academic presentation on review of road network
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
Historical overview (Literature review)
Hierarchy of road network
Analysis of road network
Operation of road network
Future road network
Conclusion
References
The road network is a set of nodesrepresenting spatial locations and displaystopological and geometric variations. (Wyatt,1997)
Road networks are observed in terms of itscomponents of accessibility, connectivity,traffic density, level of service, compactness,and density of particular roads (Mannering,Walter, and Scott, 2004)
Fig. 1: Typical road network
In general term, Road Network consists ofnodes at intersection and links connectingthe intersection which are categorized intoprimary and/or secondary roads known asarterial and/or minor roads respectively
There are many examples of early man-maderoads that are found in various parts of theworld.
Historically, people have travelled and goodshave been moved from one place to another:
by road; walking and riding, using humansand various beasts to carry goods or to pullsleds, carts, carriages and wagons, and (sincethe late 19th century) using cycles and motorvehicles such as cars, buses and lorries;
by water, i.e. using (since early times) shipsand boats on seas, rivers and canals;
by rail, i.e. initially using animals (in the early19th century) and then steam-, oil- orelectric-powered locomotives to pullpassenger carriages and goods wagons; and
by air, i.e. using airships and airplanes (in the20th century).
Early manufactured roads were;
the stone-paved streets in the Middle East(4000 BC),
the corduroy-log paths near Glastonbury,England (3300 BC), and
brick paving in India (3000 BC).
the first 'professional' road network-makerswas Roman road system, which consist of 29major roads radiating from Rome to theoutermost fringes of the Empire (totaled78000 km).
The roads were commonly constructed atleast 4.25 m wide to enable two chariots topass with ease.
Overall, the first 40 years of the 20th centurywere years of evolutionary developmentrather than revolutionary change for roads.
Initially, the emphasis was on 'laying the dust'using, mainly, tar and bitumen surfacing, andthen on reconstructing existing roads.
A safe and efficient road network combinesthe various types of roads in a hierarchicalform thus facilitating the stepped adjustmentof driving techniques from arterial routes tothe domestic environment.
The road network can be categorized intothree types i.e. Arterial roads, collector roadsand local streets
Arterial Roads – Arterial roads primarily servelong-distance travel and are typicallydesigned as either access controlled orpartially access controlled facilities withlimited locations at which vehicles can enteror exit the roadway (typically via on- or off-ramps)
Features;
• Through traffic movements
• Longer distance traffic movements
• Line haul public transport task
• Regional cycle movements (off road)
Figure 2: Principal Arterial Source: Ohio Statewide Imagery Program
Sub Arterial Roads – Sub Arterials provideservice for trips of moderate length, servegeographic areas that are smaller than theirhigher Arterial counterparts and offerconnectivity to the higher Arterial system
Collector roads –As their name implies,Collectors “collect” traffic from Local Roadsand connect traffic to Arterial roadways.Collector routes are typically shorter thanArterial routes but longer than Local Roads.Collectors often provide traffic circulationwithin residential neighborhoods as well ascommercial, industrial or civic districts
Features of collectors road;
• carry traffic having a trip end within thespecific area
• Direct access to properties
• Access to public transport
• Pedestrian movements
• Local cycle movements
Local roads – Local Roads are often classifiedby default. In other words, once all Arterialsand Collector roadways have been identified,all remaining roadways are classified as LocalRoads
Features of local;
• Direct access to properties
• Pedestrian movements
• Local cycle movements
Figure 4: typical local roadsSource: Google earth
Road Network Operations concerns allactivities directly related to the concept ofproviding services for all users of the network
Increasingly, opportunities exist to providethese services to customers throughtechnological innovations arising fromIntelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Toachieve these outcomes it is vital that weengage with all of our road network partners.
In achieving sustainable Road NetworkOperations it is imperative that theperformance of the road network isconsidered as part of an integrated transportsystem
The analysis of the road network involves therecognition of the patterns and qualities ofthe roads
Many techniques had earlier been used inanalyzing road network patterns namely,connectivity, shortest path spanning tree, andminimum cost spanning tree from graphtheory to facilitate structural analysis androad selection in the road networks.
Modern techniques introduced for theexplanation of the effects of accessibility onproperty values range from geographicallyweighted regression technique, multinomiallogit models to geo-spatial analysis adoptingthe Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
One of the techniques to ensure detailedanalysis of the road network pattern is thegraph theory.
A graph-based approach in studying patternsof road networks involves the introduction ofhierarchical structure of different graphs toreproduce different levels of details of thenetwork. The basic graph contains nodes andlines, the nodes represent line intersections,edges correspond to lines, and topologicalstructure of the graph results in patterns ofthe road network (Heinzle, Anders, andSester, 2005)
Better information has the power to unlockmore value from our road networks. Already,drivers can get information about theirjourneys using the internet, Smartphoneapplications and a dedicated customerinformation line, allowing them to planahead. Traffic information can be deliveredinto the vehicle, keeping drivers aware ofchanges to the network’s status while theytravel.
By 2040, experts expect a world of connectedvehicles and road users in road networks, where‘semi-autonomous’ and ‘autonomous’ control ofvehicles will be part of life. Vehicles willcommunicate not only with the roadinfrastructure, but increasingly with each otherwithin a network of advanced roads. Innovativeways to make vehicles cooperate with oneanother, such as the ‘platooning’ approach forheavy vehicles on strategic roads, have thepotential to make our road networks work betterfor everyone.
This means that we are potentially on theverge of a great change in the way that weuse our roads, and in the way that roadsaffect our economy and quality of life.
Therefore, advanced technologies is neededto deliver huge benefits for individual usersand for the road network as a whole in thefuture.
“Managing our road networks,better to drive economicgrowth, boost innovation andgive road users more for theirmoney”-Alan Cook, November2011
A historical overview of the development of theroad
C.A. O'Flaherty
Lay, M.G., Ways of the World. Sydney: PrimaveraPress, 1993.
Pannell, J.P.M., An Illustrated History of CivilEngineering. London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.
A Four Level Road Hierarchy For Network,Planning And Management.
Eppell, J.M. Bunker And B.A. Mcclurg; 20th ARRBConference, Melbourne.
Highway Functional Classification: Concepts,Criteria And Procedures; 2013 Edition
US Department Of Transportation, FederalHighway Administration
Main Roads Western Australia; Road NetworkOperations Strategy, 2006-2010
Smarter Roads, Better Journeys Action for Roads, A network for the 21st century,
July 2013
Department for transportation, UK
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