ACADEMIC ENGLISH

English Language Teaching Unit

Academic Style

Organisation

Critical Thinking

Referencing

ACADEMIC WRITING LECTURES

Rachel Abounouar

Academic Style

Organisation

Critical Thinking

Referencing

I got into such a mess with secondary citation in one assignment I got an official warning! Got accused of plagiarism! I was mortified!

Personal communication 4 October 2012

Referencing

What When Why How

Throughout this lecture, unless otherwise stated, a version of the Harvard system is used.

Referencing conventions

IT CANNOT BE OVER-EMPHASISED THAT THERE MAY BE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE REFERENCING INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS MANUAL AND THOSE IN YOUR DEPARTMENTAL HANDBOOK. IN THIS CIRCUMSTANCE, THIS PUBLICATION IS MEANT TO BE USED AS A GENERAL GUIDELINE ONLY AND PRIORITY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO YOUR DEPARTMENTAL GUIDELINES.

Student Development, University of Leicester (2012)

When do you need to reference?

1. Copy text from another source2. Discuss another person’s ideas in your own words3. Write about your own opinions on a topic4. Include a table or a diagram from another source5. Write about something you know you’ve read

somewhere but can’t remember where6. Present the results of your own experiment or

survey7. Mention a fact which is common knowledge8. Paraphrase the ideas from two different sources,

linking them together with your own words

Monash University (2012)

When do you need to reference?

1. Copy text from another source

2. Discuss another person’s ideas in your own words

3. Write about your own opinions on a topic

4. Include a table or a diagram from another source

Reference required

Reference required

Reference required

No reference required

When do you need to reference?

5. Write about something you know you’ve read somewhere but can’t remember where

6. Present the results of your own experiment or survey

7. Mention a fact which is common knowledge

8. Paraphrase the ideas from two different sources, linking them together with your own words

Reference required

Reference required

No reference required

No reference required

http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/workshops/schedule/autumn_term_12/endnote_arts

http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/

Why do we reference?

You will gain marks by using the recommended form of citation.

White, R C A (2009) Writing Guide 1: Writing an Assessed Essay 7th Edition Leicester: University of Leicester, The School of Law

Why do we reference?

Respecting the intellectual property of others is the central ethic of academic integrity in the university community

Professional development, University of Nottingham (2006)

Why do we reference?

You should follow the referencing rules for three reasons:

  (a)it demonstrates a disciplined approach to your

work (academic rigour) (b) it means you won't be accused of plagiarism

because you have acknowledged your sources (c) your reader will be able to follow up on the

citations that interest them University of Leicester School of Management (2012)

Why do we reference?

Two golden rules consistency consideration for the reader

Faculty of Law, University Oxford (2012)

How do we reference?

Footnote

Faculty of Law, University of Oxford (2012)

Footnote

Faculty of Law, University of Oxford (2012)

Author-date

Many writers have argued that research is inevitably a subjective exercise (Knights & Willmott 1989; Game 1991; Knights 1995).

Downing et al, (1995: p1) suggest that “we are surrounded by a variety of mass produced culture objects” perhaps the most important being television.

University of Leicester School of Management (2012) University of Leicester Media Department (2012)

Questions

Answers

http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/harvard

http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/vancouver/vancouver-referencing-system

Reporting verbs – There is one error in each reference.

Dodds Pennock and Cottrell (2008) argues that author-date referencing systems are cumbersome and distract the reader from the main argument.

According to Pears and Shield (2010) suggest that providing references strengthens your arguments.

Robin C A White (2012) explains that the guide only provides initial information.

“Thinking through the values associated with 'academic integrity' will assist you to be prepared for operating as an independent thinker in the university community” (University of Nottingham).

Reporting verbs – Errors corrected Dodds Pennock and Cottrell (2008) argue that

author-date referencing systems are cumbersome and distract the reader from the main argument.

According to Pears and Shield (2012) providing … or Pears and Shield (2012) suggest that ….

Robin C A White (2012) explains that the guide only provides initial information.

“Thinking through the values associated with 'academic integrity' will assist you to be prepared for operating as an independent thinker in the university community” (University of Nottingham 2012).

A Point Of View: China and multiculturalism

Reporting verbs – What’s the difference?

Jacques (2012) suggests that “the strength of the Han identity is that it has held China together” supporting his claim with references to the durability of the Chinese empire over 2,000 years.

Jacques (2012) proves that “the strength of the Han identity is that it has held China together” using data that demonstrates that over 90% of the Chinese regard themselves as Han.

Where to get further help?

Programme handbook Assignment brief Tutors Library Student development http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/worksh

ops

References - What’s wrong? Monash University (2012) Demystifying Citing and Referencing Online Tutorial

Accessed online 5 October 2012 http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/  Student Development, University of Leicester (2012) The Harvard Referencing

Manual Accessed online 4 October 2012 http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/harvard/content/2.23-ten-tips-for-good-referencing

Faculty of Law, University Oxford (2012) OSCALA Accessed online 28 October 2012 http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php

University of Leicester School of Management (2012) MSc Accounting and Finance Programme Handbook 2012/2013

University of Leicester Media Department (2012) Media Handbook Leicester: University of Leicester, Media Department

University of Nottingham Professional Development (2006) Academic Integrity Tutorial Accessed online 17 September 2012 http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csc/academic-integrity/student/tutorial/academic-integrity/

Pears, R. and G. Shields (2010) Cite Them Right 8th Edition Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Dodds Pennock, C. and P. Cottrell (2008) University of Leicester School of Historical Studies Style Guide Leicester: University of Leicester

References - they are not in alphabetical order

Monash University (2012) Demystifying Citing and Referencing Online Tutorial Accessed online 5 October 2012 http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/ 

Student Development, University of Leicester (2012) The Harvard Referencing Manual Accessed online 4 October 2012 http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/harvard/content/2.23-ten-tips-for-good-referencing

Faculty of Law, University Oxford (2012) OSCALA Accessed online 28 October 2012 http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php

University of Leicester School of Management (2012) MSc Accounting and Finance Programme Handbook 2012/2013

University of Leicester Media Department (2012) Media Handbook Leicester: University of Leicester, Media Department

University of Nottingham Professional Development (2006) Academic Integrity Tutorial Accessed online 17 September 2012 http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csc/academic-integrity/student/tutorial/academic-integrity/

Pears, R. and G. Shields (2010) Cite Them Right 8th Edition Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Dodds Pennock, C. and P. Cottrell (2008) University of Leicester School of Historical Studies Style Guide Leicester: University of Leicester

The In-Sessional Programme

Academic English Lecture Series Style Organisation Referencing Critical Thinking