abidjan, cÔte d’ivoire west africa club du sahel et … record forum.pdf · 28/11/2013 · swac...

AbiDJAn, CÔte D’ivoire

25-29 NOVEMBER 2013

SAhel ANDWeSt AFriCA WEEK

25-29 NOVEMBER 2013

SAhel AnD WeSt AFriCA Club Forumthe Future oF the SAhAro-SAheliAn AreAS From A trAnS-regionAl PerSPeCtive28 november 2013

summary record

Algeria

Morocco

Libya

Tunisia

Niger ChadMali

Mauritania

ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

DU SAHEL ET DEL'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST

About the Forum

U nder the auspices of His Excellency Alassane Ouattara, President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and current

President of ECOWAS, the Forum brings together a representative panel of stakeholders: high dignitaries, African ministers, regional and international organisa-tions, technical and financial partners, researchers, local and economic actors. The presentations and debates aim to: question “security and development” initiatives, their coherence and their geographic scale of intervention; share experiences from the perspectives of development specialists, security experts, economic actors, researchers and policy makers; discuss innovative mechanisms and scales of intervention to promote the development and security of populations living in the Saharo-Sahelian areas.

The Forum was co-chaired by Pierre Buyoya, High-Representative of the African Union for Mali and the Sahel and François-Xavier de Donnea, SWAC President, and moderated by Santiago Martinez-Caro, General-Director of Casa Africa, Djimé Adoum, CILSS Executive Secretary and Michel Reveyrand de Menthon, Special Representative of the European Union for the Sahel.

The Forum is articulated around work led by the SWAC Secretariat in the framework of its biennial “West African Futures” programme dedicated to the Sahara-Sahel in 2013-2014. The area under study is shared between Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, and Tunisia. It represents almost half of West Africa’s territory, two thirds of Chad, 80% of the Maghreb, and almost all of Mauritania. The area disposes of real economic potential, which is today insufficiently exploited. It constitutes a set of ancient civilisations united by a long tradition of trade and cultural and social exchange. The debates highlighted that these zones are increasingly connected to broad/global networks of instability, requiring and extending of the analysis to other countries of West, Central and North Africa.

2.

4.3. 5.

7.6. 8.

�1. Pierre Buyoya, AU High Representative for Mali and the Sahel and François-Xavier de Donnea, SWAC President 2. Abdourahamane Maouli, Mayor of Arlit, Niger and Hansjürg Ambühl, Head of West Africa Division, Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC)3. Santiago Martinez-Caro, Director-General of Casa Africa4. Michel Reveyrand de Menthon, EU Special Representative for the Sahel5. Djimé Adoum, CILSS Executive Secretary 6. Participants of the Forum7. from left to right: Kamel Abid, Counsellor, Algerian Embassy in Abidjan; Boumédiène Guennad, Ambassador of Algeria in Abidjan and Thomas Palé, Deputy Minister attached to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Co-operation, Burkina Faso8. Ismail Chekkori, Plenipotentiary Minister, Morocco

Presentations are available online at: www.oecd.org/site/sahelandwestafricaweek2013/forum.htm

1.

SWAC Forum: the Future oF the SAhAro-SAheliAn AreAS, 28 november 2013

2 SAHEL AND WESt AfricA WEEK, 25-29 NOVEmbEr 2013 © Sahel and West Africa club Secretariat (SWAc/OEcD)

T he Saharo-Sahelian areas suffer from chronic instability, exacerbated by a recent increase in violence. These

enduring ills are a source of threats and destabilisation for the region and the world. Building on work that decodes the current context, the 2013 Forum organised by the OECD Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC) aims to illustrate that strengthened relations between North, West and Central Africa are pivotal to the short and long term security and development of these areas. Particular attention is paid to different spatial dimensions in the proposal of sustainable and adapted solutions.

