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J. Res. ANGRAU Vol. XXXIX No.4 pp 1-134, October -December, 2011

ISSN 0970-0226

The Journal of Research ANGRAU(Published quarterly in March, June, September and December)

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CONTENTS

PART I : PLANT SCIENCE

Heterosis and gene effects for grain yield and physiological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). 1S. VANISREE , CH. S RAJU, P. N. REDDY, M .SREEDHAR and L. KRISHNA.

Characterization and classification of soils of marpaka watershed of Nalgonda district 6V. SANTHOSHI, G. JAYASREE, M.V.R. SESHA SAI and V. PADMAScreening of different varieties of grape for wine production under Hyderabad conditions 11VEENA JOSHI. S. AMARENDER REDDY, B. SRINIVASA RAO, R. SUBHASH REDDYand D.VISHNUVARDHAN REDDY.Combining ability analysis involving aromatic lines for grain quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) 16P. GONYA NAYAK, M. SREEDHAR, CH. SURENDAR RAJU, S. SUMATHI and S. VANISREE.Influence of temperature and carrier material on shelf life of mass cultured Trichoderma Spp. 24BHEEMARAYA, M. B. PATIL, S.T. RAMESH, YENJEERAPPA and KALYAN RAO.Comparison of Bt-cotton hybrids with their non-Bt counter parts for yield traits, fibre and oil quality 30A.BREZNEV, J. SURESH, M.V. BRAHMESWARA RAO, A. GEETHA and P. SAIDAIAHCombining ability analysis for grain yield and other quantitative traits in maize (Zea mays L.) 35B. RAGHU, J. SURESH, P. SAIDAIAH and S. SUDHEER KUMAR.Studies on rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars during dry season under terai agro-climatic 41situation of West Bengal.M. GHOSH and B. DEOccurrence and distribution of cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.) diseases in India. 44PRABHA K. PETER and R. CHANDRAMOHANAN

PART II : SOCIAL SCIENCE51

A swot analysis on tea cultivation in eastern region of Nepal.KESHAV KATTEL, R. VASANTHA, M. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY and P. PRASHANTH.

PART III : RESEARCH NOTES

Seed yield of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) as influenced by sowing dates and plant 57densities during rabi season.R.SANGEETHA, M. YAKADRI, M. SRINIVASA RAJU and A. SAI RAM.Effect of levels of nitrogen and potassium on yield, uptake and economics of potato 59grown on alfisols of Andhra Pradesh.D. VIJAYA LAKSHMI, G. PADMAJA and P. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO.Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil dehydrogenase activity, nutrient uptake 63and fruit yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.)T. CHITANYA, G. PADMAJA, P. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO and K.B. SUNEETHA DEVI.Identification of thermotolerent single cross hybrids based on temperature induction 66response (TIR) techniques in maize (Zea mays L.)P. RAJESH, T. RAMESH, FARZANA JABEEN, K. KESHAVULU and PRAKASH BABUCombining ability and heterosis involving cold tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm lines 70at seedling stageG. SHIVA PRASAD, L. V. SUBBA RAO, M. SUJATHA and U.CHAITANYA.A study on the adoption of recommended tea cultivation practices by the farmers of Nepal 73KESHAV KATTEL, R. VASANTHA, M. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY and P. PRASHANTH.Studies on seed rate for promising groundnut varieties under rainfed conditions of southern 76telangana zone, Andhra PradeshB. SOUMYA, K. B. SUNEETHA DEVI, Y. SIVA LAKSHMI and K. UMA MAHESWARIEconomics of intercropping in bajra napier hybrid as influenced by cutting intervals 79K. C. VERMA, K. B. SUNEETHA DEVI, A.P.K REDDY and G. JAYASREEFertilizer management for maximizing productivity and profitability of export oriented 83

groundnut [Arachis hypogaea(L.)]S.TIRUMALA REDDY, D. SRINIVASULU REDDY AND G. PRABHAKARA REDDYEffect of boron application on total dry matter grain filling and grain yield in rice 86(Oryza sativa L.)G. TULASI, T. RAMESH, P. R. RAO and M. SREEDHARYield based screening of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes under drought conditions 89A.GEETA, A. SIVASHANKAR, J. SURESH, LAKSHMI PRAGYA and G. ANURADHAEvaluation of selected insecticides as seed protectants against the pulse beetle 94(Callosobruchus chinensis L.)AMTUL RAHEEM and O. SRIDEVIResponse of Rabi pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp) to different levels of drip irrigation 101K. MAHALAKSHMI, K. AVIL KUMAR, M. D. REDDY and M. UMA REDDY.Studies on variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis for 104quantitative characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.).G. SIVA PRASAD, M. SUJATHA, U. CHAITANYA and L. V. SUBBA RAO.

Abstracts

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)1-5, 2011

Email : vanisree_dhar@yahoo.com

HETEROSIS AND GENE EFFECTS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND PHYSIOLOGICALTRAITS IN RICE (Oryza Sativa L.)

VANISREE S, RAJU CH S, REDDY P N, SREEDHAR M and KRISHNA LRice Section, Agricultural Research Station

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

Rice is the preferred staple food for morethan one-half of the world population. India has largestarea under rice (44.6 m. ha) and ranks second onlyto China in production (93 m.tonnes). However, theproductivity of India is 2086 kg/ha (CMIE March,2008). Andhra Pradesh is the “granary of south”contributing to national rice production about 12.2 percent annually. The four mega varieties viz.,Sambamahsuri, MTU 1001, MTU-1010 and Swarnareleased from Andhra Pradesh nearly occupy 25percent (11.1 m.ha) of national rice area. Although,high yielding varieties with wider adaptability are beingdeveloped and released from time to time, there isno substantial progress in the productivity of rice inthe state since a long time.

The present study was undertaken byselecting highly divergent parents with resistance toBPH, gall midge, blast and grain quality includingaroma mainly to estimate the magnitude of heterosisand identify better combiners for further use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine cultures with distinct differences inmorphological traits (Table 1), with at least onespecific feature like biotic resistance or quality orscent were crossed in line x tester (4 x 5) design andthe resultant 20 hybrids were grown along with theirparents in a randomized block design during dryseason (rabi 2006-’07). Each entry was raised in 2rows of 3.75 m long for each replication adopting aspacing of 15 x 15 cm and 3 replications weremaintained. The improved management practices

ABSTRACT

Genetic basis of expression of metric traits viz., yield components (panicle and grain characters) andphysiological parameters (Harvest index, total biomass) was studied through estimation of heterosis on mid andbetter parents, SCA and GCA effects. High amount of heterosis was noticed for grain yield, total biomass and earbearing tillers, whereas the estimates were low for panicle density and grains per panicle. The higher estimateswere attributed to over dominance of hybrids on their respective better parents and the crosses, Sumati/ JGL-1798and MTU-4870/ HMT-Sona were recommended for hybrid breeding through utilization of male sterility systems.Among other promising crosses, MTU-1010/ HMT-Sona and MTU 1001/ Kavya with high heterosis, per se performanceand SCA effects were identified for pedigree breeding, as their parents possessed high x high GCA effects.

were followed as recommended by ANGRAU.Observations were recorded on 10 randomly selectedplants and means were estimated for days to 50%flowering, panicle length (cm), grains per panicle, earbearing tillers per plant, total biomass per plant (g),grain yield per plant (g). Panicle density wasestimated dividing number of grains per panicle bypanicle length. Harvest index was calculated as ratioof grain yield to total biomass and expressed inpercentage. Heterosis was estimated as percentincrease or decrease of F1s over mid parent (averageheterosis) and better parent (heterobeltiosis) and thegeneral combining ability (GCA) and specificcombining ability (SCA) effects were computedaccording to Kempthorne (1957).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Estimates of heterosis over their respectivemid and better parents along with range are presentedin Table 2. Out of 20 crosses, 11 crosses exhibitedsignificant negative heterosis over the better parentfor days to 50% flowering and range for this characterwas from -14.71 to 5.49. Highest negative valueswere observed in crosses, MTU-4870/ JGL 3855 andMTU 1001/ Kavya. Among the yield components,number of grains/m2 is considered as very importantand to realize it, plants with more number of grainsper panicle with increased panicle length will beselected. Excess sterility is often associated withthe short and compact panicles in which morespikelets are accommodated very closely. In thepresent study, only 4 crosses for panicle length and

2 each for panicle density and grains per panicleshowed significant superiority over their respectivebetter parents, which indicated the prevalence ofpartial dominance relationships in expression ofheterosis for these characters. The crosses, Sumati/HMT-sona (panicle length and grains per panicle) andMTU-4870/HMT-sona (panicle density and grains perpanicle) were identified as better crosses for paniclecharacters. The spectrum of variation forheterobeltiosis ranged from 9.54 to 25.85, -55.11 to23.99 and -58.32 to 28.85 for panicle length, panicledensity and grains per panicle, respectively.Significant positive heterosis for these traits werealso reported by Akarsh and Pathak, (2008).

Grain yield in rice could be increased byenhancing total dry matter or harvest index or both,as it is a function of total dry matter and harvestindex (Virk et al, 2004). Heterosis for grain yield overmid and better parent were observed in 11 and 9crosses respectively and the range for heterobeltiosiswas from very low (-66.98) to very high (104.19). Highamount of heterosis for grain yield was mainlyattributed to corresponding superiority in productive

tillers per plant and total biomass production,because a limited number of crosses exhibitedheterosis for panicle traits and harvest index.Increased yield was associated with enhancedbiomass rather than with harvest index in the presentstudy as discussed earlier. Among the heterotichybrids, Sumati/ JGL-1798 (104.19) and MTU-4870/HMT-sona (85.44) were highly promising for grainyield. Interestingly, heterosis for yield wasassociated with heterosis for other component traitsespecially with ear bearing tillers, panicle length andgrains per panicle. Most promising heterotic crossesfor grain yield were accompanied by heterosis fortwo or three component traits viz., Sumati/JGL-1798for total biomass and panicle length; MTU-4870/HMT-sona for harvest index, total biomass, panicledensity, grains per panicle and ear bearing tillers,and MTU-1010/ NLR 34449 for total biomass, grainsper panicle and panicle density. Almost all promisinghybrids exhibited heterobeltiosis for total biomass.This indicated that heterosis manifestation for grainyield is due to cumulative effect of highly significantand desirable heterosis for yield attributing traits

Table 1. Salient features of the parents involved in crossing programs

S.No. Line/ tester Parentage Description

1 Vijetha(MTU-1001) MTU-5249/ MTU-7014 Medium duration, medium grain (fine),resistant to BPH.

2 Sumati (RNR-18833) Chandan/ Pak. Basmati Medium duration, extra long slendergrain, strongly scented

3 Cottondora Sannalu MTU-2077/ IR-64 Short duration, long slender (fine),(MTU-1010) tolerant to WBPH and blast

4 Deepti (MTU-4870) Sowbhagya / ARC-6650 Medium duration, medium grain (fine),resistant to BPH

5 Karimnagar Samba Sambamahsuri / Medium duration, slender grain (super(JGL-3855) ARC-5984//Kavya fine), resistant to gall midge (biotype-3)

6 Jagtial Sannalu Sambamahsuri/ Kavya Short duration, slender grain (super fine),(JGL-1798) resistant to gall midge (biotype-3)

7 Nellore mahsuri IR-72/ Sambamahsuri Short duration, slender grain (super fine),(NLR-34449) resistant to blast

8 PKV-Sona (HMT-Sona) -NA- Medium duration, slender grain (superfine), good cooking quality

9 Kavya (WGL-48684) WGL-27120/(WGL- Medium duration, long slender grain17672/Mahsuri//Surekha (fine), resistant to gallmidge (biotype-1).

VANISREE et. al.

(Krishnaveni et al., 2005, Akarsh and Pathak, 2008and Roy et al., 2009). The genetic basis for suchhigher manifestation of heterosis over better parentis mainly attributed to dominance (h) and epistaticgene actions of dominance x dominance (l) ofcomplimentary nature (both ‘h’ and ‘l’ on plus sides).Li et al. (1997) suggested epistasis might be animportant genetic basis of heterosis in rice. For 1000grain weight, though, the estimates of heterosis overbetter parents were significant, they were low incomparison to those of other traits. Mid parentalheterosis was predominant for this trait, whichindicated that it was mostly under genetic effects ofpartial dominance (Raju et al, 2005).

The hybrid combinations with high meanperformance, desirable SCA estimates and involvingat least one of the parents with high GCA are likelyto enhance the concentration of favorable alleles(Kenga et al, 2004). Hence, good specific combiners(hybrids) have been adjudged on the combinedanalysis of per se, SCA effects and heterosisestimates. The crosses, Sumati/ JGL-1798, MTU-4870/HMT-Sona MTU-1010/ JGL 3855, whichexhibited significant heterosis for grain yield andcomponent characters over their respective betterparents are recommended for development of hybridcombinations by using male sterility systems.Fortunately the parents of these hybrids have specificfeatures like resistance to BPH (MTU-4870), gallmidge (JGL-3844, JGL-1798) and grain quality (HMT-Sona). In case of the remaining hybrid combinationswith high per se and SCA effects, alternate strategieslike pedigree method or population improvement issuggested depending on mode of gene action. Thebest specific crosses with high SCA and per seperformance and with high x high GCA parents viz.,MTU-1010/ HMT-Sona (ear bearing tillers), MTU-4870/JGL-1798 (Panicle density), MTU 1001/ Kavya (1000grain weight) were chiefly governed by additive typeof genetic effects (‘d’ and ‘i’ type), which are fixablein nature (Singh et al, 1971). For these traits, furtherimprovement is expected by adopting progenyselection. A perusal of results in respect of othercrosses indicated that good performance of hybridswith high x low or low x low GCA parents is attributedto additive x dominance and dominance x dominancetype of interactions, for which simple pedigreebreeding would not be sufficient, instead populationimprovement through mass selection with recurrent

random mating in early segregating generations(Redden and Jensen, 1974) could be a prospectivebreeding for yield improvement in rice. Through thepresent investigation, finally, two crosses each viz.,Sumati/ JGL-1798, MTU-4870/ HMT-Sona for hybridsdevelopment, and MTU-1010/ HMT-Sona, MTU-1001/Kavya for progeny selection were identified.

REFERENCES

Akarsh Parihar and Pathak, A.R. 2008. Heterosis forvarious quantitative traits in rice. Oryza. Vol.45 (3): 181-187.

Center for Monitoring Indian Economy , March, 2008Kempthorne, 1957. An Introduction to GeneticStatistics, John Wiley and sons, Inc, London

Kemthorne, O. 1957. An introduction to geneticstatistics. John wiley and sons Inc. Newyork.

Kenga. R., Albani, S. O and Gupta, S. C. 2004.Combining ability studies in tropical sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.). Field Crop Research.:88 (251-260).

Krishnaveni, B., Shobha Rani, N and Prasad, A.S.R.2005. Heterosis and inbreeding depression foryield and yield components in rice. Oryza. 42(4): 256-259.

Li ZK., Pinson, S.R.M., Peterson, A.H., Stansel, J.W.1997. Epistatis for three grain yieldcomponents in rice (Oryza sativa L). Genetics,145: 453-465.

Redden, R. J and Jensen, N.E. 1974: Mass selectionand mating system in cereals. Crop Science14: 345-350.

Roy, S.K., Senapati, B. K., Sinhamahapatra, S. Pand Sarkar , K. K. 2009. Heterosis for yieldand quality traits in rice. Oryza. 46 (2): 87-93.

Raju, Ch. S., Rao, M.V.B and Sudarshanam, A. 2005Heterosis and genetic studies on yield andassociated physiological traits in rice (Oryzasativa L.). Oryza 3 (4) : 264-273.

Singh, T. H., Gupta, S.P., Phul, P.S 1971. Line xTester analysis of combining ability in cottonIndian Journal of Genetics. 31: 316-321.

Virk, P. S., Khush, G. S and Peng, S. 2004. Breedingto enhance yield potential of rice at IRRI: theideotype approach, International RiceResearch Notes. 29 (1).

HETEROSIS AND GENE EFFECTS FOR GRAIN YIELD

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2 x

P6

P3

x P

8

21.4

4**

17.0

5**

15.0

0**

14.5

2**

13.2

9**

P2

x P

8 P

2 x

P9

P4

x P

8 P

4 x

P8

P3

x P

7

13.9

5**

13.4

2**

9.15

* 8.

78*

-

L x

H

L x

L

L x

H

L x

L

L x

H

L

H

L

H

L

49.0

53

.2

52.2

52

.9

51.9

9 G

rain

yi

eld

per

plan

t 11

9

-63.

69 to

12

2.46

-6

6.98

to

104.

19

P4

x P

8 P

2 x

P6

P3

x P

5 P

3 x

P8

P3

x P

7

122.

46**

10

5.52

**

79.3

5**

74.1

3**

65.1

2**

P2

x P

6 P

4 x

P8

P3

x P

5 P

3 x

P7

P3

x P

8

104.

19**

85

.44*

* 58

.02*

* 44

.53*

* 43

.89*

*

L x

H

L x

H

L x

L

L x

L

L x

H

H

H

H

H

L

42.2

47

.5

41.4

37

.8

37.7

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)6-10, 2011

CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFACATION OF SOILS OF MARPAKAWATERSHED OF NALGONDA DISTRICT

V. SANTHOSHI, G. JAYASREE, M.V.R. SESHA SAI and V. PADMADepartment of Soil Science and Agricultural chemistry

College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500 030.

ABSTRACT

The digital data from Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS) – IV sensor on board IRS-P6 satellite along withSurvey of India, toposheets of the study area were used in the study of natural resources of the watershed. Samplestrips were selected for ground truth. Pedons were examined and morphological characteristics, physical andchemical properties were described and soil map was prepared on 1:10,000 scale. Soil map was super imposed onphysiographic map under GIS environment. The soils are classified under six taxonomic units viz., Typic Haplustepts,Typic Haplustalfs, Vertic Haplustepts, Typic Ustorthents, Lithic Ustorthents, Lithic Haplustepts. The study showedclose relationship between Physiography and taxonomic units.

Timely and reliable information on soils withrespect to their nature, extent, spatial distribution,potentials and limitations is very crucial for optimalutilization of natural resources on a sustainablebasis. Soil surveys provide such information. Remotesensing enables faster and accurate land-usemapping and has proved to be the most efficient andreliable technique to prepare a comprehensiveinventory of soil resources and land-use pattern ofan area (Bandhyopadhayay et al., 2009 and Roy etal., 2010). The present study was carried out tocharacterize and classify the soils of Marpakawatershed, Nalgonda using Geo Spatial Approach.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study area lies between 160 54’ 30" to160 56’ 45" N latitude and 790 19’ 20" to 790 21’ 15" Elongitude with an average elevation of 185 m fromthe mean sea level (MSL) and covers 868.61 ha inNidamanur and Kanagal mandals of Nalgonda district.The mean annual rainfall is 681.6 mm. The meanmaximum and minimum temperatures are 34 0C and22.6 0C, respectively. The soil temperature regime is‘hyperthermic’ and moisture regime is ‘ustic’.

The digital data from Linear Imaging SelfScanner (LISS) – IV sensor on board IRS-P6 satellitewere along with Survey of India, toposheets of thestudy area used in the study of natural resources ofthe watershed. Sample strips were selected for groundtruth. Pedons were examined and morphologicalcharacteristics were described as represented in

Email id: Santhu.vuppala@gmail.com

Table 1. Horizon-wise soil samples were collected,processed and analyzed for various physical andchemical properties (Jackson 1973; Piper 1966). Thesoils were classified as per US Soil Taxonomy (SoilSurvey Staff 1996).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Valleys are broad in nature with gentle tovery gentle slopes with good ground water potential.In pediplain the ground water potential is moderate.

The solum depth (Table 1) varied from shallow todeep. The soils on the valley were deeper comparedto the soils of pediplain middle, upper and linear ridgesand dolerite dykes. The color of the pedons variedfrom 2.5 YR to 10 YR.

Soil structure varies from weak to strong andgranular to massive. Pedon 7 had weak structure inthe surface layer only (Thangasamy et al., 2005). Allthe pedons showed well developed structure in thesubsurface indicating moderate to high degree of soildevelopment. Surface cracks were observed inpedon 4.

Gravel and sand contents were higher in thesoils of pediplain upper and linear ridges and doleritedykes, where as silt and clay contents were higherin valley and pediplain lower. Soils of pediplain upperwere sandy clay loam in texture and valley were clayloam with high percentage of clay content.

