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MASHRIQUIAUR MAGHRI6ITANQUID KE AHAM RUJHANAT KA

TAQABUU MUTALA

ABSTRACT

THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of ^fjilosfopfip IN

URDU

BY

MOIDUR RAHMAN

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI

DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2011

(diPd^uJ^ij^)

2011

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MASHRiQUI AUR MAGHRIBITANQUID KE AHAM RUJHANAT KA

TAQABULIMUTALA

THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of |^f)ilos;op!)p IN

URDU ,1 i

m MOIDUR RAHMAN

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI

DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

AUGARH (INDIA)

2011

(ij^^d^UJlS-if)

2011

'̂ D

Centre of Advanced Study Department of Urdu Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh - 202002 E-mail: [email protected]

To WHom It May Concern

This is to certify that the Ph.D thesis of Mr. Moidur Rahman

entitled "Mashriqui Aur Maghribi Tanqueed Ke Aham Rujhanat

Ka Taquabuli Mutala" is an original work carried out under my

supervision. This work has not been submitted to any other University

for any degree, as well.

I am satisfied that this work can be submitted for the award of

Ph.D degree.

(Prof. Mohammad Zahid) Chairman

(Prof. Abut Kalam Qasmi) Supervisor

mailto:[email protected]

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24

• * *

• • *

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- ^ tr/c^ fL i/^JyifL^J^A Jj\^J\^L/t l^i^lijj^/if

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'66M ^ji LC *̂'(3tyî (j/ ^ / L / ^ ^ Jd'- Apology for poetry ̂ iX

30

i ^% 6^^^ li>U^7j' '̂c^lJ^ Oi^t:^ 6u6^/^

"A mixture of pleasure and profit appeals to

every reader - an equal administration of

Ifi/fNeo Classical criticism -'

dD sermon and tickle." (I)

(0\i Oh\S/^/, ^Jl U\iî ̂ y'\L2Â -^ t-U UC Ji> ^ (Hierarchy)

A place for every thing •i^/iJ'^M^îy-jyîJ-k^J'Lj^L^yit^jt

•^ i : C^ J-'^'*-^'^L/~>^4-

32

"The poem couldn't mean more than the poet

intended it to mean."

:^;(>(^.^y^J/^. "A perfect judge will read each work of wit

with the same spirit that its author write."

CM:) (Young) u^ -^ Conjectures on Original composition (1759)

He that admires not ancient authors betrays a

secret he would conceal and tells the world that

he does not understand them. Let us as far from

neglecting as from copying their admirable

composition, sacred by their rights and

inviolable there fame. Let our understanding

feed on theirs, they afford the noblest

nourishment, but let them nourish, not

annihilated our own let us build our

composition with the spirit and in the taste of

the ancients, but not with their materials.(()

Neo-Classical Criticism by Irene Simon, P.24 -'

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The Mirror and the lamp by M.H. Abrams J ' / -'

c^ "The Imagination, then I consider either as

primary or secondary; The primary imagination

I hold to be the Hving power and prime agent of

all human perception and as a repetition in the

finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the

infinite I am. The secondary imagination I

consider as an echo of the former, co-existing

with the conscious will, yet still as identical

with the primary in the kind of its agency and

differing only in degree and in the mode of its

operation. It dissolves, diffuses dissipates in

order to recreate or where this process is

rendered impossible, yet still at all events it

struggles to idealize and to unizy. It is

essentially vital even as all objects as objects

are essentially fixed and dead."

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• • • •

Literary Criticism - A short history by Wimsatt & Brooks, P.346 -f'

c.\^yî}^\ic.i/>j^\^(^ i\jjy^\)j>) ̂ ^jfji;i utjîjh)j

Thomas Love / L ^ L J U c.>^(jfl - ^ ( j /^^ J/fê uTI ^ ^ ^ 1

f I Ar*iL, Peacock

/v/

^ - C T Defence of Poetry l,y^c3AJtShelley(j:!:.-.(irî/(

44

4

"Realism in the arts, the accurate detailed

unembellished depiction of nature or of

contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative

idealization in favour of a close observation of

outward appearances."

