· abernathy clarkmodel21,106,107,110,169 abernathy utterbackmodel70,72,74,78 9,106,1078, 110...

Abernathy�Clark model 21, 106, 107, 110, 169

Abernathy�Utterback model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 1078,110

absorptive capacity 123, 127, 131�4, 299, 304academic publications

Australia 281, 282

India 343

Italy 427, 428

Russia 370

Singapore 337

Taiwan 320, 322

United States 455�7Academy of Finland 392�4, 396, 397, 400acceleration stage 237

acquisition of knowledge 131, 132

acquisitions 33, 63, 139, 204, 218, 261

see also mergers and acquisitions

Actor Network Theory (ANT) 4, 5, 7

Acumen Fund 61

administrative innovation 89, 92�3, 196Adobe 126

adoption 12�13, 14, 41, 43, 172barriers to 116

consumer adoption process 117�18Moore model 114, 139

Rogers model 113�14advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) 194�6adverse selection 59

aerogels 498

Affymetrix 217

Africa 220�1, 301, 456Age of Innovation 135

agency 6, 7

Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)

(Singapore) 329, 334�5, 336agency organizations 199�200agglomeration economies 15

aggregate project-planning framework 251, 254

aggregation services 511

agility 149�50, 163, 192

agriculture

Australia 284

biotechnology 221, 480, 483�4, 488Singapore 337

Taiwan 314

United States 457, 462

AIDS 220�1AJAX 506

alliances 64, 73, 122, 127�8business model innovation 93

cross-functional teams 204

emerging technologies 477

industry characteristics 77�8open innovation 164, 205

patent licenses 216

pharmaceutical industry 202, 219

Amazon 19, 93, 94, 99�100, 127, 216, 505, 506ambiguity 245

AMD 216

America COMPETES Act (2007) 458, 466

American Competitiveness Initiative 458�9American Marketing Association 98

American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) 157, 160,

161, 164, 225

Amgen 217, 219

analgesics 22, 23

analog users 237

angel investors 60�1, 397animal health 483, 484

Apple 14, 83, 90, 99, 113, 122, 136, 235

‘‘application labs’’ 142, 143

application programming interfaces (APIs) 507

appropriability regimes 78

architectural innovation 94, 106, 107

competition 81, 83, 84

industry life cycle 73, 74, 75

integrated profit chain model 109, 110

Asia 52, 54, 456

Asian financial crisis 328, 336

Askmen.com 186, 187

asset-based lending 62

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assets

complementary 78, 107

financial-accounting models 142

integrated profit chain model 110

intellectual capital 215

assimilation 131, 132

asymmetric information 59, 63

AT&T 121, 140, 201, 454

Australia 277�89academic publications 456

commercialization 282�3cultural and political drivers 284�7education 284

historical development 277�9output trends 280�2patents 272, 281

policy 283�4R&D expenditure 280�1, 284, 286�7revealed technological advantage 284, 286

strengths and weaknesses 284, 285

technology focus and maturity 273, 274

automatic teller machines (ATMs) 90

automobiles 10, 13, 14, 475

clusters 15

computer power in 122

dominant designs 89

emissions targets 7

Germany 375, 378, 383, 388

GPS navigation systems 117

India 344, 345

industry life cycle 70

Italy 422, 423

mass customization 192�3smart car 92

Zipcar car-sharing program 186�7Avery 218

Bank of America 181, 182, 184-5

banking

China 297

Germany 383

Netherlands 413

Barnes and Noble 94

Bayh�Dole Act (1980) 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471beer-brewing industry 102

Bell Laboratories 12, 121, 201

Benetton 425n9

Berne Convention (1886) 50, 54

Betamax 14

biofuel 485

bioinformatics 480, 488

biologics 481

biomass 485

biomimetic nanotechnology 493

Biopolis 332

biotechnology 37, 44, 127, 475, 479�90agricultural 221, 480, 483�4, 488Australia 281, 283, 284

convergence with other technologies 487�8definition of 479�80

Finland 394

Germany 378, 379, 382�3government investment 273

health applications 480�3, 486�8industrial applications 480, 484�6, 488industry development 487

intellectual property rights 51, 54

Ireland 432, 434, 437, 438

Italy 423, 424, 426

nanotechnology 499

Netherlands 414

outsourcing 63

patents 217, 219

Russia 371

Singapore 329, 330, 332, 334, 335, 337

‘‘star scientists’’ 128

strategic alliances 78

Taiwan 313, 316

United States 205, 452, 457, 459, 460, 462

blogs 508, 510

Blu-Ray 14

blue oceans 212, 238

Blue Sky Laws 61

bootlegging 252

bootstrapping 60

boundary-spanners 265

brand equity 216

brand management 138, 139

breakthrough innovation see radical innovationBritish Telecom (BT) 246

buckyballs (fullerenes) 44, 475, 492�3, 497, 498budget contingencies 241�2buffers 241�2Building IT Strengths (BITS) program 282, 283

bureaucracy 199, 200, 201

Burt’s Bees 261

business case 162

business intelligence 25, 26

business model innovation 93�4, 254, 416business model patents 216, 221

business model reconstruction 210, 211, 212

business process reengineering 139

CAESAR Foundation 378

CAFE standards 7

CAGE framework 203

campus incubation centers 438

Canada

economic growth 10

higher education ranking 427

patents 281

R&D expenditure 448

science graduates 284

cancer treatments 481, 482

Canon 216, 454

capabilities

absorptive capacity 131, 133

corporate venturing 208

market 169

new product development 178�9

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organizational rejuvenation 212

R&D 136, 140, 141

technology intelligence 25

transition stage 73

value creation 142

capital budgeting 57, 60

capitalism 12, 16, 446

car sharing 186�7carbon nanotubes 491, 4923, 497, 498, 499, 502

career management 147�8, 150, 151�2cartels 412, 413, 415

cash flow 57, 58, 60, 140

Caterpillar (CAT) 183, 184

CB2 186

cellphones 91, 117, 140, 202�3Finland 391�2, 398Japan 361, 363

regulation 13

cells 479, 481, 482, 492

Center for Advanced European Studies and Research

(CAESAR) Foundation 378

Centers of Science, Engineering, & Technology (CSETs)

(Ireland) 435, 438�9centralization 195, 201

champions 149, 228, 254, 255, 257�8, 263�6Changing Worlds 438

chemical industry 72, 78, 219

biotechnology 485

Finland 392

Germany 375

Ireland 435

Italy 422, 423

nanotechnology 493

Russia 371

United States 450, 451, 455

chief executive officers (CEOs) 139, 140

chief innovation officers (CINOs) 144

chief technology officers (CTOs) 33, 265

China 54, 122, 123, 291�305Australian research links 284

commercialization 295�7competitiveness 371

engineering jobs 142

foreign direct investment 203, 293, 294, 300�1government influences 272, 273

historical development 292�5industrial development 301�2, 303�4nanotechnology 494

output trends 295, 302

patents 272, 293�5, 299�300, 302, 371policy 302, 304

R&D expenditure 292�3, 295, 298relations with Taiwan 326

Taiwanese imports 320�1technology focus and maturity 273, 274

university research 218

weaknesses 297�9, 303Chrysler 193

Cirque de Soleil 238citations 40

cloning 484

Clorox 261

clusters 15, 82�3, 392, 420, 421, 427Coca-Cola 216

collaboration 77�8, 149, 203, 227Finland 397

Ireland 439

open innovation 205

Web-based 153, 510, 511

commercialization 175, 176, 178, 179, 274

Australia 282�3China 295�7Germany 379�81India 344, 348

Ireland 433, 436�40Italy 422�3Netherlands 406�7, 411Singapore 328, 329, 331, 335�6Taiwan 315


university licensing 471, 477

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization (CSIRO) 277

communication 227, 228

competencies

corporate venturing 209, 210

dominant designs 83�4front end of innovation 236

Germany 380

integrated profit chain model 110

investment in 128

product innovation 108

roadmap 32

sustaining innovations 93

technology intelligence 25, 28, 33, 34

competition 12, 20�1, 23clusters 82�3dominant designs 83�4emerging technologies 477

frenzy phase 476

high-technology industries 81�6industry life cycle 70, 72�3, 74, 108Japan 355, 357