The soils are moderately acidic to moderatelyalkaline in reaction and this wide variation is attributed

CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFACATION OF SOILS

Tab

le 1

. M

orp

ho

log

ical

, p

hys

ical

an

d c

hem

ical

pro

per

ties

of

soil

s o

f M

arp

aka

wat

ersh

ed

Exc

han

gea

ble

cat

ion

s H

ori

zon

Dep

th

(cm

) C

olo

ur

Tex

-tu

ral

Cla

ss S

tru

ctu

reG

rave

l (%

) S

and

(%

) S

ilt

(%)

Cla

y (%

) p

H

EC

d

Sm

-1O

C

(%)

CaC

O3

(%)

CE

C

cmo

l (+

) kg

-1C

a M

g

Na

K

BS

P

ES

P

Ped

on 1

Ap

0-18

10

YR

3/2

cl

2f

gr

sbk

4 48

.8

15.4

35

.8

7.85

0.

32

0.61

1.

59

17.7

8 7.

60

4.30

0.

62

0.62

77

.29

3.64

B

1 18

-30

10 Y

R 3

/2

cl

2f g

r sb

k5.

2 44

.6

18.2

37

.2

7.80

0.

40

0.64

1.

72

17.0

0 6.

50

3.60

0.

92

0.58

65

.24

5.17

B

2 30

-60

10 Y

R 2

/2

scl

3f s

bk

6.4

65.1

12

.5

22.4

8.

10

0.60

0.

59

2.80

16

.40

5.80

2.

90

1.12

0.

45

62.6

2 6.

80

BC

60

+

10 Y

R 5

/3

sl

3f s

bk

9.5

75.7

9.

2 15

.1

8.2

0.83

0.

41

3.5

15.5

7.

30

1.50

1.

33

0.31

67

.35

8.06

Pad

on 2

Ap

0-20

10

YR

3/2

sc

l 2

m g

r 5

51

16.4

32

.6

7.5

0.41

0.

62

2.72

24

.8

17.9

0 4.

30

0.62

0.

78

95.1

6 2.

50

Bw

1 20

-45

10 Y

R 3

/2

scl

2 f s

bk

7 52

.6

14

33.4

7.

40

0.51

0.

58

3.18

23

.60

16.6

0 3.

40

0.94

0.

52

90.9

3 3.

98

Bw

2 45

-80

10 Y

R 4

/4

scl

2 f s

bk

7 56

.6

13

30.4

7.

48

0.56

0.

50

4.00

22

.20

15.2

0 2.

90

1.16

0.

44

88.7

3 5.

22

B2

80-1

0010

YR

4/4

sc

l 2

f sbk

8

68.6

9

22.4

7.

12

0.64

0.

41

5.90

21

.50

14.8

0 2.

30

1.02

0.

38

86.0

4 4.

74

BC

10

0+

10 Y

R 5

/6

sl

mas

sive

20

74.4

11

14

.6

7.40

0.

83

0.38

6.

66

18.8

0 12

.50

1.40

1.

80

0.30

85

.10

9.57

P

edon

3

Ap

0-12

7.

5 Y

R 3

/3

sl

2 f g

r 11

66

12

22

7.

80

0.64

0.

75

2.20

18

.00

13.3

0 6.

20

0.71

0.

69

94.6

0 3.

94

Bt1

12

--30

7.5

YR

3/4

sc

l 2

f gr

15.5

62

.2

10

27.8

7.

84

0.73

0.

69

2.6

17.5

15

.80

8.30

1.

24

0.52

85

.70

7.08

B

t2

30-6

0+7.

5 Y

R 3

/4

scl

2 f g

r 15

58

.4

11

30.6

7.

81

0.88

0.

42

3.9

16.5

16

.90

7.40

1.

36

0.43

78

.90

9.06

P

adon

4

Ap

0-15

10

YR

2/2

cl

2

f gr

5 51

.43

13.8

734

.7

8.20

0.

81

0.72

2.

80

20.2

0 9.

10

2.40

1.

28

0.98

68

.11

6.33

B

1 15

-45

10 Y

R 2

/2

cl

2 f s

bk

7 52

.33

11.8

735

.8

8.44

0.

85

0.68

3.

30

18.4

0 14

.80

5.10

1.

18

0.72

84

.70

6.41

B

2 45

-80

10 Y

R 3

/2

cl

2 f s

bk

8.5

55.6

98.

71

32.6

8.

14

0.96

0.

49

3.80

17

.60

12.8

0 4.

90

1.20

0.

66

64.8

4 6.

81

BC

80

+

10 Y

R 5

/3

sl

2 f s

bk

15

63.3

7.

84

28.8

68.

6 1.

05

0.45

4

15.5

11

.50

4.20

1.

19

0.59

77

.42

7.67

P

edon

5

Ap

0-14

10

YR

3/2

sc

2

f sbk

19

49

.4

12.3

38

.3

7.7

0.41

0.

58

2.8

19.6

14

.80

3.20

0.

48

0.58

97

.24

2.44

B

1 14

-35

10 Y

R 3

/2

scl

3 f s

bk

22

65.4

9.

8 24

.8

7.80

0.

52

0.52

3.

60

18.4

0 15

.60

2.60

1.

56

0.47

94

.57

8.47

B

2 35

-45

10 Y

R 4

/4

scl

3 f s

bk

45

67.4

10

22

.6

8.20

0.

83

0.35

4.

90

15.8

0 13

.80

1.40

1.

90

0.41

82

.28

12.0

2

SANTHOSHI et. al.

Con

td…

.1st p

age

Ped

on 6

Ap

0-18

10

YR

3/2

sc

2

f sbk

19

49

.4

12

38.6

7.

8 0.

48

0.69

2.

2 19

.8

8.90

2.

60

1.36

0.

92

70.0

0 6.

86

B1

18-4

0 10

YR

3/2

sc

2

f sbk

24

48

.6

10

41.4

7.

9 0.

66

0.65

2.

6 17

.6

5.20

1.

39

0.66

0.

66

45.0

0 3.

75

B2

40-6

0 10

YR

4/3

sc

l 3

f sbk

34

56

.4

10

33.6

8.

4 0.

71

0.52

3.

9 15

.5

4.60

1.

12

0.50

0.

55

44.0

0 3.

22

BC

60

+

10 Y

R 5

/3

scl

3 f s

bk

52

58.4

9

32.5

8.

6 0.

88

0.48

4.

6 14

.2

3.80

0.

98

0.88

0.

48

43.0

0 6.

19

Ped

on 7

Ap

0-14

2.

5 Y

R 3

/6

scl

1 f g

r 25

.8

61

8 31

5.

44

0.13

0.

43

2.80

20

.10

9.30

2.

40

1.28

0.

96

69.0

0 6.

36

B1

14-5

0 2.

5 Y

R 3

/6

scl

2 f g

r 41

60

6

34

5.94

0.

03

0.38

3.

60

16.3

0 14

.20

5.10

1.

18

0.72

53

.00

7.23

B

2 50

-65

2.5

YR

2/6

sc

l 0

f gr

58.6

64

11

25

6.

12

0.01

0.

33

4.50

15

.80

12.8

0 4.

90

1.20

0.

56

42.3

0 7.

59

Ped

on 8

Ap

0-15

5

YR

3/4

sc

l 1

f gr

29

58.6

11

.4

30

7.38

0.

51

0.76

4.

2 20

9.

30

2.60

1.

30

0.98

71

.00

6.50

B

1 15

-27

5 Y

R 3

/3

scl

2 f g

r sb

k54

66

.2

9.4

24

7.88

0.

63

0.5

6.4

18.1

14

.20

6.20

1.

32

0.72

62

.40

7.29

P

edon

9

Ap

0-17

5

YR

3/4

sc

l 1

f gr

sbk

20

59.6

11

29

.4

7.30

0.

30

0.48

2.

80

16.0

0 7.

70

4.90

1.

25

0.76

91

.00

7.81

B

1 17

-30

5 Y

R 3

/2

scl

1 f g

r sb

k24

.6

60

9.8

29.6

7.

26

0.48

0.

41

3.10

14

.00

6.90

3.

50

1.26

0.

69

88.0

0 9.

00

B2

30-4

5 5

YR

4/3

sc

l m

assi

ve60

64

.6

8.8

26.6

7.

45

0.56

0.

31

4.90

13

.00

5.20

2.

50

1.31

0.

56

74.0

0 10

.07

CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFACATION OF SOILS

Tab

le 2

. T

he

clas

sifi

cati

on

of

ped

on

s in

Mar

pak

a w

ater

shed

Ped

on

O

rder

S

ub

-Ord

er

Gre

at g

rou

p

Fam

ily

Ser

ies

1 In

cept

isol

U

step

ts

Hap

lust

epts

F

ine

loam

y, m

ixed

, hyp

erth

erm

ic, T

ypic

Hap

lust

epts

2 In

cept

isol

U

step

ts

Hap

lust

epts

F

ine

loam

y, m

ixed

, hyp

erth

erm

ic, T

ypic

Hap

lust

epts

3 A

lfiso

l U

stal

fs

Hap

lust

alfs

F

ine

loam

y, m

ixed

, hyp

erth

erm

ic, T

ypic

Hap

lust

alfs

4 In

cept

isol

U

step

ts

Hap

lust

epts

F

ine,

mix

ed, h

yper

ther

mic

, Ver

tic H

aplu

step

ts

5 In

cept

isol

U

step

ts

Hap

lust

epts

L

oam

y, m

ixed

, hyp

erth

erm

ic, L

ithic

Hap

lust

epts

6 In

cept

isol

U

step

ts

Hap

lust

epts

C

laye

y, m

ixed

, hyp

erth

erm

ic, T

ypic

Hap

lust

epts

7 E

ntis

ol

Ort

hent

s U

stor

then

ts

Loa

my

skel

etal

, mix

ed, h

yper

ther

mic

, Typ

ic U

stor

then

ts

8 E

ntis

ol

Ort

hent

s U

stor

then

ts

Loa

my

skel

etal

, mix

ed, h

yper

ther

mic

, Lith

ic U

stor

then

ts

9 E

ntis

ol

Ort

hent

s U

stor

then

ts

Loa

my

skel

etal

, mix

ed, h

yper

ther

mic

, Typ

ic U

stor

then

ts

to the nature of parent material, leaching, presenceof calcium carbonate and exchangeable sodium.Electrical conductivity was less than 1.0 dS m-1.

The free calcium carbonate content variedfrom 1.5 to 6.6 percent. The organic carbon contentwas low to medium in all the pedons.

Cation exchange capacity and extractablebases varied considerably among the soils. Thecation exchange capacity varied from 13 to 24.8 cmol(p+) kg-1. In all the soils, calcium was the predominantcation followed by magnesium and potassium.

Based on the properties, the soils are groupedunder the orders viz. Entisol, Inceptisol and Alfisol.The pedons 7, 8 and 9 were placed under Entisol asthey did not exhibit any diagnostic horizon andcharacterized as Orthents. They were placed underUstorthents subgroup due to ‘ustic’ soil moistureregime. The pedons 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were placedunder Inceptisol . The pedon 3 was placed underAlfisol. Similar study was carried out by Arunkumaret al. (2002).

The soils were classified under six familiesviz., Typic Haplustepts, Typic Haplustalfs, VerticHaplustepts, Typic Ustorthents, Lithic Ustorthents,Lithic Haplustepts (Table 2).

The study showed close relationship betweenphysiography and taxonomic units of the study area,according to the soil map prepared with remotesensing and ancillary data as depicted in Figure 1.

Among the six taxonomic units TypicHaplustepts and Vertic Haplustepts occurred invalley. Typic Haplustepts and Typic Haplustalfs inpediplain lower; Typic Haplustepts in the pediplainmiddle; Lithic Haplustepts, Typic Ustorthents andLithic Ustorthents in the pediplain upper; TypicUstorthents in the linear ridges and dolerite dykes.

Most of the soils under this watershed arecoming under valley having Typic Haplustepts andVertic Haplustepts. The soil map prepared may beutilized by policy makers and agricultural plannersfor various needs for integrated watersheddevelopment.

REFERENCES

Arun Kumar, V., Natarajan, S and Sivasamy, R. 2002.Characterization and classification of soils oflower Palar-Manimuthar watershed of TamilNadu. Agropedology 12: 97-103.

Bandyopadhyay, R.K., Jaiswal, R.K., Hedge, V.S andJayaraman, V. 2009. Assessment of landsuitability potentials for agriculture using aremote sensing and GIS based approach.International Journal of Remote Sensing. 30(4): 879 – 895.

Jackson, M. L. (1973). ‘Soil Chemical Analysis’.Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd: New Delhi

Piper, C. S. (1966). ‘Soil and Plant Analysis’.Interscience Publication: New York.

Roy, P. S., Dwivedi, R. S and Vijayan, D. 2010.Remote sensing Applications . NRSCPublication, Balanagar, Hyderabad. 100 – 150.

Soil Survey Staff. (1996). ‘ Keys to Soil Taxonomy’.Eighth edition (USDA: Washington, D.C.)

Thangasamy, A., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam,N and Raghava Reddy, C. 2005.Characterization, classification and evaluationof soil resources in Sivagiri micro-watershedof Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh forsustainable land use planning. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 53: 11–21.

SANTHOSHI et. al.

Fig. 1. Soil map of Marpaka watershed

SANTHOSHI et.al.

Legend for soil map

Legend Physiographic Soil Unit Unit

1. Valley Typic HaplusteptsVertic Haplustepts

2. Pediplain lower Typic HaplusteptsTypic Haplustalfs

3. Pediplain middle Typic Ustorthents

4. Pediplain upper Lithic HaplusteptsLithic UstorthentsTypic Ustorthents

5. Linear ridges Typic Ustorthentsand dolerite

6. Waterbodies

3

3

26

6

1

3

5

4

5

3

3

2

Marpaka

Kilometers0.5 0.0

10a

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)11- 15, 2011

ABSTRACT

Thirteen grape wine varieties (8 coloured and 5 white) were evaluated for their suitability to wine makingunder semi- arid tropical conditions of Hyderabad. The bio- chemical properties of wine revealed that cultivar Shirazamong the coloured and Chenin Blanc among white were superior in terms of producing maximum alcohol percentin wine. The range of volatile acidity (0.011 to 0.063%) in different varieties was below than the acceptable limit (1gL-1) as per the Indian Standards for wine constituents. The wine prepared from coloured varieties showed highercontent of tannins, total phenols and flavonoids when compared to the white varieties due to presence of colouredpigments in skin of berries. The organoleptic evaluation of wine samples indicated that incase of wine made fromcoloured varieties, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon and white varieties Chenin Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc couldbe ranked as ‘Good’ whereas wine prepared from Ruby Red, Gulabi and Italia was of ordinary quality.

SCREENING OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GRAPE FOR WINE PRODUCTIONUNDER HYDERABAD CONDITIONS

VEENA JOSHI, S. AMARENDER REDDY, B. SRINIVASA RAO, R. SUBHASH REDDYand D. VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY

Department of Horticulture, College of HorticultureDr. Y.S. R.Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030

Wine is the fermented product known to theman kind since times immemorial. Wine is consideredas a health drink and has been used as an importantadjunct to the diet and has many medicinal andtherapeutic values due to the presence of anti-oxidants which cure most of the human ailmentsespecially the cardio vascular diseases (Joshi andSharma, 2004). However, the production of wine isnegligible in India, due to limited domesticconsumption and non availability of standard winevarieties to produce good quality wine of internationalstandards. In India the remarkable success has beenachieved in table grape production and emphasis wasnot given for research on enology. As most of thecommercial grapes grown in our country are tablevarieties, when used for wine making, result in poorquality wine. Further, biochemical properties of winevary according to the variety and environmentalconditions of the region in which the grapes are grown.Hence, it was proposed to study the biochemicalproperties of different wine grape varieties grown inHyderabad region for their suitability to wine making.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The investigation was carried out at theDepartment of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, incollaboration with Grape Research Station,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Crop harvested duringMarch- April of 2007 and 2008 was used for the above

e-mail : veenahorti@ rediffmail.com

study.The experiment was laid out in CompletelyRandomized Design (CRD) with 13 grape winevarieities, of which 8 were coloured ones viz.,Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gulabi, Shiraz,Bangalore Blue, Pusa Navrang, Athens and RubyRed and five white ones viz., Thompson Seedless,Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Italia and Symphonyas treatments with three replications. Ten varietiesselected for the study were wine grape varietiesintroduced from traditional grape growing countriesand the remaining three varieties, viz., BangaloreBlue, Pusa Navrang and Thompson Seedless werethe native grape varieties, found suitable for winemaking. Different biochemical components of wineviz., titrable acidity, reducing sugars (AOAC, 1965),volatile acidity (Amerine & Ough (1974), alcohol (Natuet al.,1986), total phenols (Sadasivam andManickam,1996) tannins (Amerine and Joslyn (1951),flavonoids (Ough and Amerine (1988) and organolepticevaluation based on the hedonic scale given by Joslynand Amerine (1964) were determined.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mean data of two years onbiochemical properties of wine viz., titrable acidity,volatile acidity, reducing sugars, alcohol content, totalphenols, tannin content and flavonoid content of winein different varieties of grape are presented inTable 1.

The titrable acidity of wine was maximum inthe variety Chenin Blanc (0.79%) which wassignificantly superior to rest of the varieties andminimum content was in Ruby Red (0.34%).Thesefinding are in conformity with the report (0.32 to0.98%) of Revis et al. (1974). Maximum volatileacidity was observed in the wine prepared from RubyRed (0.063 %) and minimum in Symphony (0.011%). The range of volatile acidity in the present studywas very close to the range (0.015 to 0.072%)reported by Suresh et al.(1985). It was also noticedthat the volatile acidity of all the wines studied wasbelow the maximum acceptable limit (0.1%) as perthe Indian Standards for Wine Constituents (Bhalerao,2001).

Significant variation was noticed among thevarieties with respect to the reducing sugar content.Cultivar Symphony (3.34%) recorded significantlymaximum reducing sugar content in wine and was atpar with Italia (3.33%) while lowest content wasnoticed in Cabernet Sauvignon (1.53%) closelypreceded by Chenin Blanc (1.54%) and Shiraz(1.76%). Higher amounts of sugar content in winemight be due to improper utilization of sugars by theyeast cells during fermentation. Similar line of workwas reported by Patil (1994) and Pawar (2002).

Alcohol content of wines from differentvarieties ranged from 8.78 to 12.25 per cent (v/v).Maximum alcohol content was present in the wine ofShiraz (12.25%) followed by Chenin Blanc (12.08%)and Cabernet Sauvignon (11.48%),while the wine ofItalia had minimum alcohol content. A range of 7.4to 15.5 % alcohol content was reported by Sureshand Negi (1977) and Suresh et al. (1985) while Tambeet al.(2008) reported alcohol 8.41 to 12.15% in winesprepared from different varieties of grape.

Total phenol content was highest in PusaNavrang (1652.83 mg/l) and was closely followed byRuby Red (1619.5 mg/l) while minimum was noticedwith Chenin Blanc (213.33 mg/l). Coloured varietiesshowed higher contents of total phenols than whiteones due to the presence of monomeric anthocyaninsand other phenols (Venkataramu et al., 1980). Theresults are in accordance with the findings of Josephet al. (1963) and Salunkhe et al. (1990).

Tannin content of wines ranged from 0.004to 0.060 per cent. Minimum tannin content was found

in the wine of Chenin Blanc, which was at par with allthe white varieties, except Italia while maximum wasobserved with Ruby Red. The result is in conformitywith the report of Golmick et al. (1991).

Among the coloured varieties, significantlyhigher content of flavonoid was found in the varietyPusa Navrang (922.42 mg/l) followed by Ruby Red(823.33 mg/l). On the other hand, all the whitevarieties recorded lower content of flavonoids exceptItalia. The red wines had significantly higher flavonoidcontent probably due to higher extraction ofanthocyanin from skins of crushed red grapes, whichare kept with fermenting juice for a few days at thetime of red wine preparation, as described byRibereau-Gayon et al. (1998).

Organoleptic Evaluation of wine

The data regarding the organolepticevaluation of wine of different varieties of grape arepresented in Table 2. The wines were evaluated fortheir overall quality based on appearance, flavour,aroma, taste, colour and overall acceptability by apanel of judges.

