abelard's place in christian education. · boston university openbu theses &...
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Boston University
OpenBU http://open.bu.edu
Theses & Dissertations Dissertations and Theses (pre-1964)
1933
Abelard's place in Christian
education.
Munro, Nora Geraldine
Boston University
https://hdl.handle.net/2144/9093
Boston University
~STON UNIVERSITY
GRAOOAT.E SCHOOL
'!beals
ABS:LARD' S PLACE IN CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
Nora Geraldine ·MUDro (B.s., Boston Unlverai ty, 1931)
subm1 tted lD partial tult'ilment o't' the requtremnta t'O!! the d gree o't'
• ater ot' Arts 1~
' ..
I.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
ABELARD'S PLACE Dl CHRISTIAN EOOCAT!Cfi
lD:troduction
Chapter ODe - H1Btorioal Background
A. Eleventh and Tnl:t"tlr Ceniury Church 1. papacy- Qregcry VII, ·etc. 1-2 2. '1'J» Cl'UAdea 3 3. Mona8tic1• ~
B. Ele..-enth and 'lwltth Centu.ry Education 1. naatie 4-5 2. Cathedral 5-7
a. La on 6 b. Ohartrea 7 c. Notre Daile 7
Chapter Two - Ltte ot Peter Abelard
.A. B1r1b and BoJbood e-g B. Education 8-12 c. Qsrrela w1 th ~aohera 13-26 D. Heloise 27-31 E. St. Denis - Teaahing 31-U
"· Writings 33 G. SOi8110na 33-M H• Parac1ete 35-36 I• BerDard 56 1· Later Teaching .a 1(. Conclusion ~
Chapter Three - Teaching In1'luence ot Abelard
A. Character1stica as a TeaCher 4-7-150 B. Method ot Abelard 150-53 o. Con'tent Uat .. lal 54--58 D. Spirit ot His Teaahi.Dg 58-61
ChapWl" Four - Conclusion
A. Ettect on llethod at Cbriatten Education 62-«K B. Effect on Ccmeent o:t" Christian Education M c. Ettect on Organization ot Christian
Education 67-69
1-7
8-4:6
·7-61
62-69
•
VI • S\II:ID!lr7
n1. Bibliograph7
Col.lege c ourses in the h i u tory o:t' duca
ti on huve a l lotted one ay's lecture t o t ·te t e ... che r ,>f
t he t e · f t h cun t u.ry , Peter ·\bel n r d . 'l'his ere intr -
ducti on h s s rved onl.y t ~ bet 1 y .:~.,ppetit•· I \ .. ted
ti kn u1o e r- bout t he man before nom he intellectu,-.l
orld f his ~ent:r<i ti on bor- e i n .:::.d •lr~ ti.,n. I ··nte t o
kn o7J if i s l i f e ad b .:: .. n f a ny j_~ri a n t .. t i u th. '.l'hia
int •r "'s t se · ed · l e; i tim' ;_ te o e U,LJ On ieh t l) b _.~• in
resea r ch , t he bject of t he s t udy bei > a thesis to e
s ub · tted u. p. r t i a l requiren e 1t f r the d etsree. o
of \.rts.
I :1:. ve ·ch sen t ·· · · e tne study a n a ·
r eci · ti ve one. I n the d oi g , I nav e el i mirla. ted · ny sicie
l i:. h ts on t e charac t ~r of A el ard br u,., . t i n by .4ut h r ita
tive r rltero . I rec ~nize t h: t t here ure ~e· n ses in
·.be :l nrd 1 s c ha'L":...,etGr , but t . e e oice to Jn;:. ~o· t he HtUd <tl
moot .,>urely a _p_ recia tive h <...t g b Gen a elib<~rate one.
V<:.t lua.ble :pneceaen t · s b ~.:: en (~i ven ne y J eepn c C. be 111
his ez cel h:nt bi ots;r <a.p hy ,
·.rhe bibl~ r u.. hy .for the t esis i s neces
s a r ily s o t. The rna j ori ty of t h e b (lks on .<belur <.U:t3
wri t t .n in Fr e na a nd t h re t re fe, u vail:lb.t.e trt s .t ti )ll!3 •
I have rel i~ pri ·· ri ly w on l c t;: be , ·l.:. ohdall. , C rn ay ... =- , _;)\lO.i ,
H:- sl.:dns a nd J~bel·.1.rd 's .r'..utobi ~ra.· Jhy . ·· .. ot a ti ns n< Y t:l IJo u
g iven f r m e r c oore' s 1 ovely b
I re··.l.ize thr~t t ":d:s 1 ok is more fic ti ..:>n tha n · i~ t ry, yut
t he ot a tions s ed s e emed t o JUe t · be represe t :•tive •l:f t e
. bela r d i a n mood , t 1 :&reny va. id f 1.>r this t hesis.
-The el ent i c en t ur r. H t>ne
f t in .il £or the Chur .. :h .
Duri ng its e· ly ec··urls the
..tap;.• cy · as extremely a i ssolut and :x. muJ. ti:~.> ici ty 1· ..?r)~:i>t: s
a.r o.13e . / t one time t he r t h ee s ln rlm e , ea ch
h olding ne of t e 1.- e c h urc es and each defyi ll(; t ! •Jt er
t o. ' i schis vas ,.nd ed uhen t he : l.inP,e ~'r , Henry l .t · • oox
· · tters in his trm hand s . ,~t t h synod uf Dect;!. ber , 1046 ,
he n o i n·_; te<i , -_n(l the
ones . In subsequen · yeast e :i?r:t1.m cy br>lce <:-...f y , i ttle by
l itt le from ··~'mpire d omina nce ut til und er · egor.y Vii, l.C.·1 • n •
c o! . only <1s Hilaebr<)!.nd ,. t he Pu.pdJ'.f was c um.~:Jl etei.y fre~d. ~ ot
on y tha t , bu t Hild eora 1 · eom:;id cr·e the _ u,p :-..cy :: d ivin• • .J.Y
., · : ointed universal s overeii~nty which a l l mu• t o y " !u •)
·hie a l l e . .~. · thly soverei ': na
t teir s,~. i. ituo.l ,. elfa.r , but ·'J.ao .4·<Jr heir tea or· l t o ~Jd-
l ~overm~ent . 11
' 1Ulde'br n
a ble p ~ruon· ity in ned i u ev _l ia..i_)<.i. l i et ry. 'hro-1 l ~,) ut 1i s
reig n h" ·· ca· ked hard ... ·or ref or · in o · 1 caurictt.l <.~n :;e~taa.r
un e:t.• h is c nt:C'()l . He c au sed ex e:nsiYe c o i f icc i on c l tn•cn
--------~----------------------------------------·-------------------1 .alker . Hi s t .:J y ··:Jf t he Chri sti:)~ Cht-9-~ch . IJ• 2 29.
1 .. . ; t o 'be ln~ .de < nd .. nf(Jrc .ed clerica l celio' cy ;; s n t mly
the t.heor tic 1 but the r <.~ cti c 1 rulo of t e •
The idea ls th t .. e had est· bliehed ! .1.. t he ·J, J) cy ere t
live ; f ter hi .. al
Yet ith his d ea th d i s .s oluti •J·
in . long strife bet ·ween !)<: a.cy a.n e n.a>ire ennue • .. h ie 1
ended in c mpr mise -- ; .. c Ill.t)l" · i se 'llilio ll ; oulo n ot , e
s tiafied ild ebra nd , b t vhic .l.t:!ft t 1e mrc 1 n ;3t.;
··ith e q a ~ty of po, er ..
.Durin t h is p eriod cwnf~ the fir~t c us<:..de .
in 0~-1 6 . "1a lker c alls t he orus .tdes u in 1nany 1rays the \nt • • )
rei!l:.i ka le of t he :cJhen en:~ f t e Uid le ~ ~s . ··# 1a. · t,;nth
cf>nt ry ']uro e S " H c · nsi er · b.le e conomic UJ ea v 1 .
iser a n unr s t · revailed ·, ·idely u d ~very l'here as fel t
the ur ge t chang "' environ tent in tt1c~ ho e of ·1ll evia t i ~
..,uffering . hs ia --f ten n ted duri n{~ eo•m l ic. streQe the e
c ome ., r eviv; 1 of : eli gious ferv or . In t his c n t u y t 10
m~mife;.:;>L.tionld £ t h is ferv r took m.Qn <l.utic ~· no. ~ce ic
:f r • The },)eo Jle d sired t - gu n p ilt{ri 1 es tv the holy
p · a.ces f t e i r f a.ity , there to ~.t in a e ·bh·th oft. ; S,Jirit .
But the oly :> l a cHH3 l".li·ld 'tle .... n c a:;..>tured by t 1 e in idcJ.;;; , .f lu
-.ould not Jermi t 0hristiuns t o enter the sacra •
1 ~~ a l er , su1:lra , p . 23 2 .
:;. ". a.lk er , ••
l1rba II p r cl.ail e d , in 1096 , a. C sa e
f r the res c ue vf t h • holy vla ces .fron the t- sletna . He
e~ lled on ull hriotend om to t ;-ilte part in it , _pror . .isin ~
f 'o r :, iv ~neso of fin a nd ·· t e rn::r l 1 i :t .. t , ;_•li \ l o shou1 f a- l
in th enter )rise.. ~~'nthusi r stio res.v nue greeted iu
r c .am;~ ti on :.~.nd t ouaand s of f oJ.k t:r 1 a. .Ll over i'uro J:JU
j oi n ed t ' e. c ru:;pding · r1ny. ~'1is fi r st c ua do .. ·-·a a c
cla i med a, ·succ as vhen . in 1099,, .J-e usal.em ·as t · .. -,13t
rested f ro the l'K oh · rune dans . This , h / ev~.:r , \ u.s bu
t e be,~inning of s o 1 crusades , 'tihi ch l u. s ted '~ ell in-
t o t h e t , irteent h c .entury .