Netherlands 412�13path dependence 14

project evaluation 254

regulation of 54, 55

Russia 371

Singapore 327

standards 83�4technology intelligence 28, 32

timing of market entry 82

see also competitivenesscompetitive advantage 27, 131, 136

business model innovation 94

core technologies 125

Germany 388

Ireland 431, 432

open innovation 123

organizational learning 173

INDEX 527

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standard setting 84

strategic entrepreneurship 211, 212

Competitive Research Program (CRP) (Singapore) 331

competitiveness 271

Australia 278

Finland 398

Germany 375, 381

Ireland 431

Japan 361

Netherlands 405

Russia 371

Singapore 330

Taiwan 319�20, 326United States 465�6

complementary assets 78, 107

complexity 122, 172, 247

component innovations 20

computer modeling 43

computers 11, 13, 91, 139, 475

dominant designs 81

intellectual property rights 51

Italy 422

memory 22, 23

patents 219

Singapore 330, 335

standards 126

United States 450, 451, 452, 455, 457, 459, 462

value chain 78

see also information and communications technology;

Internet; software

constructivism 6�7consumers see customers

content syndication 508

content tagging 509

contingency planning 242, 245, 246

control-and-fast-response 243�5convenience 21

cooperation 227�8, 265, 433see also collaboration

cooperative R&D agreements (CRADAs) 469�70Cooperative Research Centers (CRCs) (Australia) 282, 283

copyright 50, 52�3, 215appropriability regimes 78

computer-related technology 51

first-movers 126

international law 54, 220


core technologies 125�6Corning 200, 201, 236

corporate entrepreneurship (CE) 207�13championing model 258

emerging organizations 257

loosely coupled systems 258�60corporate records 40

corporate venturing 207, 208�10, 212, 477cosmopolitan orientation 151

costs

adoption 13


R&D 138

risk list 244

savings 89, 94

switching 14, 72, 85

technological competition 21

trial-and-error learning 247

value innovation 141

see also economies of scaleCouncil of Agriculture (COA) (Taiwan) 310, 314, 319, 325

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) (India)

341, 344, 345

coupling 257�62Crate & Barrel 186

creative destruction 12, 136, 257

creativity 10, 11, 201

agency organizations 200

human resources 150, 153

loosely coupled systems 258

‘‘critical chain’’ methodology 241

critical theory 271

crop yields 483

cross-functional teams 149�50, 151, 152, 160, 162�3, 204,225

crowdsourcing 507, 511

culture 274

Australia 284�7‘‘cultural distance’’ 203

Ireland 441�2Netherlands 274, 408, 415

customers/consumers 92, 99, 100�1adoption of innovations 117�18needs 231�2, 235service innovation 184�5, 186, 187, 188tastes and preferences 72, 97�8, 102voice of the customer 99, 140, 142, 159, 160, 163

customization 94, 192�3Cyclical Innovation Model (CIM) 407, 408�10

Daimler-Benz 92

data analysis 44

data collection 29�30, 38, 39, 142data transfer 22, 23

databases 25, 28�9, 39, 40, 50decentralization 195, 425

decision trees 242�3defense industry

cooperative R&D agreements 469

government investment 273

India 343, 344

Russia 367, 368, 369, 371, 372


United States 448, 457, 459, 460

Dell 19, 90, 93, 127, 216, 218

Delphi technique 30, 42, 43

demand

Netherlands 404, 407

product/service innovation 91

528 INDEX

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real-options analysis 57�8sources of innovation 97�8, 100, 101�2stages of innovation 247

demographic changes 100, 101

demographic diversity 150, 153

dendrimers 498

Denmark 280

Department of Industrial Technology (DoIT) (Taiwan) 314

deregulation

China 293, 294

Finland 392, 393

India 341, 342, 343, 344

design innovations 20

desktop memory 22, 23

developing countries 55, 100, 122, 270, 291

Development Center for Biotechnology (DCB) (Taiwan) 310,

316

diabetes treatment 31�2diagnostics, medical 480�1, 486�7differentiation 210

diffusion 12�13, 16, 113�16, 139Bass model 115�16global 116

learning by 172

Moore model 114, 139

Netherlands 411�12Rogers model 113�14

Digital Equipment Company (DEC) 102

discovery stage 162, 233, 237

dispersion of teams 226�7disruptive technology 47�8, 81, 92, 93�4, 476, 477distribution 142

diversification 70�1, 74, 128, 210, 372, 391diversity

demographic 150, 153

functional 226

global teams 152

national innovation systems 273

tenure 226

DNA technology 217, 479, 481, 482, 486�7Dockers 185�6documentation 243

Doha Declaration (2001) 54, 55

Dolby 84

domain redefinition 210, 211�12dominant designs 70, 71, 72, 79, 127

architectural innovation 94

capability ‘‘stacks’’ 142

competition 81, 83�4computer industry 139

definition of 89

industry characteristics 78

industry life cycle 106, 108

process innovation 91

Tushman�Rosenkopf model 108Donaldson v. Becket (1774) 53Douwe Egberts 404

downsizing 201, 202

drugs 55, 216, 219, 220, 481, 486

see also pharmaceutical industry

dual distribution channels 142

dual-ladder career organizations 147�8, 151dual technology tree 31�2dual training 387, 388

DuPont 200, 201, 205, 217, 454, 497

DVDs 14

dynamic models 105, 106, 107�8

e-book readers 99�100early-adopters 14, 113�14, 172eBay 186, 505, 506

ecological approaches 144

Economic Espionage Act (1996) 51

economic growth 10, 11, 136

Australia 281

China 291

Germany 381, 382, 388�9high-technology entrepreneurship 204

India 342, 343, 348

Ireland 431

Italy 419

Japan 353, 357, 358, 361


Netherlands 403

open innovation 121

R&D 140, 141

Russia 372�3Singapore 327, 328

Taiwan 309, 310

technological change 19

economic value added (EVA) 140, 141

economies of scale

dominant designs 84

first-movers 82


large firms 105

learning by scaling 172

outsourcing 63

production costs 72

ecosystem of the firm 29, 144

education

Australia 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284

China 293, 299

Finland 394�5, 401Germany 375, 376, 384�8India 341, 343, 345�6, 347, 348Ireland 432, 433, 434�5, 437, 441, 442Italy 426�7Japan 354�5, 357nanotechnology 502


Netherlands 405�6, 407, 411, 413, 417Russia 368, 371�2Singapore 335

Taiwan 314�15, 318�19, 321, 322United States 463�5see also universities

effectuation 98�9electricity 10, 13, 137

electronic marketplaces 29

INDEX 529

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electronics

Finland 391, 392, 397, 398

Ireland 436

Italy 422, 423

nanotechnology 493

Singapore 329

United States 447, 450, 451, 455, 457, 459, 460

elevators 184

emergent leadership style 228�9emerging business opportunity (EBO) structure 237

emerging organizations 257

emerging technologies 27, 28, 37, 475�8see also biotechnology; Internet; nanotechnology

emissions targets 7

employees 149�55agglomeration economies 15

China 299

dual-ladder career organizations 147�8, 151organization culture 195�6project evaluation 252

talent development 254

task assignment 200

turnover 151, 152

United States 451, 452�3see also human resources

endangered species 484

endogenous growth theory 136

energy technology

biotechnology 484�5, 486, 488Germany 381, 382�3Italy 426

United States 463

engineers 142, 149, 150, 152�3, 154Germany 385�6, 388India 341, 345�6Ireland 441

Italy 423

Singapore 329, 336, 337


Enterprise Ireland (EI) 433, 434, 435, 437�40enterprise resource planning (ERP) 90, 195

entrepreneurship 122, 137, 139, 140, 144�5Australia 279, 280, 284, 288

corporate venturing 207, 208�10, 212emerging organizations 257

Finland 399, 401

functions of innovation systems 410

Germany 381

high-technology 204

India 347�8institutional infrastructure 205

Ireland 441�2loosely coupled systems 258�60Netherlands 406, 407�8, 410�11, 414, 416Singapore 328, 330, 331, 332, 335�6strategic 207, 208, 210�12United States 446

see also corporate entrepreneurship; startupsentry barriers 70, 71, 72, 74

environmental issues 185, 483�4, 502

environmental technology

biotechnology 483�4, 485, 488Finland 394

Italy 426

Singapore 329, 332

United States 463

equity shares 61, 64

Estonia 371

ethnographic techniques 235, 238

Europe

academic publications 455, 456

economic growth 10

FDI in China 301

flexible manufacturing 192


nanotechnology 494, 495, 502

R&D expenditure 495

technology transfer 15�16university licensing 471

European Innovation Scorecard 441

European Union (EU)

