aceee 2008 forum on water heating and use “getting into hot water” arthur h. rosenfeld,...
TRANSCRIPT
ACEEE 2008 Forum on Water Heating and Use
“Getting into Hot Water”Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner
California Energy Commission(916) 654-4930
http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.htmlor just Google “Art Rosenfeld”
Climate Change Refugee Camp !!
• “Time runs out for islanders on global warming's front line”
• Rising sea levels threaten to flood many of the islands in the fertile Ganges delta, leading to an environmental disaster and a refugee crisis for India and Bangladesh
• Dan McDougall in the Sundarbans • The Observer, March 30, 2008.
2
California is VERY MUCH a Summer Peaking Area
California Daily Peak Loads -- 2006
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Nov-06
MW
Residential Air Conditioning
Commercial Air Conditioning
3
4
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n to
Ca
lifo
rnia
Sy
ste
m L
oa
d (M
W)
End-Use/Sector
The Ten Highest Loads during the Peak (assuming a 60,000 MW Peak)
15% 14%
11% 11%
7% 6%
4% 4% 4% 4%
5
Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)with additional curtailment
option
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pri
ce (
cen
ts/k
Wh
)
Standard TOUCritical Peak PriceStandard Rate
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Extraordinary Curtailment Signal
Price Signal
?
6
Note: Tariffs have additional tiered surcharges based on monthly consumption
Residential Tariffs Tested in California Statewide Pilot
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
0
16:0
0
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
20:0
0
21:0
0
22:0
0
23:0
00:
00
Hour Ending
$ (U
.S.)
/ K
WH
FLAT RATE
TOU RATE
CPP-F RATE (NON CRITICAL DAY)
CPP-F RATE (CRITICAL DAY)
7
Source: Response of Residential Customers to Critical Peak Pricing and Time-of-Use Rates during the Summer of 2003, September 13, 2004, CEC Report.
Residential Response on a typical hot dayControl vs. Flat rate vs. CPP-V Rate( Hot Day, August 15, 2003, Average Peak Temperature 88.50)
kW
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Noon 2:30 7:30
Controllable Thermostat with CPP-V Rate
Controllable Thermostat with Flat Rate
Control Group
Midnight
CPP Event
CPP rates – Load ImpactsCPP rates – Load Impacts
Most customers (~ 80%) Saved Money and Most (~60%) thought all customers should be offered this type of rate.
Small Customers Statewide Pricing Pilot “SPP”
• Results for the two-summer pilot– Average savings for CPP_F customers of 12% to 13% during the
critical peak periods• CPP_F = 5 hour event; customers without smart thermostats
– Average savings for CPP_V customers of 27% during the critical peak periods
• CPP_V = event period varies 2 to 5 hours; customers have smart thermostats and receive signal from utility that sets-up thermostat
• Savings show little degradation from summer 2003 to summer 2004
• Savings remain nearly the same even over three-day heat events
8
Three Necessary Components for Demand Response and Utility Modernization
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)– Digital meters with communication
• Dynamic Tariffs– Enable customers to be able to respond to hourly prices – The structure of these tariffs is critically important as customers are
hoping to reduce total energy costs• Automated Response Technology at customer locations
– e.g. Programmable Communicating Thermostats (PCTs)• Enable residential and small commercial customers to respond to
price automatically• Larger customers with energy management systems linked to
pricing signals over the internet or through other communication channels
• And, when coupled with energy efficiency programs and policies the result can be reduction in total consumption as well as peak period consumption
9
What is AMI
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure– Interval meters that can record usage on an hourly
basis– Communication infrastructure that retrieve the
hourly usage and send price and emergency signals to the home
– Back-office software that processes hourly usage and bills the customer accordingly
10
AMI provides a “Smart Meter” and two-way communication system
with the utility
Smart Meters
DataCollectionUnit (DCU)
Network Management
System
Existing IOU DataSystems
Website
Billing
Outage Mgmt.
