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Accessible
Design
Raj Lal
Nokia Inc.
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Agenda
About
Target Users
Color & Text
How Access.
Web Works
Website
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About Accessibility
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Accessibility is about making things
Easy to Use by Everyone
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Accessible = Clear
Accessible = Usable
Accessible = Unobtrusive
Accessible = Multiple Ways to Interact
About
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Who are the Users ?
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User with special needs
Hearing
Cognitive
Mobility
Visual
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Not so Tech Savvy users
• Parents
• Seniors Citizens
• Low literacy level
• Using Old Computers/ Browsers
• Limited Bandwidth
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Tech Savvy users
• Prefer Keyboard only
• Temporary Disabled
• Mobile User, Tablets, e-Readers
• In extenuating circumstances
- Limited attention, sound, light
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Disabled
Not so Tech-Savvy
Tech Savvy Users
Users
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Users = All of Us
• 20% of user 80% of Time
• 80% of the user 20% of the Time
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Accessible Color & Text
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Color
Dark
Light
Orange
Yellow Green
Blue-Green
Red
Purple Violet
Blue
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3 Rules for Visual Accessibility
1. Exaggerate lightness differences between
foreground and background colors
2. Choose dark colors with hues from the
bottom half against light colors from top
3. Avoid contrasting hues from adjacent parts of
the hue circle
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Visual Accessibility
Accessible Not Accessible
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3 Rules for Visual Accessibility
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8 Guidelines for Accessible Text
• Highest Possible Contrast for main content
• Use Color contrasts for Title or highlighted text
• Use large types, minimum 16 points
• Minimum 25% Spacing between lines
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8 Guidelines for Accessible Text
• Use Regular Serif/San Serif fonts
• Cursive, decorative fonts, italic case, use sparingly
• Use San Serif fonts for small text
• Avoid close letter spacing
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How Accessible Web Works ?
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3 Elements of Accessible Web
• Assistive Technology(AT)
• ARIA & Accessibility API
• W3C’s POUR Principle
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1. Assistive Technology
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Assistive Technology Users
• Visually Impaired
• Blind
• Cognitive, Learning Disability
• Deaf
• Hearing Impaired
• Mobility, Physically handicapped
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Hardware User
Large Monitors Visual, Cognitive, Mobility
Large Print Keyboards Visual, Cognitive, Mobility
Anti-glare filter Visual, Cognitive, Mobility
Braille Keyboards Blind
Refreshable Braille display Blind
Color/ Brightness keys Visual, Cognitive
Trackballs / D-Pads Mobility
Headphones Cognitive, Hearing
Assistive Technology
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Software User
Text Enlarging sw Visual, Cognitive
Text/Audio Browser Visual, Blind
Screen Readers Visual, Blind, Cognitive
Braille sw Translator Blind
Speech Recognition Visual, Blind, Cognitive, Mobility
Virtual Keyboards Mobility
Captioning Text Cognitive, Hearing, Deaf
Show Sound Cognitive, Hearing, Deaf
Assistive Technology SW
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2. ARIA & Accessibility APIs
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Accessible Rich Internet Applications
• ARIA helps Assistive Technology(AT)
• ARIA Make Web content Accessible to AT
• ARIA uses HTML and CSS Tags
• ARIA is a W3C Initiative & part of HTML5
• Most of ARIA is embedded in JS libraries
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How ARIA Works
Assistive Technology
Platform Accessibility
APIs
States Roles Properties
HTML
ARIA
VoiceOver Windows Eye
Mac OSX Accessibility Protocol Linux IAccessible2 Windows MSAA
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ARIA
• Uses a set of Roles, States, and Properties
• Roles, States & Properties assigned to HTML
• Exposes web page to Accessibility APIs
• AT uses Accessibility APIs to access Webpage
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ARIA Roles
• Landmark Roles – Where Am I
• Structural Roles – What’s This
• Interface Widget Roles
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ARIA Roles
Role type Role name Role name
Landmark
roles
application
banner
complementary
contentinfo
form
main
navigation
search
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ARIA Roles
Role type Role name Role name
Structural
roles
article
columnheader
definition
directory
document
group
heading
img
list
listitem
math
note
presentation
region
row
rowheader
separator
toolbar
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ARIA Roles
Role type Role name Role name
Interface
Widget Roles
standalone widget
alert
alertdialog
button
checkbox
dialog
gridcell
link
log
spinbutton
status
tab
tabpanel
textbox
timer
tooltip
treeitem
composite
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ARIA Roles
