abortion and premature birth in cattle following vaccination with...abortion and premature birth in...
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Abortion and premature birth in cattle following vaccination with
Brucella abortus RB51 Amanda M Fluegel Dougherty
Todd E. Cornish Amy M. Boerger-Fields
Owen L. Henderson (USDA, APHIS, Daniel, WY) Donal O’Toole Ken W. Mills
Department of Veterinary Sciences and Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory
USAHA Brucellosis Committee Meeting October 22, 2014
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Brucellosis in the GYA
• Endemic in elk and bison- MT, ID, WY
• At-risk areas use adult vaccination – Approval of state vet and
APHIS vet
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Vaccines
• RB51 – Less abortigenic, no clinical signs,
cleared rapidly, not secreted – Safe in cattle 3 mo + – Calves 4-12 mo – 1.0-3.4 x 1010
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Adult vaccination
• Risks, not routinely used • RB51 infect placenta, mammary gland, fetal
tissues • Losses due to RB51 in field unknown • 0.52% abortion rate for 40,000 cattle in Spain
Sanz et al. 2010. Prev Vet Med 97:119-125
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Location • Sublette Co., WY
– Inside DSA – 13/23 feedgrounds – 2003 last brucellosis
outbreak here • 31 reactor cattle
• WSVL – 3 herd episodes abortion
due to RB51 – 2007, 2008-09, 2011
http://wlsb.state.wy.us/Animal%20Health/Pics/New%20DSA.jpg
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Herd A-2007
• 4 herds totaling 1,600 pregnant cattle • Vacc at 4 mo gestation, full calfhood dose • Herd A
– 101 days post vacc – Late term abortion, retained placenta – Std calfhood vacc in Oct 2006
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– Losses continued 49 days – 9 abortions, 5 stillborn/premature calves, 5
assumed abortions
• Total: 19/360 (5.3 %) • Historical losses for Herd A = 0.2-0.5%/yr
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• Remaining 3 adult vacc herds- no reported loss – Near index herd of 2003 – Unbred cattle addtl vacc in spring 2006
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Herd B-2009 • Total loss: 3/475 (0.6%)
– 2 abortions, 1 premature weak calf – 1st calf, 3 yo heifers
• 2 yr + cattle vacc with calfhood dose at 3-5 mo gestation in Nov 2008
• Herd mgmt plan change – Old: Calf vacc w/ adult booster in spring – New: fall vacc. – 3 yo cattle: calf vacc in spring 2006, adult vacc in
Nov 2008
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Methods
• Aborted fetuses and neonatal calves necropsy – 9 animals total + 1 placenta
• Fixed tissues/histopathology • Bacteriologic culture • PCR
– BaSS-PCR using DNA extracted from killed cells
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Results Summary • 5 abortions, 4 premature weak calves (total)
– Additional abortions (3 + 5 assumed), stillborn (2) and weak calves (2) reported in herds not submitted to WSVL
– RB51 cultured from: • Liver, lung, abomasum, spleen, rumen contents and
additional pooled samples, placenta (1 submitted)
– Lesions observed: • Lung (8 animals), abomasum, liver, lymph node,
thyroid, thymus, umbilicus, placenta, kidney, spleen
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Results Summary
• Virology – Virus isolation-negative – BVDV-1 and 2- IHC negative, ear notch ELISA
negative – BoHV-1- FA negative
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BaSS-PCR results • All isolates confirmed as
RB51 – Lane 1: neg control – Lane 2-6: RB51 control – Lane 7-10: DNA from
bacterial culture
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Herd A Results Animal Type Bacteriology Histology
Abortion 4/4 liver, abomasum,
lung, rumen contents
4/21 lung, abomasum,
liver, mesenteric LN
Premature weak calf
3/3 liver, abomasal content, lung
3/21 thyroid, tongue,
umbilicus
Premature weak calf
0/3 5/19 lung, thymus, LN, umbilicus, thyroid
Abortion 0/3 2/5 lung, liver
Abortion and 2 premature weak
calves-pooled (NVSL)
Positive pooled samples
1/4 lung
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Herd B Results
Animal Type Bacteriology Histology
Abortion 3/3 Lung, spleen, stomach
content
1/21 Lung
Abortion 3/3 Placenta, lung, stomach
contents
4/7 Placenta, lung, kidney,
spleen
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Conclusions
• Total losses in Herd A = 5.3% – Normal in herd 0.2-0.5% – 7 calves died, RB51
isolated – 3 other vacc herds=no
loss – Herd A vacc 1x – Other herds vacc 2x
• Herd B = 0.6% – 3 dead calves – RB51 isolated in 2 (1 NT) – 3 yo heifers – Calf vacc in spring 2006,
booster in fall 2008 midgestation
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Conclusion
• Pregnant cattle vaccination – One detailed report – 14.5 mo heifer – Bact isolation, PCR confirm – Placentitis, fetal pneumonia
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• Iran Yazdi HS, et al. Vet Rec 165:570-571 – Reduced dose during pregnancy 109 – 4 abortions, 2 vaccinates – RB51 from 1 fetus – Horizontal transmission?
• Spain Sanz C, et al. Prev Vet Med 97:119-125 – 78/897 tissues from aborting cattle – 14,893 cattle vaccinated
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RB51 Safety • Palmer et al. 1996. Vet Pathol 33:682-691
– RB51 infects maternal, fetal tissues – Placentitis – Premature birth
• Lower doses safe in pregnancy? – 1 109
– 2 S19 calfhood, RB51 when pregnant – 3 3 x 1010 midgestation – 4 1.6 x 1010 day 60 gestation, 2308 challenge
1: Palmer et al. 1997 Am J Vet Res 58:472-477 2: Samartino et al. 2000 Prev Vet Med 45:193-199 3: Edmonds et al. 1999 Am J Vet Res 60:722-725 4: Poester et al. 2006 Vaccine 24:5327-5334
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RB51 Safety
• Reduced dosages – Not field trials – Eval prior to breeding
• Size of dose • Timing
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WY Bovine abortion
• Abortion causative agent – 30-40% success
• No BoHV-1 or BVDV • Histology indicative of bacterial infection • Ranching in WY
– Carcass recovery – Observations
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RB51 as causative agent
• Pathology similar to B. abortus • Isolation of RB51 in affected tissues • Rare occurrence • Dose? Efficacy? Risks? • Herd management plans • Diagnostic testing
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Prevention
• Adult vaccination? – Vaccinate before breeding – Dose? – Time of gestation? Earlier?
• Balance risks – Herd management – Other factors – DSA of GYA
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Acknowledgements
• Cooperating herd owners • WSVL
– Paula Jaeger – Mercedes Thelen – Jackie Cavendar – BreAnna Bonner
• NVSL – Christina Loiacono
• USAHA • WLSB
– Walt Cook – Jim Logan
• USDA Animal Health Program WYO-397-05