abstract solvatochromism and ir characteristics of tricyanovinyl substituted molecules sarah...

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Abstract Solvatochromism and IR Characteristics of Tricyanovinyl Substituted Molecules Sarah Hammond, Rebecca Nagurney and Kyrra Struble Faculty Advisor: Phuong-T. Pham Materials and Methods Introduction Discussion References Boxer, Steven P., Fafarman, Aaron T., Fenn, Timothy D., et. al "Quantitative, Directional Measurement of Electric Field Heterogeneity in the Active Site of Ketosteroid Isomerase." Quantitative, Directional Measurement of Electric Field Heterogeneity in the Active Site of Ketosteroid Isomerase. National Academy of Sciences, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 09 Apr. 2013. Biancardi, Alessandro, Marini, Alberto, Mennucci, Benedetta, Et al. "What Is Solvatochromism?" The Journal of Physical Chemistry. American Chemical Society, 3 Dec. 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2013 Compounds Color of the Solutions Hexane Ethyl Acetate Methanol Br-Ph 3 N- TCV Medium Pink Pale Pink Champagne Ph 3 N-TCV Bright Orange Fuchsia Fuchsia 2T-TCV Bright Orange Yellow Green Bright Orange Br-2T-TCV Pale Yellow Dark Orange Dark Orange Cross talk within microenvironment is known to give rise to the complexity of cancer. Studies of protein dynamics and micro-environment heterogeneity are thus important for the understanding of their biological roles. However, due to the difficulties associated with direct experimental characterization of proteins, many recent efforts have focused on the use of sensitive probes that absorb IR light between 1800 and 2600 cm -1 , a region that is relatively free from absorptions. One such probe is the cyano (CN) chromophore, which may be appended to different amino acids. In this work, we studied the UV and IR absorptions of a series of compounds containing tricyano- vinylene group (TCV). IR absorptions of CN is observed to shift by about 126.9 cm -1 toward higher frequency when a bromine is introduced. UV-VIS study of these molecules revealed their solvatochromic behavior, another useful characteristic for the study of microenvironments in biological systems. Molecules under study : tricyanovinylbithiophene, 2T-TCV; bromo tricyanovinylbithiophene, Br-2T-TCV; tricyanovinyltriphenyl amine, Ph 3 N-TCV; & bromotricyanovinyl triphenyl amine, Br-Ph 3 N- TCV. Ph 3 N – TCV Br- Ph 3 N- TCV 2T- TCV Br- Ph 3 N-TCV Ph 3 N - TCV Br-2T-TCV 2T-TCV Spectroscopic grade hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used. Twelve test tubes were prepared with each of the four compounds dissolved in the three selected solvents. UV-Vis spectra were obtained using the Shimadzu UV-Mini 1240 Spectrophotometer. The region scanned was from 200 – 700 nm. Quartz cuvettes were used. A blank was run for each solvent before the actual sample was tested. A consistent trend was observed in the absorption spectra with increasing solvent polarity . IR spectra were obtained using the Lambda FT-IR 7600 and the Universal ZnSe ATR. 2T-TCV and Ph 3 N-TCV showed a bathochromic shift, which is a shift from shorter to longer wavelength due to increased solvent polarity. Bathochromic shift is also known as red shift because it is a shift toward the red wavelengths (~700nm). Br-2T-TCV and Br-Ph 3 N-TCV exhibited hypsochromic shift which is a shift from longer to shorter wavelength due to increased solvent polarity. This is known as blue shift because in contrary to the red shift, the shift is toward the blue wavelengths (~450nm). The IR spectra show the distinctive nitrile stretch which clearly shifts toward higher frequency in the presence