" ,... ha s b •en s a id,. the r eli ,.i ous ferv r
~ r! ifested itself u.l.so in m ru s tie i'or m.:J . 'i' e c· u.ui· o
r ef or n d im t d t e eleventh cen tury . • 1e J onustery
·:. t Cluny · · a f "unded in 910 by Duke · al..i.i~ th .... i us ,
of r.qui t }iine. It a i med ..--., t m n a s tic :ref "!: · :.tion b
ex _p1e < nd influence, .~ ; nd beoa. e a ;'} wo:t•f ul moll atic
or g:udza ti on . rrhe t importan t mon~ s i c ~roup f the
t • e l f t h c ntu:ry \ 'Hl3 t e Ci t erci · n g rou:fJ , of :r~rench f)~ i t in.
In 1098 , .. ober t, ' Benedictine onk , f unded <- • on:·ster
of g r-... - t <1tr ictness in 0iteallll. He e , ,a s cultiva te a
str enuou self- d. -n ring life. :Buildings , utt.nei.Ls , ::aur und
ing a of worshi p ere o.f tbe _pla in0st cbnra cter. lts i<tea ls
ere ~ti thdr 0.1JI>-.1 f r mn t he -.or l d , c onteiApL-tlon n1 i Jait: ti n
f ;- 1 s t olic : overty. To t h is r oru1utery in 112 c · ~ t he
y oung Bernard , but evett the s trictnesn or "ita· ux a s not
s evere enough f •::~r : im, s o , in 1 115 , he i.- i t h 're < m
the Ci ter ci · n mona.s t ery a t 01·· ir a ux, [ b - · of -hich he
r er a i ned unti l , i s den.t h . In h is 1non ·J s t ory ev en t 10 f e\
freedoms :f Ci te• ux ;. e re de i e d , <,md it i the l ea el... f
t h i s sibern werna nt ; i t h i om u e ill ! e t <) d e a l in t he --•· ~r
.. Tt of h is t ho:31s -.
Eleventh a nd 'l' l f th Uentury '1duc -=' t i on
T r ou rh out. h u
ea.rli er ! i le .r~ e~ t h e
c h i e f c enters of c ulture ha d been the mon; · "'teri ~a . 'l'iu• Jttgh
t ha t J_)eJ:i od ii h ich ot her Fr <J.l cis Dr<-~ne i n . ~ r Cu-iuti ;·J! . 1
c ·lools J!.ill! Schol :;rs c a l l s a time of n lea d ~.nd ir >n i (~n r -
;, nee , ' t h e mona s t erie s ha d s a ved le·1 ... ni ,. f r om exti ncti on .
J3y no 1 e a.1s ,,~ s t h i s a ne cess ar y p~~r t 1)1 ' t heir H. u~e . ut
.:for t un r tel y in t he d aily r u tille of the <)nlcs , thr e e t
four h urs a d ay ·.- e ... e lef t i'rec f t)l' reading .. Fact t· ona s tery
had a libr y f s er vice boola , u i th us u:·-.l l y some co..~,lies o1"
1 -~L nd om J3 urns ·vates & ·.;:. shburn , Ltd., 19~~4.
Bibles and theol o3ic· 1 t;orks . I t hu(t < achool f r nevi .~~s
h ich llroba'bly en t a iled cert;~ in ela el' t ary tex tbook3· ' ~
books .ere s c c·e . tie novic-es ;,;ere tro~.u& t t o \ rite < 1 c'
se t t t .e t a sK of co yinL ·:tnuscripta.
Durin the e a r l y .. 1 dl~ A ~es t hose
• i shed t .l , i r c 1ild en t r a ined 1ol~ t e serVice t: the c hur c
sent t h e t the mon:lste y f or e duca ti • Iho i :n..,t ... u c i tJn
·as, f c ourae , in L<:ttin , r· nd to .~; ... eaerve t :l ~;: '}Uri t y •.)1' the
t on ue , I.a tin texts ere ept . a. ; result , t e 1 f~ ~ ~ ~~ics ,
C esa r , Cicer a n i Vergil ere .i.'r s arved .•
2 . Ca thedra l . l .n time t he s ona stic •:oc l ·Jo~~
g"' ve u_ t 1eir 1 :· ce :·o he _Jri nh ry te~chini inuti tuti · t 1>
the .c ;; 'thedral acn ols. The ..:;e schools }Ks.d een e t b.t i 1;;l c~
in c onnecti on , . i th the c u t heri:.t''-"-1 ct urc 1es , u.n d t i ~ ·tim
vas t · ::.noure · l."-Ji>er tr.,.d n i Y" f 1e cl c.;r~y.. 'h te<v!.ler
o:t t t is s c hool i.i 1s th~ s chol a:;; -t icus . \'ho ' ao asuia t! . i rl
h i s tea c i.lin ,. lJy the Bisho) of" the c a t htHir < •. l ..
Jl o:r ~ · t l e a . ~ ix nuncir~d. ye1 J;•s theso t v tyvea
of" s c 1 ols · ere tt e onl y • dv·· need t e~n~hing insti tuti t) s in
wes ter n 3 urope.. ·rne atudie in t nese uch oJ.~J · ere kno-;m · o
th Tr ivium u nd <.u~ drivium.. 'fhe t: l"'li.iel"' incl ·tied g r < fl'l ar ,
r l1 etorio un - i a l e c ic; th L t e r . r uaie , e me try , ; •ith-
1:::. tic ~ , nd ·:> etronmny . Of th se .seven >'le sh; ll e J..J l ' size 1a. . t
in t 1 fol.l ·dn,.) sections , the tudy (f dial.e.ctic. d · r ei e
it mi -:ht be ~ ell t i.UOte Yhat l ab nus l Pur us , let: 11ed
textb ook ,•riter o1' t .e
n i a lec tic i t h e sc ience vf' t he un .. r s t andin , w ica :fi ts us f•>r inves · 1 :1tivr ,,md t cfi 1 i<Jns , f or ex l • na tions a n f o r d i t i ~ui shing tho true f~om the f · .lse . t i s t ~-Jt~ science of s c ienoea. It t eac, es h, :;• ' to t a ch there; it tea e 1eu learni~ itself; in it t h e r uaa · n mar k s ; nd m~ ni fests itst~ l :f' ac .. o cin · t o it ture , e :f'f ~ ta ' , na :=: ut i v iti es.; it a l .n is c~pablc of kn .. dnJ; it ~ t m ly · il l , out c :'ln 1 -aad vtb ra t o 'm~ l g~ ; ita c nc u:pi<n3 · ,.. d us t o . .:..p r i ns of our be i nr::· of o:f otu. 01:•1 ' in; t £. oub. 1 t · e ap~ rehend t t1e ri -- i n · nd t cti it o · the -;uoa • x t he Cre ;- t r : .. md c.re._tur ; i t e a c hes us t o uisc.o1 er t .c 't .. uth d.l a u . n..sk f :·lse ho d; it te· chcs ut t o r l · C • nclus ions; it sho, us h: t i .a va id in · r gw .... nt < nd ··,.} « t is n t; it t e ' c he us t.a r~c •J '"nize h r1. t is contr.u-y t o t 1c JJ~:.. tm~e ~>1 t hin s; it ea c· e s us t o d i o tin· u is1 in c mtrvversy t1a true , t ·t ;}roba blJ · nd t ' e \h l .ty f a l s a; by l. e ;;, so~ t h l.ll s c ience •J.ble t investii:;<:tte E,very u i .ng ·~ it )Onetra ti on, t o e terJ.nine· its n '· tu.re -..·· itn c .~l"t a ·· nty , <...nd t t ·iucus i t .'iith circ ums· eetl on. o
'l'here e r e t hree f ;. ' ous ca t.uedr a l s o o))ls
in r a n ee during t he eleventh :!.n t-~ielfth ce t 1ries -- l .. aor ,
Ch·• rtres a nd · otre a e . '·,e s ta l g i v e a. very beief e:JcriJ! ti n
of' t ~; cse bef e:::ntering u .,;J on the l!l.:J.in body of t H thesis ..
' f t ne c · t h edra l schot}l <- t La.on , t ere iu 1ot
• gr . : ' e.<;Ll of muteri 1 • ri t ten , rob: b : y b e c ; .. use t c acl !J· l
re dld · ot surviv very 1on r, . 'l'h ~ f< oua teacr .ra t: t
t h is soh ol ,:ere · de l a rd of :Bu. t h , , n s elm ..• n ~ lph of .iu un .
lhese l • ... t t wo ~ re theol ogica l teta.chera of i s tincti 011 u n
hr• ve been c .. l l e t c eyes of t h L< tin C ur c h . T e ~u . ects
t · ugb t a t L 11 were p r ob ably the seven l.ibera l a rtu, t t t ) • l
a nd 1 h il S O' hy.
1 by ]!' . V. • - · a i ter 1 ru1 l'"el.l ·· r , in 1 in ... re i t
T 1 c a t hedr a l sch ool t C artr s m.a u. ... t 1e
h~igh t of its e1a.inenc e in the tv1el.f t ll c en t ury . ]ulbcrt · s
its :f irst re: t tea che r , t hrnugh " l l se in1luence t e " c · •.J t) l
att;i. i nt~d s 1· criori t y o,rer P· ris ro ud. Laon . ·J~her u - ~,~ ;:. lld.l e :3
f l low in ucces sion. 'he cu riculurn e~ '~ e noisted ~· t1e
seven liberal ;· r t , th~ oe h ool bi g JJri mar.Uy noted 1.1. a
a c h o l of 1 · tters. By the .. i d l e · t ht! l.~ ti century
Ch· rt r es beca~ e o c sha d 0'7ed hy t e c · t telirt~.-1 s c 1 ol ·if ; r e
Du rn e .
t) ile
f ount'r t i n f t n i Vel"si t y f ..?aria. 1l'hree t:>re: t lld.l ea
a r<a i nse:parably c onnect d "· i t h N0tre .:Dc.u e -- ~ 'I .ii · (>f
C ' m~ e ;j ux , · eter .'(bel. rd h d eter Lombard.. The s c!'Io oa-
c a e e s _ e o i lly f' am us f or its tea chers of th o l ibe a.l ~ rta ,
-s ~ .cinl ly dia lectic ::u1d t h 3olo ' • 13y me a n
te~.;. chera the sch ol inc rea sed until it ut ·"re its oa.thet"rul
s c h 0 . rgan i za t i ~n a na fro it ; rose tho mi ersi ty i.)trunturo •
... __ ,__.-...... _.._ ...........