The actions of African countries, the engaged armed forces and the co-ordination efforts of multilateral organisations and the international community to bring peace to Mali and to stabilise the area are praised. Concerned countries have equipped or are equipping themselves with strategies

and policies for the stabilisation and development of the Saharo-Sahelian areas; ECOWAS is developing a Regional Coherence and Action Programme for Stability and Development in the Saharo-Sahelian Areas (PARC); the international community is mobilising itself through several important initiatives, including the European Union’s Strategy for Development and Security in the Sahel (2011), the African Union’s Strategic Concept for the Resolution of the Crises in Mali (2012), the launch of the process of Nouakchott on security co-operation and the operationalisation of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) in the Sahelo-Saharan region (2013), the United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel (2013), and the commitments made by certain financial partners during the joint mission to the Sahel1, and the World Bank’s regional approach to the Sahel (2013).

Presentations and panels

The presentations draw on on-going analyses undertaken for the production of an atlas to be published in the second semester of 20142. These include a mapping of regional instabilities with more specific analysis of the Malian crisis. The first two panels are supplied with analysis on the historical and geographic trends of population mobility and consequent effect on the structuration of the Saharo-Sahelian territories, on the recomposition of nomadic societies, and on the potential of commercial exchanges between North, West and Central Africa.

• The first panel questions the policy dialogue and action mechanisms of “Sahel” strategies or “security and development” initiatives. Are they adapted – temporarily, spatially, operationally – to current tensions?

• The second looks at the potential for economic co-operation – cross-border and regional – and for infrastructure development, in particular roads.

• A third panel that closes the day looks at existing initiatives and illustrates efforts of complementarity and synergy by international and regional institu-tions in devising activities for the Sahel region. The panel recalls the importance of building on the comparative advantage of each institution and of facilitating open and constructive dialogue. From a political perspective, the strengthening of relations between North, West and Central Africa, at national as well as regional level, is an essential element in the stabilisation of the Sahara-Sahel.

1 Joint mission to the Sahel and mali, Niger, burkina faso and chad including the African Development bank, the World bank, the United Nations, the African Union, and the European Union (November 2013).2 to be published by OEcD Publishing. the presentations at the forum only reflect a selection of work that will be included in the Atlas.

The debates highlight the following:

• The security threats that weigh on the Saharo-Sahelian areas are transnational in nature, and they affect West, Central and North Africa and the international community.

• The dynamics of the current conflicts are complex and multidimensional. They can only be thwarted by strategies that articulate the short, medium and long-term, and that take into account that security and development concerns are intrinsically linked, and that adapt responses to these realities.

• The Saharo-Sahelian areas dispose of shared potentials able to guarantee the common development, and to support the development of the countries and regions that they belong to.

As outlined above, several “Sahel” strategies currently exist. Their objectives, content, geographic mandate and time span vary. They emanate from partner countries (Switzerland, Japan, Norway…), multilateral organisations (AU, ECOWAS, EU, UN…), financial institutions (AfDB, World Bank…) and finally, countries of the Saharo-Sahel. A search for synergies is currently taking place, as evidenced by the first Ministerial meeting, held on 5 November 2013 in Bamako, for the establishment of a co-ordination platform of the United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel.3

3 Establishment of a co-ordination mechanism placed under the presidence of mali for the next two years.

Debates


© Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC/OECD) SAHEL AND WESt AfriCA WEEK, 25-29 NOVEmbEr 2013 3

Irrespective of the answers to these questions, a pluri-annual commitment by all stakeholders is required. Two pivotal and cross-cutting needs are identified for the evolution of the agenda:

• Strengthening dialogue between West, North and Central Africa, for the stabilisation and development of the Sahara-Sahel, given that the area under threat is shared. This will permit an adequate definition of the geographic scale of responses to the security dynamics (border, transnational, regional, continental, and global).

• Carrying out security and development initiatives simultaneously; the first being one of the conditions of the second, and development not being able to prosper sustainably in a context of insecurity.

