about oil for laymen
TRANSCRIPT
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The Petroleum Story
Agus S. Djamil & Kivuti Nyagah
Exploration & Technology Co-ordination
Petroleum Unit
Prime Minister Office
Negara Brunei Darussalam
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Petroleum
=Oil & Gas
=
Hydrocarbon ( C,H)
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The Origin of
Petroleum
Organic-rich
Source Rock
Thermally Matured
Organic Matter
Oil
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Oil & Gas
Generation
Material : Organic (Carbon & Hydrogen)
Process : Thermogenic (Heat)
Biogenic (Biologic)
Dimension : Time (Geologic time, million years)
Space (Environment)
Result : Oil and Gas (Hydrocarbon)
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HOW PETROLEUM
IS
GENERATED ?
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“Cooking”
Heat
Process
KitchenTime
Material
Basin
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Organic Material -
Source for Petroleum
Organic mater ials (fossils, plantremains, shells, etc.) embedded
in the sedimentary rock
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Organic Material
Plants
KEROGEN
Animals
Organic Material
Oil
Gas
Water
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Kerogen Types
H y d
r o g e n : C a r b o n r a t i o
Oxygen : Carbon ratio
0.250.100.05 0.200.150
1.5
1.0
0.5
collinite
vitrinite
telinite
Tasmanitedinoflagellates, chitinozoans etc.
algal tissue, polelen, spores, cuticle
Botryococcus
resiniteI
III
II
IV
Principal products of
kerogen evolution
CO2, H2O
OILGAS
Evolution path
Inertinite
fusinite
Kerogen Type I : High grade algal sediment.Oil prone. Lacustrine.
Kerogen Type II : Algal tissue, pollen, spores,plankton.Oil prone. Marginal marine.
Kerogen Type III :
Woody material.Gas prone. Swampy.
Kerogen Type IV : Any oxidized,recycled, sourcematerial.
Less hydrocarbon.
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Kerogen Source
Examples
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Heat from Deep in the
Earth Interior
Core
Heat
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Thermogenic
Process
Every 30 meter down, the temperature will rise by 0.5 - 1.0 °C.
Oil and gas generally formed between 60 - 200 °C.
GAS accumulation
Oil accumulation
Source rock is being cooked
Migration of oil and gas to traps
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Thermal generation
of Petroleum
T e m
p e r a t u r e ( C e l s i u s )
Hydrocarbon ( percent )0 100
50
100
150
200
60 °C
120 °C
Oil generation
Gas generation
Oil and gas generallyformed between 60-200
°C in source rocks that
are subjected to the right
pressure for millions ofyears.
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Geologic Time
45 35 25 15 550 40 30 20 10
Early Middle Late
E O C E N E O L I G O C E N E M I O C E N EPLIO -PLEIST.PLIO-CENE QLateMiddleEarlyEarly Late
T I M E
(Million Years Ago)
E P O C H
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Heat
Processes:
Physical,
Chemical,
Bio logica l
Source Rock
containing Organic
Material
(Animal, Plant)
Sedimentary Basin
Depocenter
Geologic Time
Hydrocarbon Maturation
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WHERE TO
FINDPETROLEUM ?
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Big Pool Of Oil Down
There ??
Big Pool
of Oil
Big Pool
of Oil
Big Pool
of Oil
Big Pool
of Oil
NO
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Oil occupies the pore
spaces in rocks
Oil reservoir
Well path
Oil fills
the pore space
Sand grain
Reservoir rock
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Reservoir Quality
Sandstone
Good Porosity = Ample space for Petroleum to occupy
Pores space(blue)
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Reservoir
Characteristics
Pore-filling cement reduces reservoir quality = Less space for
petroleum to occupy
Cement filled pore
space(pink)
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Petroleum System
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Seal Rock Maturation
Migration
Trapping Preservation
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Petroleum System
Source Rock
Top Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock
Anticlinal Trap
Fault as potentialmigration path
Gas cap
Oil
120o F
350o F
Overburdenpreserves trap
from erosion
Hydrocarbon Generation
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Use of erial
Photography
AlluvialFan
AlluvialFan
ThrustZone
ThrustZone
CompressionalMountain
Range• Aerial photo for rock
variations depositional andstructural patterns
• geological detail checkedvisually in the field
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Field Geological
Investigations
Examining geological outcrops
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Hydrocarbon Trap
Types
Salt
Dome
Fault
Unconformity
Stratigraphic Pinchout
Anticline
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Different Kind of Oil Traps
Anticlinal Trap Fault Trap Stratigraphic Trap
Traps :
• Structural• Anticlinal trap
• Fault trap
• Stratigraphic
• Combination
Combination Trap
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Seismic Imaging
of the Subsurface
Vibrator Truck(EnergySource)
RecordingTruck Geophone
(Receivers)
ReturningSound Waves
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Offshore 3D Seismic
Data Acquisition
Specially designed vessels collect are used and collected data is processed simultaneously
onboard the vessel. Further processing may take place at an onshore center.