The wines were categorized based onhedonic scale grade in to good, fair, ordinary, poor,bad and very bad. The highest score of 16.15 (good)for overall quality was recorded by Shiraz followedby Chenin Blanc(15.41) and was comparable with thevariety Cabernet Sauvignon (15.40) while the lowestscore of 10.67 (ordinary) was observed in Italia. Theremaining varieties were found to range from 11.25in Ruby Red to 14.68 in Zinfandel.

It is evident from the present investigation,that the varieties viz., Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignonamong the coloured and Chenin Blanc, SauvignonBlanc from the white varieties were suitable forpreparation of wine for commercial acceptability underthe semi arid climatic conditions of Hyderabad. Hencethey can be recommended as wine grape varietiesfor this region.

REFERENCES

Amerine, M.A and Joslyn, M.A. 1951. Testing andanalyzing Table Wines, The Technology oftheir production in California. The Regents ofthe University of California 187-215.

VEENA JOSHI et. al.

Table 1.Bio-chemical properties of wine from different varieties of Grape

S.no Varieties Titrable Reducing Volatile Alcohol Total Tannins Flavo-Acidity (%) Sugars (%) Acidity (%) (%) Phenols (%) noids

(mg/l) (mg/l)

Coloured Varieties

1 Zinfandel 0.48 0.040 2.14 10.86 1352.49 0.036 525.30

2 Cabernet Sauvignon 0.40 0.041 1.53 11.48 1007.83 0.043 783.50

3 Gulabi 0.55 0.059 2.58 9.70 1535.16 0.053 720.83

4 Shiraz 0.53 0.027 1.76 12.25 1179.83 0.035 591.16

5 Bangalore Blue 0.69 0.053 2.24 9.68 1350.83 0.028 702.78

6 Pusa Navrang 0.55 0.043 2.34 9.36 1652.83 0.055 922.42

7 Athens 0.57 0.050 3.03 10.43 1510.83 0.045 529.55

8 Ruby Red 0.34 0.063 3.13 9.21 1619.5 0.060 823.33

White varieties

9 Thompson Seedless 0.43 0.022 2.68 10.43 422.16 0.011 135.16

10 Chenin Blanc 0.79 0.012 1.54 12.08 213.33 0.004 122.33

11 Sauvignon Blanc 0.42 0.015 3.30 10.29 217.5 0.009 130.94

12 Italia 0.62 0.029 3.33 8.78 511.49 0.016 257.94

13 Symphony 0.43 0.011 3.34 10.03 280.44 0.010 121.34

SEm+ 0.03 0.004 0.04 0.05 7.05 0.002 10.86

CD at 5% 0.09 0.013 0.12 0.15 20.05 0.007 32.45

SCREENING OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GRAPE

Table 2. Organoleptic evaluation of wine from different varieties of grape.

Treatments Varieties Organoleptic evaluation

Appearance Aroma Flavour Taste Colour Overall acceptability

Mean

Max. Score 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Coloured

T1 Zinfandel 15.23 15.23 14.78 15.71 13.78 13.36 14.68

T2 Cabernet Sauvignon

16.35 16.35 14.93 16.55 16.08 12.18 15.40

T3 Gulabi 11.85 11.18 11.91 11.45 12.83 11.00 11.70

T4 Shiraz 17.73 15.75 15.41 17.30 16.55 14.18 16.15

T5 Bangalore Blue

13.71 13.81 13.61 14.50 13.66 13.55 13.80

T6 Pusa Navrang

14.81 11.90 12.36 14.20 12.23 11.83 12.88

T7 Athens 15.16 14.56 13.71 14.60 14.60 12.23 14.14

T8 Ruby Red 12.70 11.91 10.43 11.61 10.23 10.66 11.25

White

T9 Thompson Seedless

14.30 13.21 14.66 14.05 12.76 10.95 13.32

T10 Chenin Blanc

16.66 14.98 16.46 16.53 14.63 13.21 15.41

T11 Sauvignon Blanc

12.75 14.88 15.23 13.61 15.73 12.30 14.08

T12 Italia 10.66 10.96 11.26 10.11 10.55 10.50 10.67

T13 Symphony 14.38 13.81 14.88 14.50 14.50 11.23 13.88

Mean 14.33 13.73 13.81 14.20 13.70 12.09

SEm+ 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.05

CD at 5% 0.19 0.25 0.28 0.22 0.24 0.14

Hedonic scale: 18-20 excellent, 15-17 good, 12-14 fair, 9-11 ordinary, 6-8 poor, 3-5 bad, 1-2 very bad

VEENA JOSHI et. al.

Amerine, M.A and Ough 1974. Wine and Mustanalysis, John willey and sons, Newyork, USA.

AOAC. 1965. Official methods of analysis of theAOAC. 11th edition Washington DC. USApp.183-187.

Bhalerao, S.B. 2001. Indian grape wine. A profitablebusiness from grape cultivation (Trans)Drakshvritta, 27 (8): 73-78.

Golmick, F.N., Bocker, H and Grunzel, H.(eds.).1991. Das Weinbunch, Leipzig. Fachbuch-verllag.

Joseph, R., Sreekantaiah, K.R and Johar, D.S. 1963.Studies on pectolytic enzyme production byfungi, Part V. Use of pectolytic enzymepreparation in the extraction and clarificationof grape juice. Food Science,12 :364-368.

Joshi, V. K and Sharma Somesh, (2004). Contributionof Wines.Beverage and Food World. 41-44.

Joslyn, M.A and Amerine, M. A. 1964. Sensoryexamination of wines. Desert, Appetizer andRelated flavoured wines. The technology oftheir production. University of California,Division of Agricultural Sciences 357-371.

Natu, R. B., Sawant, A.D and Jadhav,S.J., 1986.Spectro photometric assay of ethanol infermented molasses and sugarcane juice.Bharatiya Sugar 11(6): 41-43.

Ough, C.S and Amerine, M.A. 1988. Methods foranalysis of musts and wines (2nd Ed). NewYork: John Wiley and Sons.

Patil, D.S. 1994. Study on preparation of wine fromcommercially grown varieties of grapes (VitisVinifera L.) in Maharashtra. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesissubmitted to Mahatma Phule KrishiVidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra.

Pawar, R.A.2002. Studies on preparatation of winefrom blended juices of commercially grown

grape cultivars. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis submittedto Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,Maharashtra.

Revis, B., Shukla, K.G and Joshi, P.K.1974.Comparative performance of somevarieties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown inNorth India for wine making. ProgressiveHorticulture. 6(4): 41-50.

Ribereau- Gayon, P., Dubourdier, D., Domeche,B and Lonvand 1998. The microbiology of wineand verification. In: Handbook of Enology,Vol 1. John willey and sons ltd., Newyork.

Sadasivam, S and Manickam,A. 1996. Biochmicalmethods. New international publishers 2nd

edition 193-194.

Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K and Kadam,S.S. 1990.Dietary Tannins: Consequences andRemedies,CRC Press.Inc. Boca Raton,Florida.

Suresh, E.R., Ethiraj, S and Negi, S.S. 1985.Evaluation of new grape cultivar for preparationof wine. Journal of Food Science andTechnology 22 (3): 211-212.

Suresh, E. R and Negi, S.S. 1977. Evaluation ofsome indigenous and exotic grape varietiesfor wine quality In: Viticulture in tropics.Chadha,.K.L., Randhawa, G.S. and Patil,R.B.(Eds.), Horticultural Society of India,Bangalore. pp.111-115.

Tambe, T.B., Kadu,Y.S and Patil S. P. 2008.Studies on biochemical properties of wine andmust of various grape varieties. The AsianJournal of Horticulture,3(1):144-148.

Venkataramu,K., Patel,J.D and Subba Rao, M.S.1980. Changes in the solubility of red colourof wine in solvents during storage. Indian FoodPacker. 32(4): 12- 16.

SCREENING OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GRAPE

ABSTRACT

Sixteen crosses developed from four aromatic lines and four normal testers were evaluated for variousgrain quality traits to assess the combining ability of the parents and to identify best combinations. The predominanceof non-additive genetic variance was noticed for most of the quality characters viz., milling and head rice recovery,kernel length and breadth after cooking, kernel elongation ratio and aroma. Kernel length, kernel breadth and L/Bratio were under the influence of additive gene action. Parents Yamini, Pusa-1121 and MTU-1010 appeared to havecontributed maximum favourable genes for physical traits and cooking. These parents can be widely used incrossing programmes to improve quality of normal rice genotypes. Cross RNR-2354 x MTU-1081 was found to begood specific combiner for head rice recovery, kernel length, kernel breadth and L/B ratio. Cross RNR-2354 x BM-71 was found to be good specific combiner for kernel length after cooking, kernel elongation ratio and aroma. Pusa-1121 x BM-71 was found to be good specific combiner for kernel length and L/B ratio.

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)16-23, 2011

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS INVOLVING AROMATIC LINES FOR GRAINQUALITY TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza Sativa L.)

GONYA NAYAK. P, SREEDHAR. M, SURENDER RAJU. Ch, SUMATHI. S AND VANISREE. SDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agriculture

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

Aromatic rices constitute a small but specialgroup which is considered as the best in quality.Popularity of such rices has been documented in theOrient and now becoming more popular in Middle East,Europe and United States. Although aromatic riceswhich are popular in world market are long grain types,majority of the Indian indigenous aromatic rices aresmall and medium grain types. With the advent of“Geographical Indications” under WTO regulations,basmati kind of aromatic rice is acceptedinternationally when it is produced from North-westernpart of India due to its location specific eating quality,thus necessitating research efforts to evolve scentedrice genotypes suitable to local requirements.

Successful application of biometricalprocedures to understand genetics of quantitativecharacters helped the breeders to systematically planfor result oriented breeding programmes.

The challenge of quality improvement alsoneeds to be addressed by evolving cultivar genotypesthat combined high yield potential with qualityattributes meeting stringent national and internationalstandards.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The material for the present investigationcomprised of eight parents and their corresponding16 F1crosses obtained following Line X Tester design(Kempthorne,1957). The experiment was conducted

Email id: pgonanayak@gmail.com

in randomized block design with three replications atRice Section, Agricultural Research Institute, AcharyaN.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,Hyderabad during rabi 2010-11. All the parentsand F1 S’ were planted in rows of 3 m length with 20x 15 cm spacing. Recommended agronomic, culturaland plant protection practices were followed. Fivecompetitive plants for each parent and F1 perreplication were randomly selected for datageneration.

Ten grams of representative sample wasused for estimating milling and head rice recoverywith Satake huller and Kett type T2 polisherrespectively. Kernel dimensions were obtained usingdial micrometer and L/B ratio was computed as perMurthy and Govindaswamy (1967). Graph sheet wasused to quantify cooking traits. Kernel elongation ratiowas determined using standard method of Verghese(1950) as modified by Murthy (1965). Aroma wasscored as per the scale given by Khush et al. (1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of variance for combining abilityutilizing Line x Tester design for the 9 charactersstudied, indicated significant mean squares due togenotypes. Further, partitioning of the genotypes intoparents and crosses and comparison of parents Vscrosses showed significant differences amongthemselves indicating that the crosses performed wellcompared to parents. The differences among linesand testers and the interaction component was alsosignificant.

For the milling traits i.e., milling and headrice recovery, importance of non-additive gene actionwas noticed. Since non- additive gene action cannot be fixed, recurrent selection is advocated to breakthe gene constellations and release the free variability.Earlier, Shivani et al. (2009) reported similar geneaction.

The desirable effects of prepotency of parentsis generally manifested as general and specificcombining ability, heterotic behaviour and per seperformance etc., General combining ability is mainlydue to additive and additive x additive gene actionand is fixable in nature. The results for millingrecovery per cent indicated that significantly positivegca effects were exhibited in RNR-2354 and BM-71(Table1) which were identified as good generalcombiners besides recording high per se of more than65 per cent.

Specific combining ability is the result of non-additivity and is not fixable in the segregatinggenerations. In the present investigation Yamini xMTU 1010 (LxL), Ranbir Basmati x MTU-1081 (LxL)were the best specific crosses for milling recovery.These crosses had milling recovery of 72 per centand also exhibited heterosis to the tune of 5.7 percent (Table 3). Availability of parents with acceptablehead rice yields and ability to combine well with otherlines to result in out standing specific combinationswould pave the way for good quality rice. In thepresent study, Line RNR-2354 and tester Sye-632003recorded a significant and positive gca effect andwere found to be potential donors (Table 1). Theseparents also had maximum per se values of 56 percent (Table 3). Similarly, four crosses were found tohave registered positively significant sca effects forhead rice recovery. Highest positive sca effect wasrecorded in the cross Pusa-1121 x MTU-1010 (LxL)followed by, Ranbir Basmati x BM-71 (LxL), RNR-2354 x MTU-1081 (HxL) and Yamini x MTU-1081 (LxL)(Table 2). These crosses also had high per se valuesranging from 55 to 61 per cent (Table 3). In all thesecrosses except RNR-2354 x MTU-1081 (HxL),complimentary gene effect of poor x poor gca parentswas involved resulting in best specific combiners.

Importance of additive variance for kerneltraits viz., kernel length, breadth and L/B ratioindicated that the variability available is fixable by

simple selection procedures to recover segregantswith slender grain types. These results are inconformity with the findings of Sharma et al. (2007)and Sanjeev Kumar et al. (2007).

For kernel length (mm), significantly positivegca effects were observed in Pusa-1121, Yamini,BM-71 and MTU-1010 which were the best donors(Table 1) with a mean kernel length of up to 8.04mm (Table 3). Close association between per seperformance and gca for kernel length was earlierreported by Singh and Singh (1982). As there aremore than one good general combiners, these parentsmay be intercrossed to produce a composite of theselines or an intermating population involving all possiblecrosses among them subjected to biparental progenyselection is expected to offer maximum improvementfor this trait. Six crosses have registered positivelysignificant sca effects for this trait. Highest positivesca effect was recorded in the cross Pusa-1121 xBM-1 (HxH) followed by Ranbir Basmati x MTU-1010(LxH), RNR-2354 x Sye-632003 (LxL) and RNR-2354x MTU-1081 (LxL). These crosses had high per sevalues up to 7.72 mm and exhibited maximumheterosis of 10.28 and standard heterosis of 79 percent . Top two of these crosses involved at leastone parent with high general combining authoritysuggesting that at least one parent must be a goodcombiner to bring about improvement in kernel lengthas recommended by Sonrexa (1984). These resultsare in conformity with the statement of Singh andSingh (1982) that selection of crosses be made basedon per se and sca effects.

Kernel breadth and Length/Breadth ratio arenegatively correlated as lower kernel breadth naturallyenhances the Length/Breadth ratio. For kernel breadthRNR-2354, Sye-632003 and Ranbir Basmaticontributed maximum favourable genes and hadcomparatively low kernel breadth values (Table 2).These findings are in accordance with the results ofSingh et al. (1993). Best general combiners for kernelbreadth viz., Ranbir Basmati and RNR-2354 alsoproduced best specific crosses viz., Ranbir Basmatix BM-71 (HxL) and RNR-2354 x MTU-1081 (HxH)which gave significantly negative sca effects (Table2). Singh and Singh (1982) suggested that, crossesfor kernel breadth should be selected based on perse and sca effects. These two best specific crosses

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

also recorded significant negative heterosis,heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis values of upto -5.15, -7.89 and -6.75 per cent respectively.Similarly, the results for length/ breadth ratio indicatedthat, Pusa-1121, Yamini and tester BM-71 recordedsignificant and positive gca effects and contributedmaximum favourable genes for the improvement oflength/breadth ratio (Table 1) and possessed length/breadth ratio of more than 3.0. These parents couldbe considered as potential donors for this trait. Theresults also indicated positively significant scaeffects in five crosses (Table 3). Highest positivesca effect was recorded in the cross Ranbir Basmatix BM-71 (LxH) followed by Pusa-1121 x BM-71 (HxH)and RNR-2354 x MTU-1081 (LxL). Among thesecrosses, the best specific cross Ranbir Basmati xBM-71 exhibited high per se (3.64), and heterosis(12.84%), heteobeltiosis (7.68%) and standardheterosis (58.78%).

The perusal of results indicated that parentsYamini, Pusa-1121 and BM-71 appeared to havecontributed maximum favourable genes for kernellength and L/B ratio. These parents can be widelyused in crossing programmes to improve physicalquality. Among the crosses, RNR-2354 x MTU-1081was found to be highly promising due to on expressnot heterosis in all forms and sca effects in desirabledirection for physical quality attributes.

The analysis worked out to determine thegene action for cooking quality attributes and aromarevealed preponderance of non- additive gene action.Tyagi et al. (2010) reported similar gene action forcooking traits. Under these circumstances it wouldbe difficult to obtain homozygous desirablesegregants. Breeding methods that would minimizethe effects of restrictive recombination and releasehidden variability would be of immense help in bringingabout desirable improvement in these traits.

As discussed earlier, parents which wereoutstanding for kernel length were also found to bepotential donors for kernel length after cooking.Parents Pusa-1121, BM-71, Yamini and MTU-1010exhibited significantly positive gca effects for kernellength after cooking (Table 1) and possesed up to18.76 mm length and contributed maximumfavourable genes (Table 3). Thus parentalperformance was good indicator of their gca effects.

Positively significant sca effects were recorded infour crosses for this trait. Cross Pusa-1121 x MTU-1081 (HxL) had highest positive sca effect and wasfollowed by RNR-2354 x BM-71 (LxH) and Yamini xSye-632003 (HxL) which were identified as the bestspecific crosses (Table 3). In all these crosses atleast one parent was a good general combiner. Thesecrosses can be used to spot good segregants fromthe subsequent generations. The superiorperformance of these crosses was due to additive xdominance effect which is not fixable in nature andcareful selection in segregating generations foraccumulation of desirable genes may lead to isolationof true breeding strains with higher kernel elongation.

In respect of kernel breadth after cookingsignificantly negative value was recorded in Sye-632003 with low per se of 2.08 mm (Table 3). Threecrosses viz.,Yamini x MTU-1010 (LxL), RanbirBasmati x Sye-632003 (LxH) and Pusa-1121 x MTU-1010 (LxL) were the best specific combiners for kernelbreadth after cooking (Table 4). All these crossesinvolved one parent with low kernel breadth aftercooking. Further, for kernel elongation ratio, parentsPusa-1121 and Sye-632003 were important. RNR-2354 x BM-71 (LxL), Pusa-1121 x MTU-1081 (LxL)and Yamini x Sye-632003 (LxL) were the best specificcrosses (Table 4) indicating that poor x poor parentalcombinations performed best.

Tyagi et al. (2010) studied nine lines, threetesters and 27 hybrids. Among the lines TaraoriBasmati, Shah-Pasand and Pusa-1121 was found tobe good general combiner for aroma. Cross betweenBasmati-370 x Heibao was found to be good specificcombiner for aroma and cross P-1463 x P-44expressed high sca effects for aroma. In the presentinvestigation also, lines MTU-1081, Yamini, Pusa-1121 and BM-71 exhibited significantly positive gcaeffect for aroma and were the best donors for thistrait (Table1). Out of sixteen crosses studied, sixcrosses recorded positively significant sca effectsfor aroma. Highest positive sca effects were recordedin the cross Yamini x Sye-632003(HxL), RNR-2354x BM-71(LxH) and Ranbir Basmati x Sye-632003(LxL)(Table 2). Contribution of aromatic parental lines viz.,Yamini, Pusa-1121 and non aromatic lines viz., BM-71, MTU-1081 was considered important intransferring the aroma component to the best specificcrosses.

NAYAK et. al.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

Tab

le 1

. E

stim

ates

of

gen

eral

co

mb

inin

g a

bil

ity

effe

cts

for

nin

e q

ual

ity

char

acte

rs i

n r

ice

Par

ent

MR

(%)

HR

R

(%)

KL

(mm

)

KB

(mm

)

L/B

Rat

io

KL

AC

(m

m)

KB

AC

(m

m)

KE

R

Aro

ma

Yam

ini

-0.0

39

-0.2

60

0.34

0**

0.05

6**

0.08

1**

0.31

9**

0

.130

**

-0.0

43**

0.

273*

*

Pus

a-11

21

-0.5

87

-2

.109

**

0.56

4**

0.05

0**

0.20

4**

1.37

3**

-0.0

18

0.06

0 0.

262*

*

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i -0

.513

-1.6

17**

-0

.209

**

-0.0

31**

-0

.049

**

-0.4

14**

-0

.056

0.

018

0.03

0

RN

R-2

354

1.1

39*

3.