If the definition of one integrated strategy shared by all actors remains but a dream, a harmonisation of strategies and a reflection on common concerns are within reach. When strategies are defined in emergency situations, are they negotiated with the relevant countries and regional institutions? How can the objectives of the fight against terrorism and the objectives of development be made to converge? What are the adequate geographic scales of intervention? What are the appropriate mechanisms for implementing and financing multilateral initiatives?

sahElian intErsEction

ADAPt geogrAPhiC SCAleS oF intervention; leArning the leSSonS in termS oF AiD eFFeCtiveneSS

I t is possible to read the Sahara-Sahel through mobility and “route empires”. This vision calls us to understand

the social networks based on commercial exchange, which shape the territory and its history. The trafficking and terrorism that characterise these zones have grafted themselves onto existing networks in order to thrive. However, it is noteworthy that a formal affiliation to a criminal group is less important than tribal affiliation, explaining the mobility of certain individuals. The formulation of anti-terrorism and -trafficking responses is rendered complex by the difficulty in analysing these

continuous recompositions. These features and mobilities call into question the adequate geographic scale (of the search) for sustainable peace and development.

A discrepancy exists between the “territorialisation” of strategies and the reality of the dynamics and threats at play. This gap manifests itself in development as well as security initiatives. It can result from national differences, difficult realities, or institutional constraints. Tensions between Morocco and Algeria, or the Libyan crisis, for example, hold back the construction of a dialogue to strengthen security



and common development opportunities. No regional organisation currently counts all Saharo-Sahelian countries among its members. As such, Algeria is not a member of CENSAD, Morocco is not a member of the African Union. The Strategy for Development and Security in the Sahel of the European Union covers Mauritania, Mali and Niger, while acknowledging effects on Burkina Faso, Chad or even Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Nigeria. The United Nations Integrated Strategy for the Sahel includes Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad Mauritania and Niger. How can the reality in the field (for example, the dynamics of conflict of the recent Mali crisis) be reconciled with the proposed geographic scale of action? Can it be sustainable to not take into account the evolution of the Libyan crisis, given how strongly it impacted the events in Mali? How can we gain sufficient distance to analyse the real nature and dimensions of trafficking, often only associated with terrorism, but with its own dynamics and destabilising impacts?

These questions call for a more global debate on aid effectiveness. Do development projects and strategies sufficiently take into account the particular dynamics of the areas, the nature and functioning of ancestral networks, their impact on how the territory is structured, the political and economic concerns that shape them? How can we better connect research and policy makers? What lessons can we draw from the incidents of the Malian crisis to better anticipate and prevent similar violence and capacity for regional and continental destabilisation? How to build more regular dialogue between North, West and Central Africa, between regional institutions (AU, CEMAC, CENSAD, ECOWAS, UMA, …), between institutional partners? Development partners and concerned States are responsible for drawing the lessons of the Mali crisis and for questioning the impact and implementation of their development strategies (in terms of their content, mode of financing, and implementation).

Combining SeCurity AnD DeveloPment

T he evolution of instabilities and their interactions reinforces the need to co-ordinate security and devel-

opment activities, while recognising that its actors and the policy and operational dimensions involved are sometimes difficult to bring together.

For a number of years, political leaders have combined the two aspects in speeches and regional and interna-tional mechanisms: the UNDP introduces the concept of human security, the African Union underlines the diffi-culty of ending conflict in fragile economies subject to recurring instability, the Council of foreign affairs on the EU Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel announces that “the improvement of the security situation is indivisible from economic growth and poverty reduction in the region.” It is an accepted truth that without security, no human development can be sustainable. However we still know very little about how the two dimensions can be made to interact.

It is to be noted that certain projects do operationalise this interdependence, such as the Comité de Liaison de la Route Transsaharienne, or the recent pastoralism or irrigation programmes of the World Bank. These advances remain timid and their implementation complicated.

