Introduction

Introduction

• Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) has provided the building blocks for a wide variety of braking control systems.

• A vehicle equipped with modern braking technology and adaptive cruise control is equipped with the basic building blocks for a simple (braking only – no steering) collision avoidance system that would be capable of detecting when a collision is likely to occur and applying emergency braking to avoid it.

Introduction(Cont.)

• A skidding wheel has less traction than a non-skidding wheel.

• Anti-lock brakes benefit you in two ways: You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer while you stop.

Objective

• To Improve Stability

• To reduce stopping distances

• To improve steer ability during braking

Objective(Cont.)

Categories of Integrated safety systems

• Collision avoidance

• Collision mitigation braking systems (CMBS)

Components

• Electromagnetic Clutch

• DC Motor • Alternator

Components(Cont.)

• Transformer

• 555 Integrated Circuit

Components(Cont.)

• Capacitor

• Diode

• Infrared Sensor

Components(Cont.)

• Relay

• Resistance• Transistor

Working

Working

• 220 Volts from AC mains is supplied to the system where it is converted into 12V by a Step Down Transformer.

• For the operation of most of the devices in electronic equipment, a dc voltage is needed. At the input of the power supply, there is a power transformer. It is followed by a diode circuit called Rectifier.

Working(Cont.)

• BRIDGE RECTIFIER: A more widely used full-wave rectifier circuit is the bridge rectifier. It requires four diodes instead of two, but avoids the need for a centre-tapped transformer.

• Now, the converted DC voltage is passed through a Capacitor, which converts it into pure DC.

• Then there are Resisters, which are used to complete the circuit. Without resistor the IC won’t work.

Working(Cont.)

• Variable Resistor – It increases or decreases the rate of oscillation pulse. It depends upon the value of R and C. If the value of R and C increases the timing will increase and vice versa.

• 555 Times Integrated Circuit-It generates oscillating pulse which is applied according to the variable resistor.

• Transistor- It amplifies the pulse generated by the 555 times IC, it increases the amplitude of the pulse.

Working(Cont.)

• A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. Relay has negatively charged and it gets positive charge from the foot paddle.

• The motor rotates the gear which in turn rotate the shaft hence the wheel.

Working(Cont.)• Electromagnetic Clutch-Electromagnetic clutches operate

electrically, but transmit torque mechanically. In a clutch, when powers applied, a magnetic field is created in the coil This field (flux) overcomes an air gap between the clutch rotor and the armature .This magnetic attraction, pulls the armature in contact with the rotor face. The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to start. The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor.

Working(Cont.)

• Gear Assembly- The Gear assembly increases the rpm of the wheel, because motor cannot rotate the wheel at higher rpm and the power cannot be generated at low rpm. So gear assembly is used to increase the rpm and the alternator is converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy.