Absolute Rule Kings or Queens who have total authority Kings or Queens who have total authority They rule by Divine Right (Gods Authority) They rule by Divine Right (Gods Authority) There can be no questioning their rule There can be no questioning their rule The Enlightenment A 18 th century movement in European where many books were written on the best way to govern citizens A 18 th century movement in European where many books were written on the best way to govern citizens The books sharply criticized Absolute Rule (total rule by Kings) The books sharply criticized Absolute Rule (total rule by Kings) They put forth the idea that people were born with Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) that could not be violated or taken away They put forth the idea that people were born with Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) that could not be violated or taken away These books shaped the minds of people and helped influence many revolutions including the These books shaped the minds of people and helped influence many revolutions including the American, French and Latin American Revolutions American, French and Latin American Revolutions MAGNA CARTA 1215 Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) On June 15th 1215 English nobles revolted against King John The Softsword The nobles gave the king an ultimatum: either sign a document that guaranteed certain rights or be overthrown. The King reluctantly signed it. The rights included: On June 15th 1215 English nobles revolted against King John The Softsword The nobles gave the king an ultimatum: either sign a document that guaranteed certain rights or be overthrown. The King reluctantly signed it. The rights included: no taxation without representation, no taxation without representation, jury trials, jury trials, and equal protection under the law. and equal protection under the law. At first these rights only applied to members of the nobility but later citizens argued that the rights pertained, indeed, to all English people, regardless of class. At first these rights only applied to members of the nobility but later citizens argued that the rights pertained, indeed, to all English people, regardless of class. The document is important and celebrated because it was the first time where the King gave up some of his Absolute Power to the people The document is important and celebrated because it was the first time where the King gave up some of his Absolute Power to the people MAGNA CARTA 1215 Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) A celebrated document in English history because a King was forced to give up some of his Absolute Power to the people A celebrated document in English history because a King was forced to give up some of his Absolute Power to the people Power to the people Power to the people The Pen is mightier than the sword - Baron Lyton The use of REASON A central belief and practice of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution to think or argue in a logical manner. to think or argue in a logical manner. to form conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises. to form conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises. to urge reasons which should determine belief or action. to urge reasons which should determine belief or action. to think through logically, as a problem to think through logically, as a problem to conclude or infer. to conclude or infer. to convince, persuade, etc., by reasoning. to convince, persuade, etc., by reasoning. to support with reasons. to support with reasons. Natural Rights Rights or privileges that every human is born with Rights or privileges that every human is born with John Locke named them as Life, Liberty and Property John Locke named them as Life, Liberty and Property Thomas Jefferson used the terms Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness Thomas Jefferson used the terms Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness Kings or Governments cannot violate or take away these rights because (God, Divine Being Nature, law of the universe - whatever you want to call it) has deemed it so Kings or Governments cannot violate or take away these rights because (God, Divine Being Nature, law of the universe - whatever you want to call it) has deemed it so Salons: academic discussions, hosted in the homes of influential women throughout cities in Europe 1. Why were many women hostesses of the salons put on government watchlists? 2. Who was arguably the most famous hostess of salons in Paris? 3. Who were some famous writers that she entertained at her house? 4. Why might the government ban or outlaw some of these books being written and discussed at Salons? 5. At what time of day were the Salons held? Why? 6. What topics were usually avoided? 7. Why were salons a big deal for women during these times? 8. Where else in Europe were there Salons? 9. Where else were discussions held during this time? 10. What is the meaning of the last sentence? 