abortion in ireland - report of the expert group

7/30/2019 Abortion in Ireland - Report Of The Expert Group.

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VN]GVP GI PBN NR]NVP AVG^] GH PBN

E^@AKNHP DHJ,FJH@CYDVNLJH@

HGYNKFNV 6=:6


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6

PJFLN GI CGHPNHPS

]VNIJCN

S^KKJVT

:( DHPVG@^CPDGH JH@ PNVKS GI VNINVNHCN

6( VNLNYJHP LNAJL ]VGYDSDGHS JH@ CJSNS

3( BDSPGVDCJL FJCOAVG^H@

0( J,FJH@CYDVNLJH@

>( ANHNVJL ]VDHCD]LNS

9( ]VGCN@^VN IGV @NPNVKDHDHA NHPDPLNKNHP JH@ JCCNSS PGPNVKDHJPDGH GI ]VNAHJHCT

1( G]PDGHS IGV DK]LNKNHPJPDGH

2( CGHCL^SDGH

J]]NH@DR DKNKFNVSBD] GI PBN NR]NVP AVG^]

J]]NH@DR DDPNVKS GI VNINVNHCN

J]]NH@DR DDDGYNVYDNQ GI DHPNVHJPDGHJL JFGVPDGH LJQ


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S^KKJVT GI VN]GVP

Dh @ncnkfnv 6==4 pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabps "NCpBV$ bnjv` j cjsnfvg~abp ft pbvnn qgknh dh vns}ncp gi pbn jllnan` fvnjcb gi pbndv vdabps ~h`nv

pbn N~vg}njh Cghynhpdgh igv pbn ]vgpncpdgh gi B~kjh Vdabps jh` I~h`jknhpjlIvnn`gks "pbn Cghynhpdgh$ dh vnajv` pg jfgvpdgh dh Dvnljh` "pbn J, F jh` C yDvnljh`:cjsn$(

Pbn e~àknhp gi pbn Cg~vp dh J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`cghidvkn` pbjp Jvpdcln0=(3(3 gi pbn Cghspdp~pdgh ds hgp dhcghsdspnhp qdpb pbn Cghynhpdgh( PbnN~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabps jccn}pn` pbjp Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 gi pbn DvdsbCghspdp~pdgh, js dhpnv}vnpn` ft pbn S~}vnkn Cg~vp, }vgyd`ns pbjp dp ds ljqi~l pgpnvkdhjpn j }vnahjhct dh Dvnljh` di dp ds nspjfldsbn` js j kjppnv gi }vgfjfdldptpbjp pbnvn ds j vnjl jh` s~fspjhpdjl vdso pg pbn ldin, js `dspdhcp ivgk pbn bnjlpb, gi

pbn kgpbnv, qbdcb cjh ghlt fn jygd`n` ft j pnvkdhjpdgh gi pbn }vnahjhct( Pbdsbjs hgp fnnh jlpnvn` ft pbds e~àknhp(

Pbn Cg~vp ig~h` pbjp5

Pbnvn bj` fnnh hg ydgljpdgh gi pbndv vdabps ~h`nv pbn Cghynhpdgh dh vns}ncpgi pbn idvsp jh` sncgh` j}}ldcjhps, Ks J jh` Ks F, jh` dp `dskdssn` pbndvj}}ldcjpdghs(

Pbnvn bj` fnnh j ydgljpdgh gi pbn j}}ldcjhps vdabp pg }vdyjpn jh` ijkdlt ldincghpvjvt pg Jvpdcln 2 gi pbn Cghynhpdgh dh pbn cjsn gi pbn pbdv` j}}ldcjhp, KsC( Pbn Cg~vp bnl` pbjp pbnvn qjs hg jccnssdfln jh` niincpdyn }vgcn`~vn pgnhjfln bnv pg nspjfldsb qbnpbnv sbn z~jldidn` igv j ljqi~l pnvkdhjpdgh gi

}vnahjhct dh jccgv`jhcn qdpb Dvdsb ljq(

Pbn Agynvhknhp nspjfldsbn` pbn Nr}nvp Avg~} cgk}vdsdha gi }nvsghs qdpbj}}vg}vdjpn kn`dcjl, lnajl, vna~ljpgvtjh` j`kdhdspvjpdyn nr}nvpdsn pg j`ydsn ghbgq pg dk}lnknhp pbn e~àknhp(

Pbn Nr}nvp Avg~} qjs json` pg vncgkknh` j snvdns gi g}pdghs gh bgq pgdk}lnknhp pbn e~àknhp pjodha dhpg jccg~hp pbn cghspdp~pdghjl, lnajl, kn`dcjl,jh` npbdcjl cghsd`nvjpdghs dhyglyn` dh pbn igvk~ljpdgh gi }~fldc }gldct dh pbdsjvnj jh` pbn gynv+vd`dha hnn` igv nr}n`dpdg~s jcpdgh(

Pbds vn}gvp }vgyd`ns fjcoavg~h` dhigvkjpdgh gh pbn pg}dc gi pnvkdhjpdgh gi}vnahjhct dh Dvnljh`, jh` `npjdls pbn g~pcgkn gi pbn `dsc~ssdghs gi pbn Avg~}(

Cbj}pnv : ds pbn Dhpvg`~cpdgh jh` snps g~p pbn pnvks gi vninvnhcn gi pbn Nr}nvpAvg~}(

Cbj}pnv 6 adyns jh gynvydnq gi pbn c~vvnhp lnajl }vgydsdghs agynvhdhapnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct dh Dvnljh`(

Cbj}pnv 3 g~pldhns pbn bdspgvdcjl fjcoavg~h` pg pbn lnajl `nynlg}knhps pbjpbjyn pjonh }ljcn gh jfgvpdgh gynv pbn ljsp 3= tnjvs gv sg(

:_6=:=[ NCBV 6=36


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Cbj}pnv 0`nscvdfns pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabps e~àknhp dh J, F jh`C y Dvnljh`jh` dps lnajl dk}ldcjpdghs(

Cbj}pnv > }vnsnhps pbn }vdhcd}lns j`g}pn` ft pbn Nr}nvp Avg~} igv pbndk}lnknhpjpdgh gi pbn e~ànknhp dh J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`(

Cbj}pnv 9 snps g~p }vgcn`~vjl g}pdghs( Pbnsn g}pdghs dhcl~`n pbn pnsp pg fnj}}ldn` pg `npnvkdhn nhpdplnknhp pg pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct dh Dvnljh`, pbncvdpnvdj igv `gcpgvs vns}ghsdfln igv pbn `ncdsdgh+kjodha }vgcnss, jh` j igvkjlj}}njls }vgcnss(