of a bromine (Br- Ph 3 N-TCV ; Br-2T-TCV) Compounds in Hexane Br-Ph 3 N-TCV in Methanol Ph 3 N-TCV in Ethyl Acetate Compounds in Ethyl Acetate Solvatochromism is defined as a substance’s ability to change color depending on the polarity of the solvent in which it is dissolved. Solvatochromism has many useful applications. Scientists learn a lot about biological environments by studying the effects of solvatochromism. Probes can be placed on different biological molecules, such as enzymes and proteins, to study their surroundings. A nitrile group (CN) placed on a molecule can be used as a probe to study these effects since it is very sensitive to environmental changes as well as structural changes. Color change is an indicator that there is a change in the molecule or its surrounding. IR and UV spectroscopy best show environmental effects of the CN group. IR absorption of CN group is observed in a region free from most absorptions. The small size of the CN group also minimize its effect on structural change. Hexane < Ethyl acetate < Methanol Dipole moment 0.08 1.88 2.87 Least polar ------------- > Most polar Results Results (cont’d) Ph 3 N-TCV in Methanol 2218.9 cm -1 2363.1, 2332.9 cm -1 CN: 2216.9 cm -1 Br-2T-TCV 2360.9, 2329.7 cm -1 2T-TCV 2216.7 cm -1 Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of Ph 3 N-TCV, Br-Ph 3 N-TCV, T-TCV and Br-T-TCV obtained using ATR sampling technique. Figure 4: Calc. UV spectra of 2T-TCV and Br-2T-TCV using Density Functional Theory/Spartan Figure 2: Structural Effect on Absorbance Figure 1: Compounds Exhibiting Solvatochromism in Solvents of Different Polarities. From left to right: Br-2T-TCV, Br-Ph 3 N-TCV, 2T-TCV, and Ph 3 N-TCV Table 1: Color of Solutions Shown for Compounds in Different Solvent Observed changes in UV/Vis absorbance . *Bathochromic shift (red shift): Shift to longer wavelength with increased solvent polarity. **Hypsochromic shift (blue shift): Shift to shorter wavelength with increased solvent polarity. Compound Dl max Dl max Hexane Methano l 2T- TCV* +2 nm 478 480 Br- 2T-TCV* -4 nm 486 482 Ph 3 N- TCV* +14 nm 500 514 Br- Ph 3 N-TCV* -14 nm 496 482 Solvatochromism is generally observed in molecules having large dipole moments. The position and the intensity of electronic bands in the uv- vis spectra are mainly due to the difference in dipole moment of the molecule in its ground state and in its excited state. We used UV-VIS spectroscopy to investigate the solvatochromism behavior of a series of compounds containing TCV in hexane (non-polar solvent) and methanol (polar protic solvent). Changes in maximum UV-Vis absorption of brominated and non-brominated compounds varied where the largest shift was observed for Ph 3 N-TCV (+14 nm) and Br-Ph 3 N-TCV (-14 nm). IR spectra showed CN that stretches for 2T-TCV and Ph 3 N-TCV derivatives, both shift to higher frequency when Br is introduced, indicating possible involvement of the CN group in additional intermolecular interactions. Stretching of the CN bond hence require more energy. We also noted that, brominated and non-brominated molecules showed opposite solvatochromic behavior. This indicates either opposite polarization of their corresponding excited states and/or that the bromine atoms are involved in new inter- molecular interaction. Compounds in Methanol Ph 3 N-TCV in Hexane Ph 3 N-TCV in Ethyl Acetate Figure 3: Solvent Effect on Absorbance G round State Excited State H ypsochrom ic shift(blue shift): Change of spectralband position in the absorption a m olecule to a shorterw avelength. Bathochrom ic shift(red shift): Change of spectralband position in the absorption a m olecule to a shorterw avelength.

