Abnormal Cellular Abnormal Cellular Growth and Growth and

DevelopmentDevelopment

Human BiologyHuman Biology

To detail and describe the major abnormal tissue growths in the body.To connect the structure and function of the ABNORMAL to the NORMAL.To continue to demonstrate the 3Is as they apply to the human body.

What do we know so What do we know so far?far?Proper function of the human Proper function of the human

body is dependent on a body is dependent on a hierarchy of components.hierarchy of components.MoleculesMoleculesCells Cells TissuesTissuesSystemsSystems

The Systems of the The Systems of the body divide the tasksbody divide the tasksIntegumentaIntegumentaryry

CirculatoryCirculatoryRespiratoryRespiratoryEndocrineEndocrineReproductiveReproductiveDigestiveDigestive

ExcretoryExcretory LymphaticLymphatic ImmuneImmune MuscularMuscular SkeletalSkeletal

Through Negative Through Negative FeedbackFeedback

http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/pix/servomechanismcomponents.gif

Systems are composed Systems are composed of…of…

The 5 primary tissue types:The 5 primary tissue types: Connective Tissue: Binding and Connective Tissue: Binding and

supportsupport Epithelium: Linings and CoveringsEpithelium: Linings and Coverings Nervous: Impulse TransmissionNervous: Impulse Transmission Muscle: MovementMuscle: Movement Blood: Specialized connective tissueBlood: Specialized connective tissue

Transport, fight infection, clottingTransport, fight infection, clotting

Cellular changes will affect Cellular changes will affect the organs, and thus the the organs, and thus the

systemssystemsAplasiaAplasia

HypoplasiaHypoplasia

AtrophyAtrophy

HypertrophyHypertrophy

HyperplasiaHyperplasia

AnaplasiaAnaplasia

APLASIAAPLASIATissue is absent, as it was Tissue is absent, as it was

never formed during prenatal never formed during prenatal developmentdevelopmentCongenitalCongenital

Examples?Examples?Missing parts…finger, Missing parts…finger, kidney, earkidney, ear

www.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/.../ malocc/APLASIA.html

HypoplasiaHypoplasiaUnderdeveloped Organ; Underdeveloped Organ; Smaller than normal.Smaller than normal.Congenital, too.Congenital, too.

Examples?Examples?Again, arm, head, Again, arm, head, kidney.kidney.

http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg/limb_hypoplasia_0411.jpg

Limb Hypoplasia in a fetal human

Thought Question…Thought Question…

How are the two prior How are the two prior ACG’s similar? How are ACG’s similar? How are they different?they different?

What is the “Structure What is the “Structure and Function” link here?and Function” link here?

AtrophyAtrophy Condition that will decrease the Condition that will decrease the

size of an organsize of an organPhysiologicalPhysiological

The aging processThe aging processPathologicalPathological

Inactivity or constraintInactivity or constraintArm, Leg CastArm, Leg Cast

www.theshrivers.us/.../ CalfAtrophy.htm

www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/. ../oral_symptoms.htm

Riboflavin deficiency (Vitamin B2)

HypertrophyHypertrophy Increase in tissue size due Increase in tissue size due

to volumetric increase.to volumetric increase.Muscle, NerveMuscle, Nerve

www.telemedicine.org/ dm/fh.htm

www.e-radiography.net/ ibase5/Renal/index2.htm

Renal Compensatory Hypertrophy

www.eatonhand.com/ img/14385.htm

Scar Hypertrophy – see the increase of

scar tissue?

HyperplasiaHyperplasia Increase in size due to the Increase in size due to the

addition of new cellsaddition of new cellsBenign tumorsBenign tumors

Growth of a single mass of Growth of a single mass of cells in a tissue. Not cells in a tissue. Not cancerous, but can cause cancerous, but can cause mechanical damagemechanical damage

Hyperplasia Hyperplasia examplesexamples

Papilloma – epithelial growths that Papilloma – epithelial growths that project up and out (warts)project up and out (warts)

Adenoma – epithelial – on or about Adenoma – epithelial – on or about glands.glands.

Lipoma – connective growths; fatty Lipoma – connective growths; fatty tissuestissues

Osteoma – connective growths; boneOsteoma – connective growths; bone Myoma – muscle growthsMyoma – muscle growths Angioma – growths in small blood vesselsAngioma – growths in small blood vessels

Hemangiomaades.tmu.edu.tw/.../ small/Hemangioma.html

VERRUCA VULGARIS - WART

https:/.../equad/ssl-dir/ content.html?bild=006

Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia

www.angelfire.com/ nc/neurosurgery/GGOst.htm

Craniofacial Osteoma

www.medwave.cl/.../ Tumores/Septiembre2003/2.act

Osteoma

Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia (Epidermodysplasia Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia (Epidermodysplasia verruciformis) – rare skin disease. Can lead to cancer. Viral verruciformis) – rare skin disease. Can lead to cancer. Viral in origin…know any other viruses that can contribute to in origin…know any other viruses that can contribute to cancers?cancers?

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17921/17921-h/images/fig100.jpg

http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/hornlad2.jpg

Sometimes hyperplastic conditions are quite rare and unusual in presentation.

Feedback loops can get interrupted,

as in this case…lack of iodine causes

thyroid to increase in

size (hypertrophy

and hyperplasia)

The result can be a goiter.

Often prevalent in areas with a

lack of iodine in the diet.

This is the reason that

iodine is added to

foods (like salt).

Thought QuestionThought Question

Hypertrophy and Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia are both Hyperplasia are both abnormal growth conditions abnormal growth conditions in which things seem to get in which things seem to get “bigger.” Yet, they don’t “bigger.” Yet, they don’t get bigger in the same way. get bigger in the same way. Explain.Explain.

ANAPLASIAANAPLASIA Growth alteration in cells that lead to Growth alteration in cells that lead to

malignancy.malignancy. Lots of variation in size, shape, and structure.Lots of variation in size, shape, and structure. Examples?Examples?

Malignant tumors that metastasize and cause Malignant tumors that metastasize and cause death.death.Sarcomas – Spread by blood stream. Sarcomas – Spread by blood stream.

Connective. Fast moving and found Connective. Fast moving and found everywhere in body.everywhere in body.

Carcinomas – Epithelial; spread by Carcinomas – Epithelial; spread by lymphatic system.lymphatic system.

Stomach, breast, urinary tract, skin, Stomach, breast, urinary tract, skin, uterusuterus

pathcuric1.swmed.edu/ PathDemo/IND5/IND5140.HTM

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma of thigh - infiltrating muscle

radiology.uchc.edu/ eAtlas/Bone/409.htm

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

dermatology.cdlib.org/. ../horn/horn2.html

podiatry.temple.edu/ 2006/FPP/Skin/

Basal Cell Carcinoma

comdisorders.cmsu.edu/.../ Images/HM%20Images.htm

Basal Cell Carcinoma

www.virtual.unal.edu.co/. ../cap537th.html

Oral Carcinom

a

Thought Question:Thought Question:

Does Anaplasia start Does Anaplasia start out as Anaplasia? In out as Anaplasia? In other words, can other words, can there be a there be a progression?progression?