m27 Draft D] of Memoir

27:


Index of epistemology articles - A

1 – Abductive reasoning


Sherlock Holmes - Holmesian deduction

1 Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive

reasoning


Alfred Gell - Thought

1 In this way for Gell works of art, in all cultures, are able to create shared common sense, especially through

reasoning with abductive reasoning|abduction, which already in Aristotle

is a less strong inference than 'inductive reasoning|induction and

deductive reasoning|deduction, more intuitive and concise


Gnosiology - Eastern Orthodox theology

1 memory (abstract knowledge derived from experimentation being

episteme or teachable knowledge), experience Inductive reasoning|

induction (or empiricism), Deductive reasoning|deduction (or rationalism),

scientific abductive reasoning, contemplation (theoria),

Metaphysics|metaphysical and instinctual or Intuition (knowledge)|

intuitive knowledgehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html

History of scientific method - Charles Sanders Peirce

1 Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of

reasoning that play a role in scientific inquiry today, the processes that are

currently known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive

reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference


Working hypothesis - History

1 Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis is not

only justifiable as a Abductive reasoning|tentative conclusion by its

plausibility (by which he meant its naturalness and economy of

explanation),Peirce, C


Logic of relatives - Scientific method

1 # Active, Abductive reasoning|abductive genesis of theory, with no prior assurance of

truth;


Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation - Nature of light

1 Abductive reasoning was performed to obtain the dynamics of massive

(particles with mass) objects such as electrons


Joe Theismann - Injury

1 As Theismann lay on the field, a horrified Taylor frantically screamed and waved for emergency medical technicians. Initially,

however, many Redskins personnel thought Taylor's screaming and pointing directed at their sidelines was a taunt over the fact that he had successfully stopped their play. The

Monday Night Football announcer team (composed of Frank Gifford, O. J. Simpson and

Joe Namath) Abductive reasoning|inferred from the start that Taylor was calling for help.


Likelihood function - Historical remarks

1 In English, likelihood appears in many writings by Charles Sanders

Peirce, where Statistical model|model-based inference (usually

abductive reasoning|abduction but sometimes including inductive

reasoning|induction) is distinguished from statistical procedures based on

Objectivity (philosophy)|objective randomization


Empiricist - Pragmatism

1 To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive

reasoning


Empiricist - Pragmatism

1 Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and

perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive reasoning|

abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word,

incorrigible


Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - 11. Of a particular providence and of a future state

1 His friend argues that, though it is possible to abductive reasoning|trace

a cause from an effect, it is not possible to infer unseen effects from

a cause thus traced


Pragmaticism - The clarification of ideas in inquiry

1 Peirce called his pragmatism the logic of Abductive reasoning|abduction,Peirce, C.S.

(1903), Pragmatism — The Logic of Abduction, CP v. 5, paragraphs 195-205,

especially paragraph 196. [http://www.textlog.de/7663.html Eprint]. that

is, the logic of inference to explanatory hypotheses. As a method conducive to hypotheses as well as predictions and

testing, pragmatism leads beyond the usual duo of foundational alternatives, namely:


Non-monotonic logic

1 A monotonic logic cannot handle various reasoning tasks such as Default logic|reasoning by default (consequences may be derived only because of lack of evidence of the contrary), abductive reasoning (consequences are only deduced as most likely explanations), some important approaches to reasoning about

knowledge (the ignorance of a consequence must be retracted when the consequence

becomes known), and similarly, belief revision (new knowledge may contradict old beliefs).


Non-monotonic logic - Abductive reasoning

1 Abductive reasoning is the process of deriving the most likely explanations of the known

facts


Hyle - Substance

1 The existence of change is hard to deny, and if we have to postulate something unobserved in order to explain what is observed, that is a valid indirect demonstration (by

abductive reasoning)


Abductive logic programming

1 It has also been used to interpret Negation as failure as a form of abductive reasoning.


Doug Walton - Books

1 * Character Evidence: An Abductive reasoning|Abductive

Theory


Logical reasoning

1 * 'Abductive reasoning', aka inference to the best explanation, selects a cogent set of

preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a rule, it attempts to select some possible

premises that, if true also, can support the conclusion, though not uniquely. Example:

When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is outside and nothing outside is dry,

therefore: maybe it rained. Diagnosticians and detectives are commonly associated

with this type of reasoning.