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Page 1: Abstract Solvatochromism and IR Characteristics of Tricyanovinyl Substituted Molecules Sarah Hammond, Rebecca Nagurney and Kyrra Struble Faculty Advisor:

Abstract

Solvatochromism and IR Characteristics of Tricyanovinyl Substituted MoleculesSarah Hammond, Rebecca Nagurney and Kyrra Struble

Faculty Advisor: Phuong-T. Pham

 

Materials and Methods

Introduction

Discussion 

ReferencesBoxer, Steven P., Fafarman, Aaron T., Fenn, Timothy D.,  et. al 

"Quantitative, Directional Measurement of Electric Field Heterogeneity in the Active Site of Ketosteroid Isomerase." Quantitative, Directional Measurement of Electric Field Heterogeneity in the Active Site of Ketosteroid Isomerase. National Academy of Sciences, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 09 Apr. 2013.

Biancardi, Alessandro, Marini, Alberto, Mennucci, Benedetta, Et al. "What Is Solvatochromism?" The Journal of Physical Chemistry. American Chemical Society, 3 Dec. 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2013

CompoundsColor of the Solutions

Hexane Ethyl Acetate Methanol

Br-Ph3N-TCV Medium Pink Pale Pink Champagne

Ph3N-TCV Bright Orange Fuchsia Fuchsia

2T-TCV Bright Orange Yellow Green Bright Orange

Br-2T-TCV Pale Yellow Dark Orange Dark Orange

Cross  talk  within  microenvironment  is  known  to  give  rise  to  the complexity  of  cancer.  Studies  of  protein  dynamics  and  micro-environment heterogeneity are thus important for the understanding of  their biological  roles.   However, due  to  the difficulties associated with  direct  experimental  characterization  of  proteins,  many  recent efforts  have  focused  on  the  use  of  sensitive  probes  that  absorb  IR light between 1800 and 2600 cm-1, a region that is relatively free from absorptions. One such probe  is  the cyano (CN) chromophore, which may be appended to different amino acids.  In this work, we studied the  UV  and  IR  absorptions  of  a  series  of  compounds  containing tricyano-vinylene  group  (TCV).  IR  absorptions  of  CN  is  observed  to shift by about 126.9 cm-1 toward higher frequency when a bromine is introduced.  UV-VIS  study  of  these  molecules  revealed  their solvatochromic  behavior,  another  useful  characteristic  for  the  study of microenvironments in biological systems.Molecules under study:  tricyanovinylbithiophene,  2T-TCV;  bromo tricyanovinylbithiophene,  Br-2T-TCV;  tricyanovinyltriphenyl  amine, Ph3N-TCV; & bromotricyanovinyl triphenyl amine, Br-Ph3N-TCV.

Ph3N – TCV

Br- Ph3N-TCV

2T-TCV

Br- Ph3N-TCV

 Ph3N - TCV

    Br-2T-TCV

2T-TCV

Spectroscopic grade hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were  used. Twelve test tubes were prepared with each of the four compounds dissolved in the three selected solvents. UV-Vis spectra were obtained using the Shimadzu UV-Mini 1240 Spectrophotometer. The region scanned was from 200 – 700 nm.  Quartz cuvettes were used. A blank was run  for each solvent before the actual sample was tested. A consistent  trend was observed  in  the  absorption  spectra  with  increasing  solvent  polarity  .  IR  spectra  were  obtained  using  the Lambda FT-IR 7600 and the Universal ZnSe ATR.

 2T-TCV and  Ph3N-TCV showed a bathochromic shift, which is a shift from shorter to longer wavelength due to increased solvent polarity. Bathochromic shift  is also known as  red shift because  it  is a shift toward the red wavelengths (~700nm). Br-2T-TCV and Br-Ph3N-TCV exhibited hypsochromic shift which is a shift from longer to shorter wavelength due to increased solvent polarity. This is known as blue shift because in contrary to the red shift, the shift is toward the blue wavelengths (~450nm).  The IR spectra show the distinctive nitrile stretch which clearly shifts toward higher frequency in the presence of a bromine  (Br- Ph3N-TCV ; Br-2T-TCV)

Compounds in Hexane

Br-Ph3N-TCV in Methanol Ph3N-TCV in Ethyl Acetate

Compounds in Ethyl Acetate

Solvatochromism is defined as a substance’s ability to change color depending  on  the  polarity  of  the  solvent  in  which  it  is  dissolved. Solvatochromism  has many  useful  applications.    Scientists  learn  a lot  about  biological  environments  by  studying  the  effects  of solvatochromism.    Probes  can  be  placed  on  different  biological molecules,  such  as  enzymes  and  proteins,  to  study  their surroundings.    A  nitrile  group  (CN)  placed  on  a  molecule  can  be used  as  a  probe  to  study  these  effects  since  it  is  very  sensitive  to environmental changes as well as structural changes.  Color change is  an  indicator  that  there  is  a  change  in  the  molecule  or  its surrounding.  IR  and  UV  spectroscopy  best  show  environmental effects of the CN group. IR absorption of CN group is  observed in a region free from most absorptions. The small size of  the CN group also minimize its effect on structural change. 

Hexane     <     Ethyl acetate <     MethanolDipole moment 0.08                        1.88                         2.87                                                Least polar ------------- > Most polar

Results

Results (cont’d)

 Ph3N-TCV in Methanol 

2218.9 cm-1

2363.1, 2332.9 cm-1

CN: 2216.9 cm-1

Br-2T-TCV

2360.9, 2329.7 cm-1

2T-TCV

2216.7 cm-1

Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of Ph3N-TCV, Br-Ph3N-TCV, T-TCV and Br-T-TCV                         obtained using ATR sampling technique.

Figure 4: Calc. UV spectra of 2T-TCV and Br-2T-TCV                 using Density Functional Theory/Spartan

Figure 2: Structural Effect on Absorbance

Figure 1: Compounds Exhibiting Solvatochromism in Solvents of Different Polarities.                 From left to right: Br-2T-TCV, Br-Ph3N-TCV, 2T-TCV, and Ph3N-TCV

Table 1:   Color of Solutions Shown for Compounds in Different Solvent

Table 2:  Observed changes in UV/Vis absorbance .

  *Bathochromic shift (red shift): Shift to longer wavelength with increased    solvent polarity.**Hypsochromic shift (blue shift): Shift to shorter wavelength with increased     solvent polarity.

Ground State

Excited State

Hypsochromic shif t (blue shif t):Change of spectral band positionin the absorption a molecule to a shorter wavelength.

Bathochromic shif t (red shif t):Change of spectral band positionin the absorption a molecule to a shorter wavelength.

Compound Dlmax

Dlmax

Hexane Methanol

2T-TCV* +2 nm 478 480

Br-2T-TCV* -4 nm 486 482

Ph3N-TCV* +14 nm 500 514

Br-Ph3N-TCV* -14 nm 496 482

Solvatochromism is generally observed in molecules having large dipole moments.  The position and the intensity of electronic bands  in the uv-vis spectra are mainly due to the difference  in dipole moment of the molecule in its ground state and in its excited state.  We used UV-VIS spectroscopy to investigate the solvatochromism behavior  of  a  series  of  compounds  containing  TCV  in  hexane  (non-polar  solvent)  and methanol  (polar  protic  solvent).  Changes  in  maximum  UV-Vis  absorption  of  brominated  and  non-brominated compounds varied where the largest shift was observed for Ph3N-TCV (+14 nm) and Br-Ph3N-TCV  (-14 nm).    IR  spectra  showed CN  that  stretches  for  2T-TCV and Ph3N-TCV derivatives,  both  shift  to higher  frequency when Br  is  introduced,  indicating possible  involvement  of  the CN  group  in  additional intermolecular interactions.  Stretching of the CN bond hence require more energy.    We also  noted  that,  brominated   and  non-brominated  molecules  showed   opposite  solvatochromic   behavior.   This indicates either opposite  polarization  of   their corresponding excited states and/or that the bromine atoms are involved in new inter-molecular interaction.

Compounds in Methanol

Ph3N-TCV in Hexane

Ph3N-TCV in Ethyl Acetate

Figure 3: Solvent Effect on Absorbance