aceee china implementation analysis shuibin

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An Analysis of theImplementation of BuildingEnergy Codes in China

Shui Bin ([email protected])

February 28, 2012



Outline

1. Background2. Building Energy Codes in China

3. Key Stakeholders and Compliance Process

4. Results and Discussions5. Policy Implications

6. Conclusions

2



1. Background

Building Stock and New Buildings

Building Stock in China

27.8

31.534.0 35.2 36.0

38.540.0

42.1 43.045.6

48.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

b i l l i o n s q u a r e

m e t e r s

25.8 for residentialbuildings in the U.S.

6.7 for commercial

buildings in the U.S.

3

Sources: China Statistics Yearbook (2011) , EIA varied years



1. Background

Building Energy Codes (BECS)

4

1. Building energy codes and standards (BECS) setminimum requirements for energy-efficient design andconstruction for new and renovated buildings.

2. In the U.S. The International Energy Conservation Code

(IECC), and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 90.1)

The role of the U.S. DOE The role of local enforcement agencies



2. Building Energy Codes in China

Development Strategies

5

From heating zones to warm zones From large cities to small cities From urban to rural areas

Climate Zone

Mean Monthly

Temperature

Coldest Hottest

Severe Cold 14 0F

Cold 14 - 320

FHot summer and

cold winter32 -50 0F 77 - 86 0F

Hot summer and

warm winter50 0F 77 - 84 0F

Temperate 32 - 55 0F 64 - 77 0F




Design Standards

6

China U.S.

Comm. Residential Comm. Resi.

Comm.

buildings

(2005)

Heating

zone

(2010)

Hot-summer

& cold-winter

Zone (2010)

Hot-summer &

warm-winter

zone (2003)

ASHRAE

90.1 2007

IECC

2009

Envelope √ √ √ √ √ √

HVAC √ √ √ √ √ √ Service hot water X X X X √ √

Lighting X X X √ √

Electrical power X X X X √ X

Trade-offs and

building component

performance

approach√ √ √ √ √ √

Renewable energy X √ √ X √ √




Code Acceptance (2007)

7

1. Acceptance Codes are building energy codes forcompliance during the construction stage concerning: Walls, curtain walls, doors and windows, roofing,

flooring, HVAC, power distribution, lighting,

monitoring and quality control

2. Appceptance Codes mandate compliance in the finalacceptance of a construction project, and lift BECS toequal importance with safety-related building codes.



3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes

Key Stakeholders

8

Government-related

Stakeholders

Local Building

Research Entities

Local

Construction

Administration

Department

Drawing

Inspection

Companies

Third Parties

Construction

Companies

Ministry of Housing and

Urban-Rural Development

(MOHRD)

National

Level

Local QualitySupervision

Stations

Building

Design

Companies

Construction

Inspection

Companies

Research &

Development

China Academy for

Building Research

Local

Level

Developers

Test Centers and

Labs

Shui (2012)




Certification and Registration of Third Parties

9

Key Stakeholders

Title Exams for Certificate

Employees Title Exams for Certificates

Building design

companies, building

research entities

Building designersRegistered architect, certified structural

engineer, certified electrical engineer,

certified equipment engineer, quality

inspector, geotechnical engineer, interior

designers, certified cost engineer, cost

engineer, etc.

Drawing inspection

companies Drawing inspectors

Construction

companies

Construction managersConstructor, certified cost engineer, cost

engineer, construction workers,

technician, security engineer, quality

inspector, etc.

Construction workers

Construction

inspection companiesConstruction inspectors

Testing companies or

labsTesting engineers Certified testing engineer

Quality supervision

stationsQuality supervisors Supervision engineer

Shui et al. (2011)




The Compliance Process

10

Stage 1:

Preparation

Land use permit

Team formationthrough a

bidding process

Stage 2:

Building designand inspection

Building design

Designinspection

Constructionpermit issued

Stage 3:

Constructionand inspection

Construction

Inspection

Stage 4:

Completion

Buildingcompletion

Finalcompliance

report

Certificate foroccupancy

Market




Financial Issues in the Compliance Process

11

1. Local construction departments: the salaries of employees of local construction

departments are not related to fees collected fromthe compliance and enforcement process, such asconstruction and occupancy permit fees.

2. Developers: Permit fees to local construction departments for

land use, construction, and occupancy Service fees to third parties

3. Local quality supervision stations

4. The U.S. case




Annual National Inspection

12

1. Since 2005 MOHURD has conducted annual nationalinspections of building energy efficiency. Notification Duration

Selection of cities Inspection scope

2. Inspection results are publicly announced

3. Local inspections are conducted to prepare thenational inspection



4. Results and Discussions

The Implementation Results

13

Building Energy Code Compliance Rates in Urban Areas

MOHURD (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)



4. Results and Discussions

Discussion

14

Improvements suggest: Impressive performance of overarching institutions

Other issues: Definition of compliance – a new compliance indicator is

needed Training Rural areas



5. Policy Implications

The Role of Regulatory Support

15

1. The Energy Conservation Law (1997, 2007) Administrative structure Compliance with BECS in design, drawing inspection,

construction, and construction inspection activities

2. The Rules of Energy Conservation in Civil Building (2006, 2008) Responsibilities of each key stakeholder Specific penalties for violations




The Role of Supervisions with Feedback

16

On-site

inspection

Scheduled or

random

inspections

Supervision of LocalGovernment

Local

Construction

Department

Project Supervision

Local Quality

Supervision

Stations

Building

Design

Company

Drawing

Inspection

Company

Construction

Company

Construction

Company

Supervision ofNational

Government

MOHURD

Annual, random-

picked projects




The Role of Incentives

17

1. Incentives include financial and non-financialmeasures to motivate compliance among key actors

2. Publication of national inspection results createsbenign peer pressure among provinces

3. National inspection results are directly or indirectlylinked to the performance reviews of local officials

If a building design company fails to correct a flawed building designinspected by a drawing inspection company, the building design

company shall be warned and fined between RMB 100K (US$ 15K)and RMB 300K (US$ 46K).

Source: Rules of Energy Conservation in Civil Building, 2008



6. Conclusions

18

1. A sound policy deployment is critical to the effectiveimplementation of solutions to real-world problems• Sufficient regulatory and financial support• Multi-level supervision with feedback• Well-designed incentives

2. The dramatic improvement of China’s compliance rateindicates:• the impressive performance of overarching institutions• the need to improve the current compliance index

3. Exchanging ideas and experiences between countrieswould contribute to energy saving and carbonmitigation at local, national and global levels



Background:

Code Adoption in the U.S.

Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings

January 1, 2012

IECC 2009 ASHRAE 90.1 -2007 / IECC 2009

http://www.energycodes.gov/states/ 19

aceee china implementation analysis shuibin

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