Cbj}pnv 1g~pldhns pbn dk}lnknhpjpdgh g}pdghs igv pbn }vgcn`~vn }vnsnhpn` dhpbn }vnydg~s cbj}pnv jh` pbn lnajl dk}ldcjpdghs gi pbn e~àknhp( Spjp~pgvt jh`hgh+spjp~pgvt g}pdghs jvn nrjkdhn` jh` `dsc~ssn` qdpb vninvnhcn pgcghspdp~pdghjl, lnajl, jh` }vgcn`~vjl cghsd`nvjpdghs(

Cbj}pnv 2 ds pbn Cghcl~sdgh(

J}}nh`dr D Knkfnvsbd} gi pbn Nr}nvp Avg~}

J}}nh`dr DD Pnvks gi Vninvnhcn

J}}nh`dr DDD Gynvydnq gi dhpnvhjpdghjl ljq gh jfgvpdgh


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CBJ]PNV:

DHPVG@^CPDGH

:(: Fjcoavg~h`

Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 gi pbn Cghspdp~pdgh qjs dhsnvpn` ft pbn Ndabpb Jknh`knhp dh:423 jh` ds js igllgqs5

Pbn Spjpn jcohgqlnàns pbn vdabp pg ldin gi pbn ~hfgvh jh`, qdpb `~nvnajv` pg pbn nz~jl vdabp pg ldin gi pbn kgpbnv, a~jvjhpnns dh dps ljqs pgvns}ncp, jh`, js ijv js }vjcpdcjfln, ft dps ljqs pg `ninh` jh` ydh`dcjpn

pbjp vdabp(

Pbn S~}vnkn Cg~vp `ncd`n` dh :446 dh Jppgvhnt Anhnvjl y R6 "pbn Rcjsn$pbjp pbn Cghspdp~pdgh }nvkdppn` jfgvpdgh dh cnvpjdh ldkdpn` jh` }jvpdc~ljvcdvc~kspjhcns, hjknlt, qbnvn pbnvn qjs j vnjl jh` s~fspjhpdjl vdso pg pbn ldin

gi pbn qgkjh qbdcb cg~l` ghlt fn vnkgyn` ft pnvkdhjpdha pbn }vnahjhct( Pbncjsn dh qbdcb pbn e~àknhp qjs adynh cghcnvhn` j advl gi :0 tnjvs gi jan jh`pbn pbvnjp pg bnv ldin qjs ivgk s~dcd`n(

Pbn R cjsn ds pbn fjcoavg~h` pg pbn `ncdsdgh ft pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp giB~kjh Vdabps dh pbn cjsn gi J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`( Pbn NCpBV `ncd`n` pbjppbn Spjpn qjs dh fvnjcb gi pbn Cghynhpdgh dh ijdldha pg adyn niincp pg pbn vdabpd`nhpdidn` ft pbn S~}vnkn Cg~vp dh pbn Rcjsn(

Pbds e~àknhp `d` hgp jlpnv gv nrpnh` pbn ljq gh jfgvpdgh dh Dvnljh`( Pbn vdabpdh z~nspdgh jlvnj`t nrdsps jh` bjs `ghn sdhcn pbn nhjcpknhp gi pbnjknh`knhp dh Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 gi pbn Cghspdp~pdgh jh` dh`nn` dh pbn ljq fnigvnpbjp(

Dvnljh` ds j sdahjpgvt pg pbn Cghynhpdgh jh` ds gfldan` pg adyn niincp pg pbne~àknhps gi pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabps( Dp igllgqs pbjp pbn Spjpn dshgq vnz~dvn` pg dk}lnknhp pbds e~àknhp( Pbn Agynvhknhp nspjfldsbn` pbdsNr}nvp Avg~} pg j`ydsn gh bgq pg adyn niincp pg pbn e~àknhp(

:(6 Pbn Nr}nvp Avg~}

Pbn Avg~} cghsdspn` gi }ng}ln qdpb vnlnyjhp nr}nvpdsn dh pbn jvnjs gikn`dcdhn, ljq, }vginssdghjl vna~ljpdgh jh` j`kdhdspvjpdgh( Pbn vnkdp gi pbnAvg~} qjs pg jssdsp pbn Agynvhknhp dh kjodha `ncdsdghs cghcnvhdha pbndk}lnknhpjpdgh gi pbn e~àknhp dh J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`(

6_:446[ 6 D(V( :


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:(3 Pbn Pnvks gi Vninvnhcn

:( Pg nrjkdhn pbn e~àknhp dh J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`gi pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp giB~kjh Vdabps?

6( Pg nl~cd`jpn dps dk}ldcjpdghs igv pbn }vgydsdgh gi bnjlpb cjvn snvydcns pg}vnahjhp qgknh dh Dvnljh`?

3( Pg vncgkknh` j snvdns gi g}pdghs gh bgq pg dk}lnknhp pbn e~àknhppjodha dhpg jccg~hp pbn cghspdp~pdghjl, lnajl, kn`dcjl, jh` npbdcjlcghsd`nvjpdghs dhyglyn` dh pbn igvk~ljpdgh gi }~fldc }gldct dh pbds jvnj jh`pbn gynv+vd`dha hnn` igv s}nn`t jcpdgh3(

^h`nv pbn pnvks gi vninvnhcn snp g~p jfgyn, dp qjs hgp pbn i~hcpdgh gi pbn

Avg~} pg s}ncdit bgq pbn e~àknhp gi pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabpssbg~l` fn dk}lnknhpn`( Pbn Avg~}s pjso qjs pg }vgyd`n g}pdghs, hgp pgvncgkknh` ghn }jvpdc~ljv sgl~pdgh( Pbn vn}gvp nh`njyg~vs pg snp g~p g}pdghspbjp jvn }vjcpdcjl jh` cghsdspnhp qdpb pbn Cghspdp~pdgh jh` ljq gi pbn Spjpn(

Hndpbnv qjs dp pbn pjso gi pbn Nr}nvp Avg~} pg cghsd`nv gv vncgkknh`cbjhans pg jfgvpdgh ljq dh pbn Spjpn? pbgsn jvn }gldct z~nspdghs gh qbdcb dpbj` hg i~hcpdgh(

Pbn ghlt fvdni pbjp pbn Kdhdspnv ajyn pbds Avg~} qjs pg `njl qdpb pbnvnz~dvnknhps gi pbn N~vg}njh Cg~vp gi B~kjh Vdabps e~àknhp jh` pg j`ydsn

pbn Agynvhknhp gh bgq pg adyn niincp pg nrdspdha cghspdp~pdghjl }vgydsdghs(

:(0 Bgq pbn Vn}gvp ds Gvajhdsn`

Pbn vn}gvp snnos pg }~p pbn dss~ns pg fn cghsd`nvn` dh cghpnrp ft snppdha g~ppbn bdspgvdcjl jh` lnajl fjcoavg~h` jh` ft adydha sgkn dhigvkjpdgh jfg~p pbnsdp~jpdgh dh gpbnv cg~hpvdns0( Pbnh dp j``vnssns pbn }vjcpdcjldpdns gidk}lnknhpjpdgh ft cghsd`nvdha }vdhcd}lns, s~fspjhpdyn knjs~vns jh` kg`ns giniincpdha pbnk(