1e hav e tried t .; tra co in ...t sketon f u u:don
t he his t oric 1 be. c gr r.m d .l. or tlle 111~\l ;: lC O"'~k i' .:. e "" er
.t.. elard t J,le r bapa t he keen a t e n l a r "' the t ";' clit cent ury ,
::; :n .Jh oce l if e s t :lry f 1 1< s i mrnedi utel .f •
od •• .i?cter ,\ bela r )rn in - l l.ut , a s
ri ttuny , in the year 1079. .Li e
so r::,ny of is t o •a us ch· r -
e t ers , v ery .l ittle is kno~n of' his e.-. rly l ife. In
Abel ~ rd • s m· n bi ogr~l J y he d ea not t l ..a. < ytl ing of his
ehil · h od ye• ... ro. Tb u.;. \ e c · on y forJ lUa.te f - h is
li.t. ter l ife ,. a ·-.:uesti n.-blc L n i:J c h il y r:l •
1 t i rJO t k n ".,n f r t! rta i .n t • t h i uurna ne .a s re<.a.l.iy
"6b el a rd' , ~nd va ri us a cc ounts ; re g iven cX.f)l : ini the
n~- me . Som~ a :·y it as g i ven hiu1 t r ou.·
of th -renoh rd f ,>r •bee" , a b u i · l e , n a ce u t h ie l
industry a nd t . a s e tness of his disc Ul."se . •11 ot. er
· uth or efers t : n a.cc ,)unt t ru t . 1 · d , h ;,vi ,~ .~. tcrt.d
t he hi gher r i#nch · s of .i.e · nint-~ but n r i ~ e r ~i tle
:1. bout them-:.i. tics , underto t o r un ut i .m erl$t·
ing of t £ t field . . i s 11 1. s r , noting .?et er • a e f t ,
su id: "''Jha t , ore c a n th - s a t ed dog d th<n li e· the
ba c n? ,. 'fb phr · sa t o l ie th 'ba con ' , tr<.~.ns u te i nt o
t he crud e L<-1 tin of t he p •ri od , ec h:ia
n m , ·· d vp t e d by st ents a~ '' rdcl n ;; -;,; .i. \)r t heir 1 i -
p u il . • S eventUt lly r ounded i n t o " .. ::..belard " . his , s:> . et·. ,
see s r ;, t her far- :fete 1ed , · d cCu..be , h · giV~:l the l ;, tter
t · e , a ccre its no ~redt ere ~nae t it. ie feels tha t it
is rea s ona ble t tlSalliae t ha t 11n.bel · d W>~s ~ eter ' a u; wr-
nam .
1 t orrs , .Bernr:rd of Clt irvaux, .11 • 431 .
.Vet r a s t lt: l deat chi of :aerenuer, a
n oble · n f Brittany , a nd Lucy , hi.:.. 1i:f'e ~ flis p• .rcn a
h ich "Hl :3 f l Ot 'JH3UO~ f or the
d.:.y . 'l'he chi l~ e n in the o e- ere s ro· ed :ith
oUl t ura.l · nd ~ ~~or• l .influences , unci fr m ea.rly a ild-
ho od ·~ e , u.n vu bt dly , subj c t to ino t ructi n in
the u. t a .1nd s ciences ! t e time. Berengor , nn : ble
sol i r himself , r obably · estin :•d i:d ~>ldeat of)n , • ... a
a .tter of c our e , t h sa OC,i;re r . But e un
r n o i nteres t i n > 1 i e ring , but desired t o aeek · ftar
kno·-, le ~o . Ch erf l y he a ba ndoned t o his t:llmg er
brother hio birthri .,ht , t ·. t f aucceo~v i!.ln t t) the 1• e
of h is f .L t hc r • . n , he · ys i :n h i s ~: ut <Jb i .)gr a,Ll y: 1 .i
r e lin :.uis ed the c ... 1urt of 1k rJ t h . .:t I nti ;h t be e uc·· (~
in t h e 1: .. f l i n rva . ft1
Educ·· ti t.m r'v n in t hese ea r l y dayt3 -- day -
i t · edi , tely precedin~ tue t ' e~ ·th cen•
tury and i t•· r untt ic;la .' r ce ...... thous~ .. nd s
of y oun - men , ea,..:.>er t o le:.1 ... n . l l i. a.s JOssible . lef t
thei r 'l m · na a do t heir :· y tm•l< r t 1e o untero of
f .nto t ·e • ost i 1 . ted corner ... f _ -. lll:' t1~e . .uld ·~ny , l. i e
1 , .• bel . rd , Chat> r I .. • 1 •
-~.be~· r , left a ll t h ey h· d to g ;. i n . i r eturn, inst rut:! ti o
f'ro n tiP ir f a vori t.e l t_j,ders. It is s. i t - •~ t C OUil
not g o f •1r on ; .1 o ad ~:·ith r ut eeti 1: t.h se \a . eri i
tudcnt • h <"- .ked f r o .;,cllool c enter t J ac' t ol. ce t{::r ,
drink i n[' t ae ir :rill
The first tea caer t th 1 he wa a u t tr.1c t a a
the grea t :; osce~in . .· el .:tr
you t h , in is fift enth or sixt e n t ye, r. no oou i
spo e · 1 i m <. a ' t e maJ.J.e s t of roy J.JU.r,Jil::s . " s e l in,
he ,.rea t r a t i onDl i t of his d ay , v.. d .. ·t llis feet . o .
t he .f l r of h e hay - · tre n l e e urn ha l , ~l~ter 1 bel· r
a Jent s · ver ·J.l yeurs . 1 Jlos celi n • s doc tri e ha bee c · n-
d e1 ed by e c oun c i l a t Soia~ on.; in 1092 , nd h . ·. d en
b H.nished fr<m b th :SnglarJd h fld r· ce ,_ e ·leu he a •· c ·
p el led t t e· ch i n ) vinces af G· ul . j£ hi ..:: shda lJ..
b e ... i efs a nd o ·ee .1. th u,:,h t in l·ih ich g r {}< t t:i .;. ecu.l. i e
ovements usw"lly ·1 ve t hei-r rig in. Hi. ... e a c l i llu
t he s c h ools of ) 'ur ~e t ,;, :.· o ons ci u;wn oss of tht;; ..:. · 1 : ti '-I G
issues of the lo~i ca.l. \ Uo i.:! t i n ~. i: ioh th ry bud be~ incus-
sin sinc e t e- ti1n~ of ." lcuin . ·-s 1el . o. s t v the. s ·Jec u ' ·· ive
--------------------------------------------------------------·-----1 Tbere i s s ome d is.t.Jute as t t e ~ u 1t of ti1ue .\bel~ .. 'i s t under . SCI.:! l in. e . u izo t fi nds no evidt:I c u t l ·, t
h e :'i t udied here a t u 11. :ilosce l i n s -.1ys 1>el<: ntudic<i ··it h i fr ~ n 'b y . I) d t o y uth. n _ e · • .r u says i ts ~lf t L t he ~ttended Rus cel in ' s 1 ctures 'for a a. · r t t i e . u
z> Ossibilities of tle d i a l "'cti c a1. .e · .J ona 1 o une JY
h < d 1· n1 ~ r, t de it t t, i r ch ief' l::Hlaines a t · . c 'lCh · 1
~rhe fif een- y ··r - Jld y u h m t i n
l e : r 0c>c i - o i nde ed if b
. vr i d. ~· n · t hi ~ .: t al t e~c cr n · ueot' ns s
s e c ul tive - s t h n~ disc seed by osce:i.in. -' tJ>. , st
u· on; th· ~ d ~ quc o t i :ms v:· s , t 1•h ich 'till be <ii acusbed
1· t er , t e y_u ;.:,ti n of uni ersa..ls . ut , !3 orr
''the y ut ~ a a und ou t dl y i :m·Jr s.;cd by he t r .1. ined
o:f is t cher , d.nd c a rried a ay -.. .1 t h i m 1 uch v:f t 1e
a s te .... •s · irit , if .not 1is teach~n5s. " 2
F r t he ne:ct :fi ve ir nix yea rs . bel.• r
''.~ an ere d i :).le cti " S f~ uriohed . f' He ·~ nae c~ fron
p l < c t o plnc e , · r u'ii n irre sis t ib1 by t 1" fmrP f ucr 1~
: nd t ac· ers . Th.i s p riod , t n · l.~.t~t dis.li L~aed 'Vi t i i :fe1
words b bel :rd , Iva a ~·t i :r . .Jo.rt~. nt IJJ'l~;;: in hi d eve.· o;p-
a in-
ing in dh ectics , h :i.ch ;a··' t · m1.ke 1i m. the n·- t f~ o a
· c CabtJ: s a •s uf th ·a 1 ... i od :
To a ~> ood J..HU'i! s~ did e a. V· ne i n t li~
" 0 l{ 0
thr ou ·ho t his l i fe th vr ude ot r Ht oru .1r1d thi ·ora f)
Chri s tendom shr~ !lie in d i smay fr
1 .. ·. shdull . f:' e Unive.rsi ti e s of ~~u.r o,ge i n t h .. e - i udle • T <> •) ; ''a ...,. J .. •
q
"'St - rs.. supr;~ , P • 434 .
enc ount 1• · it . . ' l l. •
· t the a. ;e t · nty e u. i ad -1
• be: tutiful , nau.~hty, brilli 'nt , se w.t.i ve .? is -- t he ccntt.:r
t hen , ,. ., f;;r cent ies a.- ter~·ard , of l et r:a · n ·· r ts for
Tor the ... · - ~ur e . ~uch 0 tl~ ab eys i ;.t:" i ito U C l flOl 1
nd co ac 0 lw t i t::Y a . 1 ·· er .. :Sut t cl d
there \ · ~ s but one s ·chool , he (;}Ut ep iso ' ii ooh o J _ f
notre D te , un er ~· t se .cei i n,;s t ·1
in Chr i stendom, ' " i l i ~m of ChlJll· eaux.