educational expenditure 385, 386

Framework Program 7 (FP7) 441

intellectual property rights 54�5, 398Lisbon Strategy 382

nanotechnology 502

patents 380

as source of funding 369, 376, 393, 400, 433

university expenditure 428

evaluation

criteria for 255

innovation projects 251�6teams 228

timing of 255

evolutionary economics 269, 271

execution, quality of 1578, 160�1, 163Executive Yuan Strategic Review Board (SRB) (Taiwan) 313

expert promoters 263, 264, 265, 266

experts 29, 30, 73

forecasting 37, 38, 42, 43, 44

innovation teams 228

risk management office 243

Taiwan 313

Exploit Technologies 336

exploitation 131, 132, 171

front end of innovation 233�5, 238Germany 379, 380�1Netherlands 411

exploration 170�1, 233, 235�8exports

Australia 277, 278, 279, 287

China 300�1, 302, 303, 304Finland 398

Germany 383

India 343

Ireland 440

Italy 419, 420

Russia 372

Singapore 328

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Taiwan 309, 310, 320�1, 323United States 459, 460

externalization 170

Facebook 506

‘‘fair use doctrine’’ 50

fast-follower firms 81, 82, 84, 126, 172

Febreze 90

Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training

(BIBB) (Germany) 387, 388

feedback 176, 179, 247

finance 59�65adverse selection and moral hazard 59

angel investors 60�1, 397asset-based lending 62

Australia 280, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287

bootstrapping 60

budget contingencies 241�2China 299, 300, 303

Germany 376, 377, 378, 381, 382�3India 341, 344, 345, 347

Ireland 437�8, 439local/state/federal programs 62

mergers and acquisitions 63

Netherlands 407, 413�14open innovation 121

options 60

outsourcing 63

PIPEs 64

private placement 61

product-organization coupling 259

project valuation 60

public markets 63�4research parks 61�2royalty financing 61

Singapore 331, 336


SWORDs and spinouts 63

Taiwan 312�13, 318United States 446, 457, 459�62venture philanthropy 61

see also investment; venture capitalfinancial-accounting models 142

financial performance measures 139, 194, 253

Finland 391�402biotechnology 424

historical development 393, 399

institutions 392�5, 400output trends 397�8patents 272, 281, 397�8policy 392

R&D expenditure 273, 394, 395�7science graduates 284

service sector 398�9strengths and weaknesses 401

technology focus and maturity 274

Finnish Industry Investment (FII) 400

Finnvera 400

Finpro 400

firm size 105, 172

first-mover advantages 23, 81�2, 84, 126, 172, 212‘‘first sale doctrine’’ 50

FirstFone 247

Fischer�Pry logistic curve 41

flexibility

advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195�6organizational structure 195

trial-and-error learning 246

flexible manufacturing 191�2, 193, 459, 460Flickr 505, 506, 508

fluid phase 70, 73, 79, 91, 106, 107�8food industry 100, 450, 451, 484, 486

Ford Model T 89, 475

Ford Motor Company 90, 193

forecasting 30, 33, 37�45adoption patterns 172

data sources 40�1future simulations 43

historical background 38

intelligence gathering 38�9methodologies 41�2patents 40

scanning 39�40social and economic factors 42

trends in 44

foreign direct investment (FDI)

China 203, 293, 294, 300�1Finland 393, 401

India 346

Ireland 431, 432, 434, 440, 441

Netherlands 406

Singapore 327�8foresight 25, 27�8, 30Forfas 433�4, 435, 436, 442formalization 195

Foundation of Finnish Inventions (FFI) 400

France


patents 52

pharmaceutical industry 424

R&D expenditure 354, 427, 448


Frank Gehry Associates 204

Fraunhofer Society 377, 382

free trade 465

frenzy phase 475, 476

front end of innovation 163, 176�8, 179, 233�9fuel cells 28

fullerenes (buckyballs) 44, 475, 492�3, 497, 498functional needs 231�2functionality 21, 117�18funding see finance; investmentfutures research 412

fuzzy front end (FFE) 176�8, 179

games industry 43, 84, 272, 399

Garlik 510

gatekeepers 149, 163, 166, 228

creativity 153

technology 263, 264, 265

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gene therapy 482

Genentech 216

General Electric (GE) 127, 236, 257, 454

generations of R&D 137, 138�9nanotechnology 498

General Motors (GM) 122, 193, 218, 498

generations of R&D 138�9, 140organization 200, 201

service innovation 181, 182�3, 184genetic testing 481, 486�7genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 100, 221, 483, 484

geographic origin 50

German Research Foundation (DFG) 375, 376, 382, 387

Germany 82, 375�89commercialization 379�81cultural and political drivers 383�8education 384�8FDI in China 301


historical development 375

Initiative for Excellence 387

institutional structure 375�8output trends 378�9patents 272, 378�9, 380�1pharmaceutical industry 424

policy 381�3R&D expenditure 273, 354, 376, 377, 378�9, 383, 427, 448strengths and weaknesses 378�9, 383�8technology focus and maturity 273, 274


globalization 54, 121, 152, 309, 404�5goals 4, 143, 195, 254

Gompertz model 41

Google 62, 113, 181

GORE-TEX 201, 217

government intervention

Australia 280, 284

China 302


India 346, 348

national innovation systems 271, 272�3Netherlands 412, 413

Singapore 327, 328, 332

United States 446, 457�8government-linked corporations (GLCs) 327

GPS navigation systems 117

Grameen Bank 100

Greece 151

‘‘green biotech’’ 480, 483�4Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Australia 277, 278, 281

Germany 378

Italy 421


Netherlands 405

patents as proportion of 272

productivity improvement 10

Russia 369, 370, 372

Singapore 329, 336, 337

Taiwan 309, 319

United States 448

group-think 266

growth 19, 20, 21, 136

see also economic growth

health-related biotechnology 480�3, 486�8Henderson�Clark model 81, 94, 106, 107, 110

Herceptin 482

Hermann von Helmholtz Association of Research Centers

376�7, 382Herring Model 39

Hewlett-Packard (HP) 193, 202, 217, 454, 493, 498

high-technology industries 81�6, 204Australia 280�1China 302, 304

clusters 82�3dominant designs 83�4Finland 391, 398

Germany 378, 379, 381�2, 383India 348

Ireland 442

Italy 419, 421, 422�3, 425, 426Japan 363, 364

Russia 372

Singapore 328�9, 332, 334, 335�6standards 83�4Taiwan 316, 318, 326

timing of entry 82


see also biotechnology; electronic technology; information andcommunications technology; nanotechnology

higher education see universitiesHigher Education Authority (HEA) (Ireland) 434�5homework 160, 164

Honda 193

Hong Kong 10, 301

HP see Hewlett-PackardHSBC 185

human capital 77, 128, 413

human resource management (HRM) 194, 196

human resources 128, 149�55career management 150, 151�2cross-functional teams 150, 152

demographic diversity 150, 153

electronic technology 150, 153�4India 342, 344, 345

Italy 422

knowledge and creativity management 150, 153

outsourcing 150, 154

performance appraisal 150, 151, 196

planning 149�50product�organization coupling 259

rewards 150�1, 196Russia 369, 372, 373

Singapore 329, 333, 335

Taiwan 31819, 322, 323

see also employees; engineers; scientistshunter/gatherer metaphor 252

hype cycle 41

532 INDEX

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IBM 11, 81, 83, 121, 454

emerging business opportunity structure 237

executive surveys 199

intellectual property 218, 221

nanotechnology 492, 493, 494, 497, 498

QED Wiki 510

service innovation 181

vertical integration 78

ideas 234, 247

IDEO 203, 204, 218

imitability 107

immigration

Australia 284

Netherlands 413

Singapore 329

United States 452�3, 465immune system engineering (ImSE) 142, 482

implementation stage 247, 248

imports

China 302, 303

India 341, 342

Taiwan 323


improvisation 171�2, 243incongruities 99, 100, 101

incremental innovation 10�11, 12, 90, 91�2absorptive capacity 132

competition 81, 83, 84, 85

disruptive 93

exploitation 233

financial practice 140

front end of innovation 235

functionality and interface 117

Germany 383

Henderson�Clark model 106, 107


Italy 424

Netherlands 412

product portfolio 94

project evaluation 251, 252�3R&D 137, 138, 139, 141

reward systems 151

service sector 188

sustained regeneration 211

Tushman�Rosenkopf model 108incubation stage 237

incumbents 23, 28

Abernathy�Clark model 107

business model innovation 93�4disruptive technology 47, 48

diversification 70�1emerging technologies 477

front end of innovation 233�9functions of innovation systems 410

incremental innovations 84, 85, 91, 107


service innovation 181, 184�6standards 127

sustaining innovations 93

India 122, 341�9Australian research links 284

challenges 345�7commercialization 344

competitiveness 371


future directions 347�8government influences 272, 273

historical development 341�2nanotechnology 495

output trends 342�4patents 220, 272, 344

policy 344�5R&D expenditure 342�4, 347strengths in technology and innovation 345

tax incentives 273

technology focus and maturity 274


Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) 341, 342, 346, 347

indigenous peoples 221

individualism 274, 415, 476

induction 258

industrial designs 50

Industrial Development Authority (IDA) (Ireland) 432, 433,

434, 435

Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) (Taiwan) 314

industrial districts 424�5industrial organization 271

Industrial Revolution 10, 135, 475

industrial technology

biotechnology 480, 484�6, 488Ireland 437

Taiwan 314, 315�16Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) (Taiwan)