11. So, what is your take on salons? Complete the sentences: The Enlightenment Absolute Rule. The pen mightier than the sword because Books written during the Enlightenment discussed ideas like Ideas from the Enlightenment influenced the _______ and_________Revolutions The Magna Carta John Locke - England wrote that all people were born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty and property. wrote that all people were born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. If a government refuses to do so then the people have a right to overthrow it. If a government refuses to do so then the people have a right to overthrow it. Montesquieu- France French political writer who wrote much about the concept separation of powers. French political writer who wrote much about the concept separation of powers. Believed that the best forms of government were that were divided up or balanced by different parts of a government Believed that the best forms of government were that were divided up or balanced by different parts of a government (i.e. legislature, monarchy, and the courts) (i.e. legislature, monarchy, and the courts) United States Constitution Executive Branch Rules of Government Legislative Branch Judicial Branch White HouseU.S. CapitolU.S. Supreme Court Voltaire - France brilliant, witty, and irreverent French writer who wrote over 70 books. brilliant, witty, and irreverent French writer who wrote over 70 books. Many of them discussing human rights and political philosophy. Many of them discussing human rights and political philosophy. He championed the cause for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. He championed the cause for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Many of his books were so critical of rulers or the church that his writing landed him in jail a couple of times. Many of his books were so critical of rulers or the church that his writing landed him in jail a couple of times. The 1 st Amendment: Freedom of Religion Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech Freedom of the Press Freedom of the Press Freedom to Petition Freedom to Petition Freedom to Assemble Freedom to Assemble Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Freedom of Religion The government cannot promote a national religion. The government cannot stop a person from worshipping in the religion that they choose The government cannot promote a national religion. The government cannot stop a person from worshipping in the religion that they choose Freedom of Speech People have the freedom to say what they believe. The government cannot stop a person from showing their ideas People have the freedom to say what they believe. The government cannot stop a person from showing their ideas Freedom of the Press The freedom to write books and newspaper articles about whatever you want. The government does not tell the newspaper what it can or cannot write The freedom to write books and newspaper articles about whatever you want. The government does not tell the newspaper what it can or cannot write Freedom to Assemble People have the freedom to hold large peaceful meetings to voice their opinions People have the freedom to hold large peaceful meetings to voice their opinions Freedom to Petition the government People are allowed to collect signatures to tell the government what laws they want or do not want People are allowed to collect signatures to tell the government what laws they want or do not want I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it - Voltaire - Voltaire Jean Jacques Rousseau people are born free in a state of nature. They were sometimes referred to as noble savages, but as people moved into a social contract with a government in cities the richest or most organized groups dominated the society and freedom and equality were destroyed. people are born free in a state of nature. They were sometimes referred to as noble savages, but as people moved into a social contract with a government in cities the richest or most organized groups dominated the society and freedom and equality were destroyed. Argued that the only good government was freely formed by democracy and guided by the general will of society Argued that the only good government was freely formed by democracy and guided by the general will of society (the greatest good for the most people) (the greatest good for the most people) Cesare Beccaria - Italy wrote about the common abuses of justice for people accused of crimes. Some of the abuses included torturing witnesses, unfair trial procedures and cruel punishments. wrote about the common abuses of justice for people accused of crimes. Some of the abuses included torturing witnesses, unfair trial procedures and cruel punishments. Believed that laws should exist for social order not to avenge crimes. Believed that laws should exist for social order not to avenge crimes. Much of the Bill of Rights: right to remain silent, trial by jury, no cruel or unusual punishment came from dialogue about his ideas Much of the Bill of Rights: right to remain silent, trial by jury, no cruel or unusual punishment came from dialogue about his ideas 5 th Amendment You have the right to remain silent You cant be put on trial two times for the same crime 6 th Amendment a fast and public trial someone to defend you witnesses to testify for you 7 th Amendment: The right to a trial by a jury of your peers (people similar to you) 8 th Amendment No cruel or really hard punishment Thomas Jefferson Inventor Inventor Architect Architect Writer of the Declaration of Independence Writer of the Declaration of Independence 3 rd president of the United States 3 rd president of the United States The Declaration of Independence We hold these Truths to be self-evident: that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness We hold these Truths to be self-evident: that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happinessself-evident all Men are created equal Creator unalienable