Abolitionism

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Gradual Emancipation American Colonization Society (1817-

1964) favored gradual, compensated manumission & “returning” freed blacks to Africa Paul Cuffee (1759-1817) was mixed-

race Quaker ship captain who took 38 to Sierra Leone

James Madison & Henry Clay were leaders

Liberia founded in 1821 13,000 immigrants, 1817-67 Became independent nation in 1847

ACS continued settling African Americans in Liberia after the Civil War

Liberia

Pres. Joseph J. Roberts

First Lady Jane Roberts

Immediate Emancipation American Antislavery Society (1833-70)

demanded immediate, uncompen-sated emancipation & black citizenship William Lloyd Garrison began publishing

The Liberator in 1831 American Moral Reform Society linked

abolition to other evangelical reform efforts Arthur & Lewis Tappan founded American &

Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party in 1840 broke with Garrison over women’s rights &

political participation James G. Birney ran as Liberty Party pres.

Candidate in 1840 & 1844 merged with Free Soil party in 1848, which

merged into Republican party in 1856

William Lloyd Garrison

Theodore Weld

Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass (1818-95)

escaped from slavery in 1838 published Narrative in 1845 began publishing North Star in 1847

Henry Highland Garnet (1815-82) escaped from slavery in 1824 became Presbyterian minister in 1842 supported emigration until Civil War

Sojourner Truth (1797-1883) born Isabella Baumfree escaped from Dumonts in 1827 became involved with Matthias cult advocated westward emigration &

creation of “Negro state”

Frederick Douglass

Henry Highland Garnet

The Underground Railroad Not as organized or as secretive as

later legend made it Most escapees from Upper South Perhaps as many as 100,000 Free blacks organized & led many

of the Vigilance Committees William Still in Philadelphia David Ruggles in New York

Harriet Tubman (1819-1913) was most famous “conductor” escaped at age 30 led some 300 others to freedom served as scout, spy & nurse in

Civil War

Levi Coffin House, Ohio

The Amistad Case Joseph Cinque & 48 others

kidnapped in Sierra Leone Sold in Havana to Jose Ruiz &

Pedro Montes in June 1839 Cinque led mutiny July 1, 1839 Amistad captured by U.S.S.

Washington & brought to New London, CT Aug. 26

D.A. William Holabird charged Cinque & others with piracy & murder

Defense team led by J.Q. Adams Judge Andrew Judson ruled Jan.

13, 1840 that defendents were born free, and therefore not guilty

Decision upheld by Supreme Court March 9, 1840

Freedom Schooner Amistad