310, 315�16industry changes 100, 101

industry characteristics 77�9industry life cycles (ILCs) 69�76

Abernathy-Utterback model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 107�8,110

challenges 71

competitive dynamics 72�5evidence 71�2industry evolution models 75

industry perspective 270

informal evaluation 252, 253

informatics 437, 480, 488

Information Age 135, 138

information and communications technology (ICT)

Australia 281

Finland 391, 394, 396, 397n8, 398, 399

Germany 382�3Ireland 432, 434, 438

Italy 422, 423�4Japan 361, 363

Netherlands 406, 407, 408, 413, 414

Singapore 329, 330

Taiwan 309, 316�17team dispersion 227

INDEX 533

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see also computers; Internetinformation asymmetry 59, 63

‘‘information gap decision theory’’ 243

infrastructure 205, 218

‘‘infratechnology’’ 448

initial public offerings (IPOs) 461, 463

Initiative for Excellence (Germany) 387

InnoCentive 121, 199, 205

innovation

absorptive capacity 132�3administrative 89, 92�3, 196barriers to 140, 263, 265, 346�7capitalist economies 12

categories of 90

champions and promoters 263�8circular definitions 20

clusters 15, 82�3consumer adoption process 117�18corporate entrepreneurship 207, 210

Cyclical Innovation Model 407, 408�10definitions of 89, 141

diffusion of 1213, 16, 113�16, 139, 172, 411�12disruptive 92, 93�4dynamic models 105, 106, 107�8financing 59�65Finland 392, 398

front end of 163, 233�9functions of innovation systems 407, 410�14fuzzy front end of 176�8, 179generations of R&D 135�45Germany 378, 381�2, 383, 388�9India 346�7industry characteristics 77

industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 73, 75integrated profit chain model 109, 110

interdependence 11

Ireland 431, 439, 440, 442

Italy 421, 424�5, 427Japan 351, 353�6, 363�4management of 33

modular 73, 83, 94, 107

Netherlands 404, 405, 406�7, 408�14, 415�17organizing for 199�206platform 20, 21, 90, 139, 235, 236, 251

project evaluation 251, 254, 255

Russia 367, 371

Schumpeterian notion of 10

service 79, 89�91, 138�9, 181�9sources of 97�103speed of 77

Stage-Gate system 176

stages of 247

static models 105�7sub-components 38, 41�2, 94sustaining 93�4synchronous 193, 196

technological 92�3technology intelligence 26, 28, 34

timing of 11

types of 89�95United States 445�7, 457�62, 465�6see also architectural innovation; incremental innovation;national innovation systems; open innovation; process

innovation; product innovation; radical innovation

‘‘innovation arenas’’ 408

innovation extension center (IEC) 144

Innovation Incubator Program 314

‘‘innovation labs’’ 142, 143

innovation paradox 408, 411n10

innovation teams 225�9innovators 11314, 115, 141, 149, 259�60, 261‘‘innovator’s dilemma’’ 93

instant messaging (IM) 14

Institute for Information Industry (III) (Taiwan) 316�17institutionalization stage 237


integrative capacity 195

Intel 121, 125, 139, 143, 236, 475

intellectual property 216, 218

nanotechnology 498

standards 126

intellectual capital 215, 221

intellectual property rights (IPRs) 49�55, 135�6, 215�22biotechnology 51

categories 49�51China 299300, 302, 303

computers and technology 51


databases 25

dominant designs 72

Finland 398

first-movers 126

historical development 52�4India 342, 347, 348

indigenous peoples 221

industry characteristics 78

‘‘innovation labs’’ 142

Ireland 436�7, 441, 442nanotechnology 502

Netherlands 405�6, 407research parks 62

Russia 371

Singapore 330

synchronous innovation 193


see also copyright; patents; trademarksintelligence gathering 25, 29, 38�9

see also technology intelligence

interfaces 117�18internalization 170

International Convention for the Protection of Industrial

Property (Paris Convention, 1883) 54

international orientation 161, 164

Internet 43, 91, 92, 153, 505�12ANGEL networks 61

Bass model 115

diffusion of 13

Finland 391, 393, 396, 397, 399

534 INDEX

information and communications technology (ICT) (cont.)

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forecasting 37

global markets 122

music downloading 127

protocols 14

Semantic Web 509�10technology intelligence 29

United States 462

virtual teams 203

Web 1.0 technologies 505�6Web 2.0 technologies 505, 506�9, 510Web 3.0 technologies 505

introduction stage 20

inventions 10, 13, 203

definition of 89

Finland 400

Germany 381

patents 49, 52

TRIZ model 42


investment 19, 273, 369�70angel investors 60�1, 397Australia 280, 282�3, 286, 287China 292, 297, 298, 300�1emerging technologies 476

Finland 392�4, 395�7, 400Germany 378, 379, 382�3, 387India 342�4, 345, 346, 347industry life cycle 74

international comparisons 427

Ireland 431, 432�4, 435�6, 439, 440, 441Italy 419, 421, 424, 425�6Japan 353

manufacturing 192

market share improvements 192

nanotechnology 494�5, 496, 502Netherlands 405, 413�14PIPEs 64


R&D intensity 128

real-options analysis 57�8roadmap 32

Russia 367, 372

Singapore 328, 329�31, 332, 334�5, 336�7, 338Taiwan 314, 315, 318�20, 321, 326United States 446, 447�52, 457�8, 459�63see also finance; foreign direct investment; return on

investment; venture capital

iPhone 115, 122, 136

iPod 14, 90, 91, 99, 113, 122, 136, 235

Ireland 431�43commercialization 436�40cultural drivers 441�2historical development 431�3institutional structure 433�5output trends 435�6patents 272, 436, 437�8, 442R&D expenditure 432, 434, 435�6, 437�40, 441strengths and weaknesses 440�1technology focus and maturity 273, 274

irruption 475, 476

ISO 9000 quality management 90, 139

Italy 419�30commercialization 422�3cultural and political drivers 426�7government influences 272, 273


historical development 419�21output trends 421�2patents 52, 272, 422, 423

policy 423�4R&D expenditure 419�20, 421, 424, 425�7, 428, 448regional disparities 274, 419, 420, 421�2, 427, 428strengths and weaknesses 424�5technology focus and maturity 273, 274


iTunes 90, 99, 122, 136

Japan 10, 123, 202�3, 351�66co-evolutionary dynamism 351, 353, 354, 361, 363�4cultural climate 274

FDI in China 301

flexible manufacturing 191�2higher education ranking 427

historical development 353, 354, 356, 362

induction model 258

institutional systems for innovation 353�6nanotechnology 494, 495

national R&D program 361

patents 272, 302, 380


policy 356�7, 361, 362‘‘product churning’’ 246

R&D expenditure 273, 353�4, 379, 448, 495software game industry 272


technology transfer 16


vision 357�61John Deere 183, 184

Joint Initiative for Research and Innovation (Germany) 382

joint ventures 64, 127, 203, 208, 218

Joost 510

key technologies 27

Kiva.org 100

know-how 263, 264

knowledge 169�70absorptive capacity 131, 132�3architectural 89, 94, 106, 107

Australia 285, 288

biotechnology 479, 487�8diffusion of 411�12dual distribution channels 142

expert 263, 264, 265




intellectual capital 215

interpretive 261

Italy 425

INDEX 535

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market 106, 107, 109, 169

Netherlands 411�12, 414, 416organizational structure 202

patents 217�18Schumpeterian innovation 10

scientific 128

sources of innovation 100, 101

spill-overs 127�8static models 106

tacit 15, 82, 98, 107, 153, 170, 293

technological 106, 107, 109, 169


transfer of 15, 127, 132, 278�9, 376�7uncertainty 245

Web-based collaboration 153

knowledge management 141, 150, 153

Kodak 32�3, 139, 217, 218, 493, 497, 498Kondratiev waves 11

Korea 10, 123

FDI in China 301

industrial development 302

nanotechnology 494

patents 302

R&D expenditure 280

labor contracts 416

language 5�6, 7, 40�1, 231Lanham Act (1946) 50

lasers 11

late-entrants 126

latent demand 98, 101

Latin America 301

lead-user approach 237

leadership 139�40, 141informal 149

innovation teams 225, 228�9outsourcing 154

process promoters 264

technical managers 152

technology 126

transformational 263

lean manufacturing 138, 139, 142, 166

learning 169�73absorptive capacity 131, 133

corporate venturing 208, 209

higher order 173


Japan 363, 364

process innovation 196�7project evaluation 253

risk management 243

Singapore 329

trial-and-error 171, 245�6, 247learning-by-doing 11�12, 15, 133, 170, 171, 329learning-by-using 12, 15, 329