RightsLife, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happinessself-evident all Men are created equal Creator unalienable RightsLife, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. The Enlightenment A 18 th (1700s) century movement in European History where books were written and read that used Reason (logic-systematic thinking) to discuss ideas about the best way to govern citizens A 18 th (1700s) century movement in European History where books were written and read that used Reason (logic-systematic thinking) to discuss ideas about the best way to govern citizens The books sharply criticized Absolute Rule (rule by Kings) The books sharply criticized Absolute Rule (rule by Kings) They put forth the idea that people were born with Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) that could not be violated or taken away They put forth the idea that people were born with Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) that could not be violated or taken away These books shaped the minds of the educated people in Europe and America. These books shaped the minds of the educated people in Europe and America. Thomas Jefferson and the founding fathers of USA had these ideas in mind when they wrote the Declaration of Independence and U.S Constitution Thomas Jefferson and the founding fathers of USA had these ideas in mind when they wrote the Declaration of Independence and U.S Constitution Benjamin Franklin Inventor Inventor Newspaper editor Newspaper editor Writer Writer Scientist Scientist Politician Politician Helped write the Declaration of Independence Helped write the Declaration of Independence Ambassador Ambassador The 7 Articles of the Constitution Article I Legislature Article I Legislature Article II Executive Article II Executive Article III Judicial Article III Judicial Article IV States rights Article IV States rights Article V Amendment Article V Amendment Article VI Supreme Law of the land Article VI Supreme Law of the land Article VII Ratification Article VII Ratification The Bill of Rights The first 10 amendments or additions to the U.S. Constitution. They guarantee the freedom of assembly, religion, speech, trial by jury and other basic freedoms of democratic society. The first 10 amendments or additions to the U.S. Constitution. They guarantee the freedom of assembly, religion, speech, trial by jury and other basic freedoms of democratic society. French political writer who wrote much about the concept separation of powers. He believed that the best forms of government were the ones in which the power wasnt held by just a king, but rather was divided up or balanced by different parts of a government (i.e. legislature, monarchy, and the courts) French political writer who wrote much about the concept separation of powers. He believed that the best forms of government were the ones in which the power wasnt held by just a king, but rather was divided up or balanced by different parts of a government (i.e. legislature, monarchy, and the courts) people are born free in a state of nature. They were sometimes referred to as noble savages, but as people moved into a social contract with a government in cities the richest or most organized groups dominated the society and freedom and equality were destroyed. people are born free in a state of nature. They were sometimes referred to as noble savages, but as people moved into a social contract with a government in cities the richest or most organized groups dominated the society and freedom and equality were destroyed. Argued that the only good government was freely formed by democracy and guided by the general will of society Argued that the only good government was freely formed by democracy and guided by the general will of society (the greatest good for the most people) (the greatest good for the most people) brilliant, witty, and irreverent French writer who wrote over 70 books, many of them discussing human rights and political philosophy. He championed the cause for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Many of his books were so critical of rulers or the church that his writing landed him in jail a couple of times. brilliant, witty, and irreverent French writer who wrote over 70 books, many of them discussing human rights and political philosophy. He championed the cause for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Many of his books were so critical of rulers or the church that his writing landed him in jail a couple of times. wrote about the common abuses of justice for people accused of crimes. Some of the abuses included torturing witnesses, unfair trial procedures and cruel punishments. wrote about the common abuses of justice for people accused of crimes. Some of the abuses included torturing witnesses, unfair trial procedures and cruel punishments. Believed that laws should exist for social order not to avenge crimes. Believed that laws should exist for social order not to avenge crimes. Much of the Bill of Rights: right to remain silent, trial by jury, no cruel or unusual punishment came from dialogue about his ideas Much of the Bill of Rights: right to remain silent, trial by jury, no cruel or unusual punishment came from dialogue about his ideas wrote that all people were born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. If a government refuses to do so then the people have a right to overthrow it. wrote that all people were born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. If a government refuses to do so then the people have a right to overthrow it.