ACADEMIC WRITING/ESSAY

WRITINGNot just tracing or forming characters, letters, words, etc. on the surface of some material, as with pencil, pen or other material;In this context, it concerns a delivering ideas into words, sentences essay (a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject) or paper (longer essay);

THINKING & DESCRIBING, EXPLAININGJust thinking thinking without any purpose or objectivesCritical thinking (reasoning of something)

Consequences &ImplicationsPurpose of Thinkinggoal, objectivesIdeas:Concepts,Theories, definitions, axioms, laws, modelsAssumptions:Presupposition, taking for grantedInformation:Data, facts, observations, experiencesInterpretation &Inference:Conclusions, solutionsPoints of View:Frame of reference, perspective, orientationQuestions at issue:problemELEMENTSOFREASONINGCRITICAL THINKERINTELLECTUAL STANDARDS

SOME IMPORTANT HINTS TO WRITE AN ACADEMIC ESSAY:The Question: as appeared in the title or topic of discussion every word in the topic is a question that must answered in the discussion.Description: [short paragraphs] write definitions involved in the discussion to clarify your idea or thinking; the paragraph may be short or in the narrative form; eg. Eco- social that refers to social gap, conflict etc.Explanation: [lengthy paragraphs] give sufficient account, reason or justification about related issues - eg. Place (where it is, what is the problem), time (when daily, monthly or frequently etc), people (how wide is the gap? who are they involved in the conflict? Etc); discussion should be given sufficient accounts based on facts (newspaper, research findings etc.)Argument, Conclusion or Thesis: [short paragraph] give your own statement based on the previous analysis as an argument, conclusion or thesis that clarify your position on the matters you raised.

TITLEDESCRIPTION: Short paragraph

Definitions, describe X . . . etc. (the WHAT)Purpose of discussionEXPLANATION: Longer paragraphs

Explain each definition and its interrelation to one anotherCollect events related to the issuesAnswer questions such as why, who, where, when in every analysis Analyze facts as parts or functions of the issue; cause/effects, Compare one case to anotherCONCLUSION/ARGUMENT: Short paragraph

Synthesis State and defend your position about the issueREFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY

WRITING STYLESIMPLE JOURNALISM simply describe facts; there is also scientific journalism investigating mode;SCIENTIFIC describe facts, analysis, your own accounts about the issue discussed;ExplanatoryNarrative

PLAGIARISM(Learning Center, What is Plagiarism, http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_plagiarism.html, 19.10.08According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" meansto steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's ownto use (another's production) without crediting the sourceto commit literary theftto present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.

But can words and ideas really be stolen?According to the generally accepted law across the world, the answer is yes.The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).

All of the following are considered plagiarism:turning in someone else's work as your owncopying words or ideas from someone else without giving creditfailing to put a quotation in quotation marksgiving incorrect information about the source of a quotationchanging words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving creditcopying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.

CITATION(Source: Learning Center, What is Citation, http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_citation.html, 19.10.08)What is citation?A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the authorthe title of the workthe name and location of the company that published your copy of the sourcethe date your copy was publishedthe page numbers of the material you are borrowingExample:Deleuze, G. and Felix Guattari, Anti-oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, p. 250 Bappeda DKI Jakarta, Permukiman Kumuh, http: //www.bappedajakarta.go,id/jktbangun/permukiman2.html#per_kumuh, 2 Juni 2004Bridge, G. and S. Watson, City Economies, in Bridge, G. and S. Watson (eds.), A Companion to the City, Blackwell Publisher, 2000: 101-114, p. 104.

Why should I cite sources?Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources: citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from.not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas.citing sources shows the amount of research you've done.citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.

Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original?Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your reader distinguish your ideas from those of your sources. This will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.

When do I need to cite?Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost always require citation: whenever you use quoteswhenever you paraphrasewhenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressedwhenever you make specific reference to the work of anotherwhenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

CITATION: EXAMPLESG. Deleuze and F. Guattari in Anti-oedipus argue that capitalism is axiomatic or self-evident. It is machines that are driving other machines. The strength of capitalism . . . resides in the fact that its axiomatic is never saturated, that it is always capable of adding a new axiom to the previous ones.[i] [i] Deleuze, G. and Felix Guattari, Anti-oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, p. 250.

CITATION: EXAMPLESPenggusuran literally means an act[1] of bulldozing. As an act, it is socially or politically associated activity. It demonstrates an activity between humans that live or inhabit the world. Arendt[2] asserts that human plurality, or particularly the rise of social, is the basic condition of political activity, of both action and speech. She writes, If [humans] were not equal, they could neither understand each other and those who came before them nor plan for the future and foresee the needs of those who will come after them. If [humans] were not distinct, each human being distinguished from any other who is, was, or will ever be, they would need neither speech nor action to make themselves understood. Signs and sounds to communicate immediate, identical needs and wants would be enough. (Authors italics) [1] In distinguishing the terms labor, work and action, Arendt identifies that the word to act, in most general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin (to lead and eventually to rule), to set something into motion. Action refers to activity that goes directly between humans without the intermediary of things or matter, corresponds to the condition of plurality. Arendt, H., Human Condition, Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, p. 177.[2] Arendt, H., op.cit. , 1958, p. 174-5.

Types of Plagiarism(source: Learning Center, http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/types_of_plagiarism.html, 19.10.08)Anyone who has written or graded a paper knows that plagiarism is not always a black and white issue. The boundary between plagiarism and research is often unclear. Learning to recognize the various forms of plagiarism, especially the more ambiguous ones, is an important step towards effective prevention.Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas.

But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:.

Sources Not Cited"The Ghost Writer" - a professionalwriterwho is paid to write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person. The writer turns in another's work, word-for-word, as his or her own."The Photocopy" The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration."The Potluck Paper" (the chance that whatever is available will proof to be good or acceptable)The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking (small adjustment) the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.

Sources Not Cited"The Poor Disguise" Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper's appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases."The Labor of Laziness" The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work."The Self-Stealer"The writer "borrows" generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions.

Sources Cited (But Still Plagiarized)"The Forgotten Footnote" The writer mentions an author's name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations."The Misinformer"The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them."The Too-Perfect Paraphrase"The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information.

"The Resourceful Citer"The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document."The Perfect Crime"Well, we all know it doesn't exist. In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material.

ASSIGNMENTTwo papers that represent both journalism & scientific writing;Topic architecture & environmentLibrary research - find your references relevant to the workWrite properly any citation from the right sources (such as, name/author, title, publishers, year of publication, certain page or pages if necessary)

JOURNALISMThe collecting, writing, editing, and presenting of news or news articles in newspapers and magazines and in radio and television broadcasts.Material written for publication in a newspaper or magazine or for broadcast.The style of writing characteristic of material in newspapers and magazines, consisting of direct presentation of facts or occurrences with little attempt at analysis or interpretation.Newspapers and magazines.An academic course training students in journalism.Written material of current interest or wide popular appeal.[Answer.com. journalism, http://www.answers.com/topic/journalism, 11-10-09]

JOURNALISMIs the craftof conveying news, descriptive material and commentvia a widening spectrum of media. [Wikipedia]There are styles in jounalism such as: sports, scence, investigative, etc.;Writing features can be more demanding than writing straight news stories, because while a journalist must apply the same amount of effort to accurately gather and report the facts of the story, he or she must also find a creative and interesting way towriteit. Thelead(or first two paragraphs of the story ) must grab the reader's attention and yet accurately embody the ideas of the article.