learning plans 254, 261

legitimacy 73, 410, 413

Leibniz Science Association 377�8, 382leveraging 208�9

Levi Strauss 185�6liberalization 329, 342, 343, 344

licensing 51, 139, 216, 218

China 300

India 342

Ireland 440


risk list 244

Singapore 329, 330, 336, 338

SWORD arrangements 63

Taiwan 310, 326

United States 55, 219, 447, 453�4, 455university 55, 447, 453�4, 455, 471, 477

life sciences 480

Ireland 440

United States 456, 457, 459, 460, 463

lighting 22, 23

living standards 9, 10, 476

loans 61, 62, 100

local orientation 151

location, structural 259

Lockheed 201

Logitech 122

loosely coupled systems 257, 258�61Lucent 121, 247, 498

Macintosh 14

Mactor technique 30management

administrative innovation 92

conceptions of technology 3, 4

dual-ladder career organizations 147�8innovation teams 225�6Ireland 439, 440

Japan 355, 357, 363, 364

project evaluation 254�5R&D 136, 137, 141


see also senior managementManhattan Project 137, 457

manufacturing

advanced manufacturing technologies 194�6Australia 277, 278, 279, 281, 285, 287, 288

biotechnology 484, 485

Finland 392

flexible 191�2, 193, 459, 460Germany 385�6India 343

Ireland 434

Italy 419, 420, 426

lean 138, 139, 142, 166

mass customization 94, 192�3mass production 136, 137, 475

process innovation 191�8Russia 371

service innovation 181, 182�4Singapore 328

technology transfer 16

United States 187, 448, 450, 451, 459, 460

market-driving strategies 127

536 INDEX

knowledge (cont.)

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market entry 74, 81, 82, 126

see also entry barriers

market failure 59

market launch 160, 161, 162, 163�4market research 160, 161, 235

market segments 47, 74, 93, 98, 138

market share 71, 82, 84, 192

marketing 3, 101�2, 114brand management 139

consumer preferences 98

disruptive technology 48

incumbents 107


Ireland 431�2R&D integration with 234

S-curve 92

markets

agglomeration economies 15

blue oceans 212, 238

Cyclical Innovation Model 408�10diffusion of innovations 13

disruptive technology 47�8domain redefinition 211�12dual distribution channels 142

financing innovation 63�4functions of innovation systems 410

global 116, 122, 164


Netherlands 412�13‘‘new business’’ concept 209

niche 71, 93

radical innovations 92

risk list 244

roadmap 32


technological change 19


mashups 507, 511

mass customization 94, 192�3mass production 136, 137, 475

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 333, 493, 494

mathematics 456, 457, 463, 464, 465, 466

matrix organizations 202

Matsushita 454

mature technologies 27

maturity stage 20, 28, 73�4, 476see also specific phase

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 375,

377, 382

‘‘mechanistic’’ organization 201

medical technology 100, 183, 235�6Australia 277�8, 279, 285, 288biotechnology applications 480�3, 486�8Finland 394

Germany 379, 383

Ireland 435, 436

Singapore 329, 332, 333, 337

Taiwan 316


Menlo Park 137

merchant guilds 53

Merck 216

mergers and acquisitions (M&A) 63, 204

China 302


nanotechnology 496

patents 218

see also acquisitionsmetadata 39

Microsoft 19, 55, 62, 89, 126, 139

competitive dynamics 81, 83, 84

RDF 510

schedule buffers 241

selectionism 246

specification compromises 242

Vista 7, 91

see also Windows

Middle East 456

milestone-planning framework 253

Millar v. Taylor (1769) 53Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) (Taiwan) 313, 315,

319, 324

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) (Japan)

356�8Ministry of Education (MOE) (Taiwan) 314�15, 319, 324modular innovation 73, 83, 94, 107

molecular manufacturing 492, 501, 502

monitors 21, 22, 23

monopolies 52, 53, 54

Monsanto 100, 221, 483

moral hazard 59

motivation 260, 261

Motorola 236

multimedia-sharing services 508

multinational companies (MNCs) 270

India 343, 344, 346, 348

Ireland 431, 432

Italy 423

nanotechnology 497

Netherlands 414

Singapore 327�8, 332, 335, 336�7MySpace 115, 506

nanocomposites 498

nanoparticles 498

nanotechnology 44, 92, 475, 491�504funding 494�5Germany 378, 382�3historical developments 492�3industry impact 499, 503

institutions and infrastructure 495�7issues and challenges 502�3market growth 500�1Netherlands 414

patents 493�4platforms 498

process innovation 90, 91

products 499�500Russia 371

scope of 491�2

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Singapore 330

societal fears 502�3Taiwan 318

United States 458

value chain 499, 500, 501

nanotubes 491, 492�3, 497, 498, 499, 502nanowires 493, 498, 499

National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL) (Taiwan)

317

National Health Research Institute (NHRI) (Taiwan) 316

National Innovation Initiative (NII) (US) 135

national innovation systems (NIS) 269�76Australia 277�89China 291�305definition of 270

diversity of technologies 273

evolution of scholarship 270

Finland 391�402Germany 375�89government influences 272�3impact on policy making 271�2India 341�9Ireland 431�43Italy 419�30Japan 351�66Netherlands 403�18Russia 367�73Singapore 327�39socio-cultural factors 273�4Taiwan 309�26theoretical foundations 270�1United States 445�67

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) (US) 495, 496, 502

National Research Foundation (Singapore) 330�1National Science and Technology Plans (Singapore) 328,

329�30National Science Council (NSC) (Taiwan) 310�11, 312�13,

315, 317, 319, 323, 325

National Science Foundation (NSF) (US) 202, 330, 446, 450,

458, 466, 477

natural products 481

needs 231�2, 235neoclassical economics 270, 271, 416

net present value (NPV) 57, 58, 140

Netherlands 403�18commercialization 406�7cultural and political drivers 274, 414�15Cyclical Innovation Model 407, 408�10functions of innovation systems 407, 410�14government influences 272, 273

historical development 403�5output trends 405�6patents 272, 405, 411, 416

R&D expenditure 405, 413�14strengths and weaknesses 407�8technology focus and maturity 274

network economies 84

network effects 507

networks

demographic diversity 153



of innovation 202�3Ireland 442

Italy 419, 425

Netherlands 411�12promoters 264, 265

scientists and engineers 152�3‘‘new business’’ concept 208, 209

New Concept Development Model 178

new product development (NPD) 19, 91, 175�9, 233architectural innovation 94

failures 157�8fuzzy front end 176�8, 179generations of R&D 137, 138, 139, 141

innovation teams 225�9integrated model of innovation 101, 102

loosely coupled systems 258�9portfolio management 95

‘‘probe-and-learn process’’ 236�7project acceptance 178

project implementation 178

roadmap 32

small firms 204

Stage-Gate system 137, 138�9, 157�67, 175�6, 247supply-side sources of innovation 98, 99

uncertainty reduction stages 247�8New Zealand 456

newly industrialized countries 270

niche markets 71, 93

NIH (not invented here) syndrome 33, 274, 363

Nike 261

Nokia 202�3, 391, 392, 395, 397, 399Nominal Group Conferencing 42

non-profit sector 448�50Norway 280

objectivity 5�6, 7One-North Science Habitat 332�3open innovation 121�3, 164, 205, 218, 235, 238

Finland 392

Netherlands 404, 413, 416

relationship promoters 264

open-source software 507

opinion leaders 114

opportunities 101�2, 210emerging business opportunity structure 237

recognition of 234, 235


Option International 246�7options 57�8, 60, 236organic foods 100

‘‘organic’’ organization 201

organizational changes 92

organizational culture 151, 153, 194�6, 258organizational rejuvenation 210, 211, 212

organizational structure 92, 93, 199, 200�1, 202advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195, 196

538 INDEX

nanotechnology (cont.)