Although conflict is recognised as one of the leading causes of food insecurity, platforms such as the Global Alliance for Resilience – Sahel and West Africa (AGIR) do not – for the moment – include explicit activities that associate “security” and “food security and resilience”. Challenges lie in connecting development specialists and experts in security, or in the operationalisation and the simultaneity of concrete actions. The World Bank Global Centre on Conflict Security and Development produces analytical work and proposes trainings on how to factor conflict considerations into its development projects. The PARC, while structured along three development axis (education, pastoralism, and infrastructure) integrates a cross-cutting theme of “security and development”.

Besides this semantic and practical discussion, we must underline that the Saharo-Sahelian areas hold opportunities of exchange, which if sufficiently analysed and reactivated could favour a rapprochement between North, West and Central Africa. Current policy dialogue signals indicate a growing awareness by some key/protagonist States (for example, Algeria and Mali) of a shared interest for the stabilisation of the Sahara-Sahel. This recognition can only lead to stronger incentives for development strategies and projects that build a sustainable link with initiatives that enhance security. Mechanisms for this are needed.

Some avenues for action exist, such as decentralisation, that would allow a better management of the public sphere. The twinning of border cities of North and West Africa constitutes an interesting option, as it translates into a rapprochement that is not only economic but also social, thus revitalising ancient linkages. Economic and social cross-border co-operation (schools, clinics, transhumance corridors) reinforce linkages valuable to conflict prevention and management. These work threads should build on what is already in place and be supported by feasibility

4 According to Wikipedia, “the Sahara is a desertic ecoregion situated in the North of the African continent and that spreads beyond the red Sea. it extends over 7,500 kilometres, covers 12 million square kilometres, and constitutes the western part of a vast arid diagonal that extends to mongolia. the Sahara extends to ten countries: morocco, Algeria, tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, chad, Niger, mali, mauritania and the disputed territory of the Western Sahara. the Sahelian belt covers (in most definitions), entirely or partly, the following countries: Senegal, southern mauritania, mali, the southern tip of Algeria, northern burkina faso, Niger, the northern tip of Nigeria, the centre of chad, the centre of Sudan, and cape Verde.” [our translation from the french]



studies (such as on how to fi nance security actions in the framework of development projects, or on how to fi nance and conceptualise cross-border operations in areas governed by different legislative systems, or fi nanced by donors whose institutional geographic divisions do not correspond to the reality of the issues at hand – Chad remaining outside of West African operations sphere, for example).

These refl ections would feed stabilisation and development strategies of the Saharo-Sahelian areas. They would contribute to rethinking how States can co-operate on a trans-border and trans-national level around the three challenges faced by the Sahel, as identifi ed by the audience: security (the strength of armed groups vs. the weakness of States); governance (weakness of budgets allocated to justice and the military); development (in particular, poverty and food insecurity).

Nomadic areas

Haoussa city

Sahelian intersection city

Sahelian intersection

Kanem Bornou empire XVI - XIX century

Kanem Bornou empire XIV - XVI century

Kanem empire IX - XIII century

Almohad empire XIII

Almoravid empire XII

Songhaï empire XV - XVI century

Mali empire XI - XIV century

Ghana empire IX - X century

Sedentary areas

T a n e z r o u f t

Té n é r é

roUtE EMPirEs

5—Despite the absence of a road towards the Algerian border, the livelihood of two thirds of the population of Arlit does not depend on uranium but on trade.