"It is more useful to identify realism in terms of

the intended effect on the reader, realistic

fiction is written to give the effect that it

represents life and the social world as it seems

to the common reader, evoking the sense that

its character might infact exist and that such

things might well. (I)

A hand book of literary terms by M.H. Abrams, p.258 J ' / -(

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CiD

"They present their subjects with scientific

objectivity and with elaborate documentation

sometimes including an almost medical

frankness about activities and bodily functions

usually unmentioned in earlier literature. They

tend to choose characters who are helpless

victims both of Glandular secretions within and

of sociological pressures without." (0

2-AC^V SO ̂ ' j ' ^ 6^^^' ̂ t>f ̂ if•( i^(jvb/

J})

A handbook of literary terms, p.259 -1

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48

t • I ~ ^ ^ ^ t \

1. In the last analysis, the evolving history of

humankind, of its social groupings and

relations of its institutions and of its ways of

thinking are largely determinded by the

changing mode of its material production, that

is of its overall economic organization for

producing and distributing material goods.

2. Changes in the fundamental mode of

material production effect changes in the class

structure of a society, establishing in each era

dominent and sub-ordinate classes that engage

49

in a struggle for economic, political and social

advantage.

3. Human consciousness is constituted by an

ideology - that is the beliefs, values and ways

of thinking and feeling through which human

being perceive and by recourse to which they

explain, what they take to be reality, An

ideology is in complex ways the product of the

position and interests of a particular class. In

any historical era, the dominant ideology

embodies and serves to legitimize and

perpetuate, the interests of the dominant

economic and social class. (()

A handbook of literary terms, p. 159 -1

i\'^U^)\

Dictionary of Literary terms & literary theory

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Impressionistic

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ENGLISH BOOKS

* Abbasid Belles letters Cambridge history of Arbaic literature, By Kamal Abu

Deeb.

* A.H. Gilbert, Literary Criticism Plato to Dryden New York American Book

company, 1940.

* David Daiches, Critical Approaches to literature, London Longman, 1981.

* Edward W.Said, Orientalism, London Penguin Book, 1995.

* George Saintsburg, A History of criticism and literary taste in Europe, William

Blackwood and sons, 1949.

* LA. Richards Principles of literary Criticism, London Routtedge, 1983.

* Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, D.Deidel Publishing co. Dardrecht,

Holand, 1956

* J.A. Cuddon, Dictionary of literary terms & literary theory, London Penguin

Books, 1994.

* J.T. Shipley, Dictionary of world literature. Criticism - Forms - Technique, New

York, 1943.

* J.F. D'ALton, Roman literary theory and criticism iongman grenn and co. 1931.

* J.W.H. Atkins: English literary criticism, Cambridge University Press, 1934.

* M.H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp, New York, Oxford University Press,

1953.

* M.S. Nagrajan, English literary criticism and theory. An introductory History,

Oriental Iongman press private limited, 2006.

* Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic, News York, The Macmillan company, 1928.

* R.A. Nicholson, A literary History of the Arabs University Press Cambridge,

1977.

* Rene Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism Yale University Press, 1955.

* Rene Welleck and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature, New York, 1949.

* Vicente Cantarino; Arabic Poetics in the Golden age, E.J. Brill Lieden, 1975.

* V.K. Chari: Sansikrit Criticism, Motilal Banarsidas Publishers, 1993.

*= William K. Wimsatt & Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A history, Eton Press

Calcutta, 1957.

•= W.D. Durham, Critical Essays of the Eighteenth Century New Haven, Yale

University Press, 1915.

" William Benton, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1973.

" Wilbur S. Scott, Five Approaches of literary criticism, Collier-Macmillan Ltd,

London, 1962.

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