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organizational theory 3, 125, 199, 200

OTISLINE 184

outsourcing 63, 78, 123, 216

business model reconstruction 212

China 297, 299, 303

human resources 150, 154

ICT industry 399


open innovation 164

research 121, 218

Taiwan 326

oversight 236, 272�3

Pacific Islands 301

pacing technologies 27

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) 237, 408

paper and pulp industry 391, 392, 396, 484, 485

parallel processing 164

parallel trials 247

Parkland Hospital 185

partnerships 64, 123, 205, 380, 439

Patent Cooperation Treaty (1978) 54

Patent Law Amendment Act (1852) 52

patents 15, 49, 73, 135�6, 219�21appropriability regimes 78

Australia 281, 282

China 293�5, 299�300, 302computer-related technology 51

databases 25, 28�9, 40dominant designs 72

Finland 397�8first-movers 126

forecasting 37, 38, 40

Germany 378�9, 380�1history of 52

India 344

industry effect 219


international law 54, 220

Ireland 436, 437�8, 442Italy 422, 423

licensing 55

living organisms 457

nanotechnology 493�4, 502Netherlands 405, 411, 416

risk list 244

Russia 371

Singapore 334, 336, 338

small firms 204

strategy 215�18Taiwan 300, 310, 320, 321, 322, 326

United States 49, 219�21, 272, 281, 302, 380, 445, 447,453�6, 458, 466

university licensing 453�4, 455, 471path dependence 5, 13�14Peapod 90

penicillin 44, 446

perception 100, 101

performance

advanced manufacturing technologies 194

Australia 281�2disruptive innovations 93

financial 139

guarantees 64


product superiority 234

promoters 266

rewards relationship 228

teams 226, 227�8top management support impact on 266

trajectories of 47

see also productivityperformance appraisal 150, 151, 196

personalized medicine 482, 487�8Pfizer 99, 216

pharmaceutical industry 78, 127, 136, 202, 479

Australia 278, 284

biotechnology 482�3, 484, 486Germany 375, 379, 383

government investment 273

India 343, 344, 345

Italy 422, 423, 424

patents 219, 221, 454�5Taiwan 316

United States 454�5Phase-Review process 158

phased project planning (PPP) 175

philanthropy 61

Philips 404, 410

philosophy of technology 3

photography 32�3, 139, 217Physiotherapy Associates 183, 184

pioneers 126

PIPEs (private investment in public entities) 64

PISA see Program for International School Assessmentplanned leadership style 229

planning 138, 139, 142

contingency 242, 245, 246

forecasting 37

human resources 149�50learning plans 254, 261


robust 243

Singapore 328, 329�30strategic 140, 228

Taiwan 310, 317

plants 481, 482�3plastics 422, 451, 485

platform innovations 20, 21, 90, 139, 235, 236, 251

podcasts 509

Polder Model 412, 415

policy

Australia 278, 283�4, 288China 291, 294, 299�301, 302, 304Finland 392, 401

Germany 375, 381�3India 342, 344�5Ireland 431, 432, 442

INDEX 539

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Italy 423�4, 425Japan 356�7, 361, 362, 364national innovation systems 271�2Netherlands 404, 405, 406�7, 414, 415�17Russia 368

Singapore 329�31Taiwan 310�11, 313, 317�18United States 457�9, 465�6see also regulation

polylactic acid (PLA) 485

population growth 10

portfolio management 94�5, 139, 160exploitation projects 235


project evaluation 251, 252, 254

Stage-Gate system 164�6positivism 6, 7

power

boundary-spanners 265

promoters 263, 264, 266

technology as instrument of 6, 7

PPG 497

practice, technology as 4, 5

pragmatists 114

Pratt & Whitney 183�4Priceline.com 216

prices 71, 126

primary sector 278, 279, 284, 285, 288

see also agricultureprinters 21, 22, 23

private placement 61

privatization 327, 368

‘‘probe-and-learn process’’ 236�7problem-solving 247, 248

process innovation 89�91, 191�8advanced manufacturing technologies 194�6flexible manufacturing 191�2industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 73, 106, 108life cycle management 94�5mass customization 192�3Netherlands 416

synchronous 193

process needs 99�100, 101process promoters 263, 264, 266

Procter & Gamble 90, 95, 121, 158, 164, 235

product concept 234�5product definition 159�60, 163, 164, 177, 234product design 14, 32, 70, 108

product development see new product development

Product Development and Management Association (PDMA)

157

product innovation 89�91, 138�9industry life cycle 70�1, 72, 106, 108life cycle management 95

Stage-Gate system 157�67top management role 161

product life cycle (PLC) 69, 114, 139

portfolio management 94�5reverse 79


Tushman-Rosenkopf model 108

value innovation 141

product-organization coupling 257�62product portfolio see portfolio management

product superiority 234

production capability 70

production processes 77

productivity

agglomeration economies 15

definitions of technology 3

India 343, 344

Italy 426

Japan 355

Netherlands 403


technology evolution 9�10value innovation 141

see also performanceprofitability 159, 192

Program for International School Assessment (PISA) 384�5,394�5, 463, 464

program-related investments (PRIs) 61

project evaluation 251�6conduct of 252�3criteria for 253�4importance of 252

informal 252, 253

managers 254�5timing of 253

project management 73, 137

phases of 247�8process promoters 264

uncertainty 241�50variation and buffers 241�2

Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) 491, 497

project oversight board 236

project valuation 60

promoters 263�6‘‘prosumers’’ 99

protein therapies 482

‘‘pseudolooseness’’ 260, 261

public procurement 446

public research institutes (PRIs)

China 291�5, 297, 298, 303Finland 395

Germany 375�8, 380, 381, 382India 341, 343, 347

Italy 422, 425, 426

Russia 367, 368

Singapore 334, 335�6, 337, 338public sector

Australia 277, 283, 285, 288


Finland 393, 397, 399

Germany 382

India 341, 342, 343, 348

Italy 419, 426

Singapore 327, 331, 334, 336, 337, 338

Taiwan 319, 320, 323

540 INDEX

policy (cont.)

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United States 448�50see also state-owned enterprises

publications 28, 39, 40, 53

see also academic publications

Qualcomm 183, 184

quality 159, 193, 194

quality function deployment 99, 139

quantum dots 493, 494, 497, 498, 499

quantum mechanics 492

QWERTY keyboard 5, 13�14, 85, 89, 126�7

R&D see research and developmentradical (breakthrough) innovation 10�11, 28, 90, 91�2

Abernathy�Clark model 107

absorptive capacity 132

competition 81, 82, 83, 84, 85

disruptive 93

economic growth 136


exploration 233, 238

Henderson�Clark model 107

IDEO 203


lead-users 237


product�organization coupling 257�62product portfolio 94

project evaluation 251, 252, 253�5R&D 137, 138, 139, 140�1, 143, 145reward systems 151

service innovation 182

railroads 10, 200, 475

Rand Corporation 30

rationality 5, 6, 7

RDF (Resource Description Framework) 510

real-options analysis 32, 57�8, 236, 245‘‘red biotech’’ 4803, 486�8regenerative medicine 482

regional innovation 270, 274

regulation 13, 78, 100, 244

Bayh-Dole Act 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471

China 299, 300

India 341, 342, 344

intellectual property rights 49, 50, 51, 52�4, 55investment law 61

Sarbanes�Oxley Act 446

see also policyrelationship promoters 264�5, 266reliability 21

remanufacturing 183, 184

research 19, 121, 205

China 296, 297

Cyclical Innovation Model 409

Finland 392�4, 395, 396, 401front end of innovation 233

Germany 375�8, 381, 382, 383, 386�7India 347, 348

Ireland 432, 433, 434�5, 437, 438, 439, 441Italy 424, 426�7

nanotechnology 496�7Netherlands 407, 412

patents 217, 218

Russia 368, 369�70Singapore 330�1, 333�5, 336, 337, 338Taiwan 313, 315, 316, 317, 320


university licensing 471

see also universitiesresearch and development (R&D)