985*

* -0

.696

**

-0.0

75**

-0

.236

**

-1.2

77**

-0

.056

-0

.034

* -0

.565

**

BM

-71

1.0

40*

-0.7

36

0.39

9**

0.02

5**

0.16

5**

0

.688

**

0

.132

**

0.00

6 0.

177*

MT

U-1

010

-1

.244

**

-0.5

22

0.12

9**

0.04

0**

-0

.002

0.

220*

-0

.001

-0

.018

-

0.56

1**

Sye

-632

003

-0.1

70

2.

335*

* -0

.452

**

-0.0

48**

-0.1

56**

-0

.817

**

-0.0

78*

0.02

0 -0

.116

MT

U-1

081

0.37

4 -1

.076

* -0

.076

**

-0.0

18

-0.0

07**

-0

.091

-0

.053

-0

.008

0.5

01**

SE

±

0.4

518

0.73

17

0.01

63

0.00

87

0.01

57

0.09

26

0.02

94

0.01

51

0.0

645

MR

=m

illin

g re

cove

ry, H

RR

=he

ad r

ice

reco

very

, KL=

kern

el le

ngth

, KB

=ke

rnel

bre

adth

, Len

gth/

Bre

adth

rat

io, K

LAC

=ke

rnel

leng

th a

fter

cook

ing,

KB

AC

=ke

rnel

bre

adth

afte

r co

okin

g, K

ER

=ke

rnel

el

onga

tion

ratio

.

NAYAK et. al.

Tab

le 2

. E

stim

ates

of

spec

ific

co

mb

inin

g a

bil

ity

effe

cts

for

nin

e q

ual

ity

char

acte

rs i

n r

ice

Hyb

rid

MR

(%

) H

RR

(%

) K

L

(mm

) K

B

(mm

) L

/B R

atio

K

LA

C

(mm

) K

BA

C

(mm

) K

ER

A

rom

a

Yam

ini x

BM

-71

-0.8

59

-0.5

35

-0.1

31**

-0

.008

-0

.058

-0

.193

0.

062

-0.0

02

-0.5

58**

Y

amin

i x

MT

U-1

010

2.77

5**

0.22

7 -0

.034

-0

.013

0.

003

-0.2

25

-0

.199

**

-0.0

08

-0.6

33**

Y

amin

i x S

ye-6

3200

3 -2

.639

**

-2

.333

**

0.06

7*

0.02

1 0.

003

1

.102

**

0

.229

**

0.

124*

* 0.

762*

* Y

amin

i x M

TU

-108

1 0.

723

2

.641

**

0.09

8**

0.00

1 0.

051

-0

.684

**

-0.0

93

-0.

114*

* 0.

428*

* P

usa-

1121

x B

M-7

1 -0

.722

-1

.530

0

.385

**

0.01

1

0.16

3**

-0.

747*

* -0

.019

-

0.19

5**

0.

326*

P

usa

1121

x M

TU

-101

0 1.

203

4

.963

**

-0.

232*

* -0

.004

-0.1

10**

0.38

7**

-0.

160*

0

.122

**

0.

191

Pus

a-11

21 x

Sye

-632

003

1.32

2 1.

163

-0

.104

**

-0.0

30

0.01

0

-1.0

89**

-0

.026

-0

.159

**

-0.8

97**

P

usa

1121

x M

TU

-108

1 -1

.803

-4.5

96**

-0

.049

0.

023

-0.0

63

1

.448

**

0

.206

**

0.

233*

* 0.

379*

* R

anbi

r B

asm

ati x

BM

-71

1.67

8

4.55

9**

0.0

38

-0.0

82**

0.1

76**

-0

.170

-

0.02

2 -0

.076

* -0

.345

**

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x M

TU

-10

10

-3.6

71**

-4.2

52**

0.23

8**

0.03

0 0

.070

* 0.

214

0.25

4**

-0.0

56

0.44

0**

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x S

ye-

6320

03

0.08

5 0.

961

-0.

120*

* 0.

021

-0.

103*

* -0

.025

-0.

185*

*

0.1

17**

0.

551*

*

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x M

TU

-10

81

1.90

8*

-1.2

68

-0.

156*

* 0.

031

-0.

143*

* -0

.019

-0

.047

0.

015

-0.6

46**

RN

R-2

354

x B

M-7

1 -0

.098

-

2.49

4**

-0.

292*

*

0.0

79**

-

0.38

1**

1

.110

**

-0.0

21

0

.273

**

0.57

6**

RN

R-2

354

x M

TU

-101

0 -0

.307

-0

.938

0.

028

-0.0

12

0.03

7 -0

.376

0.

105

-0.0

58

0.0

01

RN

R-2

354

x S

ye-6

3200

3 1.

233

0.20

9 0

.156

**

-0.0

12

0.

090*

* 0.

011

-0.0

18

-0.0

82*

-0.4

17**

R

NR

-235

4 x

MT

U-1

081

-0.8

28

3.

223*

* 0.

107*

*

-0.0

55**

0.1

54**

-0.7

45**

-

0.06

6 -0

.133

**

-0.

161

SE

±

0.90

37

1.46

33

0.03

26

0.0

174

0.

0757

0.18

52

0.05

88

0.03

03

0.1

334

MR

=m

illin

g re

cove

ry, H

RR

=he

ad r

ice

reco

very

, KL=

kern

el le

ngth

, KB

=ke

rnel

bre

adth

, Len

gth/

Bre

adth

rat

io, K

LAC

=ke

rnel

leng

th a

fter

cook

ing,

KB

AC

=ke

rnel

br

eadt

h af

ter

cook

ing,

KE

R=

kern

el e

long

atio

n ra

tio.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

Tab

le 3

. T

op

ran

kin

g d

esir

able

gca

of

par

ents

, sc

a o

f cr

oss

es a

lon

g w

ith

th

eir

Per

se

valu

es a

nd

mag

nit

ud

e o

f h

eter

osi

s (H 1)

, h

eter

ob

elti

osi

s (H 2

) an

d S

tan

dar

d h

eter

osi

s (H 3

)

Het

erto

sis

(%)

S

.No

Ch

arac

ter

Go

od

gen

eral

co

mb

iner

s P

er s

eG

oo

d s

pec

ific

co

mb

inat

ion

P

er s

e g

ca e

ffec

ts

H1

H2

H3

I P

hys

ical

qu

alit

y

1.

Mill

ing

reco

very

(%

) R

NR

-235

4

BM

-71

65.9

1

70.7

2

Yam

ini x

MT

U-1

010

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x M

TU

-108

1

72.4

8

72.7

6

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

5.74

- -

- -

2.

Hea

d r

ice

reco

very

(%

) R

NR

-235

4

Sye

-632

003

51.6

9

56.6

3

Pus

a-11

21 x

MT

U-1

010

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x B

M-7

1

RN

R-2

354

x M

TU

-108

1

Yam

ini x

MT

U-1

081

61.9

7

61.8

4

65.7

7

60.9

4

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

Hig

h x

Low

Low

x L

ow

17.8

2

6.68

15.9

7

7.89

4.16

-

6.54

-

13.3

0

13.0

7

20.2

4

11.4

2

3.

Ker

nel l

engt

h (m

m)

Pus

a-11

21

BM

-71

Yam

ini

MT

U-1

010

8.04

5.97

7.31

5.96

Pus

a-11

21 x

BM

-71

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x M

TU

-101

0

RN

R-2

354

x S

ye-6

3200

3

RN

R-2

354

x M

TU

-108

1

7.72

6.53

5.38

5.71

Hig

h x

Hig

h

Low

x H

igh

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

10.2

8

4.45

5.55

2.45

- - - -

79.6

9

52.0

2

25.2

7

32.8

7

4.

Ker

nel

brea

dth

(mm

) R

NR

-235

4

Sye

-632

003

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i

1.72

1.63

1.87

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x B

M-7

1

RN

R-2

354

x M

TU

-108

1

1.81

1.75

Hig

h x

Low

Hig

h x

Hig

h

-5.1

5

-3.4

9

-6.8

6

-7.8

9

-3.5

5

-6.7

5

5.

Leng

th/B

read

th

ratio

P

usa-

1121

BM

-71

Yam

ini

4.26

3.07

3.95

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x B

M-7

1

Pus

a-11

21 x

BM

-71

RN

R-2

354

x M

TU

-108

1

RN

R-2

354

x S

ye-6

3200

3

3.64

3.88

3.26

3.05

Low

x H

igh

Hig

h x

Hig

h

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

12.8

4

5.90

6.06

-

7.68

- - -

58.7

8

69.2

3

42.2

4

39.9

5

NAYAK et. al.

Con

td…

1st p

age

Het

erto

sis

(%)

S.N

o

C

har

acte

r G

oo

d g

ener

al

com

bin

ers

Per

se

Go

od

sp

ecif

ic c

om

bin

atio

n

Per

se

gca

eff

ects

H1

H2

H3

II C

oo

kin

g q

ual

ity

6.

Ker

nel l

engt

h af

ter

cook

ing

(mm

) P

usa-

1121

BM

-71

Yam

ini

MT

U-1

010

18.7

6

10.3

6

11.7

6

9.26

Pus

a-11

21 x

MT

U-1

081

RN

R-2

354

x B

M-7

1

Yam

ini x

Sye

-632

003

Pus

a-11

21 x

MT

U-1

010

13.2

0

10.9

9

11.0

8

12.4

5

Hig

h x

Low

Low

x H

igh

Hig

h x

Low

Hig

h x

Hig

h

-

13.7

0

11.3

2

-

-

6.08

- -

46.8

0

22.2

3

23.1

6

38.4

6

7.

Ker

nel b

read

th

afte

r co

okin

g (m

m)

Sye

-632

003

2.08

P

usa-

1121

x M

TU

-101

0

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x S

ye-6

3200

3

Yam

ini x

MT

U-1

010

2.16

2.02

2.27

Low

x L

ow

Low

x H

igh

Low

x L

ow

- - -

- -

-9.8

0

-

-10.

88

-

8.

Ker

nel e

long

atio

n ra

tio

- -

RN

R-2

354

x B

M-7

1

Pus

a-11

21 x

MT

U-1

081

Yam

ini x

Sye

-632

003

Pus

a-11

21 x

MT

U-1

010

1.89

1.93

1.75

1.81

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

Low

x L

ow

14.1

7

- - -

9.44

- - -

- - - -

9.

Aro

ma

MT

U-1

081

Yam

ini

Pus

a-11

21

BM

-71

4.13

5.18

4.87

4.07

Yam

ini x

Sye

-632

003

RN

R-2

354

x B

M-7

1

Ran

bir

Bas

mat

i x S

ye-6

3200

3

Yam

ini x

MT

U-1

081

5.25

4.66

4.44

5.37

Hig

h x

Low

Low

x H

igh

Low

x L

ow

Hig

h x

Hig

h

28.4

3

8.55

-

35.2

1

27.8

6

- -

34.6

7

- - -

10.0

8

Considering the cooking quality attributes, parentYamini and Pusa-1121 contributed maximumfavourable genes in desirable manner. Among thecrosses RNR-2354 x BM-71 can be exploited toisolate desirable segregants with good cooking qualityattributes like kernel length after cooking, volumeexpansion ratio, kernel elongation ratio along witharoma.

The perusal of results indicated that parentsYamini, Pusa-1121 and MTU-1010 appeared to havecontributed maximum favourable genes for physicaland cooking traits. These parents can be widely usedin crossing programmes to improve quality.

REFERENCES

Kempthorne, O. 1957. An introduction to geneticsstatistics. John wiley and Sons Inc New York.

Khush, G.S., Kumar, I and Virmani, S.S. 1988.International rice research institute Manilla,Philippines. Hand book of hybrid rice. 210-211.

Murthy, P.S.N and Govindaswamy, S. 1967.Inheritance of grain size and its correlation withthe hulling and cooking qualities. Oryza. 4(1):12-21.

Murthy, P.S.N. 1965. Genetic studies in rice withspecial reference to certain quality features.M.sc. (Botany). Thesis submitted to OrissaUniversity of Agriculture and Technology,Bhubaneshwar.

Sanjeev Kumar., Singh, H.B and Sharma, J.K. 2007.Combining ability analysis for grain yield andother associated traits in rice. Oryza. 44 (2):108- 114.

Sharma, M. K., Sharma, A. K., Agarwal, R.K andRichharia, A.K. 2007. Combining ability andgene action for yield and quality characters inAhu rices of Assam. Indian Journal ofGenetics. 67(3): 278-280.

Shivani, D., Viraktamath, B.C and Shobha Rani. 2009.Heterosis for quality traits in indica/indicahybrids of rice. Oryza. 46 (3): 250-253.

Singh, N.B and Singh, H.G. 1982. Gene action forquality components in rice. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 52(8):485-488.

Singh, N.K., Singh, N.B., Jha, P.B and Sharma, V.K.1993. Combining ability and heterosis for somequality traits in rice. Oryza. 30: 159-161.

Sonrexa, K.P. 1984. Genetic evaluation of somecultivars for quality traits in rice. CerealResearch Communications. 12(12): 89-96.

Tyagi, J.P. Tejbir Singh and Singh, V.P. 2010.Genetic analysis of combining ability forquality characters in Basmati rice. Oryza. 47(2):96-99.

Verghese, E.J. 1950. A standard process for cookingof rice for experimental purpose. MadrasAgricultural Journal. 37: 217- 221.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)24-29, 2011

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CARRIER MATERIAL ON SHELF LIFE OFMASS CULTURED TRICHODERMA SPP.

BHEEMARAYA, M B PATIL, RAMESH, S T YENJEERAPPA and KALYAN RAO1

Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur - 584102 & Division of Seed Science and Technology, IARI, New Delhi.

ABSTRACT

A laboratory experiment was carried out during 2009-11 at the Department of Plant Pathology, College ofAgriculture, Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka to study the influence of temperatureand carrier material on shelf life of mass cultured Trichoderma spp. Effect of formulation on shelf life (cfu g-1) of threenative Trichoderma isolates viz., Tv-3, Th-2 and Tp in talc and vermicompost as carrier materials was tested at roomtemperature (28±1o C) and refrigerator condition (4±1o C). Th-2 has recorded highest number of propagules invermicompost followed by talc at different storage temperatures which is significantly superior over other Trichodermaspp. In all the carriers, highest cfu was noticed at 30 days after storage which is significantly superior over others.There was a gradual decline in cfu of Trichoderma from 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days upto 180 days. The products canbe stored upto 180 days at room temperature. The population of bioagent in the produce is an important factor forthe farmers in deciding the quantity and quality of product necessary to apply in the field. The present study helpedto know that the viable propagule of bioagent can be observed even after 180 days of storage in both vermicompostand talc.

E-mail I.D : hawaldarbb2807@gmail.com

Biological control of soil borne plant diseasesis regarded as an important component of integrateddisease management (IDM) system, and it acts asan alternative to various chemical pesticides due toits self sustaining action. Trichoderma spp. are mostwidely used biocontrol agents since they haveantifungal and antienduring activities (Zaidi and Singh,2004). Failure of antagonist to survive due to shortershelf life is major hindrance to consistent fieldperformance. Formulation of biological control agentsdepends upon biomass production and maintainingviability at the end of the process (Adekunle et al.,2001). Viability of bioagent in talc based formulationreduced during storage, which ultimately influencesthe effectivity (Jeyarajan et al., 1994). The presentinvestigation was therefore aimed to test the viabilityand shelf life of talc and vermicompost formulationof Trichoderma spp. at different storagetemperatures.

Materials and Methods

The culture of native Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Gray, T. harzianum Rifai, T. piluliferum Webster& Rifai was collected from Department of Plantpathology, College of Agriculture, Raichur. Talcpowder and vermicompost were used as organicsubstrates for mass multiplication of aboveTrichoderma spp. The substrates were first tyndalised

and then air dried and passed through 350 meshsieves to obtain fine powders. Mass culture of aboveTrichoderma spp. was prepared by transferringaseptically their 72 hour old growth in PDA to 1000ml PDB and incubated at 28o C for 10 days. Fromthis 400 ml of broth (108cfu ml-1) was added to 1kg ofsubstrate. Then the inoculated substrates were mixedproperly and sealed in polypropylene bags and storedat different temperatures.

Determination of the population dynamics ofTrichoderma spp. in different bio-formulations wasdone after different days of storage in roomtemperature (28±1o C) and refrigerator temperature(4±1o C). Experiment was designed using threetreatment combinations following CRD with threereplications. The viable population of Trichodermaspp. in the substrates following different period ofstorage was determined at 30 days interval by serialdilution technique and was expressed in terms ofcfug-1 of substrate. The enumeration was continuedup to 180 days.

Experimental results

Trichoderma viride (Tv-3)

In talc formulation, the highest meanpopulation of T. viride (73.83 x 106 cfu g-1) wasrecorded when stored at room temperature and it was

reduced to 65.28 x 106 cfu g-1 when stored atrefrigerated condition. The propagules of T. viride atdifferent days of storage were found to decreasesignificantly from 135.50 x 106 cfu g-1 at 30 days to18.50 x 106 cfu g-1 at 180 days after storage(Table 1).

In vermicompost also highest propagules ofT. viride was recorded at room temperature(110.56 x 106 cfu g-1) compared to refrigeratedcondition (59.83 x 106 cfu g-1). With regard to storagetime, highest cfu was recorded at 30 days afterstorage (160.67 x 106 cfu g-1). There was significantdecrease of cfu from 30 days to 180 days of storage(14.17 x 106 cfu g-1).

Mean effect showed maximum cfu at 30 daysafter storage (148.08 x 106 cfu g-1), which wassignificantly superior over other storage days. Amongdifferent carriers used, highest cfu was recorded invermicompost (85.19 x 106 cfu g-1) and talc recorded69.56 x 106 cfu g-1

Among the different fungal bioagents testedfor shelf life in different formulations at roomtemperature of 28±1o C and refrigerator condition(4±1o C), T. viride (Tv-3) recorded good number ofpropogules in vermicompost followed by talc and withrespect to different days of storage, highest cfu wasnoticed at 30 days after storage (148.08 x 106 cfu g-

1) which is found significantly superior over others.There was a gradual decline of cfu from 30, 60, 90,120, 150 and 180 days (148.08, 112.92, 92.83, 61.42,32.67, and 16.33 x 106 cfu g-1, respectively). Roomtemperature recorded highest cfu compared torefrigerated condition.

Trichoderma harzianum (Th-2)

The population of T. harzianum in talcrecorded highest cfu of 82.77 x 106 cfu g-1 when storedat room temperature, compared to refrigeratorcondition (71 x 106 cfu g-1). The length of storagerevealed that, highest cfu was recorded after 30 daysof storage (137.67 x 106 cfu g-1) of formulated product(Table 2).

In vermicompost, highest cfu was recordedat room temperature (118 x 106 cfu g-1), which wassignificantly superior over refrigerator condition (66.17x 106 cfu g-1). With respect to different days ofstorage, highest cfu was recorded at 30 days afterstorage (166.50 x 106 cfu g-1).

As per mean effect, the highest cfu wasrecorded at 30 days after storage 152.02 x106 cfu g-1 which was significantly superior over restof the storage days and lowest recorded was 23.25 x106 cfu g-1 after 180 days of storage period. Therewas a gradual decrease in cfu from 30 to 180 days ofstorage period. The highest cfu was recorded invermicompost (92.08 x 106 cfu g-1) followed by talc(76.86 x 106 cfu g-1).

T. harzianum (Th-2) has recorded highestnumber of propagules in vermicompost (92.08 x 106

cfu g-1) followed by talc (76.86 x 106 cfu g-1) whenstored at different storage temperatures which issignificantly superior to other Trichoderma spp. Withrespect to different days of storage, highest cfu wasrecorded at 30 days after storage (152.08 x 106 cfug-1) which was significantly superior over rest ofstorage days, there was gradual decline in cfu up to180 days.

Trichoderma piluliferum (Tp)

In talc powder formulation the population ofT. piluliferum was maximum (76.33 x 106 cfu g-1) whenstored at room temperature and it was reduced to66 x 106 cfu g-1 when stored in refrigerated condition.The population of T. piluliferum at different days ofstorage was found to decrease significantly from 30days onwards. Maximum number of cfu was obtainedat 30 days of storage 131.83 x 106 cfu g-1 and wasreduced to 21.17 x 106 cfu g-1 after storage period of180 days (Table 3).

In vermicompost, also highest population ofT. piluliferum was recorded at room temperature(112.44 x 106 cfu g-1) compared to refrigeratorcondition (62.11 x 106 cfu g-1). With respect to lengthof storage life, highest cfu was obtained at 30 daysof storage (161.17 x 106 cfu g-1) and it was graduallyreduced to 15.83 x 106 cfu g-1 after 180 days of storageperiod.