6—financed by the Arab bank for Economic Development in Africa (bADEA), the islamic Development bank (iDb), the African Development bank (ADb), the OPEc fund for international Development (OfiD), and Kuwaiti, Saudi and Abou Dahbi funds. the cLrt, created in 1966, co-ordinates the project for a Pan-African road (approximately 4,000 km on the Algiers-Lagos axis). Six countries are concerned: Algeria, tunisia, mali, Niger, chad and Nigeria. composed of a central North-South axis that stretches from Algiers to Lagos, the trans-Saharan is conceived to serve the entoire sub-region of the maghreb and the Sahel via four branches that link two capitals of the maghreb (Algiers and tunis) and four capitals of Sub-Sahara (bamako, Niamey, N’Djamena and Lagos, on a total length of 9,400 km. (Source: El Wakab, January 2014)

ConneCting PeoPle through trAnSPort AnD trADe FACilitAtion

The reconnection of the Saharo-Sahelian area with its South (Atlantic coast) and

its North (Mediterranean coast) is a condition for their long-term stabilisation and

development. Trans-Saharan roads are a carrier of revitalisation for merchants (the

cost of maritime transport between the Maghreb and West Africa is prohibitive,

while North Africa imports large quantities of coffee, cotton, peanuts, meat, etc.),

local government offi cials and the population at large (the road can become

a powerful factor in favour of the diversifi cation and development of the local

economy).5 Finally, the construction itself of the road generates the digging of

numerous wells (water represents 10% of the cost of a Trans-Saharan road).

Representatives of countries that are crossed by the Trans-Saharan road, brought

together by the Comité de liaison de la route transsaharienne, examined in

January 2014 the beginning of works for the following sections: Arlit -Assamaka

(221 km) in Niger and Ngouri- – Niger-Chadborder (331 km).6 Other infrastructure

ambitions should complete the trans-Saharan road programme, in particular, mobile

telephony and optic fi bre.

While the road will favour trans-Saharan trade, internal fl ows and local economies

of the area also need to be facilitated and supported. This objective will be attained

through ambitious and concerted land planning and local development policies,

based on cross-border complementarity and co-operation.



liSt oF PArtiCiPAntS

ADeSSRETAILLé Denis Professor, Director UMR ADESS University of Bordeaux-CNRS

AlGÉRIe/AlGeRIAABID Kamel Counsellor Algerian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

GUENNAD Boumédiène Ambassador of Algeria in Abidjan Algerian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

ARABIe SAoUDITe/SAoUDI ARABIASIDIBé Birama Boubacar Vice-President (Operations) Islamic Development Bank

AUSTRAlIe/AUSTRAlIAADAMSON Joanna Marie High-Commissioner Australian High-Commission, GhanaLIVSEY Marc Second Secretary Australian High-Commission, Ghana

AUTRICHe/AUSTRIAEHMEIR Walter Head of Offi ce in Burkina Faso Austrian Development Cooperation, Burkina Faso

BANQUe MoNDIAle/THe WoRlD BANKCHAHERLI Nabil Sector LeaderTOURé Abdoulaye Expert, Agricultural development

BelGIQUe/BelGIUMHUYGHEBAERT Peter Ambassador Belgian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

BRÉSIl/BRAZIlDE CAMARGO Alfredo JoséCalcanti Jordao Ambassador Brazilian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

BURKINA FASoPALé Thomas Deputy Minister, Regional Co-operation Ministry of Foreign Affairs and regional co-operation

CANADAROBERGE Stéphane First Secretary (Co-operation - regional prog. panafrican) Canadian Embassy in Ethiopia

CeDeAo/eCoWASATOUGA Marc Lapodini Commissioner, Agriculture, Environment & Water Resources Commission

CeR (Centre d’études des religions)SAMBE Bakary Researcher EFD, ORCRA University Gaston Berger of Saint-Louis

CGlUA (Cités et gouvernements locaux unis d’Afrique)YATTA Paul François Consultant United Cities and Local Governments Africa (UCLG)

CICR (Comité international de la Croix-Rouge)NKURUNZIZA Donatien Délégué pour les forces armées et de sécurité

CIlSSADOUM Djimé Executive Secretary Executive Secretariat

HAMADOUN Mahalmoudou Co-ordinator PRA/SA/LCD/POP-DEV Executive Secretariat

IDI-ISSA Ibrahim Lumumba Head of Unit, Management Support Executive Secretariat

BOUAFOU Kouamé Guy-Marcel Director-General AGRHYMET

BA DIAO, Maty Head of Information and Reseach Department AGRHYMET

CIRADTOURé Ibra Geographer Researcher, CIRAD-ES-SISTO

ClRT (Comité de liaison de la route transsaharienne)AYADI Mohammed Secretary-General