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3D Seismic Data
Earth Image of the earth as recorded from transmission and reflection of
sound wave
3D = 3 Dimensional.
Seismic data is represented in a cubical
format, so interpreter can study the
subsurface image of earth from unlimited
perspectives.
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ANTICLINAL OIL
PLAY
GAS POCKET
SUBSTHRUST PLAY
REGIONAL SHALE
UNIT (SEAL)
SECOND POTENTIAL OIL
POOL
Basic 3D Seismic Data
Workstation Interpretation
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Advanced 3D Seismic
Data Interpretation
3D seismic cube is generated and interpreted on a workstation
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3D Seismic Data Interpretation
to identify Petroleum Prospects
Prospect A
Prospect B
Prospect C
Using 3D Seismic data, subsurface topography
is mapped to locate petroleum prospect
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Petroleum Reservoir
Modeling
1
2
3Less
ConfinedFlow
ConfinedFlow Hummocky Channel
Levee
Lobate Mound
Sheet-Form Fan
1
2
3
Basin floor fan
Ponded turbidites
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HOW TO
OBTAIN PETROLEUMFROM THE EARTH ?
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Drilling the Well
Drilling the well targets the oil and gas reservoirs
predicted by Geoscientists.
In offshore situations, different drilling rigs are
used e.g. Jackup rigs, Semi-submersible rigs or
Drilling ships.
Drilling ShipSemi submersible rig
Jackup rig
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The Drilling Rig
T raveling Block T raveling Block
Hook Hook
Swivel Swivel
Draw W orks Draw W orks
Mud Pump Mud Pump
RotaryT able Rotary Table
Kelly Kelly
Mud Hose Mud Hose
Crown Block Crown Block
Casing Casing
Drill Pipe Drill Pipe
Bit Bit
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ChristmasTree
Pipelineto FlowProcess
andStorage
SurfaceCasing
IntermediateCasing
ProductionCasing
Completion
Fluid
Cement
Packer
Cement
Tubing
WellFluids
Oil or GasZone
Perforations
Completed Oil
Well
Water Drive Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas to surface
Gas-Cap DriveExpansion of gas under pressure pushes oil tosurface
Dissolved-Gas Drive Gas disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping
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Fluids Encountered During
Drilling
Oil, gas and water have different density.
Oil has less density than water (ρ = 1 )
Gas has less density than oil
GAS
WATER
OIL
Reservoir rocks
Basement rocks
Seal rocks
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Evaluating the Well for
Petroleum-filled Sand Porosity
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
100000.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00Porosity Uniaxial
P e r m e a b i l i t y
9797 kPa
14696 kPa
20819 kPa
29392 kPa
36739 kPa
Porosity
P e r m e a b i l i t y
Reservoir sand unit
with good porosity
and permeability,
filled with oil.
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Onshore
Production
Donkey Pump
OIL
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Offshore Production
Systems
Systems of varying depth capability
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Offshore Oil
Production
Production Well
Floating Storage Tanker
Oil & Gas production platform
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Delivery and Storage at
Onshore Terminus
Onshore TerminusOffshore platforms and distribution network
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Offshore Oil Production
& Storage
Floating Platform Storage and Offloading
B i P d ti d
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Brunei Production and
Distribution Infrastructure
Ampa
Maura Port
Maharaja Lela
FairleyGannet
Magpie
Tali
Champion
Rasau
Offshore facilities
Onshore facilities
Power facilities
Natural Gas pipeline
Crude Oil or
Condensate pipeline
Terminal
( SCOT ) Seria
BANDAR SERI
BEGAWAN
Lumut
Gadong
Berakas
Jerudong
Refinery10,000 bpd
BLNG
OPP
Ampa FairleyRationalization
Project
Iron Duke
LumutCPP
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How Petroleum is
Refined, Processed
and
Distributed
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Gasoline
Fuel Gas
Kerosene – Jet Fuel
Heating Oil
Lubricating Oil
Residual Products:
Asphalt
Heavy Fuel Oil
Crude Oil Vapor
Liquid Crude Oil
Basic Oil
Refining Process
Refining Oil
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Methanol
Crude OilWet Gas Natural Gas
Crude Oil
Stabilizing
Wet Gas
Extraction
Separation
Naphtha
Gasoline
Jet Fuel
Heating
Oil
Ethane
Butane
Propane
Energy
Petrochemical
Heating
ElectricPower
Dry Gas
Oxo-Processor
Ammonia
Heavy
Fuel
Oil
Refining Oil
and Gas
Refining
LNG
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Liquefaction of Natural Gas. At
Atmospheric pressure the volume of
1 kg Natural gas is 600 time larger
than 1 kg LNG.
Slug Catcher Storage
Acid Gas
Removal
Dehydration
Fractionation
Liquefaction
Shipping
Liquefaction of gas is the
preferred method to transport
natural gas over long distances.
Scrub Column
LNG
Process
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LNG
Export
Loading and shipping in tankers
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Product Delivery for
Domestic Uses
Motor gasoline
Bottled Cooking Gas
Aviation Fuel