Lorenzo Magnani

1 Currently he is studying the processes of conceptual innovation and change in science also in the

perspective of abductive reasoning


Norwood Russell Hanson - Work

1 He used Charles Sanders Peirce's notion of abductive reasoning|

abduction for this.Schwendtner, Tibor and Ropolyi, László and Kiss, Olga

(eds.): Hermeneutika és a természettudományok (Meaning of

the title: Hermeneutics and the natural sciences)


Philosopher of science - Justifying science

1 Some argue that what scientists do is not inductive reasoning at all but

rather abductive reasoning, or inference to the best explanation


Philosopher of science - Pre-modern

1 who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning,

set out the threefold scheme of abductive reasoning|abductive,

deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference, and also analyzed

reasoning by analogy


Abduction (disambiguation) - Sciences

1 * Abductive reasoning, a method of reasoning in

logic


Semiotician - Some important semioticians



inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to, but



Gregory House - Character history

1 Due to this abuse, House never believed John House was his

biological father; at the age of 12, he Abductive reasoning|inferred a friend of his family with the same birthmark

was his real father


C. Auguste Dupin - Dupin's method

1 While discussing Dupin's method in the light of Charles Sanders Peirce's logic of making

good guesses or abductive reasoning, Nancy Harrowitz first quotes Poe's definition

of analysis and then shows how Poe the semiotician is running the gamut of

possibilities here—inferences, reasoning backwards, visual, sensual and aural signs, reading faces. Playing cards with the man

would have been an interesting experience.


Sherlock Holmes (character) - Holmesian deduction

1 Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive

reasoning


List of perception-related topics - Reasoning

1 ** Abductive reasoning ndash; from data and theory: p and q are

correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as

cause


Inductivism

1 By 1880, C S Peirce had clarified the basis of deductive inference and, although recognizing induction,

proposed a third type of inference that Peirce called abductive

reasoning|abduction, now otherwise termed inference to the best

explanation (IBE).


Inductivism - Peirce

1 Originator of pragmatism—or, since 1905, pragmaticism, distinguished from more recent

appropriations of Peirce's original term—the American Peirce recognized induction, too, but continuously

insisted on a third type of inference that Pierce variously termed abductive reasoning|abduction or retroduction

or hypothesis or presumption.Torretti, Philosophy of Physics (Cambridge U P, 1999), pp [http://books.google.com/books?

id=vg_wxiLRvvYCpg=PA226dq=Peirce+abduction+deduction+induction 226], [http://books.google.com/books?id=vg_wxiLRvvYCpg=PA228dq=Peirce+abduction 228–

29]


Inductivism - A myth?

1 C S Peirce describes a form of inference called 'abductive

reasoning|abduction' or 'inference to the best explanation'


Representation (arts) - Semiotics and logic

1 He sees Charles Sanders Peirce#Modes of inference|three

main modes: Abductive reasoning|abductive inference (guessing,

inference to a hypothetical explanation); Deductive reasoning|deduction; and Inductive reasoning|

induction


Critical method - Hypothesis development

1 Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, Inquiry#Abduction|2.25) described

the incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by the irritation of doubt to

venture a plausible guess, as Inquiry#Abduction|abductive

reasoning


Critical method - Pragmatic model

1 'Abductive reasoning|Abduction' (or retroduction)


Critical method - History

1 Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of

reasoning that, as discussed above in this article, play a role in inquiry

today, the processes that are currently known as abductive

reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive

reasoning|inductive inference


King Saul - Classical rabbinical views

1 One is based on the abductive reasoning|reverse logic that

punishment is a proof of guilt, and therefore seeks to rob Saul of any halo which might surround him;

typically this view is similar to the republican source


Integrative thinking - Influences

1 Integrative Thinking is influenced by and connected to a number of

intellectual traditions. Most notably, it is influenced by the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce and his notion

of abductive reasoning, the falsificationism of Karl Popper and the management theories of Chris

Argyris and James March.


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