Mean effect showed a maximum number cfuat 30 days after storage (146.50 x106 cfu g-1) whichwas significantly superior over other storage days.With respect to different carriers, highest cfu wasrecorded in vermicompost (87.28 x 106 cfu g-1)followed by talc (71.17 x 106 cfu g-1).

T. pililuferum (Tp) also recorded good numberof propogules in both the carriers when stored at

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CARRIER MATERIAL

BHEEMARAYA et.al.

Tab

le 1

. E

ffec

t o

f d

iffe

ren

t ca

rrie

r m

ater

ial

on

sh

elf

life

(x

106 cf

u g

-1)

of T

rich

oder

ma

viri

de (

Tv-

3) a

t d

iffe

ren

t te

mp

erat

ure

s

Tal

c V

erm

ico

mp

ost

Sto

rag

e d

ays

Ro

om

te

mp

erat

ure

R

efri

ger

ato

r te

mp

erat

ure

M

ean

R

oo

m

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n

Mea

n

30

136.

00

135.

00

135.

50

181.

33

140.

00

160.

67

148.

08

60

104.

00

82.6

7 93

.33

182.

00

83.0

0 13

2.50

11

2.92

90

87.6

7 70

.00

78.8

3 14

2.67

71

.00

106.

83

92.8

3

120

58.0

0 57

.00

57.5

0 98

.33

32.3

3 65

.33

61.4

2

150

37.0

0 30

.33

33.6

7 42

.33

21.0

0 31

.67

32.6

7

180

20.3

3 16

.67

18.5

0 16

.67

11.6

7 14

.17

16.3

3

Mea

n

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3 65

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69.5

6 11

0.56

59

.83

85.1

9 77

.38

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mp

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g o

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Tem

pera

ture

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) 0.

167

0.63

2

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rage

day

s (C

) 0.

289

1.09

5

A x

B

0.23

6 0.

894

A x

C

0.40

8 1.

549

B x

C

0.40

8 1.

549

A x

B x

C

0.58

2.

19

* R

oom

tem

pera

ture

= 2

8±1o C

Ref

riger

ator

tem

pera

ture

=

4±

1o C

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CARRIER MATERIAL

Tab

le 2

. E

ffec

t o

f d

iffe

ren

t ca

rrie

r m

ater

ial

on

sh

elf

life

(x

106 cf

u g

-1)

of T

rich

oder

ma

harz

ianu

m (

Th

-2)

at d

iffe

ren

t te

mp

erat

ure

s

Tal

c V

erm

ico

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ost

Sto

rag

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ays

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om

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ure

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efri

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M

ean

R

oo

m

tem

per

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re

Ref

rig

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Mea

n

Mea

n

30

143.

33

132.

00

137.

67

186.

00

147.

00

166.

50

152.

08

60

113.

00

89.0

0 10

1.00

18

7.00

89

.00

138.

00

119.

50

90

98.0

0 77

.00

87.5

0 15

2.00

76

.33

114.

17

100.

83

120

68.0

0 64

.00

66.0

0 10

8.00

41

.33

74.6

7 70

.33

150

46.0

0 39

.00

42.5

0 51

.00

27.3

3 39

.17

40.8

3

180

28.0

0 25

.00

26.5

0 24

.00

16.0

0 20

.00

23.2

5

Mea

n

82.7

2 71

.00

76.8

6 11

8.00

66

.17

92.0

8 84

.47

Co

mp

arin

g o

f M

ean

s S

. E

m°

C.D

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Car

rier

(A)

0.52

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Tem

pera

ture

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) 0.

529

2.00

5

Sto

rage

day

s (C

) 0.

915

3.47

2

A x

B

0.74

7 2.

835

A x

C

1.29

5 4.

911

B x

C

1.29

5 4.

911

A x

B x

C

1.83

1 6.

945

* R

oom

tem

pera

ture

= 2

8±1o C

Ref

riger

ator

tem

pera

ture

=

4±

1o C

BHEEMARAYA et.al.

Tab

le 3

. E

ffec

t o

f d

iffe

ren

t ca

rrie

r m

ater

ial

on

sh

elf

life

(x

106 cf

u g

-1)

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rich

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pilu

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um (

Tp

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tem

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138.

00

125.

67

131.

83

181.

00

141.

33

161.

17

146.

50

60

106.

00

84.6

7 95

.33

182.

67

85.0

0 13

3.83

11

4.58

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91.0

0 72

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81.8

3 14

4.67

74

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109.

33

95.5

8

120

61.6

7 58

.67

60.1

7 10

2.00

36

.00

69.0

0 64

.58

150

39.6

7 33

.67

36.6

7 46

.00

23.0

0 34

.50

35.5

8

180

21.6

7 20

.67

21.1

7 18

.33

13.3

3 15

.83

18.5

0

Mea

n

76.3

3 66

.00

71.1

7 11

2.44

62

.11

87.2

8 79

.22

Co

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Car

rier

(A)

0.19

1 0.

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Tem

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ture

(B

) 0.

191

0.72

6

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rage

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s (C

) 0.

332

1.25

8

A x

B

0.27

1 1.

027

A x

C

0.46

9 1.

778

B x

C

0.46

9 1.

778

A x

B x

C

0.66

3 2.

515

* R

oom

tem

pera

ture

= 2

8±1o C

R

efrig

erat

or te

mpe

ratu

re

= 4

±1o C

different temperatures. Highest cfu was recorded in

room temperature with both vermicompost and talc

powder (118 x 106 cfu g-1 and 82.72 x 106 cfu g-1,

respectively) and lower cfu was observed under

refrigerated condition in both the substrates

(66.17 x 106 cfu g-1 in vermicompost and 71.00 x 106

cfu g-1 in talc). Higher cfu was recorded in

vermicompost followed by talc powder with respect

to different days of storage. Highest cfu was recorded

at 30 days after storage.

The population of bioagent in the produce is

an important factor for the farmers in deciding the

quantity and quality of product necessary to apply in

the field. Hence, the experiment indicates that the

bioagent can be stored in vermicompost and talc

powder upto 180 days without loss of viability.

Thus, the present investigation showed

superiority of storage temperature and formulationsof Trichoderma spp. which is in agreement with thoseof previous workers (Sivakumar et al., 2000; Hunjanet al., 2004; Zaid and Singh, 2004; Mandhare andSuryawanshi, 2005). The antagonist propagulessurvived up to 180 days in both carriers. Invermicompost, the bioagent colonized compost notonly provides better protection of crops but alsoimproves crop growth due to organic carbon presentas compared to talc.

Prasad et al. (2002) also reported thatformulation in talc based carrier retained optimumamounts of viable propagules (>106 cfu/g) even after180 days of storage at room temperature. The resultsof the present findings are also comparable with thatof Das et al. (2006), who reported that talc basedformulation exhibited a gradual declining trend inmultiplication and sporulation of T. harzianum 30 daysonwards. Talc was also found to be good carrier toretain maximum numbers of viable propagules at 180

days after storage.

REFERENCES

Adekunle, A.T., Cardwell, K.F., Florini, D.A andIkotun, T. 2001. Seed treatment withTrichoderma species for control of damping-off of cowpea caused by Macrophominaphaseolina. Biocontrol Science Technology,11: 449–457.

Das, B.C., Das, B.K., Dutta, P.B and Sarmah, D.K.2006. Bioformulation of T.harzianum formanagement of soybean stem rot caused byR. solani. Journal of Biological Control, 2: 57-64.

Hunjan, M.S., Rama Singh, Munshigo and Rewal,H.S. 2004. Shelf life of mutant and parentstrains of Trichoderma viride in wet and dryformulations. Journal of Research., PunjabAgricultural University, 41(3): 356-359.

Jeyarajan, R., G. Ramakrishnan, D. Dinakaran andR. Sridhar. 1994. Development of products ofTrichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis forbiocontrol of root rot disease. In: Dwivedi (ed.)Biotechnology in India. Bioved ResearchSociety, Allahabad, pp.25-36.

Mandhare, V.K and Suryawanshi, A.V. 2005.Standardization of storage conditions toincrease the shelf life of Trichodermaformulations. Agricultural Science. Digest,25(1): 71-73.

Prasad, R.D., Rangeswaram, R., Anuroop, C.P andPhanikumar, P.R. 2002. Bioefficacy and shelflife of conidial and chlamydospore formulationsof T. harzianum Riffai.Journal of BiologicalControl, 16: 145-148.

Sivakumar, G., Sharma, R.C and Rai, S.N. 2000.Biocontrol of banded leaf and sheath blight ofmaize by peat based Pseudomonasfluorescens formulation. Indian Phyto-pathology., 53(2): 190-192.

Zaidi, N., W and Singh, U.S. 2004. Mass multiplicationof Trichoderma harzianum on cowdung. IndianPhytopathology., 57(2): 189-192.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CARRIER MATERIAL

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)30-34, 2011

Bt cotton has been cultivated in India since2002 and there has been considerable debate andconflicting views regarding its agronomic performanceand whether Bt cotton seeds have nutritional safetyto be used for human food and animal feed. Therehave been reports of goats and sheep taking ill anddying after grazing on these fields. Because of theexistence of the Bt gene and selectable markergene in the transgenic cotton seed, general concernsof whether this transgenic cotton seed can be usedas safely as the conventional counterpart in food andfeed stuff have arisen (Jia, 1997; Lack 2002; Kokand Kuiper, 2003). Reports from India regarding theeconomic performance of Bt cotton have been mixedwith some claiming benefits for Bt growers whileothers claim that they are actually worse offcompared with growers of Non Bt cotton (Shiva andJafri, 2003). And also these transgenic Bt cotton mayshow genetic variability beyond that of the parentalcultivar through somaclonal variation (Altman et al.,1991) or through pleiotropic effects of the foreigngenes that were inserted into the genome. In view ofthe above field tests were conducted to study thefibre properties of these transgenic cotton varietiesalong with their non Bt counterparts. The objectiveof this study was to determine whether the insertionof transgenes affects the quantitative characters, fibrequality and qualitative Characteristics of Bt cottonvarieties.

COMPARISION OF BT-COTTON HYBRIDS WITH THEIR NON-BT COUNTERPARTS FOR YIELD TRAITS, FIBRE AND OIL QUALITY

A. BREZNEV, J. SURESH, M. V. BRAHMESWARA RAO, A.GEETHA and P. SAIDAIAHDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

ABSTRACT

Ten commercially grown Bt cotton hybrids were compared with their Non Bt counter parts for quantitative,fibre and oil characters during Kharif, 2008 at College of Agriculture, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Theresults suggested that the Bt cottons significantly outperformed their Non Bt counterparts in three quantitativecharacters viz. days to 50% flowering, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant. The transgenic Btsshowed several statistically significant but minor differences in four important fibre quality traits viz., 2.5% spanlength, uniformity ratio, micronaire and tenacity. The variations observed in these traits were trivial and theperformances of Bts with respect to fibre properties were similar with that of their non Bt counter parts. Some cottonsvaried significantly in fatty acid profile of oil quality measured but they were of minor magnitude only. The analysisdemonstrated that the seed from Bt cottons is compositionally equivalent and as nutritious as seed from their Non Btcounter parts.

Email: breznev@gmail.com

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An experiment was conducted at CollegeResearch Farm, College of Agriculture, ANGRAU,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Kharif, 2008. Theexperimental material consisted of 10 commerciallycultivated Bt cotton hybrids viz., RCH 138, RCH 20,RCH 2, Bunny, Mallika, Brahma, Viswanath, JKDurga, Ankur 651 and Nathbaba and their respectivenon Bt counterparts obtained from various privateseed companies in India. The experimental materialwas sown in R B D with three replications. Each plotconsisted of five rows of 4 m length with a spacingof 120 cm in between the rows and 80 cm within therow. Normal agronomic practices and prophylacticmeasures recommended to the region were adoptedfor raising the crop. Five representative plants fromeach plot in each replication were chosen at randomand labelled for recording the observations forquantitative traits viz., days to 50% flowering, numberof bolls per plant, seed index and seed cotton yieldper plant. The seed cotton samples from eachreplication were ginned and the seeds were aciddelinted. The consolidated seed cotton samples werecollected for ginning. The ginned cotton samples fromeach replication were subjected to fibre qualityanalysis in high volume instrument (ICC mode) anddata were recorded for the four fibre quality traits viz.,2.5% span length, uniformity ratio, micronaire andtenacity. The delinted seed samples were subjected

to oil quality analysis using Nuclear MagneticResonance method for oil content and gaschromatography (thermofocus model) / usingcapillary column, DB 225) for estimating fatty acidprofiles viz. palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid andlinoleic acid. Comparison of means of Bt cotton andtheir non Bt counterparts for quantitative, qualitativeand oil traits were performed by paired-t-test (Student,1908).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Seven Bt hybrids viz., RCH 2, Bunny,Mallika, Brahma, Viswanath, Ankur 651 andNathbaba, were early to reach 50% floweringcompared to Non-Bts. In case of Bunny Mallika andNathbaba significant increase in no. of bolls per plantwas noticed because of the introduction on Bt. Fourhybrids viz., RCH – 138, RCH 2, Bunny and Mallikawere statistically significant compared to their NonBt counterparts for the trait seed cotton yield perplant.

Seed index was significantly lowered in Bthybrids - RCH 138, RCH 20, RCH 2, Mallika and J.KDurga relative to their counterparts of Non-Bts. Incase of other hybrids, Bt and non Bt had comparableperformance for seed index.

Six Bt hybrids studied viz., RCH 20, Bunny,Brahma, JK Durga, Ankur 651 and Nathbabaregistered significantly when compared with their nonBt counterparts increased staple length. However,there was no change in the category based on staplelength in case of these hybrids. Those under mediumcategory remained in the same group. In case ofBrahma JK Durga and Nathbaba the staple lengthdecreased in such a way that the Bts have moved tomedium category while the non-Bts had longer staplelength. Similar results were earlier reported by DouglasWilson et al. (1994), Liyan (1999) and Kerby et al(2000).

The changes in uniformity ration werepeculiar. Becuase of the conversion to Bt, itdecreased in certain hybrids, while increase wasnoticed in certain other hybrids. The non-Bts ofMallika and Brahma belonged to the category – verygood (>47% uniformity ration), but they moved downto ‘Good’ category to the above, the non-bts of RCH-20 and Bunny, which were under ‘Average’ category

(43-4.5%), moved to ‘Good’ category (45-47%)because of the introduction of Bt.

The results with micro naire were alsointeresting. RCH-2 and JK Durga were to be classifiedas “average” (40-49), but because of conversion toBt they cause under the group “fine” (3.0-3.9). In someof the other hybrids the micro naire either decreasedor increased significantly, but the cottons remainedin the same group i.e “average”, except for RCH-138,which remaind in the “fine” category.

Seven Bt hybrids viz. RCH 138, RCH 2,Bunny, Mallika, Brahma, Viswanath and JK Durgawere significantly different from their Non Btcounterparts for the trait. But these differences werenot important as all the hybrids studied fall under‘very low’ category (<34.5 g / tex) based on theirmean values for this trait.

The paired-t-test was applied to the meandata of all Non Bt and Bt hybrids studied. The resultsshowed that the differences among them for all thefour fibre traits measured were not significantindicating that the performance of Bt hybrids wascomparable with that of their non Bt counterparts forthe fibre quality traits.

The oil content of any of the hybrids tested,was not altered because of the conversion to Bt,aspect RCH-138 which showed marginal butsignificant increase with Bt a per t-test. However theoil content level of that hybrid was within the reportedvalues in literature (13-28%) and showed that therewas no difference between Bt and Non Bts for thistrait. Significant differences were noticed in threeBts viz. RCH 138, Mallika and Viswanath in case ofpamitic acid whereas five Bts showed statisticalsignificant differences for stearic acid compared torespective non-Bts. However, the mean values werewithin the literature range for the respective fattyacids. Hence they were not considered to bemeaningful differences in nutritional value of the seed.Also, the mean values for palmitic acid were low ineight of the ten Bts studied, when compared withtheir Non Bt counterparts, and it gave a clear picturethat the Bt hybrids offered better oil quality withrespect to this trait as nutritionists believe thatpalmitic acid raises blood cholesterol levelconsiderably. A team of researchers has modified

COMPARISION OF BT-COTTON HYBRIDS

Table 1. Quantitative characters of Bt and Non-Bt hybrids

Days to 50% flowering No. of bolls/plant Seed cotton

yield/plant (g) Seed Index (g)

Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt

RCH 138 54.7 52.3 20.3 24.3 77.7 91.0* 7.13 6.60*

RCH 20 55.3 55.3 36.3 34.0 89.0 94.0 11.7 9.3*

RCH 2 55.7 52.3* 16.3 18.7 74.3 77.7* 8.2 7.3*

Bunny 55.7 51.3* 35.7 39.3* 104.0 118.7* 8.1 8.1

Mallika 60.0 55.3* 31.7 37.0* 92.3 114.7* 8.4 8.6*

Brahma 60.3 55.3* 22.7 22.3 81.7 83.3 7.7 7.4

Viswanath 56.7 53.3* 37.3 38.0 106.0 115.3 7.7 7.7

J K Durga 54.3 52.3 24.0 26.3 83.0 84.8 8.2 6.2*

Ankur 651 55.3 50.3* 20.0 23.0 75.0 83.7 7.4 7.5

Nathbaba 56.7 52.3* 21.7 26.7* 81.7 87.7 7.5 7.9

Mean 56.5 53.0* 26.6 30.0* 86.5 98.0* 8.24 7.7

* Significant at 5% level ** Value reported is the mean obtained from three replications

Table 2. Fibre quality parameters of Bt and Non-Bt cotton hybrids

Name of the Variety

2.5% span length Uniformity ratio Micronaire (10-6) Tenacity (g/tex)

Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non Bt Bt RCH 138 25.24 26.23 48.15 47.00 3.70 3.90* 19.54 17.50*

RCH 20 31.45 30.26* 44.19 46.09* 4.61 4.20* 20.13 20.38

RCH 2 28.38 28.60 46.46 44.02 4.04 3.60* 19.01 20.73*

Bunny 30.48 31.60* 43.97 45.03 4.20 4.30* 19.98 21.22*

Mallika 29.52 29.62 47.13 45.73* 4.10 4.37* 21.64 20.38*

Brahma 30.09 28.61* 47.16 44.59 4.41 4.06* 22.47 21.09*

Vishwanath 29.07 28.64 47.12 47.06 4.11 4.20 21.36 20.13*

J K Durga 31.21 27.66* 46.01 45.94 4.10 3.89* 21.13 20.37*

Ankur 651 27.17 26.58* 46.19 46.83 4.41 4.48 18.65 18.62

Nathbaba 29.48 28.11* 44.98 42.17* 4.30 3.41 20.31 20.28

Over all Mean 29.21 28.59 46.13 45.45 4.20 4.04 20.42 20.07

* Significantly different as 5% level.

BREZNEV et.al.

Table 3. Individual comparison between Non Bt varieties and their Bt counterparts foroil quality parameters

Oil content (%) Palmitic acid (%)

Stearic acid (%) Oleic acid (%) Linoleic acid

(%)

Non Bt Bt Non

Bt Bt Non Bt Bt Non

Bt Bt Non Bt Bt

RCH 138 17.5 17.7* 23.3* 21.41* 3.0 2.1* 15.6 13.2* 55.9 48.3*

RCH 20 18.8 19.0 26.3 25.7 2.0 2.7* 19.2 16.1* 53.5 54.0

RCH 2 17.7 17.8 22.5 22.5 2.4 2.8 17.4 16.7* 55.5 56.0

Bunny 19.0 19.1 26.3 26.0 3.0 3.1 14.5 16.9* 52.2 51.3*

Mallika 18.6 18.7 25.3 21.4* 1.4 2.1* 19.7 12.5* 53.4 42.2*

Brahma 18.8 18.6 23.3 23.2 3.6 1.8 18.5 14.3* 52.6 56.4*

Viswanath 18.4 18.6 24.3 28.1* 3.1 2.3* 17.6 15.5* 52.1 51.3*

J K Durga 18.2 15.7 24.4 24.2 2.8 3.1 14.3 14.9 56.0 54.5*

Ankur 651 18.3 18.1 23.3 23.0 2.9 2.6 16.3 17.5* 55.9 55.4

Nathbaba 19.0 18.3 25.3 24.3 2.8 1.9* 17.1 13.5* 52.3 45.2*

Literature range 13 - 28b 17 - 29b 1 - 4b 13 - 44b 33 - 58b

Mean 18.5 18.2 24.5 24.0 2.7 2.5 17.0 15.1 54.0

*Significantly different at 5% level.b = FAO/WHO codex Alimentarius committee on fats and oils (Cotton seed oil, 1993)

COMPARISION OF BT-COTTON HYBRIDS

51.5

the cotton seed so that it produced stearate insteadof palmitate, making it healthier product for margaraine(Liu et al., 2002). Improving quality of oil involvesreduction of saturated fatty acid contents (Palmiticand Stearic) and therefore it is evident that both nonBt and Bts performed equally for this trait.