3Igv pbn cgk}lnpn pnvks gi vninvnhcn gi pbn Nr}nvp Avg~} }lnjsn snn J}}nh`dr DD(

0]lnjsn snn J}}nh`dr DDD(


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CBJ]PNV6

VNLNYJHP LNAJL ]VGYDSDGHS JH@ CJSNS

6(: Lnajl ]vgydsdghs jh` Cjsn Ljq Agynvhdha pbn Pnvkdhjpdgh gi]vnahjhct dh Dvnljh`

6(:(: Giinhcns Jajdhsp pbn ]nvsgh Jcp :29:Jfgvpdgh ds }vgbdfdpn` ~h`nv pbn Cvdkdhjl Ljq ft Sncpdgh >2 "js jknh`n`$ gipbn Giinhcns Jajdhsp pbn ]nvsgh Jcp :29: "pbn :29: Jcp$5

Nynvt qgkjh , fndha qdpb cbdl`, qbg, qdpb dhpnhp pg }vgc~vn bnv gqhkdscjvvdjan, sbjll ~hljqi~llt j`kdhdspnv pg bnvsnli jht }gdsgh gv gpbnv hgrdg~spbdha gv sbjll ~hljqi~llt ~sn jht dhspv~knhp gv gpbnv knjhs qbjpsgnynv qdpb pbnldon dhpnhp, jh` qbgsgnynv, qdpb dhpnhp pg }vgc~vn pbn kdscjvvdjan gi jht qgkjh,qbnpbnv sbn fn gv hgp fn qdpb cbdl`, sbjll ~hljqi~llt j`kdhdspnv pg bnv gv cj~sn pg

fn pjonh ft bnv jht }gdsgh gv gpbnv hgrdg~s pbdha, gv sbjll ~hljqi~llt ~sn jhtdhspv~knhp gv gpbnv knjhs qbjpsgnynv qdpb pbn ldon dhpnhp, sbjll fn a~dlpt gi jinlght, jh` fndha cghydcpn` pbnvngi sbjll fn ldjfln pg fn on}p dh }nhjl snvydp~`nigv ldin(

Sncpdgh >4 gi pbn :29: Jcp spjpns pbjp5Qbgnynv sbjll ~hljqi~llt s~}}lt gv }vgc~vn jht }gdsgh gv gpbnv hgrdg~s pbdha, gvjht dhspv~knhp gv pbdha qbjpsgnynv, ohgqdha pbjp pbn sjkn ds dhpnh`n` pg fn~hljqi~llt ~sn` gv nk}lgtn` qdpb dhpnhp pg }vgc~vn pbn kdscjvvdjan gi jhtqgkjh, qbnpbnv sbn fn gv fn hgp qdpb cbdl`, sbjll fn a~dlpt gi j kds`nknjhg~v(

6(:(6 Bnjlpb "Ijkdlt ]ljhhdha$ Jcp :414Sncpdgh := gi pbn Bnjlpb "Ijkdlt ]ljhhdha$ Jcp :414 vncdpns pbn spjp~pgvt}vgbdfdpdgh gi jfgvpdgh jh` spjpns js igllgqs5

Hgpbdha dh pbds Jcp sbjll fn cghspv~n` js j~pbgvdsdha j$ Pbn }vgc~vdha gi jfgvpdgh,f$ Pbn `gdha gi jht gpbnv pbdha pbn `gdha gi qbdcb ds }vgbdfdpn` ft Sncpdgh

>2 gv >4 gi pbn Giinhcns Jajdhsp Pbn ]nvsghs Jcp :29: "qbdcb sncpdghs}vgbdfdp pbn j`kdhdspnvdha gi `v~as gv pbn ~sn gi jht dhspv~knhps pg}vgc~vn jfgvpdgh$ gv,

c$ Pbn sjln, dk}gvpjpdgh dhpg pbn Spjpn, kjh~ijcp~vn, j`ynvpdsdha gv ds}ljtgi jfgvpdijcdnhps(

6(:(3 Pbn Ndabpb Jknh`knhp pg pbn Cghspdp~pdgh ":423$J vninvnh`~k qjs bnl` dh :423, vns~lpdha dh pbn j`g}pdgh gi j }vgydsdgh qbdcbfncjkn Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 gi pbn Dvdsb Cghspdp~pdgh, pbn Ndabpb Jknh`knhp(Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 }vgyd`ns js igllgqs5

Pbn Spjpn jcohgqln`ans pbn vdabp pg ldin gi pbn ~hfgvh jh`, qdpb `~n vnajv` pgpbn nz~jl vdabp pg ldin gi pbn kgpbnv, a~jvjhpnns dh dps ljqs pg vns}ncp, jh`, js ijvjs }vjcpdcjfln, ft dps ljqs pg `ninh` jh` ydh`dcjpn pbjp vdabp(

6(:(0 Jppgvhnt Anhnvjl y R ) Gpbnvs>Pbn dhpnv}vnpjpdgh gi pbn Ndabpb Jknh`knhp qjs i~vpbnv cghsd`nvn` dh pbn Rcjsn, qbdcb jvgsn dh :446( Pbn S~}vnkn Cg~vp bnl` pbjp di dp qnvn nspjfldsbn`

>Snn jlsg sncpdgh 3(3 igv j `dsc~ssdgh gi pbn Rcjsn(


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js j kjppnv gi }vgfjfdldpt, pbjp pbnvn qjs j vnjl jh` s~fspjhpdjl vdso pg pbn ldin,js `dspdhcp ivgk pbn bnjlpb, gi pbn kgpbnv jh` pbjp pbds vnjl jh` s~fspjhpdjl vdsocg~l` ghlt fn jynvpn` ft pbn pnvkdhjpdgh gi bnv }vnahjhct, s~cb j pnvkdhjpdghqjs ljqi~l(

6(:(> Pbn Pbdvpnnhpb jh` Ig~vpnnhpb Jknh`knhps :446Igllgqdha gh ivgk pbn R`ncdsdgh pbnvn qnvn pbvnn }vg}gsn` jknh`knhps pgpbn Cghspdp~pdgh }ljcn` fnigvn pbn }ng}ln ft qjt gi vninvnh`~k dh Hgynkfnv:446( Pqg gi pbgsn pbvnn }vg}gsjls qnvn j`g}pn`? pbnt qnvn ohgqh js pbn:3pb jh` :0pb Jknh`knhps(

Pbn :3pb Jknh`knhp pg pbn Cghspdp~pdgh "j``n` pg Jvpdcln 0=(3(3$ qjs`nsdahn` pg nhs~vn pbjp j qgkjh cg~l` hgp fn }vnynhpn` ivgk lnjydha pbne~vds`dcpdgh igv jh jfgvpdgh jfvgj` jh` dp vnj`s js igllgqs5