Australia 277�8, 279, 280�1, 282, 283, 284, 287China 292�3, 295�9, 302, 303clusters 82�3cooperative R&D agreements 469�70definition of 135

downsizing 201, 202

Finland 392, 395�7, 399, 400, 401generations of 135�45Germany 382�3human resources 149�55India 341, 342�4, 345, 347�8industry life cycle 70

intensity 128

international comparisons 352, 427

Ireland 432, 433, 435�6, 439, 441, 442Italy 419, 420, 421�2, 423�4, 425�6Japan 353�4, 355, 357�8, 359, 361market share improvements 192

marketing integration with 234

mergers and acquisitions 63

nanotechnology 494�5national innovation systems 270

Netherlands 404, 405, 406n6, 407, 411, 413�14, 416new opportunities 101

open innovation 121

option valuation methods 60

organizational structure 200�1outsourcing 63, 154

portfolio management 95

Procter & Gamble 235

roadmap 32

Russia 367�73Singapore 328, 329, 330�1, 332, 334�5, 336�8SWORDs 63

Taiwan 309, 310, 315�17, 318�20, 321, 326tax incentives 273

team leaders 228

technology gatekeepers 264

technology intelligence 25, 33

United States 445�6, 447�53, 457�8, 462�3, 465, 466venture capital 62

research councils 434

Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (Singapore) 330

research/science parks 61�2, 328, 331�3, 370, 394residual risk 243�5resource-based theory 82

resources

corporate venturing 208

disruptive technology 47, 48

efficient use of 59

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institutional infrastructure 205

Netherlands 413

new product development 157

project evaluation 252, 254

roadmap 32

Taiwan 318�19return on investment (ROI) 3, 4, 194, 252

reverse product life cycle 79

rewards 147, 150�1, 196, 228rhetoric 7

risk 59, 60, 74

risk assessment 242

risk identification 242, 245

risk lists 243, 244

risk management 162, 242�5, 247risk prevention 242

risk response planning 242�3roadmaps 32, 139, 142�3, 166robotics 335, 457, 476, 488

RockBottomGolf.com 186

role plurality 265

Roman Empire 52, 53

Route 128 (Boston) 82, 450

royalty financing 61

RSS (Really Simple Syndication) 508

Russia

economic development 372�3education 371�2federal programs 370

nanotechnology 495

patents 272, 371

R&D expenditure 369�70, 372, 448state corporations 370�1strengths and weaknesses 367, 371


Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) 368, 369

S-curve 41, 69, 92, 106, 108�9diffusion of innovation 113, 172


sales growth 114, 115

technology transition 19�20, 21�3S&T Advisory Group (STAG) (Taiwan) 310�12, 313, 317,

318, 324

S3 218

sales 114, 115, 139

Samsung 454, 498

Sarbanes�Oxley Act (2002) 446

scalability 172

scaling 172

scanning 25, 39�40scenarios 30, 139, 242

Schumpeterian models 10, 11, 105�6, 110, 136Schwab 94

science 43�4Cyclical Innovation Model 408, 409

Germany 377, 378

Ireland 431

language of 5�6, 7Netherlands 416

technology distinction 3

United States 463, 464, 465, 466

see also scientistsscience and technology (S&T)

China 291�2, 294, 295�7, 302�4Japan 356�7, 359Russia 368�9Taiwan 309�13, 315, 317�19, 320, 324�5, 326

Science and Technology Policy Council (Finland) 392, 393

Science Council (Germany) 375, 376, 387

Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) 432�3, 434, 435science/research parks 612, 328, 331�3, 370, 394Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) (Singapore) 331

scientists 128, 149, 150, 152�3, 154, 202Germany 381

Italy 423

Netherlands 407, 411�12Russia 369, 372

Singapore 329, 336, 337


scoping 162, 233

scorecards 166

Searle 236

secrecy 28�9, 51sectoral innovation 270, 278, 279, 283, 285

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 61, 64

selectionism 246�7, 248Semantic Web 509�10semiconductors

Italy 422, 423

nanotechnology 492, 501

Singapore 329

United States 216, 455, 457n13, 462

senior management 161, 266


product-organization coupling 258, 259, 260, 261

project evaluation 254�5Senseo 404

service innovation 79, 89�91, 138�9, 181�9incumbents 181, 184�6manufacturing firms 181, 182�4new entrants 181, 186�7

service sector 43, 90�1, 138, 181, 187Australia 280, 281, 287

Finland 398�9Ireland 435

Italy 420, 426

technological characteristics 79

United States 451

‘‘shake-outs’’ 71, 73

shares 63�4Silicon Valley 15, 82, 205, 332, 333, 450

simulations 43, 44

Singapore 10, 327�39commercialization 335�6education 335

FDI in China 301

historical development 327�9

542 INDEX

resources (cont.)

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output trends 336�7, 338patents 272, 281, 334, 336, 338

policy-making agencies 329�31R&D expenditure 329�30, 334, 336, 337, 338research agencies 333�5science parks 331�3technology focus and maturity 273, 274

Sitra 393, 394, 400

six-sigma management process 184

skills 15, 149, 178, 196

dual-ladder career organizations 147

innovation teams 227

promoters 265

Singapore 335

vocational education and training 388

skunkworks operations 201, 259, 260, 261

small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)

Australia 280

bootstrapping 60

China 291, 295, 302, 303

economic growth 139

Finland 400

Germany 382, 383

India 341, 342, 346, 347, 348

Ireland 439, 441, 442

Italy 419�20, 424�5mass customization 193

Netherlands 407, 408, 412n11, 414

patents 204

Russia 368

Singapore 327, 328, 329

Taiwan 314

transition phase 73


Small Business Administration (SBA) 62

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

Netherlands 414

United States 62, 457, 458, 496

Small Business Technology Transfer (SBTT) (US) 62, 457,

496

small-molecule drugs 481

smart car 92

SMART Center (Singapore) 333

smart phones 117

social attitudes 100

social capital 149, 152�3, 154Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) 4, 5, 7

social constructionism 4�5social context 4�5, 151, 273�4social innovation 204, 392, 417

social networks 44, 442, 507, 510, 511

see also networkssocialization 170

software

bioinformatics 480

forecasting 43

India 343, 344, 345, 346


open-source 507

Russia 371


Web-based 511

see also computerssolution stage 247, 248

Sony 94, 98, 114

South America 456

Southwest Airlines 127

specialization 83, 200, 265

specific (mature) phase 70, 73�4, 79, 91, 106, 108see also maturity stage

specification compromises 242

spill-overs 127�8, 363, 395�7spinoffs 297, 380, 381, 401, 423

spinouts 63

spiral innovation 140, 141, 142, 144

Sprint 476

Stage-Gate system 157�67, 175�6decision outcomes 253

front end of innovation 233�4generations of R&D 137, 138�9, 140history of 158�9impact of 164, 165

NextGen 164�6research leading to 159�62risk reduction 247

success factors 163�4Technology Stage-Gate process 236

standard operating procedures 259, 260

standardization 14�15, 78, 94, 108, 126standards 14�15, 44, 74, 77, 83�4, 108, 126�7Starbucks 127

startups 77, 78, 122, 140, 204


Germany 381, 382, 383

Ireland 434, 437



service innovation 181, 186�7United States 454, 455, 457, 461

university links 205

venture capital 209�10see also entrepreneurship

Starwood Hotels 184, 185

state corporations 370�1state-owned enterprises (SOEs)

China 291, 292, 295, 298, 303

Russia 367, 369, 370

see also public sectorstatic models 105�7Statute of Anne (1709�1710) 53steam engine 11, 12

steel 475

stents 235�6STMicroelectronics 422, 423�4strategic alliances 64, 122, 127�8

business model innovation 93

cross-functional teams 204


industry characteristics 77�8open innovation 205

INDEX 543

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patent licenses 216

pharmaceutical industry 202, 219

strategic conversations 261

strategic entrepreneurship 207, 208, 210�12strategic planning 140, 228

strategic renewal 210, 211

Strategic Review Board (SRB) (Taiwan) 313

strategy 125�9, 200�1advanced manufacturing technologies 194, 195

alliances 127�8core technologies 125�6emerging business opportunity structure 237


intellectual property 215�22loosely coupled systems 259

market-driving 127

pioneering 126

project evaluation 253�4R&D intensity 128

radical innovation 140

scientific human resources 128

standards 126�7technology foresight 30

technology intelligence 25�6, 34Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation (SSTI)