Interestingly nine Bt hybrids (all except JKDurga) showed significant differences for oleic acidand seven Bts - [RCH 138, Bunny, Mallika, Brahma,Viswanath, JK Durga and Nathbaba] were statisticallydifferent from their Non Bt counterparts for linoleicacid, but none of the mean values of these hybridsexceeded the reported literature ranges for these twofatty acids. Therefore, the differences can beregarded as biologically insignificant. Since the oleicand Linoleic acids come under unsaturated fattyacids, the higher level of these fatty acids in cottonseed renders better oil quality (Singh, 2003). Sevenout of ten Non Bts had higher of mean values oleicacid and Linoleic acid than their Bt counterparts. Theresults of overall comparison between Non Bt andBts revealed no statistical significance for any of theoil traits measured. Nida et al (1996), Berberich et al(1996) and Bertrand et al (2005) also reportedcompositional equivalence in oil quality traits of Btcotton with their parental cultivars. Thus it can beinferred that the seed from the insect protected Btcotton hybrids is compositionally equivalent to thatof their Non Bt counterparts.

REFERENCES

Altman, D. A., Stelly, D. M. and Milten, D.M. 1991.Qualitative trait variation in phenotypicallynormal regenerants of cotton. In vitro celldevelopment biology 27 : 132-138.

Berberich, S. A., Ream, J. E., Jackson, T. L., Wood,R., Stipanovic, R., Harvey, P., Patzer, S. andFuchs, R. L. 1996. The composition of insectprotected cotton seed is equivalent to that ofconventiaonal cotton seed. Journal ofAgriculture and Food Chemistry 44: 365-71.

Bertrand, J. A., Sudduth, T. Q., Codon, A., Jenkins.T, C. and Calhoun, M. C. 2005. Nutrientcontent of whole cotton seed. Journal of DairyScience 88: 1470-1477.

Douglas Wilson, F., Flint, H. M., Deaton, W. R. andBuehler, R. E. 1994. Yield components andfibre properties of insect resistant cotton linescontaining a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene.Crop Science 34 (1): 38-41.

Jia, S. R. 1997. Safety evaluation of marker genesin transgenic food plants. Scientia AgriculturaeSinica 30(2): 1-15.

Kerby, T., Hugie, B., Howard, K., Bater, M., Burgers,J. and Mahaffey, J. 2000. Fibre qualitycomparison among varieties for conventional,Bollgard Reg. and Roundup ready Reg.versions. Proceedings Beltwide cottonconferences, San Antonio, USA 1: 484-488.

Kok, E. J., Kuiper, H. A. 2003. Comparitive safetyassessment for biotech crop. Trends inBiotechnology 21 (10): 439-44.

Lack, G. 2002. Clinical risk assessment of GM food.Toxic / Lett 127: 337-40.

Liu, Q., Singh. S. P., Green, A. G. 2002. High stearicand high oleic cotton seed oil produced byhairpin RNA mediated post transcription genesilencing. Plant Physiology 129: 1732-43.

Liyan, E. and Chenzhixian, 1999. A brief introductionto transgenic Jinmian 26. China cottons 26(10) : 25

Morse, S., Bennet, R. and Ismael, Y. 2005. Bt cottonboosts the gross margin of small scale cottonproducers in South Africa. InternationalJournal of Biotechnology 7(1/2/3): 72-83.

Nida, D. L., Patzer, S., Harvey, R., Stipanovic, R.,Wood, R. and Fuchs, R. L. 1996. Glyphosatetolerant cotton. Journal of Agriculture and FoodChemistry 44: 1967-74.

Shiva, V. and Jaffri, A. 2003. Failure of GMOs inIndia. Synthesis / Regeneration.Pp. 33.

Singh, B. D. 2003. Breeding for oil quality. PlantBreeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi Pp.574-597.

Student, 1908. The probable error of a mean.Biometrika 6 (1): 1-25.

BREZNEV et.al.

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)35-40, 2011

ABSTRACT

Combining ability studies were conducted using 10 parents and their 45 hybrids obtained from a half diallelmating for grain yield and yield components. The studies revealed significant gca and sca effects for all the traitsstudied. The parents SK-1, SK-2 and SRRL-65 were found to be good general combiners for grain yield PER plant,height and ear height . The cross combinations CM-211 X ACROSS, SK-1 X SK-3, SRRL-79 X SK-1 and SRRL-65X MH-12 showed high SCA effects for grain yield and other prime components.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND OTHER QUANTITATIVETRAITS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

B. RAGHU, J. SURESH, P. SAIDAIAH and S. SUDHEER KUMARDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

Maize is one of the important crops ofAndhra Pradesh occupying more than 7 lakhhactares under commercial hybrids. Andhra Pradeshis the largest producer of maize in India contributing21% of annual maize production with an averageproductivity of 4.8 t/ha.

Maize is a very important cereal crop in India.India ranks fifth in maize acreage after US, China,Brazil and Mexico. In per acre productivity, India islow with8 lakh quintals/acre, where as world averageis about 20 quintals/acre. India needs to double itsmaize production in next ten years to meet thegrowing domestic demand from the feed and starchsectors. Inspite of availability of numerous hybridscurrently for commercial cultivation, development ofnew ones secure sustainable cultivation of maizehybrids.

Combining ability analysis is exclusivelyused to study the nature and magnitude of geneaction. This also facilitate correct choice of parentsin a hybrid breeding programme. The analysis ofgenetic variance was also an equally importantobjective to gain knowledge regarding the nature andmagnitude of gene action, which has importance inthe choice of most appropriate and efficient breedingprocedure for enhance performance of hybrids.Exploitation of additive genetic variance is stable forthe development of composites and non-additivegenetic variance is suitable for exploitation ofheterosis through various selection methods. Keepingthe above in the view, newly developed inbred lineswere used to study their combining abilities.

Email: raghu.plantbreeder@gmail.com

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental material for the presentinvestigation comprised of ten promising early elitegenotypes viz., CM-211, SRRL-79, SRRL-65, SK-1,BML-7, DMR-103, SK-2, ACROSS, SK-3 and MH-12. These were crossed in a half diallel fashion atMaize Research Centre, Rajendranagar, Hyderabadduring kharif, 2008 to generate experimental hybridsfor this study. The 45 F1s

along with their parentallines and two standard checks BH 1576, BH 40625were grown in Randomized Block Design with threereplications during rabi, 2008-09 at College Form,College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. RangaAgricultural University, Hyderabad. Data wererecorded for days to 50 % tasselling, days to 50 %silking, days to maturity, plant height (cm), ear height(cm), ear length (cm), number of kernel rows per ear,number of kernels per ear, 100 grain weight (g) andgrain yield per plant (g). Average values of fiverandomly selected plants were recorded for all thecharacters. The combining ability analysis wasworked out according to method-II, model-1 (fixedeffects model) given by Griffing (1956).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The combining ability analysis of variance(Table 1) revealed significant differences amongparents and crosses for all the characters. Theestimates of components of variance, GCA and SCA(Table 2) indicated that for all the characters SCAvariance was greater than GCA variance in magnitudeindicating the preponderance of non-additive geneaction for the characters studied. Similar reports weremade by Manmohan (1984).

Study of gca effects of the parental inbreds for grainyield per plant (Table 2) revealed highest magnitudefor SK-2, SK-1 and SRRL-65 in the positive direction.The inbreds had also resulted in the production ofbest single crosses viz.,SK-1 X SK-3, SRRL-79 XSK-1, CM-211 x ACROSS, SK-1 x SK-2, SRRL-65 xBML-7 and SK-2 x SK-3 with high SCA. Further theyexhibited significant and desirable sca effects forvarious yield component characters and wereconsidered to be high general combiners with goodpotential in hybrid breeding programme. Thepossibility of production of superior crosses with highSCA from high yielding; high gca inbreds was alsoreported earlier in maize (Kumari et al. 2006) andGowar Ali et al., (2007). The superiority of SK-1, SK-2, ACROSS and SRRL-65 inbreds was also reflectedin terms of their production of greater number ofheterotic crosses. In contrast, the inbreds ACROSSand SK-3 were found to be poor general combiners.

Specific combining ability effects (Table 3)revealed significant and desirable effects for grainyield in 10 crosses viz., CM-211 x ACROSS, SK-1 xSK-3, SRRL-79 x SK-1 SRRL-65 x BML-7, CM-211x SRRL-79, SRRL-79 x SK-3, SK-2 x SK-3, SRRL-79 x SRRL-65, SK-1 x SK-2 and SK-1 x BML-7. Thehighest sca values (70.21 and 60.72) for yield werereported in crosses CM-211 x ACROSS and SK-1 xSK-3 involving one good and one poor generalcombiners. While most of other high sca crosses alsoshowed the same behaviour (high X low) indicatingthe possibility of obtaining superior crosses withhigh X low combination of parents. The findings arein consonance with earlier worker (Nawar et al.1979).Such crosses could be utilized in the production ofhigh performing hybrids on a commercial scale.

Crosses with desirable sca effects for varioustraits along with mean performance and gca effectsof parents involved in the crosses are listed in theTable 3. The crosses SRRL -79 x SRRL -65 andSRRL -79 x SK -1 for days to 50% tasselling, SRRL-79 X SK -1 for days to 50% silking and days tomaturity expressed significant sca effects as wellas high per se performance for grain yield and relatedtraits. These desirable cross combinations involvedhigh x high type of general combiners. Salgotra etal. (2009) also reported about interaction betweenpositive and positive alleles in crosses involvinghigh x high combiners which can be fixed in

subsequent generations if no repulsion phaselinkages are involved.

The desirable performance of combinationslike high x low may be ascribed to the interactionbetween dominant alleles from good combiners andrecessive alleles from poor combiners (Dubey, 1975).Such combinations were observed in the hybrids viz.,CM -211 x SRRL -79, SK -1 x SK -2, SRRL -79 x SK-3 for days to 50% tasselling, CM -211 x SRRL -79,SRRL -79 x SRRL -65 for days to 50% silking, SRRL-79 x SK -1, SRRL -65 x BML -7, CM -211 x ACROSSfor days to maturity, SK -2 x SK -3, CM -211 xACROSS, SRRL-79 x SK -3 for plant height (cm),CM -211 x ACROSS, SK-1 x BML-7 for ear height(cm) and ear length(cm), SK -1 x SK -2, CM -211 xACROSS for ear girth (cm), SK -1 x SK -2 for no ofkernel rows/ ear and 100 grain weight (g), SK -1 xSK -3, SRRL -79 x SK -1, SRRL -65 x BML -7 forgrain yield/ plant (g). Peng and Virmani (1990) alsoreported the possibility of interaction between positivealleles from good combiner and negative alleles frompoor combiner in high x low cross combination andsuggested for the exploitation of hybrid vigour, astheir high yielding potential would be unfixable insucceeding generation.

Involvement of both parents which are poorcombiners also produced superior specific combininghybrids as evidenced from the combinations suchas CM -211 x ACROSS for days to 50% tasselling,SRRL -65 x BML-7, SK-1 x SK-2 for plant height(cm), SRRL-79 x SK -3, CM-211 x SRRL-79,SK-1 x SK -3 for ear height (cm), SRRL-79 x SK-1,SK-1 x SK-3, CM-211 x SRRL-79, CM-211 x ACROSSfor ear length (cm), SRRL-79 x SK-1, SRRL-79 xSRRL-65, SRRL -65 x BML-7 for ear girth (cm),SK-1 x SK-3, SK-1 x BML-7, SRRL-79 x SK-1,SRRL-65 x BML-7 for no of kernel rows/ ear, SK-1 xSK-3, CM -211 x ACROSS, SRRL-79 x SK -3,SRRL-79 x SK-1, SK-1 x BML-7 for no of kernels perrow, CM-211 x ACROSS, SRRL-79 x SK-3,CM-211 X SRRL-79, SRRL-79 x SK -1 for 100 forgrain weight (g) and CM-211 x ACROSS, CM-211 xSRRL-79 for grain yield/ plant (g)).

Involvement of both the combiners with lowgca and producing superior hybrids has beenattributed to over dominance and epistasis interaction,which has been suggested by Dalvi and Patel (2009).In majority of the crosses, high sca was mainly either

RAGHU et. al.

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

Tab

le 1

. A

nal

ysis

of

vari

ance

fo

r co

mb

inin

g

abil

ity

for

gra

in y

ield

an

d y

ield

co

mp

on

ents

So

urc

e o

f va

riat

ion

d

.f

Day

s to

50

%

tass

elin

g

Day

s to

50%

si

lkin

g

Day

s t

o

mat

uri

ty

Pla

nt

hei

gh

t (

cm)

Ear

h

eig

ht

(cm

)

Ear

le

ng

th

(c

m)

Ear

g

irth

(c

m)

No

of

kern

el

row

s/

ear

No

of

kern

els/

ro

w

100

gra

in

wei

gh

t (g

)

Gra

in

yiel

d/

pla

nt

(g)

gca

9 16

.3 *

* 8.

68 *

* 20

.75

**

979.

6 **

38

0.23

**

3.06

**

1.51

**

3.90

**

19.6

2 **

9.

49 *

* 11

67.4

2**

sca

45

3.07

**

2.59

**

6.82

**

726.

58 *

* 24

8.39

**

4.87

**

1.87

**

1.35

**

23.6

7 **

8.

84 *

* 12

55.6

1**

Err

or

108

0.38

0.

38

0.23

27

.70

9.01

0.

59

0.23

0.

29

3.34

0.

86

33.7

6

s 2 g

ca

1.

32

0.69

1.

70

79.3

2 30

.93

0.20

0.

10

0.30

1.

35

0.71

94

.47

s 2 s

ca

2.

69

2.20

6.

58

698.

87

239.

38

4.28

1.

64

1.05

20

.33

7.98

12

.21

s2

gca

/ s 2

sca

0.49

0.

31

0.25

0.

11

0.12

0.

04

0.07

0.

28

0.06

0.

08

0.07

.

RAGHU et. al.

Tab

le 2

. E

stim

ates

of

gen

eral

co

mb

inin

g a

bil

ity

effe

cts

of

par

ents

fo

r g

rain

yie

ld a

nd

yie

ld c

om

po

nen

ts

Par

ents

D

ays

to

50%

ta

ssel

ing

Day

s to

50

%

silk

ing

Day

s to

m

atu

rity

Pla

nt

hei

gh

t (c

m)

Ear

h

eig

ht

(cm

)

Ear

le

ng

th

(c

m)

Ear

g

irth

(c

m)

No

of

kern

el

row

s/

ear

No

of

kern

els/

ro

w

100

gra

in

wei

gh

t (g

)

Gra

in

yiel

d/

pla

nt(

g)

CM

-21

1 0.

87**

0.

53**

-0

.31*

-1

7.74

**

-5.9

0**

-0.9

8**

-0.3

2*

0.70

**

-0.8

5 -1

.00*

* -8

.18*

*

SR

RL

-79

-1.4

9**

-1.0

0**

-1.5

3**

-2.0

0 -7

.86*

* -0

.27

0.20

-0

.34*

-1

.42*

* 0.

31

1.02

SR

RL

-65

-0.7

2**

-0.0

3 -2

.48*

* 5.

29**

4.

72**

-0

.07

0.19

0.

15

0.64

0.

47

6.99

**

SK

-1

-0.9

7**

-0.8

1**

0.16

0.

82

-3.3

1**

-0.2

0 0.

01

-0.6

6**

0.55

0.

08

9.06

**

BM

L -7

1.

34**

0.

36*

2.05

**

17.1

2**

6.57

**

0.45

* 0.

21

-0.4

3**

0.10

0.

71**

0.

88

DM

R -

103

-1.6

6**

-1.3

1**

-0.2

6 -0

.88

-3.8

1**

0.69

**

0.06

0.

70**

1.

78**

-0

.89*

* 0.

18

SK

-2

0.28

0.

06

0.41

**

6.67

**

8.38

**

0.47

* 0.

42**

0.

55**

1.

00*

1.12

**

14.5

8**

AC

RO

SS

0.

03

0.03

-0

.01

-0.2

3 4.

44**

0.

22

0.27

* -0

.03

0.69

0.

36

-1.8

8

SK

-3

0.67

**

0.64

**

0.44

**

-6.4

9**

-2.7

4**

-0.4

9*

-0.2

9*

0.28

0.

06

-1.6

9**

-1.2

6

MH

-12

1.

64**

1.

53**

1.

52**

-2

.57

-0.4

9 0.

18

-0.7

5**

-0.9

0**

-2.5

7**

0.52

* -2

1.40

**

S.E

(gi)

0.

16

0.17

0.

13

1.44

0.

82

0.21

0.

13

0.14

0.

50

0.25

1.

59

S.E

(gi -

gj)

0.

25

0.25

0.

19

2.14

1.

22

0.31

0.

19

0.22

0.

74

0.37

2.

37

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS

Tab

le 3

. E

stim

ates

of

spec

ific

co

mbinin

g a

bil

ity

effe

cts

of

the

cro

sses

fo

r g

rain

yie

ld a

nd

yie

ld c

om

po

nen

ts

Cro

sses

D

ays

to

50%

ta

ssel

ing

Day

s to

50

%

silk

ing

Day

s to

m

atu

rity

Pla

nt

hei

gh

t (c

m)

Ear

hei

gh

t (c

m)

Ear

le

ng

th

(cm

)

Ear

g

irth

(cm

)

No

of

kern

el

row

s/

ear

No

of

kern

els/

ro

w

100

gra

in

wei

gh

t (g

)

Gra

in

yiel

d/

pla

nt

(g)

CM

-21

1 X

AC

RO

SS

0.

591

-0.6

16

0.28

0 8.

767

12.8

85

**

2.32

2 *

*1.

340

**

-1.0

51 *

6.26

1 *

* 4.

922

**

70.2

15 *

*

SK

-1

X S

K -

3 0.

119

-0.5

61

3.03

0 *

* 28

.425

**

11

.582

**

2.

763

**

1.

026

**

1.93

2

**

7.15

5 *

* 1.

125

60.7

26 *

*

SR

RL

-79

X S

K -

1 -1

.048

*

-0.5

88

-3.3

30 *

* 21

.506

**

3.

268

2.79

9 *

*2.

216

**

1.02

1 *

4.77

5 *

* 2.

049

*

52.3

08 *

*

SR

RL

-65

X B

ML

-7

-0.1

31

-0.3

94

-0.6

10

*

0.77

8 4.

438

0.77

2 1.

610

**

0.82

7 -0

.900

-0

.180

39

.366

**

CM

-21

1 X

SR

RL

-79

-1.8

81 *

* -1

.425

-1

.53

**

27.7

70 *

*11

.820

**

2.

250

**

0.66

9 -0

.473

2.

175

3.08

2 *

* 36

.908

**

SR

RL

-79

X S

K -

3 -0

.354

1.

301

*

1.05

8 *

9.

987

*

12.4

63

**

0.36

6 0.

11

-0.1

90

5.53

0 *

* 3.

125

**

34.2

70 *

*

SK

-2

X S

K -

3 0.

869

1.91

2 *

* 2.

780

**

-0.6

91

-2.1

20

1.54

9 *

0.66

3 -0

.145

2.

239

0.53

3 31

.379

**

SR

RL

-79

X S

RR

L -6

5 -1

.631

**

-1.3

66 *

-1

.030

*

11.5

39

*

4.49

9 0.

131

1.96

4 *

* -0

.057

-0

.980

-0

.680

28

.682

**

SK

-1

X S

K -

2 -0

.159

-0

.977

3.

391

**

7.59

5 6.

693

*

1.78

2 *

1.59

0 **

0.

132

3.41

7 *

2.

627

**

25.9

71 *

*

SK

-1

X B

ML

-7

1.45

2 *

1.

384

*

0.08

6 14

.612

**

10.8

74

**

2.21

4 *

*0.