© Sahel and West Africa club Secretariat (SWAc/OEcD) SAHEL AND WESt AfricA WEEK, 25-29 NOVEmbEr 2013 7

CNRSGAGNOL Laurent Associate Researcher Laboratoire PACTE – UMR CNRS 5194

CôTe D’IvoIReACKA, Ekponon Akablan Valérie Chargée de la planification Ministry of Agriculture

AGBAYA N’dja Daniel Head of Service Ministry of African Integration

AMAN Koko Sous-Directeur des cultures annuelles Ministry of Agriculture

ANON Bertin Directeur, productions vivrières et sécurité alimentaire Ministry of Agriculture

BEKE Dassys Claude Secrétaire général du ministère d’état Ministry of Foreign Affairs

BIE LEMONKPE Hubert SD Ministère de l’intégration Comité d’organisation

COMOE Bernard Directeur, planification, programmation et financement Ministry of Agriculture

CONDE TOURE Diénébou Conseiller technique Ministère de l’agriculture Comité d’organisation

COULIBALY Nouhoun Directeur général, planificat°, contrôle des projets & statistiques Ministry of Agriculture

COULIBALY Nanien Dokaha CE MINAGRI Comité d’organisation

COULIBALY Drissa S/D MEMAE Comité d’organisation

DIEMELEOU A. Chantal ép. AKA Sous-Directeur de la sécurité alimentaire Ministry of Agriculture

DJATO Kouakou Kra Conseiller technique Primature Comité d’organisation

DOSSO Mamadou Protocole d’état Comité d’organisation

ELIASSOU Zakarya CE MINAGRI Comité d’organisation

ESSE Kouadio Jean Sous-Directeur des semences et intrants Ministry of Agriculture

GBA Serges Directeur ONU institution spécialisée Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères

GOHOUA KEKE Olivier Sous-Directeur, environnement et ressources naturelles Ministère de l’intégration africaine

GUINDO Marie Claire Ministère de la femme, de la famille et de la solidarité

KANDEL Communication Comité d’organisation

KOFFI Ahoutou Emmanuel Directeur de cabinet adjoint, Primature Comité d’organisation

KOUASSI Brédoumy Soumaïla Traoré Director-General, productions et de la sécurité alimentaire Ministry of Agriculture

KOUDOU Germain Gbedjeli CE Direction des organisations africaines Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères

KPANGNI Kracou Barthelemy Inspecteur Minagri Comité d’organisation

KPEHE Djo Paul CE Direction des organisations africaines Ministère d’état et des affaires étrangères

MAMA Moussa Director, Ministry of Integration Comité d’organisation

N’DRI Abdon CE Primature Comité d’organisation

NGUESSAN Rodrigue Directeur de la modernisation et de la maîtrise de l’eau Ministère de l’agriculture

OBI-BAKAYOKO Zeguela Technical Advisor Comité d’organisation

OUATTARA Wautabouna Directeur général de l’intégration africaine Ministère de l’intégration africaine

SILUE Gnénégnéry Directeur, protection des végétaux, contrôle et qualité Ministry of Agriculture

SILUE Sionseligam Director, évaluation des projets Ministry of Agriculture

SOFFO Yoboué Valentin Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques Comité d’organisation

SORO Kouhonan Director, Statistics, documentation and informatique Ministry of Agriculture

TRA Séoulou Technical advisor, Primature Comité d’organisation

Crisis Management Initiative (CMI)EL KREKSHI Maruan Regional Director, North Africa and Sahel TUULI Suvi Project Manager

CSAo/SWACDE DONNEA François-Xavier SWAC President, State Minister of Belgium, President of the External Affairs CommissionSOMDA T. Jean de Dieu Special Representative to the SWAC President