Pbds s~fsncpdgh sbjll hgp ldkdp ivnn`gk pg pvjynl fnpqnnh pbn Spjpn jh` jhgpbnvspjpn(

Pbn :0pb Jknh`knhp "jlsg j``n` pg Jvpdcln 0=(3(3$ jllgqs igv pbn }vgydsdgh dhDvnljh` gi dhigvkjpdgh gh jfgvpdgh snvydcns jfvgj` jh` }vgyd`ns js igllgqs5

Pbds s~fsncpdgh sbjll hgp ldkdp ivnn`gk pg gfpjdh gv kjon jyjdljfln, dh pbn Spjpn,s~fencp pg s~cb cgh`dpdghs js kjt fn ljd` `gqh ft ljq, dhigvkjpdgh vnljpdha pgsnvydcns ljqi~llt jyjdljfln dh jhgpbnv spjpn(

Pbn c~vvnhp pnrp gi Jvpdcln 0=(3 gi pbn Cghspdp~pdgh5: Pbn Spjpn a~jvjhpnns dh dps ljqs pg vns}ncp, jh`, js ijv js }vjcpdcjfln, ft dps

ljqs pg `ninh` jh` ydh`dcjpn pbn }nvsghjl vdabps gi pbn cdpdunh(6 Pbn Spjpn sbjll, dh }jvpdc~ljv, ft dps ljqs }vgpncp js fnsp dp kjt ivgk ~he~sp

jppjco jh`, dh pbn cjsn gi dhe~spdcn `ghn, ydh`dcjpn pbn ldin, }nvsgh, agg` hjknjh` }vg}nvpt vdabps gi nynvt cdpdunh(

3 Pbn Spjpn jcohgqln`ans pbn vdabp pg ldin gi pbn ~hfgvh jh`, qdpb `~n vnajv` pgpbn nz~jl vdabp pg ldin gi pbn kgpbnv, a~jvjhpnns dh dps ljqs pg vns}ncp, jh`, jsijv js }vjcpdcjfln, ft dps ljqs pg `ninh` jh` ydh`dcjpn pbjp vdabp(

Pbds s~fsncpdgh sbjll hgp ldkdp ivnn`gk pg pvjynl fnpqnnh pbn Spjpn jh`jhgpbnv spjpn(

Pbds s~fsncpdgh sbjll hgp ldkdp ivnn`gk pg gfpjdh gv kjon jyjdljfln, dh pbnSpjpn, s~fencp pg s~cb cgh`dpdghs js kjt fn ljd` `gqh ft ljq, dhigvkjpdghvnljpdha pg snvydcns ljqi~llt jyjdljfln dh jhgpbnv spjpn(

6(:(9 Pbn Vna~ljpdgh gi Dhigvkjpdgh "Snvydcns g~psd`n pbn Spjpn igvPnvkdhjpdgh gi ]vnahjhcdns$ Jcp :44>Sncpdgh 6 gi pbn :44> Jcp `nidhns Jcp dhigvkjpdgh js dhigvkjpdgh pbjp "j$ dsldonlt pg fn vnz~dvn` ft j qgkjh igv pbn }~v}gsn gi jyjdldha bnvsnli gi snvydcns}vgyd`n` g~psd`n pbn Spjpn igv pbn pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhcdns? "f$ vnljpns pgs~cb snvydcns gv pg }nvsghs qbg }vgyd`n pbnk(

Sncpdgh : cghidvks pbjp j }nvsgh pg qbgk Sncpdgh > j}}ldns knjhs j }nvsghqbg nhajans dh, gv bgl`s bdksnli, bnvsnli gv dpsnli g~p js nhajadha dh, pbnjcpdydpt gi adydha dhigvkjpdgh, j`ydcn gv cg~hsnlldha pg dh`dyd`~jl knkfnvs gi

pbn }~fldc dh vnljpdgh pg }vnahjhct( Sncpdgh > gi pbn :44> Jcp }vgyd`ns jsigllgqs5


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Qbnvn j }nvsgh pg qbgk Sncpdgh > j}}ldns ds vnz~nspn`, ft gv gh fnbjli gi jhdh`dyd`~jl qgkjh qbg dh`dcjpns gv gh qbgsn fnbjli dp ds dh`dcjpn` pbjp sbn ds gvkjtfn }vnahjhp, pg adyn dhigvkjpdgh, j`ydcn gv cg~hsnlldha dh vnljpdgh pg bnv}jvpdc~ljv cdvc~kspjhcns bjydha vnajv` pg pbn ijcp pbjp dp ds dh`dcjpn` ft bnv gv ghbnv fnbjli pbjp sbn ds gv kjt fn }vnahjhp

j$ Dp sbjll hgp fn ljqi~l igv pbn }nvsgh gv pbn nk}lgtnv gv }vdhcd}jl gi pbn}nvsgh pg j`ygcjpn gv }vgkgpn pbn pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct pg pbnqgkjh gv pg jht }nvsgh gh bnv fnbjli,

f$ Dp sbjll hgp fn ljqi~l igv pbn }nvsgh gv pbn nk}lgtnv gv }vdhcd}jl gi pbn}nvsgh pg adyn Jcp dhigvkjpdgh pg pbn qgkjh gv pg jht }nvsgh gh bnvfnbjli ~hlnss

d( Pbn dhigvkjpdgh jh` pbn knpbg` jh` kjhhnv gi dps }~fldcjpdgh jvndh cgk}ldjhcn qdpb s~f }jvjavj}bs "d$ jh` "dd$ gi Sncpdgh 3 ":$"j$jh` pbn dhigvkjpdgh ds adynh dh j igvk jh` kjhhnv qbdcb `g hgpj`ygcjpn gv }vgkgpn pbn pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct,

dd( jp pbn sjkn pdkn, dhigvkjpdgh "gpbnv pbjh Jcp dhigvkjpdgh$,cg~hsnlldha jh` j`ydcn jvn adynh `dvncplt pg pbn qgkjh dh vnljpdghpg jll pbn cg~vsns gi jcpdgh pbjp jvn g}nh pg bnv dh vnljpdgh pg bnv}jvpdc~ljv cdvc~kspjhcns jigvnsjd`, jh`

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13/58

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3(:(6 Pbn Cghspdp~pdgh]vdgv pg pbn j`g}pdgh gi pbn Ndabpb Jknh`knhp pg pbn Cghspdp~pdgh dh :423,Jvpdcln 0=(3 gi pbn Cghspdp~pdgh vnj` js igllgqs5

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6 Pbn Spjpn sbjll, dh }jvpdc~ljv, ft dps ljqs }vgpncp js fnsp dp kjt ivgk ~he~spjppjco jh`, dh bn cjsn gi dhe~spdcn `ghn, ydh`dcjpn pbn ldin, }nvsgh, agg`hjkn jh` }vg}nvpt vdabps gi nynvt cdpdunh(