789

*

1.23

8 *

3.98

3 *

1.

183

20.9

68 *

*

SE

(S

ij)

0.56

5 0.

569

0.44

5 4.

487

2.76

5 0.

707

0.40

0 0.

499

1.68

3 0.

854

2.37

2

SE

(S

ij -

Sik

) 0.

830

0.83

7 0.

655

7.12

6 4.

064

1.03

9 0.

647

0.73

3 2.

474

1.22

5 7.

867

due to high x low or low x low combining parents,which further substantiate the operation of non-additive gene action (additive x dominance anddominance x dominance epistatic interaction

Cross SRRL-79 x SRRL-65 showedsignificant highest negative effect for days to 50 percent tasselling and days to 50 per cent silking,whereas the cross CM-211 x ACROSS combinationshowed highest sca effects for plant height and 100grain weight in addition to grain yield per plant. Whilecross SK-1 x BML-7 high for ear length and ear girthand also revealed high sca effects. SK-1 x SK-3 fornumber of kernel rows per ear and number of kernelsper row.

Two crosses viz., SRRL-79 x SK-1 andSRRL-79 x SRRL-65 were identified as mostpromising for yield based on sca effects , better perse and with both or one of the parents with high gcafor yield per plant also. These hybrid combinationscould be exploited profitably for yield realization inmaize after multilocational evaluation.

REFERENCES

Dalvi, V.V and Patel, D.V. 2009. Combining abilityanlysis for yield in hybrid rice. Oryza, 46 (2):97-102.

Griffing, B. 1956. Concept of general and specificcombing ability in relation to diallel crossing

systems. Australian Jornal of BiologicalSciences. 9: 463-493.

Gowar Ali, Ishfaq, A., Rather, A.G., Wani, S.A., GulZaffar and Malchdoomi, M.I. 2007. Heterosisand combining ability for grain yield and itscomponents in high altitude maize inbreds (Zeamays L.). Indian Journal of Genetics and PlantBreeding. 67(1): 81-82.

Kumari, Jyoti, Gadag, R.N and Jha, G.K. 2006.Identification of potential early maturing singlecross maize (Zea mays L.). Indian Journal ofAgricultural Science. 76: 383-385.

Manmohan, E. 1984. Evaluation of combining abilityand association characters in inbred lines ofmaize. M.Sc (Ag) Thesis submitted to AcharyaN.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad.

Nawar, A.A., Gomma, M.E and Reddy, M.S. 1979.Heterosis and combining ability in maize.Egyptian Journal of Genetics. 13: 227-237.

Peng, J.Y and Virmani, S.S. 1990. Combining abilityfor yield and yield related traits in relation tobreeding in rice. Oryza. 27: 1-10.

Salgotra, R.K., Gupta, B.B and Praveen Singh, 2009.Combining ability studies for yield and yieldcomponents in basmati rice. Oryza. 46 (1):12-16.

RAGHU et. al.

Rice is cultivated in 18 districts of WestBengal. Out of which 4 districts are under highproductivity group, 9 districts are under mediumproductivity group, 3 districts are under medium-lowproductivity group and 2 districts are under lowproductivity group.

The experiment was carried out to study theeffect of Net Photosynthesis Rate, StomatalConductance Rate on growth and yield of rice cultivarsduring Dry season, to evaluate the growth and yieldof rice cultivars in Terai Agroclimatic Region of WestBengal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiments were carried out at farmof Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya at Pundibari,Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India during the winterseason of 2009-’10 and 2010-’11. The farm is situatedat 26019’86"N latitude and 89023’53" E longitude atan elevation of 43 meters above mean sea level.The climate of terai zone is subtropical in nature withdistinctive characteristics of high rainfall, highhumidity and prolonged winter. The average rainfallof this zone varies between 2100 to 3300 mm. Themaximum rainfall, i.e., about 80% of the total, isreceived from south-west monsoon during the rainymonths of June to September. The temperature rangeof this area varies from minimum of 7.1-80C tomaximum of 24.8-32.20C. The area as a whole ishumid and warm except having a short winter spellduring December to February. This varied climatic

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)41-43, 2011

STUDIES ON RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS DURING DRY SEASON UNDERTERAI AGRO-CLIMATIC SITUATION OF WEST BENGAL

M. Ghosh and B. DeDepartment of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal -736165

E-mail: mayukh_agronomy@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

The field experiment was carried out at the institutional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari,Cooch Behar, West Bengal during the winter season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to replace the existing rice cultivarshaving lower yield with improved cultivars. Experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with twelvetreatments (cultivars). Results obtained from the experiment showed that the increase in final yield of IET-4555corresponded to the higher stomatal conductance; higher photosynthetic rate and higher crop growth rate. This wasfollowed by KRM-3. The above results indicated that the cultivar IET-4555 was highly suitable under dry condition ofwinter season in Terai agro-climatic situation.

situation makes the agro-ecological condition morecomplex and dynamic. Composite soil samples fromall the experimental plots in both the years werecollected and analyzed before starting the experiment.The experimental soil’s pH was 5.5, organic carbonwas 0.639%, cation exchange capacity was 14.54me/100 g, available nitrogen was 107.59 kg ha-1,available phosphorus was 15.36 kg ha-1 and availablepotassium was 71.68 kg ha-1. Experiment was laidout in Randomized Block Design with twelvetreatments (cultivars). The treatments were replicatedthrice. The Stomatal Conductance rate and NetPhotosynthesis Rate (Pn) (micro mol m-2 s-1) weremeasured by Hand-Held Portable PhotosynthesisSystem (Model no CI-340, CID, Inc., Camas, WA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The pooled data revealed that there weresignificant differences in stomatal conductance rate(mili mol m-2 s-1) for different rice cultivars. Themaximum stomatal conductance rate was recordedin IET-4555 and the lowest stomatal conductancerate was recorded in IET-6223. The stomata of riceplants close noticeably in response to a reduction inleaf water potential causing marked reduction inphotosynthetic rate (Hirasawa et al., 1999). Therewas a decreasing trend of stomatal conductance rateas the plant got matured. Photosynthesis has twomajor components; the stomatal and the nonstomatal. Nonstomatal components include activitiesof the photosynthetic enzymes and light reactions.Water stress affects both the stomatal and non

Table 1. Interaction of year, sampling date and cultivar on Stomatal Conductance, NetPhotosynthesis Rate, Leaf Area Index, Crop Growth Rate, Final yield

Stomatal conductance

rate (mmol·m-2·s-1)

Net Photosynthesis

Rate

(micro mol m-2 s-1)

Leaf Area Index

Crop Growth Rate

( g·m-2·day-1)

Final yield

(kg ha-1)

Year Y1 174.42 34.59 3.014 23.781 5185 Y2 176.68 35.74 3.011 25.305 5190 SEm (+) 0.2228 0.3668 0.0045 0.1688 128 LSD (0.05) 0.6284 1.0343 0.0126 0.4803 N.S. Sampling date S1 225.57 45.20 3.444 15.356 N.A. S2 169.34 30.73 3.250 33.730 N.A. S3 131.73 29.56 2.342 N.A. SEm (+) 0.2729 0.4492 0.0055 0.1688 N.A. LSD (0.05) 0.7696 1.2667 0.0154 0.4803 N.A. Cultivars V1 209.84 39.67 3.465 24.749 5438 V2 130.93 28.79 3.166 23.788 4900 V3 211.83 36.07 2.748 25.107 5810 V4 123.43 25.28 2.450 23.718 4520 V5 246.97 54.23 3.028 28.834 6020 V6 190.22 36.29 2.474 24.580 5157 V7 233.56 41.04 3.303 25.370 5890 V8 149.83 32.40 3.069 24.268 4957 V9 139.59 33.24 3.174 24.060 4900 V10 119.31 27.93 3.049 21.224 4460 V11 180.68 33.56 3.370 24.508 5108 V12 170.36 33.49 2.896 24.314 5088 SEm (+) 0.5459 0.8984 0.0109 0.4135 128 LSD (0.05) 1.5392 2.5334 0.0309 1.1764 375 Cultivars X Sampling date SEm (+) 0.9455 1.5561 0.0190 0.5848 N.A. LSD (0.05) 2.6661 4.3880 0.0535 1.6637 N.A. Cultivars X Year SEm (+) 0.7720 1.2706 0.0155 0.5848 N.A. LSD (0.05) 2.1768 3.5828 0.0437 1.6637 N.A. Sampling date X Year SEm (+) 0.3860 0.6353 0.0077 0.2387 N.A. LSD (0.05) 1.0884 1.7914 0.0218 0.6792 N.A. Cultivars X Sampling date X Year SEm (+) 1.3371 2.2007 0.0268 0.8270 N.A. LSD (0.05) Significant Significant Significant Significant N.A.

ObservationsTreatments

V1= IET-9219; V2= IET-723; V3= IET-13439; V4= Hil Bao; V5= IET-4555; V6= IET-9671; V7= KRM-3; V8=IET-21287; V9= MTU-1010; V10= IET-6223; V11= IET-4786; V12= IET-2684.

S1=40 DAT, S2=60 DAT, S3=80 DAT

Y1=2009-10, Y2=2010-11

Ghosh and De

stomatal components of photosynthesis (Sinha etal., 1982).

Higher stomatal conductance gave theopportunity to perform better and store morephotosynthate to the sink at the dry period. Themaximum net photosynthetic rate was recorded inIET-4555 and the lowest net photosynthetic rate wasrecorded in IET-6223. Photosynthesis is the primarysource of biomass and grain yield in rice (Teng etal., 2004). According to Jiang and YinFa (1995)photosynthetic rates decreased during senescenceof rice leaves.

There was an increase in the crop growthrate as the plant grew older and more photosynthatesstored from source to the sink. The pooled datarevealed that there was significant difference in cropgrowth rate among the cultivars where IET-4555showed highest value and IET-6223 showed thelowest value.

There was variation in the leaf area indexdue to the genetical variation among the cultivarsand response to the environment. In the last stageof vegetative stage (at 60 DAT) the highest LAI wasobserved in IET-4555 which was significantly differentfrom the other cultivars. But the LAI decreased laterwhen the plants ran toward maturity.

Among the cultivars, IET-4555 gave thehighest grain yield followed by KRM-3 and the lowest

yield was from IET-6223. For increase in grain yield,growth parameters like crop growth rate, stomatalconductance and photosynthetic rate proved decisivefactors.

REFERENCES

Hirasawa, T., Ito, O and Hardy, B. 1999. Physiologicalcharacterization of the rice plant for toleranceof water deficit. Genetic Improvement Rice forWater Limited Environment. IRRI, Philippines.Pp. 89-98.

Sinha, S.K., Khanna, T., Chopra, Aggarwal, P. K.,Chaturvedi, G.S and Koundal, K.R. 1982.Effect of drought on shoot growth: Significanceof metabolism to growth and yield. DroughtResistance in Crops with Emphasis on Rice.IRRI, Philippines. Pp. 153-169.

Teng, S., Qian, Q., Zeng, D., Kunihiro, Y.,Fujimoto,K., Huang, D. and Zhu, L.; 2004. QTL analysisof leaf photosynthetic rate and related traits inrice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica. 135: 1-7.

Jiang De’ and YinFa Xu 1995. Internal dominantfactors for decline of photosynthesis duringrice leaf senescence. Journal of ZhejiangAgricultural University. 21(5): 533-538.

CID, Inc. Hand Held Portable Photosynthesis SystemInstruction Manual, CI-340. 4845 NW CamasMeadows Drive, Camas, WA 98607, USA.

STUDIES ON RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS DURING DRY SEASON

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)44-50, 2011

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COCOA (Theobroma cocoa L.)DISEASES IN INDIA

PRABHA K. PETER and R. CHANDRAMOHANANCentral Plantation Crops Research Institute,

Kasaragod, Kerala-671124

A random survey of cocoa gardens in 4 southern cocoa growing states of India revealed that Phytophthoradiseases such as black pod, stem canker and seedling blight are the major problems leading to heavy economicloss to the growers. Stem canker caused by Phytophthora palmivora and zinc deficiency were observed as majorproblems in Andhra Pradesh compared to other states. Colletotrichum disease, stem canker and zinc deficiencywere observed in all the cocoa gardens surveyed in Andhra Pradesh. Though Colletotrichum pod rot was reportedlong back from India, it has recently emerged as a serious problem in several gardens in India. Vascular streak dieback was noticed only in Kerala state. Therefore, it is important to follow strict quarantine measures to prevent theentry of this disease to other cocoa growing states. Other major diseases like swollen shoot (virus diseases) witchesbroom and monilia pod rot are not observed in India. All agencies importing planting materials from other countriesshould take special care in not introducing these diseases to India.

ABSTRACT

Email: rcmcpcri@yahoo.co.in

Cocoa (Theobromae cocoa L.) is extensivelycultivated in the four southern states of India, viz.,Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,getting both South – West (heavy rainfall) and North– East monsoonal rainfall. Coconut (Cocosnucifera L.) and arecanut (Areca catechu L.) are theprincipal plantation crops in the southern states ofIndia. Cocoa being a shade loving crop has beenfound to be a suitable and highly profitable mixedcrop in existing coconut and arecanut gardens.Commercial cocoa cultivation was started during1970s in India. At present, cocoa occupies an areaof 31,885 ha with an annual production of 10,560metric tonnes. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu whichare new entrants in commercial cocoa cultivation havean area of 12734 ha and 1421 ha respectively undercocoa cultivation in 2007-2008. During 2001-02Kerala state had the largest area of 8949 ha whereasat the same time the area under cultivation of cocoain Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu was only 2744ha and 92 ha respectively. Now the largest area undercocoa cultivation is in Andhra Pradesh. The areaexpansion of cocoa cultivation is progressing fast.Though several major diseases of cocoa wererecorded from other cocoa growing countries (Thorold,1975), only a few have been noticed so far in India.Among the Phytophthora diseases, black pod(Ramakrishnan and Thankappan, 1965), stem canker(ChandraMohanan, 1978), Chupon blight and twigdieback (ChandraMohanan et al., 1979) and seedling

dieback (ChandraMohanan, 1979) have beenrecorded in India. Of these, black pod disease hasbeen found to be of greater economic importanceowing to the heavy loss it causes year after yearduring the raining season. With the recent expansionin cocoa cultivation and with increasing age of theexisting plantations the incidences of diseases arealso on the increase. Hence, the present studies wereundertaken to find out the incidence and overalldistribution of the diseases in the cocoa growingstates of India.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A random survey was undertaken from Julyto November in 2009 and 2010 in the cocoa growingareas in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and AndhraPradesh. A total of 490 gardens were covered in thepresent study. In Kerala all districts viz.,Thiruvanathapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta,Alappuzha, Kottayam, Idukki, Ernakulam, Thrissur,Palakkad, Malappuram, Wayanad, Kozhikode,Kannur and Kasaragod were included in the randomsurvey. Here, a total of 292 gardens were surveyed.Occurrence and intensity of diseases (Percentageof the gardens with disease incidence) were recordedfrom 5-49 gardens per district depending on the areaunder cultivation and intensity of diseases. InKarnataka it is mainly grown in Dakshina Kannada,Coorg, Uduppi, Uttara Kannada, Chikkamagalooru,Shimoga and Mysore districts. Of the 105 gardens

surveyed in this state, thirty were from DakshinaKannada, the major cocoa growing district inKarnataka. In Tamil Nadu, cocoa cultivation withyielding plants is mainly found in Coimbatore district,and 23 gardens were covered in this district.Observations were recorded from 8 gardens inKanyakumari district. Since majority of cocoaplantings in Andhra Pradesh are restricted to WestGodavari and East Godavari districts, the presentstudy was concentrated in these two districts, wherea total of 62 gardens were covered.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Observations on cocoa diseases occurringin the southern states of India revealed theoccurrence of the following fungal diseases and zincdeficiency in cocoa plantations and in nurseries.

I. Pod rot

a. Black pod dissae ( Phytophthora palmivoraBult.)

b. Charcol Pod rot (Lasiodipoldia theobromaePat.)

c. Chrelle rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesPenz.)

II. Trunk and branch diseases

a. Stem canker (P.palmivora)

b. Vascular streak dieback (Oncobasidumtheobromae Talbot & Keane)

c. Chupon blight and twig dieback(P.palmivora)

d. Foliar infection caused byC. gloeosporioides

III. Nursery diseases

a. Seedling dieback (P.palmivora)

b. Leaf blight and shot hole(C. gloeosporioides)

c. Stem canker of grafted seedlings(P.palmivora)

IV. Nutritional disorder

a. Zinc deficiency

Among the diseases occurring in India, Phytophthoradiseases were found to be very important owing to

the intensity and economic loss. Of these, black poddisease caused by P.palmivora was found to be themost important disease in all the four southern statesof India and found occurring in 84.3 % of the gardenssurveyed (Table 1). Among the gardens surveyed inKerala, black pod incidence was noticed in 90.75%of the gardens. In India, black pod disease wasreported as early as in 1965 (Ramakrishnan andThankappan, 1965). A preliminary study conductedin Dakhina Kannada District revealed the incidenceof black pod disease in 22.1 % of the total podsobserved in five gardens. (ChandraMohanan, 1985).

Stem canker caused by P.pamivora infectionwas found to be a serious problem in India especiallyin the cocoa gardens in Andhra Pradesh .Anthracnose or rotting of young pods referred ascherelle rot caused by C. gloeosporioides during preand post monsoon season was also found to be amajor problem in some of the cocoa plantations inthe four states. The highest incidence of Stem canker(100 %) based on the gardens survyed was observedin Andhra Pradesh followed by Tamil Nadu (82.1%).It was observed in 57.87 % of the gardens in Kerala(Table 1). Though cherelle rot causal by C.gloeosporioides was observed in all the gardenssurveyed in Andhra Pradesh it was not a seriousproblem in all the gardens. But colletotrichum podrot observed in all the four states indicated that thisdisease has recently emerged as a serious problemin many locations and warrants control measures ingardens with high incidence, especially in AndhraPradesh and some parts of Kerala and Karnataka.

Vascular streak dieback was noticed mainlyin Kerala State. But it was not observed in thegardens surveyed in the other three states. Theincidence of vascular streak dieback was high inKozhikode, Kottayam, Idukki and Pathanamthittadistricts (Table 2). It was observed in 17.8 % of thegardens surveyed in Kerala. During 1981 vascularstreak dieback was found occurring only in Kottayamand Thrissur districts of Kerala (ChandraMohanan andKaveriappa, 1981). It is important to follow strictquarantine measures to prevent the entry of thisdisease to other cocoa growing areas in India.

Though foliar infection caused byC. gloeosporioides and charcoal pod rot wereobserved in most of the gardens (Table 2), they were

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COCOA

not considered as serious problems as the intensitieswere very low. Other fungal diseases such as chuponblight and twig dieback, white thread blight, horsehair blight and pink disease were observed as minorproblems. Cephaleuros leaf spot and knob gall werevery rarely observed. But chupon blight and twigdieback/leaf infection caused by Phytophthora shouldnot be neglected as they contribute to a great extentto the Phytopthora inoculum build up in the gardenwhich may lead to higher incidence of black pod andcanker diseases. Therefore, frequent removal ofchupons, proper pruning of cocoa plants, removaland destruction of Phytophthora infected pods andproper spacing of cocoa plants are very importantfactors in the integrated management of black podand canker diseases. Similarly, though foliar infectioncaused by C. gloeosporioides was observed in almostall gardens, it was not found directly causing muchdamage or loss in adult / yielding plants. But thisphase of C. gloeosporioides infection will definitelycontribute to the inoculum build up in the plantationswhich in turn may cause severe pod infection leadingto direct loss in yield. The incidence of Colletotrichumfoliar infection was reported throughout the year withpeak intensity during September - November(ChandraMohanan et al., 1989).

P.palmivora infection of seedlings causinghigh mortality in the nurseries during rainy seasonwas the major problem in all the nurseries especiallyin nurseries with very young seedlings. Seedlinginfection was observed initiating from tip of theseedling (dieback), leaf, cotyledonary region or collarregion and ultimately leading to death of seedling(Thorold, 1975, Gregory, 1974). Phytophthorainfection of cocoa seedlings was observed to be veryhigh when seedlings were raised during rainy seasonwithout proper shade and hygienic conditions.P.palmivora infection on the stem (canker) of graftedseedlings was also observed in the nurseries inDakshina Kannada district. In such cases theinfection was mostly initiated from the grafted region.Foliar infection of seedling caused byC. gloeosporioides caused stunted growth withblighted or malformed leaves (with shot hole). Shothole symptom caused by C. gloeosporioides wasmostly observed in seedlings kept under openconditions without proper shade and in the nurseriesraised inside coconut gardens.