(Ireland) 432, 433, 438, 439, 440

structural analysis 30

structuration theory 4, 6, 7

Stryker 183

Sun Microsystems 62

suppliers 60, 73

supply

Netherlands 404

process innovation 91

sources of innovation 98�9, 101, 102supply chain management 138

surveys 29�30, 42sustainability 287, 484

sustained regeneration 210, 211

Sweden 280, 424, 427

Swiss Watch Company (Swatch) 92

Switzerland 424

SWORDs 63

synchronous innovation 193, 196

synergy phase 475, 476

systems theory 271, 404

tagging 39, 509

Taiwan 10, 309�26executive organizations 312�15FDI in China 300�1historical development 309�11implementing organizations 315�17industrial development 302

international factors 326

nanotechnology 495

National S&T Conferences 310, 311, 317�18output trends 319�20, 322patents 272, 300, 302, 320, 321, 322, 326

planning and assessment 317

policy-forming process 317�18R&D expenditure 312�14, 318�20, 321structural problems 321�3technology focus and maturity 273, 274

talent development 254

tariffs 278

task assignment 200

Tata Group 345, 346

tax incentives 273

Australia 280, 283

Germany 382

India 345

Ireland 431

Singapore 329, 332


TE centers 400

teachers 464�5team building 228

teams 201�2, 203, 225�9cross-functional 149�50, 151, 152, 160, 162�3, 204, 225diversity 226

high-technology startups 204

project evaluation 254�5proximity 226�7size of 226

virtual 152, 203, 204

techne 5, 6technical education 335, 345�6technical expertise 228

‘‘technical progress’’ 136

technological perspective 270

technology 3�8adoption of 12�13, 41, 43, 113�14alliances 127�8analysis of projects 57�8assessment of 27

China 295, 299, 300, 303

clusters 15

co-evolution of 11, 16

conceptions of 3�4constructivist approach 6�7Cyclical Innovation Model 408, 409, 410

disruptive 47�8, 81, 92, 93�4, 476, 477dual technology tree 31�2evolution of 9�17, 19�20, 21, 105, 108, 476financing 59�65Finland 392

focus 273

forecasting 30, 33, 37�45foresight 25, 27�8, 30Germany 381�3human resources 150, 153�4India 342, 344, 345

industry characteristics 77�9intellectual property rights 51, 221

Ireland 431, 432�3, 439�40Italy 421

Japan 353, 364


544 INDEX

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mapping 38�9, 42maturity 273

Netherlands 406, 410, 413

objectivity and language of 5�6path dependence 13�14radical innovations 91�2revolutionary technologies 10�11roadmap 32

S-curve 92, 106, 108�9Singapore 328�9, 337, 338social context 4�5strategy 125�9Taiwan 313, 314, 315�16, 320�1, 323as technique 25n1

transition 19�24United States 446�7Web 2.0 507

see also emerging technologies; information and

communications technology; science and technology;

technology transfer

technology gatekeepers 263, 264, 265

technology intelligence (TI) 25�35deliverables 31�3, 34functions of 27�8methods of 29�30objectives of 25�6players involved 33

sources for 28�9tools of 30

technology leadership 126

technology life cycle (TLC) 15, 27, 69, 79

Technology Stage-Gate (TSG) process 236

technology transfer 15�16China 203, 291, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300

India 344

Ireland 436, 437, 438, 441

Netherlands 406

Singapore 328, 332

Taiwan 310, 326

United States 62, 447, 457, 469

university licensing 471

Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) 471

TechnoPartner 414

Teece model 107, 110

Tekes 391, 393�4, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400telephones 12, 13, 476

Teranode 510

Texas Instruments 221

text mining 44

textile industry 15, 392, 425, 451, 486

therapeutics 481, 483, 486

Thinking Skills, Learning Nation (TSLN) initiative

(Singapore) 335

Thixomolding 412, 413

3M 237, 493, 498

time to market 161

Toyota 138, 193, 246

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

(TRIPS) 49�51, 54, 55, 219�20trade secrets 51, 78, 216

trademarks 50�1, 53�4, 126, 244, 442Trader Joe’s 186, 187

training

advanced manufacturing technologies 196

forecasting 43, 44

Germany 381, 384, 387�8Ireland 439, 440

transaction economy 415

transformation 131, 132

transgenic technology 484

‘‘transilience’’ 28

transition phase 70, 73, 74, 79, 91, 106, 108

trial-and-error learning 171, 245�6, 247TRIPS see Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights

TRIZ model 42, 99

turnover 151, 152

Tushman-Rosenkopf model 106, 108, 110

uncertainty

financing innovation 59, 60

project evaluation 251, 252, 253, 255

project management 241�50promoters 266

real-options analysis 57, 58

technological 108

types of 245

‘‘unexpected occurences’’ 99, 100, 101

Unfair Trade Secrets Act 51

United Kingdom (U.K.)

biotechnology 424


Industrial Revolution 10

intellectual property rights 52, 53, 54

patents 272


R&D expenditure 354, 378, 379, 427, 448


venture capital 383

United States (U.S.) 445�67America COMPETES Act 458, 466

American Competitiveness Initiative 458�9automobiles 14, 15

Bayh�Dole Act 55, 205, 219, 447, 458, 471commercialization 274, 457, 469


economic growth 10

education 463�5emerging technologies 477


FDI in China 301

flexible manufacturing 191�2funding levels 62

GDP per worker 10

generations of R&D 137

high-technology entrepreneurship 204


historical development 445�7Innovation America report 135

intellectual property rights 50�1, 53�4, 215, 218, 219�21

INDEX 545

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investment law 61

labor productivity 9

nanotechnology 494, 495, 496�7, 502open innovation 121

output trends 447�57patents 49, 220�1, 272, 281, 302, 380, 445, 447, 453�6, 458,466


policy 457�9, 465�6political drivers of innovation 462�3productivity growth 426

R&D expenditure 280, 354, 379, 446, 447�52, 457�8,462�3, 495

science graduates 284

semiconductor industry 216

service sector 90�1, 138, 187space program 273

state R&D patterns 450�2strengths and weaknesses 459


technology transfer 15�16textile industry 15


university research 205, 218, 219, 448�50, 465, 471venture capital 282�3, 452, 458, 459�62, 463

United Technologies (UT) 127, 128, 183�4universities 62, 121, 123, 142, 205

Australia 278, 279, 282, 283

China 292, 294, 296, 297


Finland 394, 395, 396, 397

Germany 376, 377, 380�1, 385�7, 389India 347


Ireland 434, 438, 441

Italy 426�7licensing 55, 447, 453�4, 455, 471, 477nanotechnology 493, 494, 496�7Netherlands 405, 407, 411, 412

patents 218, 219, 453�4, 455Russia 368, 372

Singapore 334, 335, 337

Taiwan 310, 315, 318, 322, 323

United States 447, 448�50, 4534, 455, 461, 465see also education; research

University of Phoenix 93

‘‘unknown unknowns’’ (unk unks) 245, 246, 247

upfront activities 234

user-generated content (UGC) 506�7, 510Utterback�Abernathy model 70, 72, 74, 78�9, 106, 107�8,

110

vaccines 482

valuation methods 57�8, 60value 98, 141, 142, 143

value chain 73, 78

business model innovation 93�4integrated profit chain model 109

nanotechnology 499, 500, 501

organizational rejuvenation 212


vertical integration 83

value networks 233, 235�6, 238values 195�6Venice 52�3venture capital (VC) 62, 139, 145, 209�10, 212

Australia 282�3China 299, 302, 303


Finland 397, 401

Germany 382, 383

India 348

nanotechnology 494

Netherlands 405�6, 407, 413project evaluation 253, 254

Russia 370

Singapore 330, 332

United States 282�3, 452, 458, 459�62, 463see also finance

venture philanthropy 61

vertical integration 78, 83, 212

VHS 14, 15, 81

Viagra 99, 216, 221

VIOXX 216

virtual reality 44

virtual teams 152, 203, 204

visas 452�3, 465vision 357�61visionaries 114

vocational education and training (VET) 384, 387�8voice of the customer (VoC) 99, 140, 142, 159, 160, 163

voice recognition software 117

VTT Technical Research Center of Finland 394, 395

VW 192�3

waste disposal 485

‘‘white biotech’’ 480, 484�6Wikipedia 505, 508

wikis 508, 510

Windows 14, 55, 81�2, 89standards 15, 83, 84, 126

Vista 7, 91

Wipro Ltd. 344

workforce agility 149�50World Economic Forum (WEF) 319�20, 329, 330, 398, 405World Trade Organization (WTO) 49, 54, 55, 219�20, 293,

294

World Wide Web see Internet

Xerox 237, 408, 493, 498

XML web services 506

Yahoo 510

YouTube 505, 506, 508, 509

Zipcar 186�7

546 INDEX

United States (U.S.) (cont.)

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· abernathy clarkmodel21,106,107,110,169 abernathy utterbackmodel70,72,74,78 9,106,1078, 110...

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