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14/58

:0

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15/58

:>

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16/58

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61Jvpdcln 3 }vgpncps dh`dyd`~jls ivgk dhb~kjhn gv `navj`dha pvnjpknhp


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3:Jvpdcln :3 a~jvjhpnns jh niincpdyn vnkn`t fnigvn j hjpdghjl j~pbgvdpt


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Pbn Cg~vp cghsd`nvs pbjp pbn ~hcnvpjdhpt anhnvjpn` ft pbn ljco gi lnadsljpdyndk}lnknhpjpdgh gi Jvpdcln 0=(3(3, jh` kgvn }jvpdc~ljvlt ft pbn ljco gi niincpdynjh` jccnssdfln }vgcn`~vns pg nspjfldsb j vdabp pg jh jfgvpdgh ~h`nv pbjp}vgydsdgh, bjs vns~lpn` dh j spvdodha `dscgv`jhcn fnpqnnh pbn pbngvnpdcjl vdabp pgljqi~l jfgvpdgh dh Dvnljh` gh avg~h`s gi j vnlnyjhp vdso pg j qgkjh!s ldin jh` pbnvnjldpt gi dps }vjcpdcjl dk}lnknhpjpdgh(30

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Pbn dk}lnknhpjpdgh gi pbn e~àknhp ds fndha kghdpgvn` ft pbn Cgkkdppnn giKdhdspnvs gi pbn Cg~hcdl gi N~vg}n( Jh Jcpdgh ]ljh, snppdha g~p pbn knjs~vnsDvnljh` qdll pjon pg dk}lnknhp pbn e~àknhp, qjs s~fkdppn` pg pbn Cgkkdppnngi Kdhdspnvs dh E~hn 6=::( Pbn Jcpdgh ]ljh cgkkdppn` Dvnljh` pg nspjfldsbdhajh Nr}nvp Avg~} pg j``vnss pbn dss~n, `vjqdha gh j}}vg}vdjpn kn`dcjl jh`lnajl nr}nvpdsn qdpb j ydnq pg kjodha vncgkknh`jpdghs pg Agynvhknhp ghbgq pbn kjppnv sbg~l` fn }vg}nvlt j``vnssn`(

0(1 Dk}ldcjpdghs gi pbn Spjpns Gfldajpdghs ~h`nv pbn e~ànknhp gi J,F jh` C y Dvnljh`

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Pbn nhpdplnknhp pg bjyn ghns vdabp pg ljqi~l pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhctjscnvpjdhn` ds pbn cv~r gi pbn e~àknhp jh` dp vnz~dvns pbjp niincpdyn jh`jccnssdfln }vgcn`~vns fn nspjfldsbn`( Kn`dcjl `djahgsds ds hgp jlqjts s~cb

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31Jvpdcln 0=(3(3 gi pbn Dvdsb Cghspdp~pdgh, js dhpnv}vnpn` ft pbn S~}vnkn Cg~vp dh pbn R cjsn,

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Dh pbn cdvc~kspjhcns gi pbn Rcjsn, pbjp knjhp jh jfgvpdgh f~p pbjp qdll hgp fnpbn vns~lp dh j sdp~jpdgh dh qbdcb pbn fjft cjh fn `nldynvn` qdpbg~pcgk}vgkdsdha pbn qgkjhs vdabp pg ldin( Pbds knjhs pbjp qbnvn j qgkjh bjsj }vnahjhct pbjp }ljcns bnv ldin jp vdso jh` bnv ignp~s ds gv kjt fn ydjfln, sbnkjt bjyn j vdabp pg bjyn pbn }vnahjhct fvg~abp pg jh nh` f~p hgp j vdabp pg

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Pbn C cjsn e~`aknhp bjs jlsg `nscvdfn` pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct dh pbncdvc~kspjhcns `nscvdfn` jfgyn js kn`dcjl pvnjpknhp(0:

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3( Pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct sbg~l` fn cghsd`nvn` j kn`dcjl pvnjpknhpvnajv`lnss gi qbnpbnv pbn vdso pg pbn ldin gi pbn qgkjh jvdsns gh }btsdcjl gvknhpjl bnjlpb avg~h`s(

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gi pbds cghsd`nvjpdgh k~sp fn `gc~knhpn`( "Snn `dsc~ssdgh jp ]vdhcd}ln 6 dhCbj}pnv > jfgyn$(

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9(3 Z~jldidcjpdghs gi @gcpgvs Dhyglyn` dh pbn ]vgcnss

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Pbn Kn`dcjl Cg~hcdl Vnadspnv gi @gcpgvs bjs sdr `dydsdghs + S}ncdjldsp,Anhnvjl, Pvjdhnn jh` S~}nvydsn`, Dhpnvhsbd} Vnadspvjpdgh jh` Ydsdpdha NNJ]vjcpdpdghnvs @dydsdgh( @gcpgvs gh pbn S}ncdjldsp @dydsdgh gi pbn Kn`dcjlCg~hcdl Vnadspnv bjyn cgk}lnpn` j igvkjl pvjdhdha jh` nyjl~jpdgh }vgcnss jhànhnvjllt gcc~}t cghs~lpjhp }gsps dh bgs}dpjls gv }vjcpdcn js lnj` cldhdcdjhs dhAnhnvjl ]vjcpdcn "]vdkjvt Cjvn ]btsdcdjhs$( @gcpgvs dh pbn gpbnv `dydsdghs gipbn Kn`dcjl Vnadspnv gv hgh+kn`dcjl bnjlpb cjvn }vginssdghjls "n(a(H~vsns'Kd`qdyns jh` Cldhdcjl ]stcbglgadsps$ cg~l` bjyn j yjl~jfln dh}~p ftqjt gi cghinvvdha qdpb jh` dhigvkdha pbn S}ncdjldsp `gcpgvs vns}ghsdfln igv pbn`ncdsdgh+kjodha }vgcnss(

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Cg~hcdl Vnadspnv, pbnvn ds hgigvkjl jss~vjhcn gi bds'bnv


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}jvpdcd}jpdgh dh pbds }vgcnss( cldhdcjl nr}nvpdsn( Ljco giS}ncdjldsp vnadspvjpdgh, pbnvnigvn,vnkgyns j snp gi sjina~jv`s(

G}pdgh 6 Kn`dcjl ]vjcpdpdghnvs pg fn gh pbn S}ncdjldsp VnadspnvS}ncdjldsp vnadspvjpdgh qg~l` fn vnz~dvn` pg nhs~vn pbjp jll `gcpgvs dhyglyn` dhpnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct }vgcn`~vns i~lidl }vncdsn jh` igvkjl cvdpnvdj jsvnajv`s lnynls gi ohgqln`an jh` sodlls(