' ften a s •'··e rco o t r uct , l.;ntal.iy , t e l. ie-
tur · .. 'i.ili , ·, e
visw~lize a ol 1 '.ster ei -#a 11ut t o rout by .1
brill i a n t ::~tude t. Ouch as not t t e C '~ose . i · li·n :..c.s by
no me ;. ns and 1 .1~· n .. 1 n ti' e cont ·ry, ~ t t e ti
nr olle i eli' i n h i s cl<:i soes , ;.iilli au '\ a s but tllh ty
Cba1-1)ec ux h:~d forced ili S ' · t i i g h.
osition by s heer ubi l i y . It ·~.:us throu~h h i s e:ff ts that
t he s oh o 1 n t .1,· ris had o c .t e : n O<:ttu-t, .. nding one. .l. ve
, d - J e a • 1 a 'ia held t o e t c ' "- i ~ :3 t
d i ·lecti ti< n f 'r «nee ; ·u u nd • the ) i llu f 00
the time of ' bel • ... a • a entr:- nee ; ~ t ·1113 s al ; 1 . e a a i t1o
rime of hio l .i fe , : .. t the hei1~ht vf ' i u cal* er.
1 ... 'k -c t;·).ue , • l •
und er t his est · e, ed tea c r w.g
i s een int · r~~t in ial~ctics .
opportunity i ~ >iv for co r rr ib
o J. or tuni ty 1 • .. , ·- . ~ rovi e Ie t · _,h t
h i s u i l"' he : t of . d is)utinc.o • but ho g :.ve t . t he i,;ht
o cxerc13e t e ir )o···e a in the sa t. ere iJ iv
le ·7 A to · sk .. t ue:. ti on.s o even tl is.tJU ;i th the lec t urer ,
pro i ·ed , .f cou~s .• th•· t they 1se the c u··rect for a t i a -
lectics .. T 11 o· por t unit y as j ust ~ l, ·t
He Ie" i s a i l i t y a n
·. ould b ff1 ~ ven tn\: p-r ... t ill i mn. e i ; d a ; v ius · .Jr
r gm. cnta ti on , : nd 1.~ ::,tyl ~ a s . ., clea , 1iu t 1 ~ht s ~x-
a t b efo c long
.h c ar!le int ·> uctual confli c t •vitb i'lis t eache r .
110\lii -~ . .)l.l
l his f i... .. st ex erit, c~;;s < t 'li ll i ··m• n s cl ol:
I c ne :. t len~th t o i; ri.., , ' here t : ia Ht tdy
(a· l ectics) ha lon"" been b r ~1. t ly f l ouri sh i ng , to ,fi l i~ n.,
! : l < t thr t
e inent , ri • 1t ly a n by coli· o put.e . in t lit> tea c, .i ngt i th
·:1 r ds a gra ve burden to hil , oince l n-1 e1 vored o ref, t o
l \belu rd .
----------------------Cha...:>t e II . u. ' e 3 .
sever ul of i s opi ion- : nd oft v~n ur
h i , .... n <..a. t ti l e ··· s 0 1 d :,.y :,:, ~.l "' i s u.; ··"'ior in d e · te ••• ·•
Th~,; r :.:_ t . U"st.i u ·1f t G : v r ·.as · n ult
j1h i os· ical e -- t he <iU s t ion f .. , e·1l ity f A. -'
versa la . Thi ?ro 1 .. ; :l , 6 ..Little-· }' u ~h t- of f. r)d< Y ' ld
c nsi d . .;.rcd f UC1l ~al ~ ilap .... ;_j,nce in l ·tier t .t ,JU t. • a
t he one n ti ul · t i ., an in · ·r e:.:.. ting o ael which t e
n s tic te; .che c uld 1 c e b f ore t ae un1;ry intel""ec
f the inqui rin~ stu 'ent . u 1 ver y Gtu ient, cvon in t t~
so- c a l · ed D·; ..... ... e s , a s led t. l i J -
s f t e lntr od _'l.lli.t_ .1Q .!..!£ ..:: ;:i ,c ..'ll: ;:.i:-i st:>tle. In th iiJ
Introduc tion occuru t s e '· " r ds:
u~. cci • tr e
r • rL he t 1ey c o :.:;i ,~ t i n bar· int ~ll.ectu~l c nee t · .JlLLY ,
o . he t hc r , i f they 1·.ve subs · n 1 · 1 :.xi·t8 (;
cor 10 ea ' r inCt)r r ..... -1 , '..lnd . ~th.\ol..l."' 1-1. ·e ae.tr r . t (,;)
fr om t e n ibl ~ <J.Jf~rti<>s Jf t'l" t h i · _~s {or J} r ic ~ll:,.. b
of sense) , ::...re -::m y in t h .. ~ ·r ·.mrti f3 ~ nd ..... u ••i:;ti '~ nbout t h l nhal l f 1)r b ·- ar t :.> c.i "'terHLi e . ... , r ... n ...
of t i s 1ti nd L .. · ry deep one :.~nu on,~ th. t r e Ul ~ a
1 Oil · r i v s ti .. ti n.
·rhi s que.;ti u · · " tlw cent a one it · c . J. n i c
p hilu ~ Jhy , r n H n~ b :; ttl c;a e re :f .Jll ~ ... t tJ l ito . ,r nd . '.rl e ________________________________ .. ______ . ______________________ __ 1 .. a s hd a l l ,
2 • .uoted in · ;. s d <il ,
c e nturi ~s • .n · •• ~:;; :re irmnedL i.t · y c l cc ... e
. h ooe es ;;..re in t i l t ~ly c vn · '"'"' ed -.. i .. h liS p· ...... r , ·u J..y ,
R os el in, .:'i lli r· f · h a u.x , ar1 ? e t er bel .~rd . I t ~ 13
t he 0 tro· er y ver thi.., q u 5 ti \).:0: ~1 i ch r V~; ::,il .. d ; l· in
s <.11 u. d u..d l i :.1 ti on fr lil ~ l s c a i r i:n .. e .Dw • ; 1 (. i&
ue~ tion -..hie! r. i s d . bel · d to , ... hii:;i, r 1 re
the ent ire intellectu· 1 '..7 0 l d ; .. e i .x d on l im.
i n ui u c ontro ·ro ·.hie
;.urch ,
bum· nity , ,: i i nit -- e l;ri or t.; tl e ·.m.rti cHl ·- r -- s.. l ...
chu:rc . n , th > i nui i d.l< • the erthlL.U jf l '! ini~Y ·
""hey e l.d , -ur t 1er . t lu t !l Ul~i eraal h<d il \.i t:;l,;~c ent
x i t t ce c...s Lt til· •· , ,· uite ~: .. p ;:;.r t fr HI tlla ·. nrticul. ~· l..·n-·• .
tti vid ua l a i n "i:1i c
the unity f t he .J.i i t y \.· s .
T e o:;>:.J i n ' i OSi ti ... n t tt e · hove tao 1n
'l'hls pa r t :{ held t" · t uri -re s.. l· e
· .. 11 iLJthi ore. , t • ad t o be c \7a t u c
f' the Tuelfth Cantury ,
1 • 35:;l .
C Ol.(' d n ot b e eli ;.lGSOCi t t d .• 'fhe .. :rt. 1 . y of" . n~ led n· tm· · 1 · y
to the "' t ldy of t e ::>ther . :the steps. i t e .Jr<> r .. sa f
educ. tiona. th u,; t . er "' • .{· ohd.<-.11 in t l. is r d •r: l . ys ,
l • fro, . t aph;r ic intv 'l'heol :~Y · •• ' b en n~e t. &o~ ht 7· u
: r au.., . , it : d n 1 ; t r i 1 up or t hi c 1 t it. ... e f ,
o a.v e \ "l t ' ·~ S su -~li ed b y t le Dcr i i ur~a , the c ll C · • t l "l:"S
; na t he d·Jctrina l ayu · ~m oi: t he c ··r c • : , acelii , 101 •
• ith i o1· tru i • Jf
neces"' ity · u..:; t :far it in the rea lm of the ol c~ •
re::llm, t h en a s 1· , it ' s , .)i:j t · i .··i ic11l t ste r te·:uly
c ur . e · .nd r y e • ..,y t c l l i ' e ·;1i t h tile- 1.m r d
rinci :~ lea .
scelin a corned the ortl, · ->:A .._J l:.i • ti ~- u
c ntem:~ tu u :al d n i:! t r e r eal existence uj: uni ver..;oal a ,
. eclari :.> t j ~ t 0 b e , in. f~;;. ct , ui.ere . ds . ' l u ho;;;l
d rove h i i 1t the 1 ·-ical heresy b c :.i · s e i ~ i n · H~
·r r ini t y b ee· e , a c c o din,; tv his r e a svnint., , ;~n ,. ul) a:.. i oi i t y .
'· J i m s t . ' naelm s ay a : 'He \: Uld. tlU. V } ~.Jv C! 1 t r · 0
G ds h~- us•· ue n t :f rbi den i t . '1
~ Jsceli • ~ osi ti 1 1 ver
__ ,ur e 1n every--·; e re \ ere t u 1.·: on
·h :. ni :3hed .