Role type Role name Role name
Interface
Widget Roles
marquee
menuitem
menuitemcheckbox
menuitemradio
option
progressbar
radio
scrollbar
slider
widget
combobox
grid
listbox
menu
menubar
radiogroup
tablist
Tree / treegrid
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ARIA States
• Dynamic Properties
• Global States
• Widget States
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ARIA State
Attribute type Global Widget
ARIA states aria-busy aria-disabled aria-grabbed aria-hidden aria-invalid
listitem
math
note
presentation
region
row
rowheader
separator
toolbar
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ARIA Properties
• Relatively Static Properties
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ARIA Properties
Attribute type Global Widget
ARIA
Properties
aria-atomic
aria-controls
aria-describedby
aria-dropeffect
aria-flowto
aria-haspopup
aria-label
aria-labelledby
aria-
autocomplete
aria-haspopup
aria-label
aria-level
aria-multiline
aria-
multiselectable
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ARIA Properties
Attribute type Global Widget
ARIA
Properties
aria-live
aria-owns
aria-relevant
aria-orientation
aria-readonly
aria-required
aria-sort
aria-valuemax
aria-valuemin
aria-valuenow
aria-valuetext
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3. W3C’s POUR Principle
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The POUR Principal
Perceivable
Operable
Understandable
Robust
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Perceivable
• Text alternative to all non-text content • Alternative for media using subtitles
• Transcribed text and Sign language
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Operable
• Function accessible from keyboard alone
• No auto refresh, allow time based contents
• Proper use of Headings & Anchors
• Joysticks, Voice recognition or audio feedback
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Understandable
• High color contrast 4.5:1
• Use San serif fonts & allow resize
• Avoid auto-play of media, animation
• Avoid auto refresh, or flashy graphics
• Multiple visual cues, icons, audio for feedback
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Robust
• Broken HTML tag can cause difficulty with AT
• Follow HTML standard specifications
• Syntactically correct HTML & validate page
• Proper “lang” attributes in the markup
• Use “abbr” tag with proper usage
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Developing an Accessible
Website using HTML5
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Accessible Website
• Progressive Enhancement with ARIA
• Developing an Accessible Website
- Homepage
- About Page
- Contact Form
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Progressive Enhancement
Good Design Is Unobtrusive
- Dieter Rams
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Progressive Enhancement
HTML
HTML CSS
HTML CSS JavaScript
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Progressive Enhancement
• Design in a Progressive enhancement way
• All content available by HTML alone
• Use semantically structured HTML
• All presentation elements in the style sheet
• Load JavaScript after the page is loaded
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Accessible Website with HTML5
Home
Contact About
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Accessible HTML5 Home page
<header role="banner"> <nav role="navigation"> <section role=“main”> <footer role=“contentinfo”> …
HTML5 Accessible HTML5
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Accessible HTML5 Contact Form
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Accessible HTML5 Form
• Use label tag for describing form elements
• Associate labels with controls using for attribute
• Create a logical tab order with tabindex
• Use placeholder, type=email, url, text
• Use fieldset and legend to group form elements
HTML5
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Accessible HTML5 Form
• Use role=main and keep one form in one page
• Use aria-required for required fields
• Use aria-live=assertive in the form for validation
• Use aria-describedby for adding help to fields
ARIA
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Accessible About Page
• Accessible Image
• Accessible Text and Links
• Accessible Media
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Accessible Image
Use alt attribute for alternative text for the image
Use title attribute for tooltip
Use role=presentation to ignore the image
Use blank alt for decorative images
Use meaningful name for src=meaningful.png
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Accessible Text and Links
• Font size should always be relative , never fixed
• Links should be underlined and of different color
• Use Anchor links, easily navigable by screen readers
• Meaningful link text , avoid using “click here” or “more”
• Color in CSS with foreground & background color
• Simple and Machine readable words like “Home page”
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Accessible Media
• Media player features navigable by keyboard
• Closed captions with timed text files
• Switchable sign translation video
• Transcripts, caption and sign language
• SVG animation is more accessible than Canvas
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Reference
• W3C ARIA
http://dev.w3.org/html5/markup/aria/aria.html
• Accessible Design
http://www.lighthouse.org/accessibility/design
• Dieter Rams 10 good design Principals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Rams
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thank you
Raj Lal
Nokia Inc.
@ iRajLal