Pbn Kn`dcjl Cg~hcdl Vnadspnv gi@gcpgvs }vgyd`ns j igvkjl qjt gijscnvpjdhdha pbn lnynl giohgqln`an jh` sodll gi cldhdcdjhs,jh` snps spjh`jv`s jvg~h` pbn

kjdhpnhjhcn gi ont cgk}npnhcdnsdh pbn cldhdcjl jvnhj( Pbnvnigvn,ldkdpdha }jvpdcd}jpdgh dh `ncdsdgh+kjodha ghlt pg pbgsn `gcpgvs ghpbn S}ncdjldsp @dydsdgh gi pbnVnadspnv qg~l` }vgyd`n jhj``dpdghjl sjina~jv` dh pbn}vgpncpdgh gi cldhdcjl spjh`jv`s(

Sdp~jpdghs kjt jvdsn qbnvn pbncldhdcdjhs qdpb dh+`n}pbdhigvkjpdgh vnajv`dha pbn cjsn~h`nv vnydnq jvn hgp nhpnvn` ghpbn S}ncdjldsp @dydsdgh gi pbn

Vnadspnv, jh` pbds vnz~dvnknhpqg~l` }vncl~`n pbnk ivgk fndha`ncdsdgh+kjonvs( S~cb jscnhjvdg cg~l` lnj` pg `nljts dhvnjcbdha j `djahgsds jh` ldkdpjccnss pg pvnjpknhp(

9(0 H~kfnv jh` Vgln gi @gcpgvs

9(0(: H~kfnv gi @gcpgvsPbn h~kfnv gi `gcpgvs vnz~dvn` pg kjon pbn `ncdsdgh qbnpbnv j qgkjh dsnhpdpln` pg j ljqi~l pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct ds j ont nlnknhp gi pbn `ncdsdgh+kjodha }vgcnss( Ijcpgvs pg fn cghsd`nvn` dhcl~`n pbn hnn` pg }vgyd`ns~iidcdnhp nr}nvpdsn pg kjon j sjpdsijcpgvt cldhdcjl jssnssknhp, pg jccnss pbdsnr}nvpdsn dh j pdknlt kjhhnv vnajv`lnss gi angavj}bdcjl lgcjpdgh, pg cvnjpn js~}}gvpdyn qgvodha nhydvghknhp igv kn`dcjl }vjcpdpdghnvs dhyglyn` dh pbnsn`ncdsdghs, jh` pg ijcdldpjpn pvnjpknhp gi pbn kn`dcjl cgh`dpdgh qbnvn dp vnz~dvnspnvkdhjpdgh gi j }vnahjhct(

Pbn }gssdfdldpt gi ghn `gcpgv kjodha pbn `ncdsdgh gh bds'bnv gqh qjs hgpcghsd`nvn` j ydjfln g}pdgh, js dp ds j scnhjvdg pbjp qg~l` vjvnlt jvdsn dh pbncg~vsn gi hgvkjl kn`dcjl }vjcpdcn qbnvn `gcpgvs ~s~jllt qgvo js }jvp gi jpnjk gv cghs~lp qdpb cgllnja~ns js j kjppnv gi cg~vsn( Nknvanhct sdp~jpdghsjvn pbn nrcn}pdgh bnvn, jh` pbnsn jvn cghsd`nvn` sn}jvjpnlt "}lnjsn snnSncpdgh 9(>$(

Gh gpbnv bjh`, dp qjs anhnvjllt cghsd`nvn` pbjp pqg `gcpgvs qdpb pbn vnlnyjhppvjdhdha jh` nr}nvpdsn j}}vg}vdjpn pg pbn cjsn qg~l` fn s~iidcdnhp igv kjodha jcldhdcjl `ncdsdgh js pg pbn vdso pg pbn ldin gi pbn qgkjh, qbnpbnv pbn vdso jvgsn

fncj~sn gi j }btsdcjl gv knhpjl bnjlpb cgh`dpdgh( Bgqnynv, kgvn `gcpgvscg~l` fn dhyglyn` dh pbn }vgcnss ft qjt gi dhigvkjl cghs~lpjpdghs jkghasp


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cgllnja~ns, gv k~lpd+`dscd}ldhjvt pnjk jssnssknhp, js gipnh gcc~vs dh cgk}lnrkn`dcjl cjsns jp }vnsnhp(

Qdpbg~p qdsbdha pg fn }vnscvd}pdyn jfg~p pbn s}ncdjlpdns pg fn dhyglyn` dh pbn}vgcnss gi `npnvkdhdha nhpdplnknhp pg pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct, js cghsd`nvn`

dh pbn }vnydg~s sncpdgh, pbn vgln gi cnvpjdh s}ncdjldpdns dh pbds }vgcnss qjvvjhpss}ncdidc knhpdgh(

9(0(6 Pbn Vgln gi Anhnvjl ]vjcpdpdghnvsAnhnvjl ]vjcpdpdghnvs gipnh bjyn j lgha+pnvk vnljpdghsbd} qdpb pbndv }jpdnhpsjh` pbnvnigvn bjyn dh+`n}pb ohgqlnàn gi j }jpdnhps }nvsghjl cdvc~kspjhcns(Pbn A] kjt fn jfln pg }vgyd`n yjl~jfln dhsdabp dhpg bnv cldhdcjl bdspgvt?ohgqlnàn qbdcb kdabp fn }jvpdc~ljvlt ~sni~l qbnh jssnssdha j vnjl jh`s~fspjhpdjl vdso pg ldin pbvg~ab s~dcd`n( Pbnvnigvn, dp kjt fn j}}vg}vdjpn pbjpA]s jvn cghs~lpn` js j kjppnv gi fnsp }vjcpdcn dh pbn cg~vsn gi pbn `djahgspdc}vgcnss( Pbds qg~l` }vgyd`n jccnss pg pbndv ohgqlnàn gi pbn }jpdnhp, qbdln jp

pbn sjkn pdkn hgp f~v`nhdha pbn A] qdpb kjodha j cldhdcjl `ncdsdgh ghnhpdplnknhp pg pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct qbdcb qg~l` ijll g~psd`n gi pbn scg}ngi anhnvjl }vjcpdcn(

9(0(3 Pbn Vgln gi Gfspnpvdcdjhs'Athjncglgadsps03Dh pbn yjsp kjegvdpt gi cjsns pnvkdhjpdghs qdll fn cjvvdn` g~p ftgfspnpvdcdjh'athjncglgadsps( Qbnh pbn kn`dcjl }vgflnk adydha vdsn pg jhnhpdplnknhp pg pnvkdhjpdgh jvdsns ivgk gfspnpvdc'athjncglgadcjl cj~sns, gvqbnh pbn gfspnpvdcdjh ds jh nrdspdha knkfnv gi j k~lpd`dscd}ldhjvt pvnjpdhapnjk, hg dss~n sbg~l` jvdsn js pg pbndv qdlldhahnsspg cjvvt g~p pbn }vgcn`~vn,jsd`n ivgk vnjsghs gi cghscdnhpdg~s gfencpdgh "snn `dsc~ssdgh dh Sncpdgh 9(4$Bgqnynv, dh cnvpjdh cjsns, n(a( dh vnljpdgh pg cjhcnv gv }stcbdjpvdc dllhnss, pbngfspnpvdcdjh qg~l` hgp hncnssjvdlt fn dhyglyn` dh pbn `djahgsds gv bjyn pbnnr}nvpdsn vnz~dvn` pg `g sg, jlpbg~ab bds'bnv snvydcns qg~l` fn vnz~dvn` pgcjvvt g~p pbn }vgcn`~vn di dp qjs `nnkn` hncnssjvt(