Load Control
Customer Usage Feedback via Internet
DataManagementSystem
11
Two Methods of Providing Customer Feedback
Smart Meter
Existing IOU DataSystem
Website
Path 2 –HAN
(2-way)
Path 1 – Internet (1-way, next day)
DCU
12
SDG&E – Home Area Network (HAN)
13
TV
EV / PHEV
Smart Meter
AMI Network to
meter
Photo Voltaic cells
Battery storage
Electric
H/W heaterDryerWasherRefrigeratorOven
HAN
PCT
IHD w/ EMS
Utility Room
Family Room
Kitchen
HAN
Pool pump
Gas Meter
Water Meter
Internet
SCE – Home Area Network (HAN)
14
Graphic provided by SCE
The Call to Action:Ashok Gadgil, LBNLThe Call to Action:
Ashok Gadgil, LBNL
15
Every hour 200 children, below age five, die from drinking dirty waterEvery year, 60 million children reach adulthood stunted for good
Drinking Water for the Rural Poor: Boiling
Economically unaffordable for most people, either in terms of fuel cost or fuel-collection effort
Environmentally unsustainable Energy intensive: 3 kg wood needed per person per day --
(compared to 1 kg for cooking food) Substantial additional smoke inhalation -- cooking smoke
inhalation already causes 1.6 million deaths annually. WHO (2003)
16
UV-Waterworks design 1993-95 UV-Waterworks design 1993-95
17
• Lamp-in-air design circumvents fouling, and avoids frequent maintenance• Radiometrics ensure even distribution of dose across the channel width• Hydraulics ensure narrow distribution of residence time for water parcels• Channel shape compensates for light intensity drop off at edges
A new water disinfector for the developing world’s poor
A new water disinfector for the developing world’s poor
Meet /exceed WHO and US EPA criteria for disinfection Energy efficient: 60 watts disinfects 1 ton / h Low cost: 4 cents disinfects a ton of water Reliable, Mature components Can treat unpressurized water Rapid throughput: 12 seconds Low maintenance: once every three months No overdose risk Failsafe
18
Design Criteria
19
Safe Drinking Water for Tsunami Survivors. Sri Lanka, 2005.
Mohideen Jumah, Sri Lanka
20
Collecting drinking water, WaterHealth Center 2006
21
drinking water container, WaterHealth Center subscribers 2006
Safe Drinking Water sells for US$ 0.002 per liter. This pays off the bank in eight years, and pays for all operations, maintenance, costs of consumables, and salaries of two part-time employees
22
Andhra Pradesh, India, 2006
One Center can serve 6000 people @ 10 L per person per One Center can serve 6000 people @ 10 L per person per day All assets belong to the village council (elected locally)day All assets belong to the village council (elected locally)
23
Andhra Pradesh, India, 2006
Many Many poorpoor households purchase households purchase water delivered to their homes, at a water delivered to their homes, at a higher price, and find it worth their higher price, and find it worth their
whilewhile
This has spawned local This has spawned local entrepreneurs delivering waterentrepreneurs delivering water
24
Andhra Pradesh, India, 2007
Summer 2007 installation rate was two WaterHealth Centers per week. Increased to four per week by end of 2007
25
Community outreach
WaterHealth’s partnership with Naandi Foundation on
community outreach and education is vital to the success of WaterHealth
Centres in India
WaterHealth and Naandi FoundationWaterHealth and Naandi Foundation
26
A long way to go, but we cracked a hard problem!
Service capacity of WaterHealth Centers in rural India2005 --> 12,0002006 --> 300,0002007 --> 700,000
Rural Indian in need of safe drinking water = 600,000,000
A key point is that this is no longer charity!
And it is affordable safe drinking water for the first time in their lives
27
Accelerating the installation rate
One bottleneck in ramping up installations of WaterHealth Centers is access to finance. About 70% of the first-cost of a WaterHealth Center is financed by commercial banks -- and setting up a large loan facility was becoming a bottleneck -- until now.
On September 28, 2007, under the Clinton Global Initiative, Dow Chemicals committed $30M in loan guarantees to WaterHealth. This will allow WaterHealth to access funds for the next 2000 WaterHealth Centers! These will serve an additional 10 million villagers
28
29 Source: David Goldstein
New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time and Retail Prices
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Av
era
ge
En
erg
y U
se
or
Pri
ce
0
5
10
15
20
25
Re
frig
era
tor
vo
lum
e (
cu
bic
fe
et)
Energy Use per Unit(kWh/Year)
Refrigerator Size (cubic ft)
Refrigerator Price in 1983 $
$ 1,270
$ 462
30
Annual Energy Saved vs. Several Sources of Supply
Energy Saved Refrigerator Stds
renewables
100 Million 1 KW PV systems
conventional hydro
nuclear energy
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
/yea
r
= 80 power plants of 500 MW each
In the United States
31
Value of Energy to be Saved (at 8.5 cents/kWh, retail price) vs. Several Sources of Supply in 2005 (at 3 cents/kWh, wholesale price)
Energy Saved Refrigerator Stds
renewables
100 Million 1 KW PV systems
conventional hydro
nuclear energy
0
5
10
15
20
25
Bill
ion
$ (
US
)/ye
ar
in 2
00
5In the United States
32
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3 Gorges三峡
Refrigerators冰箱
Air Conditioners 空调
TWh
2000 Stds
2000 Stds
2005 Stds
2005 Stds
If Energy Star
If Energy Star
TW
H/Y
ear
1.5
4.5
6.0
3.0
7.5
Val
ue
(bil
lio
n $
/yea
r)
Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements
Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect. Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL
Value of TWh
3 Gorges三峡
Refrigerators 冰箱
Air Conditioners
空调
Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh
Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh
三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比
标准生效后， 10年节约电量