. i :tli< . 0
a tu n in
th i s ~) . i ti · n , . e b< .... il1r.., virtu::i.lly tht .. 1 ;..;.der · f J il o ..,1 lie< l
t hought . the rea i tic d · ctrin oe.; . .< n t ) . ;~~~::; 1.u ~ the ·; ·· si ion
f <-' n or t hodox or f ficir l .tJbiL.>s . •hy . 1 1 · i~ t · c i i l g e
T"<dnta ined t h· t tL "~hole t h i '' • th~.t i s , the itlea rt;:.:):.:.·~-
pr e c ent in a.cl ind ividu -~.1 of the ~.. ·nU!l .:yJ: :Je!.! e s . tl
1 st.:"' tee Ch:.m_;,le:· ux ~ o po i ti on t hus: •t ~ -~ , e iH .Jen ox l ~a
O;;Jini n to dd 1 · t he a .mrauni ty f univeru·.;, lu , that e ·~ ·· n-
t r i ... d u t i .,. a s < ' · hole to b e c ::...entir ll.y t he ·~ · ' ; e in e -.c
of it s individur l s . <l.uliO.tli]; ··. h ich, forsooth , th-l'e \ :: . .r3 nr)
d i f feronce in o3cncc lmt nl y va ri ~ ty i 1 the i"ul ·it Jdu u
thei r ace id e nt s . tl
n t 1 i
.· u c Bti .... n e c eran t:; • {ern ;. h i l · r:.ot;hers t.) ile ne f Cl):t· · tJn-
sense . · c e hooe t h ~lei f a mi l i ··r r o 1te. i.hc 111i< d.lc c.rt>u cl
be t weell the extreme of ~ ea.~ i.:nn a s tuu,;ht by G · ,1 pe uux, l
i.. ft n th c; tt • n i {·d und _ rt:~v •c t · t e I
t . uer . b l a rd · o d ut i i) <toe ·i l· . .I 1<
UEf!J; 1 ol e•· a ,·nu b ill i · ne ' ~- 0 "th; t tho s
e JOU ed i s i <a , r
t n ne d · ith th 1 /::.ic <; nd ai .vl ioity o ' io . l si ti on.
d e l Jed in l ..-. t c ntu..: i \,; u i nt o th:. t d • t rine
· e Cone jtu· .l i rn, w :1 ch t h '" rthod. x by th Ch oh . H ' • ·ochine ••t n im .. d t
i · 1 · . i n · a t n'- .::; t .:· •. t eo fron ~~ inc ivi u .. J i ovu tl · t by th ·~ eff rt thou:.~ t '! •i e f • f.il t 0
t ' e uni • .l..3() . i.l· to ~ al1o i n l i.J
be.I.i ~f til t n i r -·,· i .... r e t e · l r
~:~ ti l JS .f th Niud , c f3,H' Y in 1C .ot$r oe t l· t
i· i i l,JlJi bl i th ut th~ •• al ln it ~rt oir
ne e "SG i t y . 1 i g <: inst t h d. c t i e o£ 1a
o nte d b t 1£ t . o ~ o e thin~ ,
t h e Uili rsr l :J . o ttess m t i • 1 .1. '' P- ~~ t i n ·c 1 'n i · iuua.l
f t u or
ir1 G.HY ot lor inlividual · t th S.....l 'I;; time .
e con roveray :. t •.ee t .... ;~c i'l,;r ... JU il.
on t h is uontion ~- ::.nt n , · be l ... r o r · 1 ..J. i :.r.i n, • l..t 1 t; i t:
t b -- t r e un err i n.i :1 ' 1ll i ~u • .. ~ ai ti .,:;, u t1 .1 i 1 · t H~
of i.J 2 t ud ·nt~Je · t , 1 c ou e , ,)n
the sid e o .f U .., bri l. l i ·· 1t y un~ .6reton. . 1
t he . u t obJ. . ,.,r a ;,. y • " 1h ... e r a · ong
indi~na.ti . n in t <4 t I '>7'-H3 j uni a.r t :t tri~.l i n <. _;o r. no in
lengt h of s t dy .
tho ore t he envy f oth" .:; "' a ]·imUed ;:)u.i at •
Yet tl .e ... e 1er~ er ;>U"tl , f
sc 1 ol f h i :J · • n . ~ e.r h;. J,.;
t ne o t:Ci s .i n
~ -bel .• r u ' s cha i t o • elln, thirt t i · l.!s di ~St;mt ..: .£'J1tl '·l~:i a .•
Al t a ou·.,.h in t . os~ d a s - en !. ~;:re 1 er~::: ver.:1 cr u e eth 3
d e -
t een center~;J a£ l e: ·rnil'l ) , .... d L tin t ~e;. k• ~ge a s : ted
in ' i l.l i u. 's cl ·t s es . r:..1 d ' ' c on · t '.tnt tr.J.in :· tents
Pt ris t '\:lun . Hor ,. e re $ l i l i t~:tl
t o su fr is f ...l.. er s c o l ..t''' othc::r ~c lOf) l s vf
f eet oi' t : o ne 1. a chcr .
1
but hi cff rt ere unsuccessf ul . The:le; .ttte.clpt
u t ~ i.·b elard , un · t e ir subse u-- nt 1.a.i" e. '· ere ot lQllg
in c o in t J the you :.. m· s ter'a ea.rs. H~ rea s uned t ··, t
s ince · i llL y; s · o· .- r l ess o stri:lt ,. t 1i , he 1ui ;ht
' s v ell co e a l ittle n ...... 1r er t o .Pdris , · ince t no nea rer
t o thr1 t •etropolis he ·, a . t e cr : ter nu ber o · , t <.ll~ntu
he c ,.,u d e a c • The t •::r.: n f Corbeil .~·l.a ch sen , • nd it
The t riv al a ch ola of d i ulec tias , nm l3J 1ear -ea c
ot 1er , exert ed a ll · no·IJn efforts in -Jrde.:- t hat e · cu · i ~ 1t
gain " scendancy OVi..:! • the .>tber. The tudonts I et utaitl e
lecture urs .~nd enoar,.ed in ·t d eba te "ver U e re ...... tive
merits f t 1eir sc ols .
'!he 1 ong
c i t~ment of netting
ri o of a r gwaent a ti on a n d tho ex-
nd lee turi n~~ to h is sc l ols , · ,· a ~ >o
r .mch f or ~ ~bel rd ' s ~ n l t . e <,¥as c . .n : el.l.e t o clc)s~ his
school. a t Corbe il ~ nd return fo r a time t :B..,.i t t a r y . Hc~··e
he re ined for severa l ye ' rs. '1h<::i. t e id uur in r tiliio r.n at
peri od is a :1tter of' c onjec ure . In is Hiat!lri • .r..
e s . y tJ n t i na a.bout it s a:ve . 'But i J. :fev• years l; 1Vi .,. iNne
by . ~o hen 'for e time 1 n.d r c overed f r m tny in1. irr ity~ • .•••
I returned t o h i (·::iil l i run ),. i•1
~ Chap r I I . :~t.ga 5 .
. i. · t u ni : t. ) r i -h .' .; n :
·he . d r. ti on:. l • rona ' ·-. d
on n Eh ·u 11 i: d
1 ot:r ~ · m for t uietn of t e • ~w at c ~ i •
n ' th t h i • upr~• aoy · ~ te 1.0 1 er a.·
th . -1·
alt n tiv en office , i'or OXt l l • Th fo e t >.) .. _ t h fi- t r"tep CQUS<.ry
h i•" -' irod en • el;.r c .- G .: .. C.l ' · f.) Pt1 i ~
() e lift t <i 111 ·,' '.ill i · :>l'lC 0 : J. ... viit t .. H3
co o bu.i · •. t o· ra UIU to · ea·t n.
He -r n _ d t il< t •i.Lli· teaoh i , -h i l ~;t .
Vi e t r•a · ri on the e .. o 'J(J f J t . n· :l ve. '
mor- rh.e t r ic har~ · 'ill. i · ·
c u d . ,)f ·n .in· •. y- t H .ily ·r t:>D lt:
once re in '?1 l i ,: t ' ol.1a · ., i: al " • , Q i..o. U
fa c y :tr'lm tm c de o · 1. tl.l • h e · nt .at i'il r • .lJ · .t' to
a·y b l a.r hurl ti 5 tt t i '. ater. da;y 1:
ay ' 1 J.i otro ·t v · ns·, 3l' in .. ec ·ti ' •
i fl 1 y t 1c Q y J: e ll t l·lr ~
h~ t J:u, · t • Ch: I;lpe ux •· a :f reed t o ~·- l ...
i n t tb· ' u ' _i
. ou 1 l · arne., b r thr. t c.. t t· .t : il i . t
t he univer sal was essenti al l y one a n d tho sa.rae in a ll its
individua l e . Now he \ a s oblig ed t o l .. etraot a nri to sub
s t itute riindifferently 1' for '•essentia lly. u This ' as the
dea th blow to \iilliam' s leadershi lJ in t h e intel ectua.l
rea lm a n d from no·v on his sta r d ecl ined .
H ving won t he victory he s ou ~ht , a nd oee-
ing the power of h is enemy br oken , ~ beilard sav n o fur t her
need of c ontinui ng in \ filliam' s clu .sses . Yet he c oul d not
te a c h at Notre Dame , because Wiliiam still hel d c ontrol
over the cha ir in the cathedra l school , a n d und er no cir
c umstances ·.· auld he p ermit Abe l a rd to a ssume it . .l!' othing
d a unted, 1\.belar.d bega n to tea ch on the hill of St . Genevieve .
His one domina ting intention a t t h is time wus t o a ssa il the
c a thedra l s c hool a nd to mt.ke l ife so unco1r1for t a b e f or wh o
ever t aught there , t ha t sooner or l a ter the chair ·ould lrl-Ve
t o be relinquished to Abe l a rd . 1:1i th h im were a loyal b lind
of s tudents who sympa thized 'liii th every al.thition of t 'wir
master. They a dvertised his teaching to such c~ dee;ree t,h, , t
he ha d s carcely begun to l ecture u t 3t . Genevieve before
the students deserted t he cathedr u l school < nd e l i bed the
hill to sit under .belard. Aga in t h e a.r ·tent on between
t he tvr o schools . .rust n s it see.tned tha t t h e battle ~ms in
its final stage , Abelard once more ha d to l eave Paris a nd
j ourne. to Brittany.
. ._I. z: f ,-Ather, eren~ r , f:;l. . ii ~· in +h
f •Jtstep ..., f many oi h in c .mter'ltlor :: r ics , l ; d :.nt u
on;., ter y ~,n t he .fa i th.ful ucy h&d t ,J f ll r .
?eter ·- stcned t o ~ . llet t bid :r a r e,. 1 t ) n i ll . t 1c:r.
The vis i t - i d n ::> t take .l.ong , b llt durin ~ - i» : h en· il-
li a t ,, ised t :) th . igni t r ,,f' c clair
a t ~o ·· re Dame as left ::i th , ut a. · st -:r.