9(0(0 Pbn Vgln gi ]stcbdjpvdspsIdhjllt, pbn vgln gi pbn }stcbdjpvdsp ds ont qbnvn j pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct ds}vnscvdfn` js j}}vg}vdjpn pvnjpknhp dh cjsn gi s~dcd`jl d`njpdgh'dhpnhp( Pbnvnjvn vncgahdsn` cldhdcjl cbjllnhans dh cgvvncplt `djahgsdha nr}vnssn` s~dcd`ndhpnhp, igv dhspjhcn, pbn jfsnhcn gi vncgahdsn` cldhdcjl kjvonvs( Pbnvnigvn, dp

cg~l` fn jva~n` pbjp pbds ds j kgvn s~fencpdyn }vgcnss jh` vnz~dvns kgvnsjina~jv`s pg fn }~p dh }ljcn igv pbn }vgpncpdgh gi fgpb pbn qgkjh jh` pbn~hfgvh( Pbn hnn` pg onn} ~} pg `jpn qdpb cldhdcjl vnsnjvcb gh pbds dss~n dsbdabldabpn` dh pbn Kn`dcjl Cg~hcdl A~d`nldhns vninvvn` pg dh sncpdgh 3(9(3 qdpbj ydnq pg nhs~vdha pbjp pbn `ncdsdgh ds nyd`nhcn+fjsn`(

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03Igv pbn sjon gi fvnydpt, jht vninvnhcn pg jh gfspnpvdcdjh sbjll fn ~h`nvspgg` pg dhcl~`n jh

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G}pdgh : Pqg `gcpgvs gi vnlnyjhp s}ncdjlptPbds j}}vgjcb qg~l` snn pbn }gpnhpdjl sn}jvjpdgh gi pbn `ncdsdgh+kjodha}vgcnss ivgk pbn dk}lnknhpjpdgh gi pvnjpknhp qbnh `nnkn` hncnssjvt pgsjyn j qgkjhs ldin( Dh pbds scnhjvdg, ghlt pbn kn`dcjl }vjcpdpdghnvs qdpb pbnvnlnyjhp cldhdcjl nr}nvpdsn qg~l` fn dhyglyn` dh vnjcbdha j `djahgsds( Dh cjsns

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Jccnss pg j hncnssjvt kn`dcjlpvnjpknhp cg~l` fn c~vpjdln` `~npg angavj}bdcjl jh` snvydcn`nldynvt dss~ns(

Pbds g}pdgh jlsg vdsos spdakjpdsdhaknhpjl bnjlpb cgh`dpdghs jh`

kjodha pbnk j sn}jvjpn cjsn(


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9(> Nknvanhcdns

Di j `gcpgv cjvvdns g~p j pnvkdhjpdgh dh cdvc~kspjhcns qbnvn pbn vdso pg ldin gipbn qgkjh ds dkkdhnhp jh` dhnydpjfln vjpbnv pbjh vnjl jh` s~fspjhpdjl, bn'sbnsbg~l` hgp bjyn jht ldjfdldpt fncj~sn gi pbn ijdl~vn pg igllgq }vnscvdfn`

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fn adynh pg pbgsn nynh vjvnv gccjsdghs qbnh pbn vdso pg ldin ds dkkdhnhp(


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Dp kjt fn ~h`nsdvjfln pg dhpnvinvn qdpbqnll nspjfldsbn` cldhdcjl }vjcpdcns dhvnljpdgh pg nknvanhct sdp~jpdghs(

G}pdgh 6 @g hgp kjon s}ncdjl }vgydsdghs igv nknvanhcdns

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fn qgvvdn` jfg~p nr}gsdhapbnksnlyns pg pbn vdso gi cvdkdhjl}vgsnc~pdgh ~h`nv pbn :29: Jcp(

9(9 Lgcjpdghs

Pbnvn jvn cghsd`nvjpdghs pg fn pjonh dhpg jccg~hp dh `npnvkdhdhapbn lgcjpdghsqbnvn pnvkdhjpdghs gi }vnahjhct sbg~l` pjon }ljcn( Pbnt dhcl~`n sjinptspjh`jv`s, angavj}bdcjl jccnss jh` pbn hnn` pg bjyn `~n vnajv` pg pbn vdabp

00Snn J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`e~`aknhp jp }jvjavj}b 6>0(


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}vgcn`~vjl sjina~jv`s pg nhs~vn pbn ljq ds cgvvncplt j}}ldn`, jh` pbn hnn` igvs~cb sjina~jv`s ds }jvpdc~ljvlt jc~pn dh cjsns qbnvn pbnvn ds j `dsjavnnknhpjs pg qbnpbnv pbn }vncgh`dpdghs igv j lnajl jfgvpdgh jvn sjpdsidn` dh jht}jvpdc~ljv cjsn(

Dh pbn Cg~vps ydnq, dh s~cb sdp~jpdghs pbn j}}ldcjfln lnajl }vgydsdghs k~sp,idvsp jh` igvnkgsp, nhs~vn cljvdpt gi pbn }vnahjhp qgkjhs }gsdpdgh02( Dpcghpdh~n`

Dh pbds cghhncpdgh, pbn Cg~vp vndpnvjpns pbjp pbn cghcn}ps gi ljqi~lhnss jh` pbnv~ln gi ljq dh j `nkgcvjpdc sgcdnpt cgkkjh` pbjp knjs~vns jiincpdhai~h`jknhpjl b~kjh vdabp fn, dh cnvpjdh cjsns, s~fencp pg sgkn igvk gi }vgcn`~vnfnigvn jh dh`n}nh`nhp fg`t cgk}npnhp pg vnydnq pbn vnjsghs igv pbn knjs~vnsjh` pbn vnlnyjhp nyd`nhcn((( Dh jscnvpjdhdha qbnpbnv pbds cgh`dpdgh bjs fnnhsjpdsidn`, j cgk}vnbnhsdyn ydnq k~sp fn pjonh gi pbn j}}ldcjfln }vgcn`~vns(( Dhcdvc~kspjhcns s~cb js pbgsn dh dss~n dh pbn dhspjhp cjsn, s~cb j }vgcn`~vnsbg~l` a~jvjhpnn pg j }vnahjhp qgkjh jp lnjsp pbn }gssdfdldpt pg fn bnjv` dh}nvsgh jh` pg bjyn bnv ydnqs cghsd`nvn`( Pbn cgk}npnhp fg`t sbg~l` jlsgdss~n qvdppnh avg~h`s igv dps `ncdsdgh(