BOSSARD Laurent Director Secretariat

TREMOLIERES Marie Programme Officer Secretariat

HEINRIGS Philipp Programme Oficer Secretariat

HITIMANA Léonidas Programme Officer Secretariat

PIETIKAINEN Anna Counsellor/Administrator Secretariat

WANJIRU Julia Communications Officer Secretariat

HAMEL Nadia Administrative Assistante and communications Secretariat



eHeSSCHENA Salim Dr. en science politique, ATER à Sciences-Po Bordeaux Associate Editor of Dynamiques internationales IEP Bordeaux

eSPAGNe/SPAINCALVO-SOTELO Fernando Moran Ambassador Ambassade du Royaume d’Espagne en Côte d’Ivoire

MARTINEZ-CARO Santiago Director-General Consorcio Casa África

eTATS-UNIS/UNITeD STATeSBUZZARD Candace Director, West Africa USAID, Ghana

OLIVEIRA Jorge Food Security/NRM Advisor, West Africa Regional Program USAID, Ghana

FRANCeJEANVOINE Anne-Laure Rédactrice au sein du pôle sécurité alimentaire Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs

RECUERO VIRTO Laura Chef du pôle d’analyse économique et de la mondialisation Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs

IAG (Institut africain de la gouvernance)

SY Ousmane Executive Director

IFRINWAJIAKU-DAHOU Kathryn N. Researcher/Consultant INCAS Consulting

ANTIL Alain Researcher, Directeur du programme Afrique subsaharienne

Institut Thomas MoreTISSERON Antonin Research Fellow

ISS (Institut d’études de sécurité)THéROUX-BéNONI Lori-Anne Senior Researcher

ITAlIe/ITAlYDI RISO Alfonso Ambassador Italian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

lIBYe/lIBYABAKIR Taher A.S. Ambassador Libyan Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

ELGHARBI Fathi M. Ibrahim Businessman

lUXeMBoURGGOEBBELS David First Secretary Ambassade du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, Senegal

MAlITOUNKARA Claude Sama Ambassador, Director Africa Ministère des affaires étrangères & coopération interna-tionale

MARoC/MoRoCCoCHEKKORI Ismail Plenipotentiary Minister Ministry of Foreign Affairs

JEBARI Mustapha Ambassador Ambassade du Maroc in Côte d’Ivoire

NATIoNS UNIeS/UNITeD NATIoNSLE MORE Anne Senior Advisor and Resident Co-ordinator, MINUSMA Mali

NePADNWALOZIE Marcel Director, West African Regional Office Senegal

NIGeRFELTOU Rhissa Mayor of Agadez

MAOULI Abdourahamane Mayor of Arlit

MOUMOUNI Adamou Head of Unit, opportunités économiques au Secrétariat exécutif Cabinet du Premier Ministre de la SDS-Sahel Niger



oCDe/oeCDKECHIDA Said Counsellor Global Relations Secretariat

oIFINGUé Etienne Directeur de la francophonie économique (DFE)

URAYENEZA Tharcisse Regional Director for West Africa

PAM/WFPFERRERA Gianluca Representative Côte d’Ivoire

RoPPASYLLA Kalilou Executive Secretary

RoYAUMe-UNI/UNITeD KINGDoMTHOLSTRUP Sophie Department for International Development (DFID) Mali

RUTGeRS UNIveRSITYWALTHER Olivier Visiting Assistant Professor Division of Global Affairs

SUISSe/SWITZeRlANDAMBÜHL Hansjürg Head of West Africa Division Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC)

EGGENBERGER Markus Regional Advisor, Rural Development in West Africal Swiss Co-operation Office, Mali

SCHULER Karl Advisor, Rural Development, West Africa Division Swiss Development Co-operation (SDC)

TUNISIe/TUNISIAEL OUED Yassine Ambassador Tunisian Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire

Ue/eUDEMOOR Arnaud Chef de secteur «Sahel», DEVCO Commission

HOUBEN European Union

KASKEALA Sanna Attachée politique European Union

NILS Didier Chef de section, développement rural & ressources nat. Delegation, Côte d’Ivoire

POZZI Bruno Chargé d’affaires Delegation, Côte d’Ivoire

RéVEYRAND DE MENTHON Michel Special Representative for the Sahel Commission

SEGNANA Marion Conseillère politique du rep. spécial de l’UE pour le Sahel Commission

UeMoADIEME Ibrahima Commissioner, Food Security, Agriculture, Mines & Env. Commission

HAMADOU Seyni Acting Director, Agriculture Commission

M’BODJ Amadou Responsible FRDA Commission

UNIoN AFRICAINe/AFRICAN UNIoNBUYOYA Pierre AU High-Representative for Mali and the Sahel (former President of Burundi)

KAZADI Ntole Political Advisor

NIYONSABA Ambroise Représentant spécial de la Présidente de la Commission

UNIveRSITY AIX-MARSeIlleBENSAAD Ali Lecturer

UNoWA SAMPSON Peter Robert Head of Mediation Support/Advisor

COLE Peter Alan Derek Independent consultant



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Capi

tale

/ Ca

pita

l

Ville

s / C

ities

Autre

loca

lité

/ oth

er s

ettle

men

t

Toua

reg

Toua

reg

Azaw

adAz

awad

Ansa

r Din

e sa

fe h

aven

Sanc

tuai

re d

’Ans

ar D

ine

Loca

lité

pris

e pa

r le

MNL

A et

Ans

ar D

ine

(du

8 fé

vrie

r au

3 a

vril

2012

), p

uis

par

Ansa

r Din

e ap

rès

en a

voir

chas

sé le

MNL

A (d

u 18

mar

s au

1er o

ctob

re 2

012)

Tow

n ca

ptur

ed b

y th

e M

NLA

and

Ansa

r Din

e (b

etw

een

Febr

uary

8 a

nd A

pril

3, 2

012)

, Ta

ken

over

by

Ansa

r Din

e af

ter o

ustin

g th

e M

NLA

(Mar

ch 1

8 a

nd O

ctob

er 1

, 201

2)

Loca

lité

atta

quée

par

le M

NLA

depu

is ja

nvie

r 201

2To

wn

atta

cked

by

the

MNL

A sin

ce J

anua

ry 2

012

État

s ni

géria

ns a

ppliq

uant

la C

haria

Nige

rian

Stat

es im

posin

g Sh

aria

Law

Prog

ress

ion

du M

NLA

MNL

A pr

ogre

ss

Surg

isse

men

t d’A

nsar

Din

eSu

rge

by A

nsar

Din

e

Fron

tière

inte

rnat

iona

le

Inte

rnat

iona

l bor

der

Aéro

port

Airp

ort

Atte

ntat

ou

enlè

vem

ent r

even

diqu

é pa

r AQM

I ent

re 2

007

et 2

012

Atta

ck o

r kid

napp

ing

clai

med

by

AQIM

bet

wee

n 20

07 a

nd 2

012

Mal

i

Source : Ministère français des Affaires étrangères (avril 2012) ; Retaillé, Walther, New ways of conceptualizing space and mobility, 2012.

Zone

déc

onse

illée

par

le M

AE s

auf r

aiso

n im

péra

tive

(5 a

vril

2012

)Ar

eas

advis

ed a

gain

st a

ll bu

t ess

entia

l tra

vel b

y Fr

ench

For

eign

Affa

irs M

inist

ry (A

pril

2012

)

Zone

form

elle

men

t déc

onse

illée

par

le M

AE (5

avr

il 20

12)

Area

s ad

vised

aga

inst

all

trave

l by

by F

renc

h Fo

reig

n Af

fairs

Min

istry

(Apr

il 20

12)



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