This s ec on vi ·t n , ,. bel · · d ie n t
._· v • Jl h i ma el.f ... ' t once of t. t . h ich he m 1 n :- ac...,i r d .
Instea d , ·.l S ll
t 1. t I mi ,ht ll.e.::t d ivinity. ' d t J
rec t U,t. n th l ~t.urels · on ..iS ~ sup e - b di 'tlec ti ti an . " He
· ~·o 1 (i d n t r ve h i f < c u l i e s ci c ur1scrib d in ~ s i u,;le
fi e ld. TI(.'! h , d i.nmen .., ener . ~y of mind , .. r c.mtlt:t o n. 1i-
tion t a mi n :· h. the .·in s ; .::nd i his a ..;o y
" s only a tt~ in, bll~ b r : tddin ~· a stery f t a: 1 ·~. r,
~ k ey - stone t un it .... <:A.n 1-'erf'ec t t h e tr· c tur , i it-
self i 1c
oul b c <>ntent ~d t h n one n · e tne b .: s t t encher .Jf
t he l o: ""' . •r e m"" n ·h ;> e e ;uta t i 1'1 in this fl.ld a a
To h i m .•. ela rd ·.· ent , :-_:mb i ti ou:-· .fo ·::nor· le ~e in fie..l.d
is '"'rea t clrivin-, f t') ce, t be is-
1.Po olc , J.1 . ........
1!! uaht , 11 ustr •-ltions
• 142.
•
o£ rea a n , a.n i he br :m...,;h.t to i s J.> dy ')f the >l,) r;y • freu-
dom • fr om tl e slr:tC'"l(,.s of c uthori t und an ~ - c11t lon,;i lt.,
f r inv~s .• ,.,.,:.. ti '"'
:: o3a.ibly .aany f Ansel! ' a atudc:ts bef r~
... b l a .Ld • ·· d .i ste·1ed t o him lectu.r a n· . 1 a d c. ). e n ~ y iu-
a p.Joint•d , t n Ile f ti1e h~ d bee 1 , utsJ:Jo:.te c..b ut t eir
i n,:S him Jot ir but t h., :fruits of a gl) d 1 e 'lory 1. i c h lttd
b ee s torin·7 u . i.l t;t fr 1 th ')cri !..Jt urt .. s · nu U o .ll ·~ the a
Ab l a rd a ttend d olubsas f ~ ~ ti· e b ut
b "fore lo :t ocr s~d t . ~v . t1ne d in ..:i. j okint-> c nv raa -
t i on ·: it s e fello: - stu ·~nts he re ua rked th·· t e uc a t e d
men shoul , be · le to . tu y the Gc . i )tu.re.s t rw G.!l ve "li
.stu ''' ents i .:u.aecaa tel;r ch:.:..ll "n ;ed hil t\l rrul e ;ooa h is lJ aut
r~nd it a s agreed t 1H t · n the verJ next dn.y ( bt~l:·rd . (a
fused t c nsi er u. .L nt.er time) .' bwlard sh{)ol ' lect Jrc <)ll
u l i tt l e-kno .. n ~·ass ..... , e fr m " ~zo iel . He did s • . rovi1
s > success:f'ul in th lecture t h, .. t th~ ntu ent b y left t it~
1 s e c ts~~ . Seth , C ch J:wel.fth qentuiv" , .:)•
ree In!>i ui, y in !!:!£
cl:J.ose"' -r .n: e l 1. t ·) l h ; t .n ~ t. eir t.: ll t.- tude. t ol, d .
Thi s te c i 1 · .,, s u on 1 t~rru)te ·· by t
technic. l i ty . . o <).ne c aul· teu.c n , l t l.etl Gt in tt e ~lt hb•lr l vo
"' f a ny rec .:;nized ..,c iH.lol. , · .• i t h ut tile c Jl ael t i G t l
, i r tv ud .
s ne -. n c r1p elled t 'J ·.d t a on.
-)f couroa t h next a<J :re r :;, t · the v<. c an·
c h i r i n t :1e ca t t r: l .... c ool : t Ho t ~ I .1e . c
t - t brief , bril l i . . t :.:.eriOli : ich rn.Pt lm ~;~.: l),, e t1
ld t~ l ~r 1im ec
. • qu. t •· tl on fro1 .;~cCab su: nrJ. ri z cs h ie <lCh ievet:icnt ' thi•
l eri d: ·
u·r.-e a e Il Oi • t , 11c · r , the c· r 111 •
he · ·.; h i r t y - n i n .h :f!J · - o ' h l s <-;;e , t he t rc ... y -th:'
h is se ll l a s lc 11 ctivity, be <.:. r ·· · d .S .· <olm t l e 1i , est
•~ nd s n u. tur· .1. l y . to b ·· · .• lired , ..J LU · 11 •;o .L t e c er1 c:r
of c life t. ·. t r d . · t o en s en since reek a. ~·~ s · ur~d
vut 7isd.
~ .nd t . e sh·dy 1.::> V •.:l S of ·· t hen.:;) .. :!Us so f- e~;;t e .ao f..4.: , "'~t ... ed.;
h is 1 va o rule ;,;.nu :Jf er inence ~ arJ t; l. .. <-t i fied . -:J o r I. b , :1 1y
of h is pu ils ere, heir n.tu J.t• br tJu-:h t l i 1 gr t ·e< l c.l .
zi ca .
The •· t t y ve_ ,J. ti ana xr the ;: trug le .., e ... ~e .n ul>.l. c , .tJC .. 1::w t •
-------------------------------------------------------------------1 cCo.b , • 90f.
e r hi m l ay u •)Xld or ,.~ ,. . iJ..q - t r r.Ji ;~o intc> · ;iLich 1e ,
s e "'. in .• ly , ha H t t t enter • •.• • .t!
Yet n t for long -.a.s l e. . ~) un j ) th. f<J !
. hi.-ch he 'i!(>r l d n 3 ilJin,; t
~:n s i t e ru.t>t d. by ;i. ne.1 el Hmt , t1 unti 1 n
') tee n · red i nt o 10 lil
.: ox· f i ve ye• r o ·.belHrd r' r i ·. rl e<l unc lal.t(::n · · ~d ,.
• a zter .Jf ir1s r cti n in H t a.m \. hi (,!h ' : ·:~ a .tlre.~ d~
.,. ~. s ".1• t
f l JV ;: .
t ~
r.e i n-
tel lee t ·- 1 c a,J i t .d f ~:-uro1>e . JI , l n0 1e c .>uld t •• ve o •m •
t i nu
t c nnj ect u: e b c ·1 us the i n t · :rrll1Jti ll • Ll i ... t. u·,.c n in .. , i J. c
t If.
l .if e ·· n nfor ,_;e t t · b1.1d ch·
of Heloise n nd ) b -lh.rd -.. r u· ··ht u iaa s+er t :t the idvl 1'
Pn ri s.
'iel i ae t.t niec e f Cun- n 1ul ert.
' 'f' he r
11 · c i lu-
h o · edue:-.ti •' 1'1 c i>l~te • he ca · e t o J?a i s t ~ i. c : t£1
h·~r u ncl-1 . h l'ld :te b · i ng; u 1 a rncd u;m , C•Jn ti n ue t in ...
atr uct her < nu · ner ··'.CC s s t v • s' S
aul t he s educt. t '"'d ' eyond J'l a t \ l.}.I en · 1
i n -r .tmo·~J.e·: , .. f Hebrew . 0 eek a n< I.· in. ~rr~ ditbm · .Lu o
c C' its t e r ·ii th be~ uty f forlll . :wti Ab l~trd h it · eli' suyr·
f cr , ' t'he : a n t th le;:., s t in be:. ut;.r t>f' C t ) nten~ n co-. •
Ju• t ho' · "t f e.y becmne a c quainted i s n
::n m Lu t it i n ot d i fficul t t i 1 · g i e :,;, t ) e luu t u ·.tl.
f rie nd ' ri nr~ i .:: tlw h ,} t t5U ther , ~::~l izing h < t t r .,
hu - r
t ... ~ns , y obub l y stood i n ~~- e CJf t he ins_Ji il1' } 1 . c u er
i r s t s i l'lt -~nd t1e c vuld not n it t · 11o·r Her better .
:By tw.,J?Y cha nce ot.l rd c nve i e · the not i <m f :~.Jkin .r
•ulber t i he mi · 1t e n t : r r 01
a r t, r vud t ha the ;;re<~ t , bela rd
hm e , ~e~d ily c . nsen t e d
1 - n ~ .
c i ... ed , <.~.ls · , t h >t in hio f · ee ti e •, e ur u sidu.l· u -t.r -
t h e tut ... i g of Hel oise . luthit .; c .•.)ll
t:. el· r m• 1: a. :Our in ~ tr e hours no . ·1sid e f • r in. rue i n
f Heloi se , t he tea.cht~r , c.l e lov e t u ! e:r . JH cl· cmo .3 ·.: u l.~e
ne rlected th.: t he l !ll i;ht vote L" o.re til. \,; t o t !1io l ~ ·- y - f )UllU
,.l l ·. is · he · ·;:~s enrunore · of cL)i!:.e but it ""u.s ..,ou~
time ·bef' :rre ~ ltl bert f ound it >Ut . .ihen ,, t i i.~ St it .a a
b r ought. to his a tte n t i · n . he r. ve b l u ~ · i r or tl i u i ouse
.Bef o e -very .1. . .. , 10 .; : ver , . ~ boiu;L d v ~
f reed t t :~ e ructica~ mea -ur~k) . H~:... i·3tJ •.oisc.y-v ... #
eo·.> mo h r ; ... nd s. a c on .1nio...t e
the n ws to . b~ a.rd . i ·6 ui sini~ her a u a nun , .1, xe-
nov d h r t i i B ' ne ill J3ri t t · r.y .., here snc b r ha a
son > h •·· tho y :1med Astr l u. be. "hey i e t the b aby in
13ritta ny :'fi th relr- tives 'f .:• .. Jel• rtl ,: Ue t.h~y r;;:t':.l.n~d
t o .i~a.l .. · ' .