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04

9(1(3 Vnydnq ]vgcnss Vnz~dvnknhps jh` Jppvdf~pnsDh ldabp gi pbn jfgyn dp qg~l` j}}njv pbjp pbn vnydnq kncbjhdsk }~p dh }ljcnk~sp bjyn, dhpnv jldj, pbn igllgqdha jppvdf~pns( Dp k~sp fn5

fnigvn jh dh`n}nh`nhp fg`t, cgk}npnhp pg vnydnq "d$ pbn vnjsghs igv pbn `ncdsdgh jh` "dd$ pbn

vnlnyjhp nyd`nhcn,

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02Ptsdc y ]gljh`jp }jvjavj}b ::9(

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sbg~l` bjyn j vdabp pg fn bnjv`, qbnvn }vjcpdcjfln jh` `nsdvn` ft bnv, jh`pbn `ncd`dha fg`t sbg~l` fn ~h`nv gfldajpdgh pg dss~n qvdppnh `ncdsdghs, qdpbdhj pdkn ldkdp(

Vncg~vsn pg pbn Vnydnq ]jhnl sbg~l` fn jp pbn vnz~nsp gi pbn qgkjh ghlt,

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Cghsd`nvjpdgh qjs adynh pg pqg }gssdfln kg`nls jh` pbnsn jvn g~pldhn` fnlgq(

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Dp qjs cghsd`nvn` pbjp j snvdg~slt dll }vnahjhp qgkjh sbg~l` hgp fn s~fencpn`pg jh j`ynvsjvdjl lnajl }vgcnss ~hlnss pbds qjs j lnajl vnz~dvnknhp qbdcb dshgp pbn cjsn( Bjydha vnajv` pg pbn e~`aknhps dh pbn Rcjsn, pbn dhz~dvt pg fnkj`n ds hgp j fjljhcdha gi pbn cgk}npdha vdabps gi qgkjh jh` ignp~s( Vjpbnv,dp ds jh dhz~dvt js pg qbnpbnv pbn qgkjh!s ldin ds pbvnjpnhn` ft j vnjl jh`s~fspjhpdjl vdso pbjp cjh ghlt fn jynvpn` ft pbn pnvkdhjpdgh gi }vnahjhct( Pbndhz~dvt pg fn kj`n ds kn`dcjl, hgp lnajl(

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gi pbds kjppnv(

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kn`dcjl ghn( I~vpbnvkgvn s~cb j stspnk qg~l` fn c~kfnvsgkn, cgsplt jh`


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kdabp dhpnvinvn qdpb pbn ~vanhp `nldynvt gi ldin+sjydha kn`dcjl pvnjpknhp dhsdp~jpdghs gi kn`dcjl nknvanhct(

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G}pdgh : Dhcl~`n j ljqtnv gh pbn ]jhnlPbn `ncdsdgh pbjp pbn ]jhnl qdll fn cjlln` gh pg kjon qdll vnz~dvn hgp ghlt pbnnyjl~jpdgh gi kn`dcjl nyd`nhcn jh` pbn vnydnq gi j cldhdcjl `ncdsdgh, f~p jlsgpbn kjodha gi j `ncdsdgh js pg qbnpbnv pbjp nyd`nhcn sjpdsidns pbn lnajlvnz~dvnknhps igv j ljqi~l jfgvpdgh( Js spjpn` dh pbn e~`aknhp, pbn ivjknqgvovnz~dvn` pg vnydnq pbn dhdpdjl cldhdcjl `ncdsdgh qg~l` hnn` pg nspjfldsb js j}gdhp gi ljq qbnpbnv j }jvpdc~ljv cjsn z~jldidn` igv j ljqi~l jfgvpdgh>= jh`pbnvnigvn ghn g}pdgh pg fn cghsd`nvn` ds igv pbn Vnydnq ]jhnl pg jlsg dhcl~`n jljqtnv(

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>=J, F jh` C y Dvnljh`jp }jvjavj}b 6>3(


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G}pdgh 6 Adyn pbn ]jhnl jccnss pg lnajl nr}nvpdsn gh j igvkjl fjsdsDh pbds cjsn, pbn ]jhnl qg~l` bjyn jccnss pg pbn j`ydcn jh` jssdspjhcn gi jljqtnv qbg `gns hgp bjyn jht vgln dh kjodha pbn `ncdsdgh, f~p qbgsn}vnsnhcn jh` jyjdljfdldpt qdll bnl} pg nhs~vn }vgcn`~vjl cgk}ldjhcn jh` lnajlsg~h`hnss dh ncdsdgh+kjodha(


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Pbds kg`nl ds cghsdspnhp qdpb pbn}vg}gsdpdgh pbjp pbn ont pjso gi pbnVnydnq ]jhnl ds pg kjon j kn`dcjl`ncdsdgh(

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Pbds qg~l` fn cghsdspnhp qdpb pbnydnq pbjp pbn ont pjso gi pbn Vnydnq]jhnl ds pg kjon j kn`dcjl `ncdsdgh(

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Fvdhadha dh lnajl nr}nvpdsn jipnvcghcnvhs bjyn jvdsnh cg~l` adyn vdsnpg `nljt dh pbjp j ljqtnv qg~l` bjyn

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9(1(> CghynhgvPbn Vnydnq ]jhnl qg~l` fn j`kdhdspnvn` ft j Cghynhgv qdpb pbn hncnssjvtj~pbgvdpt pg gynvsnn dps g}nvjpdgh( Di j `ncdsdgh ds vnjcbn` pbjp pbn qgkjhz~jldidns igv pvnjpknhp, dp qdll pbnh fn pbn vns}ghsdfdldpt gi pbn Cghynhgv pgkjon jvvjhanknhps igv pbn dk}lnknhpjpdgh gi pbn `ncdsdgh(

]gssdfln g}pdghs pg fn cghsd`nvn` dh vnljpdgh pg pbn hjp~vn gi pbn Cghynhgvdhcl~`n pbn @n}jvpknhp gi Bnjlpb, pbn Bnjlpb Snvydcn Nrnc~pdyn, gv pbnjhhg~hcn` ]jpdnhp Sjinpt Janhct( Js pbn bnjlpb sncpgv ds c~vvnhplt~h`nvagdha j }nvdg` gi sdahdidcjhp spv~cp~vjl vnigvk, pbds dss~n qdll hnn` pg fnvnydsdpn` ft pbn @n}jvpknhp gi Bnjlpb ghcn pbn hnq bnjlpb dhivjspv~cp~vn bjsfnnh nspjfldsbn`(


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9(2 Jccnss pg pbn Cg~vps

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