t e ;-' t ened t le t it o-e kno· .. n :::. l l aver Raria. , - e.J. · · d
·ecir.ie~ t l11 t t e n y ·~ ·ly out. of the difficu ty ··.ab
· r y j oloise. 'l'o t is u.r- ,.._ ·~ ·-•'ont ~' J). bel·t : g et.o: t , , y -
f'u ly , but .He uld not c ·n i a er it . ; 'h~ len , ti ,_ t
-tor ·· m'"'n in ·nelhrd ' .s ' i>siti on t he c h ief :><~o:J o f cA. .le
... as thr
uf c 1 rch yr~fa.rll e.n t ··-;ere closed t 0 lim • .
thia, a. loo , but i.1e d id. .uot k nm .. hat tll ·l: c -:>urnt} t
·ursue. .:.tuin · eeJ :u~d i:nev i t ·l.b l e , ' l atover .H~ ch o~e t \t ·>·
nly on~ l 0o J- h ole · est:;; nt d i teelf. lf 'Lh0 ·u·ri t . .,e
c ould be contrac t ~d ::m t h en · e · t aecr~t . e Ani ,;nt c :>
ti 1Ue on h is dc::'lired ',t: ·y . 'fl-11S :JU -~; ~entidn , . .;..is o , ll.L.burt
· ~ e d t -- s~e i~~lJ · 1 h~ duu1red ~~ a t~ s~e d~oi~e
e .Ji t:i.M<· tely • :, rrit:d• .. -g<cdn HeJ.oi se ~'"'-:;J ~ ·j )j.I.I .;;-c h eo. c.. l<.i
· r·;. · n B .·t :.. .. , e( . ' 'he woul d ot st. l'll in tho ' •Y of
i 3ti 1 · c lim t o l.iii ;1 c .ntrch "ice,
but - itn lcg.a riL g..,. , t 1 ·, c h urc h d )ol";a '; •re i rrev G ~ i>~y
clooe .. .:· :fter .. tu
.L .L 0
h· c ~e.rcti , n t ~ c . ·iau i ~paed f re » u:l . r t br · .ko
l' uJ.bert , ut of: j,):: ti • Jc ~ , begar t i ll- b .•.< .... her .n n u
od .
th . t . \hel~.t.
e the veil ,
f r <)m ·t e ... i fc of ... - te ...
·, i th C• lfl ne · · _, n .
incc ~ se
•
h • uo<.; , tr iu til e
; .. vii
d is
ut r ... ~a -n hil • .. cC· b e
lk~ nc e ,_, ... t h t . I}& l
b l a rd , on }) i S b~ vf oic: :tl1GB3 . el t l e
-,Juld n, ver n. rc..oin: b>3 ab lo t o fa c e J;J ..., .. .:> 1~. I.c.ny o13 i na
----------*-------------------------------------~--------------------------1
·- ~1ll Cil . y
afte.r ,
.)nt y eve fi l· . .; T , SC:JJ."ified y <:!""I C...-T~'J' t ") ·J ue ,
.. i)! r :>US or>ect t: ..... l t ;") ~ 11 ttl In liu '"T ea r e . ....
o: .h ,'d c.1 so ....... ~d t 1 hu
1 ov,.. s 1e b ~ e 0r him \ ! .
h is e ci sirm e: .na t .:~ ;J ... the veil .
· a. o;;> t ·.,nrld y l u ce si ::1ce its f o .m d< "i<>u .
belard ~Jr n~d tre bla c±
he o nk s ,
t unic .... ""' . ........ .
ttl --~-
I OJt e< \; c) be
s t h e illy
:i."L h in
u t t ii..e 1a-:.n
ing th !30! br ~ , ·· C tJ ic .1. i f • J '" lllfHi"' i i l J~,;J.f ,) bllO.J ;) l:l
t o his br t 1 era tta t tr.e ·b ot IJC l t liH.I t ,, dii.ll ' · t.U J."Y
Jla ce , th re t ;) ro..() e ; ~ e.llt h ., C4 b~y ~J';, tJ c : l l e u i tu · ~eveuua .
·.·n ,..e .~ere by lit :3 .-lf 1 J .el : 1·d u OJ. 'U·!l U ,.., 1 ~ , ~ - e d ) re-
aume h · s ·;ubl . c 1 ct ... es ...:.il in a ve .. sh iX: t ilfl.e , tii-
li tt .i e vill a 7C , li.'~1J .?;:r iu ub • hur tly b<:: .JJ:e , b~c · a u e
int e~lec U" l c<.:nt e f ... , r an e .: 'i'!l:! u· t,; i.ter' s t-nxf ·er i n z
h ; ·d ru: d t im a.o ... e aubtl.:.: ' n <.i w re le<· .• rrw tili.An ever, it
0 i l-
l 'J. e ;.
f o e "f "Jr t e 1.
noe .. o e u
l a~ d ' s ) eace · , 1 d ist ll.&.bed uy tht:ir c ont .. >l ' i nt... . t
Ull di c
oten t t1 ~~h , s r h i~Y ·;;n t e ' !;)11 fut'tn....... 'J.' ey · ~~cu ·od
e~ ~rd f he esy . Yor
ritte1
text b e ·r • Jn t hose '.' l"i t i l}l:s h~; ;, .... · .; t '5 ..~. orth hi u J a j r
-.. ri ··1L s ere :
. ri t ilt;~ s { l } ..ui. 1 . uc 0
I .ll.lOOt t" : '
: ivcn :- b t l : .. t r ..
( ~) Sic e t ~un - - r col c t i f '. e tdnC ,, l."vl
• T is \.; · r: . ,.i
,rJ 01'. t. • iS b 0 J t " :o.. C 1 a .Ui': Of l • ere S .,,' ' 1.1.3 b r ~:;d • 1 n t l C . i ..,.
.· n ,· ~
3 il~ i n c nt i ' n . u t · ver~1 \. ... f) ;l ich ~a. .
e e; :t_- b t! C~Lr ·. r att en ) th 'l' r ini ty C •>Ulu e _ .JUn<..i t i. c 11 ; i ll
1l!..'!ri:"lt ic,J.l <~ c .~ul b v ~ · J ·
This b o ok ·';·a no cxcc.:_.; t i on u· t hiz rule . ' i:l ~ re ' •> ... ·c .
o t ~ od xy t ta., C un • ·1 .r 'J o iia.H~ ll~, · n 1121.
si tl ·)D a,< g. ·e in . i ..• ) :) Q · , .. ~1 . .. cJ. c id r I
this sler er {. l "O ' : -,·r l.s h is e.l ovt::d. b •Y k c · J 1)J nud .~no.
vri th his ·.m z.1n h n:ts f rceo t ou n .it
:: ssm• blnge. Y t · n oth r 11. ili . 1e. •,;., ed u .t' 11 rJ.ilu
f the th< na si. · 1 ~reed and i noieted t ha t hrJ re•~d it
(they linted t1<. t 1 • c oulc n ot £_ocite it) <:s .u. J ' • u.f ..)
h i s o n d q.zy . $
u i -~ l y ..., ce , t vd t · e · ·~n 'l t;n u ul·
.. · a rd .
b fo.ce • · y ~ e k .: e find lim b·· c~
e n i s . He ho l ite < lJ.y buried h i oe.L:f in the li .. <-. :1.''
his a ud ~ru eo t
"e cJD unf' rt un:J to c h oice t .L ur i H~CaU :J0 t.>;t. COJ.~ ·t. :.d.:r.l
t . vun- er of th ir ,,,bbe -·
Ja£ , r < l.
He + . .. ;
r e :fu g e .,i th r, fricmi :..:.nc a fter l.o ;.f no _; ti a ti ono .dJ.! · rd
by hlu1:.elf , i ' a ~H· · :; c<t , r'.;, fuJ. . l..l ey i t1~ ,]c· t t I
buil t i ms ei.f
:for<;. ti e l iv.:..u in qui~tude :.. Hi c-11 ~Utl.ent . ;.J: •; "l ever,
d o i t •· r t o t •· t
hut -~·-ord soor
·l t h e f ; c lru-; t io.r r)f b i. !.J
1 ::, a ev r . •
t ·. te"' c t . lie j'J~ }~:::.bJ. y
was l.ec tu i :r ,. t.nc v,
:it ,. s f '.) .<rtr.:. lly . ae · i c :. :::d t J e '.i'rini ty , >ut
unh< JY en , ne d · u u ·j1fr orter . JI:.,re in l1 e .t. · ly v• :i .. u ,y
the C rofn l"te bOU.~ t him, aud : e ... e he -~ · ,,a '1ir.mell' U.iJ to
the ,j -ys • nd t.l ~li ' its t: teac h in·; ,.
h i s or t ~>ry t he R:.u: n. <.~l~~ e , m critioi z<:! · t y l i n enor ieu.
Thoy a ccul.3 od t i l
' inc t .r-e s .. JUs . 1lhi ·., e i · ve
h ~ :.3l. i t -
he r JlO '/ v.. . .J · ) t .ltHh J ! • bei. ·., ...
, uy '
l.,c--· r.d
vaux.
by
;....:;as .c l · uc " ho
e&uty o1 h~ 0 r a. In
t \ e t i cs af : t...:e Le nn a. s tie bend
or ·~he -.. d vcr t he n c t f nia tuule. ·~ 1
'·he .)t; ~r UlH) S e , v.t'' ert , a s 1e 1,) 1 er
of the ~
.i:.' , ::matr tcmsi a n c an s . ..::le rn .. :mltu 0 -' ili "' e 0 .1.
;"t \ J "'t .t.• ~ lice ... d e -~n no i .... )- .h:r i n f a it A or no..r,· l .1
1 . Hu !:.i "J. n::.; , 'J.\;el i't h c .. mt l - . .l. .. vii .
:ni .J· t incur · o .rbu . t 1 u i. ,J.leJ. u . e .
f a r - r .... oc .lin ; , ~ :ct cm d i H, ~ . 1: I 11 ·oh
ff ic ial ... t
~~rf or mi r a c le· , a nd , b · l; d , · u - ~ti n t l i t , r l iuuea
1·1 t r \S ,,,g e
.. r . ,~ o. ber t • a s J( t ->n
t l , r idi c lo of · b .~ !l•.d . J oining f o c es >·ri th o··:ru rd ,
f t ! ey -., ~nt
tev ... r
.ay t he r c >u , ra· ~ .. ~ _ e f l!" t w t · .ne . 1 . t . · i tt. t1 em. ur.L,iJ t -
i ble 8.S ·el :1 t '
1 ~l ·.:ers ......
r oert.
mer ;;; t.r t.lit H1. n \b ~1a
\, • 'cer:E:d h im. ~ n i tllB
•
er urm .n:" e<
h i m. I fell i nto uc ' esJ. ·-ir . ' lle a: i d , '' th:J t .. .. .. • l :i'.t.u
the h u t len , .... ll l ui ~ t .... .. ~
t l i v e Cl rist i 'lnlJ ·r e ene1 i a f 0 ris t . rt 2
n t I'l:n.d l y he ··· :1' 3. t'ten ..
-------------------------------~---------------------------~--------------~ 1 ~h· ~ t ur - rr . ~ · 37 .
2 · oi · , Ch• .,:)t~r .!1 , .!!". . 3 ' •
n ~· d ; ,.
rb ·':..4 t ... nd the <J ' r s . IL c ' J.OS ..! I) t,. :. "' the ;;,;
T • ' ... c ce ,;.:> t h nee l: l j u~t on,~ n:r:. cri U3 blu d ~Jr ln
p a r t . I ~e a.bbey vf :_;; t . J'ilth s had ;u u -'·he J (,. !3
H13 '1 aun ' in t h J; <)l!ld. tn-:y
s u,:;1 t ;ut the c ; np: o ,,. en , . ch O' t.: i n
f a .d J.. ·. .... i ving
:.; • J;eui ~
.. ,utlut was .. rovi d
(l r c 1e t t llu ;.r.. • • } a~d ' bb 't.
~ . . ,
Jf .. ic~ .
t iG
· ta4 ~ <:
e-
::-:; ;:.t i .; 3 . ip , ; t; ' · :ld
r n. ·, e I'HH. t .) ' 1cr . This ·,;r,;.. ;J <.: dlle --. it l t h o.J '":' o.:~e • i3
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Chapt cr -:>ne 1' e Cnuro 1 in thes ces..tttrias f ·U•• t its uy
:from a n extr . . ely a iaaolute c.ondi ·tion t, me
of e· uali ty i th t ,~ St .t te . The l. eadi114; nam.e ln the ·,a ;; c y
of the p eriod ii :~ s IIil.debr::md , r •"rei.:~or.J VII. ~his ·,., l>he
pe r i od f t e ~ir st C us· de u n f tile riue 1 t · fl >l.l i. -
ing ro na Jtic syat ms ., t ~ · t of Cluny anti thut. f nt . BorJ · •
The educ ;: ti on i n thGsd centur(lQ:s . ;; s c n:t•incd t o t he 1 mast ic
and cathedr a l sch o l. a ,. the 1.·· tter r a u· 1-.J.y uaur.l.Ji i.- h~
.vri Jci pal . l a ce . He e 1~ . rnin :;. .~; s _(t"eoerved duri .._, · ho
li • QUS 1 110' led ;Se e. I he three Un.._) ).i"ta Jt C thu dral f:. C l Vl)la l f
r· nee duri ns t his ··,1eri od \ ere ~1(:111 , Cha .... tri..ia '"-ll · iJ t:..·e J .. ·w e •
.Peter .: bel· .d <13 b .lrn: t ;?; 11 • Brit ... < ry .
in t i:~ yeur 10?9 . J ia \.~UoHt f r u,J I l<:: i ;
l d him to th school o£ ~ os celin , . u l ;.ter ( ut ll )0 ) t J
·ria . Here · u t!.ldied di~lectic under ~ 1 .... 11· .;. f Ch~ LJ~;l.UX
in t.he : t edr· 1 "ch. ool of :t at re Dame. Th < ger stuti ent
qua:rrell ed ·-:1 th ttl•.: ::.·tater on tne uesti o of uni e aa.:ta .
~ i ll i a •?held t 1e ..,ide of ... e r}.\ ism; - l in }k.d U_iJ h d :1. ~ . ina.1..-~
ism, :--n. . bel a rd -c hose ' 1~ t~r und • In the · r UI >i t
~rilliam a s defe:1 ted i.lrl f o.rced t ..... u b tmdoll hiu cta ir . . · t~lurd
subse .mnt~y ·t. ·'l:~ t a t l elun , .- C b<-= il , d r • in t 'u:
oi' . stu.Acnt c· to hi lectures . .L ... tar t1~5 t <'U;'!ht i n ' ri ~n
ount s t . Genevi e v • He d eair~ t o s -tud t h ol otlY , :1 en-
r olled a t La . n . un er nsel · . I n a very .eh ort ti
c ame .i ss:. t i sfi ed , eft L on , • nd r dt urn ed · na~e e
a ssUI:'led t he chu i r ., t N t r e D:1r e a n< bec ar,.- t b.e id l f :?;:.ri s .
.Du i nz t h i s ti lH! tnd t Hel o i se tt lld t'ell in l o• ~ - i tn h ~r •
m~e oro him aon , il lcg; i t i m·: te~ "~' , but they ·.- ere a t.er\ . d
rried.. H i ~~ l'lri-lg·--sd F ulbert , uncl .. v:f -Ie.L oi a ~ , ,·_ bellll"'
i m·d e to a uff r groGs i no;ainy .. B(>t l1 \b ·"lard ,J d Ie .:... ,>iae
ret ire t 0 onr ster i e s , ; bela rd a t St . Denis; Heloi s a t
1 r gent euia . ' e .\ b t of ~ t . Deni s p ; • t t ed bel. r t l>
t each i n a her i t a. e t' tile :. bbey , ne; r i eims , ~;re l i s
op ul:. ri ty , - u i n ' 'l- t t r a c te t hrong s . nou lU I,<l.
•
his te · ch i n. , a e l eretical c nd he r:·t s 0 1 led befi:) e t ilu <.hamci~
.\ t ..... hmons , 1121 , fo -r-ced t ;, burn h i · _),~1 VE:::cl b o , a m .~ .. u
tenc d t o 1 pri son ent . A:ft e1: .. ' li-fJ a l e s e h e built a m tl .i.
or<; t~ry nt:tr Troyes , d ed iC <J teu to t-he llol y ti.Piri t (-2 .. tracl~te) •
.. tudent s mB .r t o him, lured again by 1i a e a.c h i ng .
i n.;. s ;- l teach in~s :->r ouse the ant · g n iG n of J3er mL < a m or
ber t , i nfluonti ,. l nonks. T o e s c a e • ./•b ... l ard a c ce. t ed t e
positi n f bbot of •t .. tHl u s , a J n .1 stery in :Britt;,..ny .
e r he a . ost unha:;>' y , s •3£ f r ::n o;;:·t J~Cr iod s ~.e agc:: nt a t
the .P~ a c-let e \ hi oh he ·tt.i dee<ieO. t 1 e:.t.oi s e , :...nr f ,r a ·~i e
h~ d t ·· en u . · her ~; bode. In l J.36 be '.as ;· c .-.t
tea ch i ng , where e enj yed ~bout :fi ve y t:: ars f tt e · r ·c : <l .L v e •
his -;;~·a inter ru_i)t ed by a c n.l , ins t.i a t!ld y B -r n m u
dorbert . t r a:t Co nc i 1 o:f Bens t v < efen i .ac.tf
a u ins t a sec ond a.ceusa t i on for neresy. ( tle · te o e of
thi s •; ::.~.a · s astr us to -~belard , tho t:r t ten o a c..
bro 1 n . In h is l a st Y<H rs he a s befri nded · t l 1n:1y
by i ts .~- b . ~t , .Peter t he Ven er :·,ble . He d i ed at ""' t . ar e a l
lez Ch - lons , IJ. ~st o <~ ne a r Cluny , i n ~1·i2 .
Cha.eter ·r.nr .-. e - ·S a tuacl er ,l.bela :.:"d ia n t es.; Oi<~:i ly
for i s c am1. i onshi i of the $ i ·~.· i ·Ji"
free i n ·1i rJ • e delved i nto t~Yary kn "n f i el f MtU y .
t hus opening up · sld · ' i " LJO:i)Ul i. r . itt· a n ~n f i el a ..
He e j.>h< ai z d reu so , ra t her t i an : u r ity
. s a b :-J sis for f a i th :J.nd turned t he .'hr:. so o:f st . . elm
from • 1 b li e ve , in nrder t h i l t I . . ·1y lt:n w. 1, t "I k . , i n
or der t n.t I may b eli eve. "
His me tho of teach ir]j;-; thcvl ~ 3
f. s c in· · ing , P..nd . i s h r.111dli ng f . hi lol) O.JilY h:. s ea.rnod llii
the t i t l of )r ~~ the r rJt: .!li dern r ·: t l onul i ul •
belurd • s m~th od arl c ont ·l t m::~y , ·• t ·.- y
n t have a ffaate
··m d c hoice of c nten t m:1te rit;.l . His s .:.. irit , the s · irit of
fr•ee . though rev':!r·~l t in-~~-dry . CO \ll ' not bel> b t huve
ita effect. Hio met 1 od wa·s f Jl.lo 1ed. ~) •rhi' .JS in irect:..y ,
by Pet ~r Lombard and 1·· ter by ·rhom: s Aquin.- .. s . a n 1 tiw
method of the l a tter a s bee.Jme de.t. ini tivt. .. for instruction
in Ca t h olic soho ls o£ hi gher educa. i n . Abe rd's · _.._J~u:it
:for i denin6 o:t: the sphere crf instruction to inclu e l · ter
P ture and the soienc ea . o· ened t. e do.>r f ;)r this t yJ;Je lt'
instr~lcti on in sU:bsequ ~nt school o:r.. ... garli.:c.ati ns . 'fh ~ ty.;_JQ
of tea ch in . he did , brou6 h t s o ~nny u <'• irers to ·- L, . tna t
this city became a city at' tea cher s . ,1h in u.nother ganel· a
ti on farmed t ·'le n u..eleus f r t e University f .i? is .
,) ther.
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