Zinc deficiency was observed as a majorproblem in the cocoa gardens of Andhra Pradesh andTamil Nadu. It was observed in all the gardenssurveyed in Andhra Pradesh in varying intensities.Chlorosis of leaves was the initial symptom of zincdeficiency in cocoa. As the symptoms progressed,green portion was found only along the sides of theveins giving a vein banding appearance to the leaves.Affected leaves also showed mottling and crinklingwith wavy margin and sickle shape. By observingthe leaf symptom many cocoa growers suspected itas a virus disease. Twig symptoms included rosette,defoliation and dieback. Severe defoliation anddieback caused gradual death of young plants.Inadequate shade, high pH and poor aeration of thesoil were attributed as some of the probable causesof zinc deficiency (Jurrinak and Thorne, 1955: Schroo,1959).

The present study clearly indicated thatPhytophthora diseases especially black pod andstem canker are the major problems causingeconomic loss to the cocoa gardens in South India.Vascular streak dieback was noticed only in Keralastate. Adequate care should be taken to prevent theentry of this disease into other cocoa growing stateswhere area expansion of cocoa cultivation is fastincreasing. Seedlings and cocoa grafts raised inKerala state should not be transported to other cocoagrowing states. Swollen shoot disease, one of themost economically important plant diseases in theworld (Thresh, 1958) which is wide spread in Ghana,Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Trinidad,Venezula, Indonesia, Sabah etc. has not beenobserved in the present study in any of the cocoagrowing areas in India. Special care has to be takento prevent the introduction of such major diseases toIndia.

REFERENCES

ChandraMohanan, R. 1979. Cocoa seedlingdieback. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & SpicesJournal.3: 5-6.

Chandra Mohanan, R. 1985. Incidence of cocoablack pod disease in Dakshina KannadaDistrict (Karnataka) - a major cocoa growingarea in India. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut &Spices Journal 8: 91-92.

PRABHA et.al.

ChandraMohanan, R and Kaveriappa, K.M. 1981Occurrence and distribution of cocoadiseases in South India. Proc . 8 th

International Cocoa Research Conf. 18-23,Oct., 1981. Cartagena, Columbia.pp.445-49.

ChandraMohanan, R., Anandaraj, M and Joshi, Y.1979. Studies on Phytophthora diseases ofcocoa occurring in India. Proceedings ofPlantation Crops Symposium (PLACROSYMII). pp 335-342.

Chandramohanan, R., Kaveriappa, K.M andNmabiar, K.K.N. 1989. Epidemiologicalstudies of Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesdisease of cocoa. Annals of appl iedBiology., 114: 15-22.

ChandraMohanan, R.1978. Cacao canker causedby Phytophthora palmivora. Plant Diseases.Reptr. 62:1080- 1082.

Greogory, P.H. (Ed.). 1974 .Phytophthora diseasesof cocoa. Longman Group Ltd., London.348p.

Jurinak, J.J and Thorne, D.W. 1955. Zinc solubilityunder alkaline conditions in a zinc-bentonitesystem. Proceedings of Soil Science SocietyAmerica., 19:446-448.

Ramakrishnan, K and Thankappan, M. 1965. Firstreport of black pod disease of cacao in India.South Indian Horticulture.13:33-4.

Schroo, H.1959. Acute zinc deficiency observedin cacao on certain soil types in Netherlands,New Guinea.Neth.Journal of Agri l .Sciences., 7 : 309-316

Thorold, C.A. 1975. Disease of cocoa. ClarendonPress, Oxford 432p.

Thresh, J.M.1958. Virus research .Nigerian isolateof cacao virus. Annual Report of West Africancocoa Research Institute. 1956-57.pp 71-73.

Table 1. Percentage of gardens with incidence of cocoa diseases out of total garden surveyed infour southern states of India

Disease Kerala Karnataka Tamil Andhra Mean of 4Nadu Pradesh states

Black pod 90.75 94.3 77.42 45.16 84.3

Charcol pod rot 81.5 80.95 82.1 45.16 76.3

Canker 57.87 32.38 82.1 100 58.8

Colletotrichum cherelle rot 45.89 57.14 67.85 100 56.12

Colletotrichum foliar infection 92.12 100 100 100 95.3

Vascular streak dieback 17.80 - - - 10.6

Chupon blight 42.12 74.3 19.4 14.51 44.1

White thread blight 18.8 9.5 7.14 - 13.67

Zinc deficiency 19.18 13.3 71.42 100 31.02

Horse hair blight 5.8 6.6 3.57 - 5.1

Pink diseas 2.4 12.4 - - 4.08

Knob gall 1.02 2.8 - 4.8 1.8

- Not observed

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COCOA

PRABHA et.al.

Tab

le 2

. D

istr

ict

wis

e o

ccu

rrenc

e o

f co

coa

dis

ease

s in

so

uth

In

dia

Nu

mb

er o

f g

ard

ens

wit

h d

isea

se i

nci

den

ce

Co

llet

otr

ich

um

d

isea

se

Sta

te/D

istr

ict

To

tal

No

. o

f g

ard

ens

surv

eyed

B

lack

p

od

C

har

coal

p

od

ro

t S

tem

ca

nke

r C

her

elle

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t F

oli

ar

infe

ctio

n

Vas

cula

r st

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d

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ack

Ch

up

on

b

lig

ht

/ tw

ig

die

bac

k

Wh

ite

thre

ad

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gh

t

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c d

efic

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cy

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hai

r b

lig

ht

Ker

la s

tate

Thi

ruva

nant

hapu

ram

10

4

8 -

2 10

2

- -

- -

Kol

lam

5

- 2

- 5

5 1

- -

- -

Pat

hana

mth

itta

21

21

21

9 10

21

7

16

3 2

1

Ala

ppuz

ha

16

14

15

7 9

16

1 7

8 5

2

Kot

taya

m

47

46

40

38

25

24

9 31

19

7

3

Iduk

ki

44

44

36

37

19

44

7 30

11

7

2

Ern

akul

am

49

47

37

33

14

49

2 9

2 3

1

Thr

issu

r 12

12

12

9

6 12

4

- -

- -

Pal

akka

d 10

8

7 3

5 10

1

3 -

5 -

Mal

appu

ram

14

10

8

5 7

14

2 2

- 4

-

Way

anad

5

5 4

3 2

5 3

1 1

2 1

Koz

hiko

de

34

34

31

21

19

34

11

23

11

19

7

Kan

nur

14

12

11

1 7

14

2 -

- -

-

Kas

arag

od

11

8 6

3 4

11

- 1

- 2

-

To

tal

292

265

238

169

134

269

52

123

55

56

17

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COCOA

Tab

le 2

Co

ntd

…

Nu

mb

er o

f g

ard

ens

wit

h d

isea

se i

nci

den

ce

Co

llet

otr

ich

um

d

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se

Sta

te/D

istr

ict

To

tal

No

. o

f g

ard

ens

surv

eyed

B

lack

p

od

C

har

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p

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ro

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tem

ca

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r C

her

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n

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r st

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ieb

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up

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/ tw

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k

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c d

efic

ien

cy

Ho

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hai

r b

lig

ht

Kar

nat

aka

Dak

shin

a K

anna

da

30

30

30

23

21

30

- 30

7

8 5

Coo

rg

11

8 5

1 6

11

- 5

2 1

-

Udu

ppi

11

11

11

4 7

11

- 8

1 3

-

Utta

ra K

anna

da

17

16

10

1 13

17

-

14

- 2

1

Chi

kkam

agal

ooru

17

15

13

2

7 17

-

13

- -

-

Shi

mog

a 9

9 7

3 2

9 -

5 -

- 1

Mys

ore

10

10

9 -

4 10

-

3 -

- -

To

tal

105

99

85

34

60

105

- 78

10

14

7

Tam

il N

adu

Coi

mba

tore

23

16

20

21

17

23

-

4 2

19

1

Kan

yaku

mar

i 8

8 3

2 2

8 -

2 -

1 -

To

tal

31

24

23

23

19

31

- 6

2 20

1

An

dh

ra P

rad

esh

Eas

t God

avar

i 32

17

19

32

32

32

-

6 -

32

-

Wes

t God

avar

i 30

11

9

30

30

30

- 3

- 30

-

To

tal

62

28

28

62

62

62

- 9

0 62

0

To

tal

gar

den

s 49

0 41

3 37

4 28

8 27

5 46

7 52

21

6 67

15

2 25

- N

ot o

bser

ved

Black pod caused by Charcoal pod rot caused by Chupon blight causedP.palmivora Lasiodiplodia theobromae by P.palmivora

Cocoa garden with zinc deficiency Symptoms of zinc defiency Knob gall

Rotting of cherelles and young pods Seedling blight causedcaused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by P.palmivora

Stem canker caused by Stem canker caused by P.palmivoraP.palmivora ( External lesion) (Internal lesion)

PRABHA et.al.

J.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)51-56, 2011

A SWOT ANALYSIS ON TEA CULTIVATION IN EASTERN REGION OF NEPALKESHAV KATTEL, R. VASANTHA, M. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY AND P. PRASHANTH

Department of Agricultural Extension, College of AgricultureRajendranagar, ANGR Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030

ABSTRACT

Tea is a major crop in the eastern districts of Nepal. It plays an important role in rural employment, womenempowerment and poverty alleviation. The increasing area and production of tea over the last decade has suddenlycome to a halt due to many inherent weaknesses and external threats. Keeping these things in mind, a research wascarried out to unearth the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tea cultivation in Nepal and to formulatesuitable strategies for its development. The higher profits from tea cultivation and the plantations can be raised onhilly and slopy lands were some of the strengths, increasing pests and disease problems and high initial investmentsto be made were some of the weaknesses, congenial climate for tea cultivation and availability of markets in thevicinity were some of the opportunities and inadequate government support and frequent price slashes were someof the threats of tea cultivation in Nepal as indicated by farmers. Based on the results of SWOT, several strategieswere suggested for the development of the tea sector such as research and extension, infrastructure development,market regulation, etc.

kattel_k@yahoo.com

Agriculture is the major source of Nepaleseeconomy where it provides employment to about 66per cent of the population. About 26 million hectaresof land is under cultivation in Nepal. Tea is animportant crop in the eastern districts of Nepal. Thetotal area under tea cultivation in Nepal is 16718hectares which gives a total production of 16208127kg of made tea annually (Anonymous, 2010). About46 per cent of the total area under tea is shared bysmall farmers. More than 40920 family members ofthe 8184 small farmers of the region are dependenton tea cultivation (Warakaulle et al., 2007). Theproductivity of tea in Nepal is lower than itsneighbouring country India. Also, these farmers arenot getting enough prices for their tea leaves coupledwith increase in cost of production which has resultedin the stagnation of area under tea cultivation inrecent years. Tea is a permanent cash crop. It needsa huge investment to be made during the initialperiods of garden establishment. A sudden failure ofthe tea industry due to any reason can yielddisastrous result to the farmers. With this backdropdocumented from secondary sources of information,an in depth SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses,Opportunities and Threats) analysis was done in thepresent study to unearth SWOT in tea cultivation fromfarmers perspective to provide suitable strategies forits development. Moreover, such type of research isnot conducted on this sector till date.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An exploratory research design was carriedout in the study. Jhapa and Ilam districts of theeasternmost part of Nepal representing differentecological regions ie, Hills and Terai were selectedfor the study. Three Village Development Committees(VDCs) from each district were randomly picked and15 farmers from each VDC were selected thus makinga total of 90 respondents. An exhaustive list of twelvenumbers of selected parameters in tea cultivationwas prepared by thorough consultation with expertsand experienced farmers. The parameters wereClimate and soil, Crop characteristics, Inputavailability, quality and costs, Employment, Marketand exports, Infrastructure, Government policies andsupport, Quality and price of tea leaves, Extensionand research, Crop yield and economics,Organizations involved and Area under tea cultivation.The respondents were asked to indicate strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats associatedwith each and every selected parameter in teacultivation and rank them. For each of these tenimportant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities andthreats, Rank Based Quotients (RBQ) were calculatedand presented in tables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The important ten strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats in tea cultivation based onrank based quotients are presented in ascendingorder of ranks from 1 to 10 in Tables 1 to 4.

Table 1. Strengths ranking of respondents

Remarks S. No.

Strengths I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

1 Higher profits than other crops 34 28 18 10 - - - - - -

2 Hilly slopes and undulating lands not suitable for other crops can be effectively utilized for tea cultivation

27 19 20 24 - - - - - -

3 Suitable acidic and fertile soils for tea cultivation

9 15 20 15 19 12 - - - -

4 Regular cash generation from short term harvests (7-10 days interval)

10 8 7 9 8 10 18 20 - -

5 Permanent cash crop giving returns up to 50 years

10 11 6 5 11 9 12 9 17 -

6 Easy availability of inputs such as pesticides, fungicides, etc in domestic market

- 9 7 10 14 8 9 14 19 -

7 Young age bushes of existing gardens (10-15 yrs) producing good quality leaves

- - 12 9 12 11 8 17 11 10

8 Easy maintenance in terms of trails and drain maintenance, manuring and pruning, etc.

- - - 8 14 13 12 11 12 20

9 Family labour can be employed in small farms for majority of operations viz., spraying, manuring, trails and drainage maintenance, irrigations, etc.

- - - - 12 16 12 13 14 23

10 Not damaged by wild animals like elephants which is a common havoc in terai

- - - - 11 19 6 17 37

Table 2. Weaknesses ranking of respondentsS. Weaknesses Remarks RBQ

No. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

1. Increasing pests and disease problems 29 22 12 9 13 5 - - - - 83viz., rust, blister blight, sucking pests,loopers, etc.

2. High initial investments ranging from 24 10 19 15 22 - - - - - 80Rs. 90,000 to 1,00,000/ha

3. Shortage of labour for large scale tea 12 10 17 12 11 5 13 - - - 69cultivation for practices such as makingholes, planting, filling pits, mulching,wedding, etc.

4. Long gestation period required 15 13 11 17 9 7 18 - - - 71(5-7 years) for initial commencementof harvests.

5. Poor quality of inputs such as 10 15 22 11 15 7 - - 10 - 70pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers

6. Higher input costs - 19 9 17 11 22 12 - - - 65

7. High costs of cultivation (maintenance) - 1 - 5 7 25 28 15 9 - 43ranging from Rs. 40,000 to 65,000/haper year

8. Lack of farm infrastructure - - - 4 - 5 13 25 16 27 27

9. Low yields than neighbouring Indianregions - - - - 2 4 6 25 28 25 24

10. Very low shelf life of green leaves - - - - - - - 25 27 38 19(less than 10-12 hours after harvest)

KESHAV et.al.

S. Weaknesses Remarks RBQNo. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

1. Congenial climate for tea cultivation in 34 21 27 8 - - - - - - 89terms of relative humidity, rainfall, tem-perature, etc.

2. Availability of markets in the vicinity in 28 21 29 12 - - - - - - 87Terai region

3. Scope for higher yields as the bushes 23 15 19 17 12 4 - - - - 81grow old

4. New processing units under con- 5 19 12 27 15 12 - - - - 73struction in Ilam district for processingof increasing volume of green leaves ina long run

5. Small scale cottage industries slowly - 4 3 15 28 22 18 - - - 57coming up at village level for teaprocessing

6. Increasing number of cooperative - 10 - 11 13 25 17 14 - - 53societies and farmer organisationssuch as HOTPA, HIMCOOP, etc.

7. Cheaper than Indian tea so more scope - - - - 22 15 11 17 25 - 39 for exports

8. Scope for organic and other speciality - - - - - 12 25 29 19 5 32teas such as green tea as consumerawareness is growing

9. Possibility of procuring inputs such as - - - - - - 9 25 29 27 22clones, implements, hormones, etc fromthe Indian border

10. Supervision and guidance available - - - - - - 10 5 17 58 16from local tea consultants

Table 3. Opportunities ranking of respondents

Table 4. Threats ranking of respondentsS. Weaknesses Remarks RBQ

No. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

1. Inadequate government support in 28 32 22 8 - - - - - - 89terms of providing subsidies/loans/special concessions/privileges for teagrowers

2. Frequent price slashes due to changes 25 29 19 17 - - - - - - 87in export policies or unregulateddomestic markets

3. Ineffective Extension and Research on 15 22 20 17 16 - - - - - 80tea by NTCDB

4. Migration of labour to cities and towns 12 7 15 27 19 10 - - - - 73for the sake of higher wages leading toshortage

5. Green leaves to be sold only in 10 - 14 12 27 15 12 - - - 65domestic market due to ban on Indiantraders

6. Lack of proper approach roads from - - - 9 19 22 15 15 10 - 46farm gate to markets

A SWOT ANALYSIS ON TEA CULTIVATION

S. Weaknesses Remarks RBQNo. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

7. Frequent transport strikes causing huge - - - - 7 19 28 25 11 - 38losses

8. Malpractices by middleman leading to - - - - 2 20 28 18 12 10 35low prices for farmers and high pricesin market

9. Lack of market information services - - - - - 4 5 19 28 34 21such as demand, supply, prices (localand international), etc.

10. Dependency on technicians across the - - - - - - 2 13 29 46 17border especially for nutrition andpests management

Based on the SWOT analysis on teacultivation in Nepal, 5 types of strategies werepresented for various sectors that are associated withtea for the further promotion of the Nepalese teaindustry. They can be described as below:

1. Strategies for the Policy Makers

1.1 Infrastructure Development

Tea farmers are severely hampered by thelack of approach roads in their area and also lack ofelectricity. Hence, rural infrastructure developmentis utmost necessary for the development of teacultivation in Nepal which has to be addressed bythe Government of Nepal.

There are no laboratories or survey companiescapable of conducting tests and analyses. Thereforethere is a need to have a well equipped laboratory inNepal. The existing Government Food TestingLaboratory should be strengthened with a mandateto do commercial testing of export samples of allagricultural products.

1.2 Provision of Loans and Subsidies to farmers

The Nepal Rastra Bank has put the tea creditin its ‘bad portfolio’ due to non repayment of creditswhich is hampering the needy farmers (CADP, 2008).A well-designed procedure for loan sanctions andrepayment schedule considering the gestation periodof the crop need to be followed to avoid furtherdefaults. Loans for establishing processing plantsalso need to be granted.

1.3 Loans and Subsidies for input industries

Lack of quality inputs and their exorbitantcosts are the major problems in tea cultivation. The

state machinery should effectively patrol the bordersso that import of inferior quality inputs not only to thetea industry but also to agricultural crops in totalityis restricted by not allowing substandard and bannedproducts. Policy decisions are to be taken forsanctioning loans and subsidies for input industriesso that inputs can be produced domestically.

1.4 Facilities for Cold Chain

Provision of cold chains helps to ensure thequality of tea leaves remain intact even after hoursof tea plucking in the case of distant farms and roadblockages which is common in Nepal. The policymakers should take steps to initiate this cold chainfrom farm gate to import country through PublicPrivate Partnership Mode.

1.5 Creation of tea based employment avenues

Establishment of input industries, newprocessing units, small scale cottage industries,nurseries, etc will open doors for increased avenuesfor employment for all sectors of people includinglabour which can reduce the problem of migration.Also, farm mechanization can be promoted byproviding opportunities for duty free imports of theimplements for tea cultivation. However, there is aproblem of unwanted political interference in the teasector. For this, certain stringent measures in teazones such as prohibition of strikes in declared teazones should be implemented, government shouldalso support the factories to run their business in thebest practical manner to achieve quality productswithout allowing labour or outside influences to dictateterms to factory staff on good management practices.

KESHAV et.al.

2. Strategies for Research and Extension

Government of Nepal, keeping the prevailingconstraints in research and extension in mind andalso realising the prospects in International marketshould immediately establish a research stationspecifically for tea with all relevant divisionsundertaking work on tea production. Nepal AgricultureResearch Council (NARC) is the sole organisationfor research in agriculture in Nepal and Tea shouldalso be incorporated into its mandate and researchactivities should be initiated. For this researchscientists should be recruited for undertakingresearch on tea. Research should concentrate ondeveloping location specific package of practices fororthodox, organic, speciality and value added tea.As problem of pests and diseases is increasing dayby day, research should focus on the developmentof HYV’s, resistant varieties to get betterimprovement in leaf quality.

National Tea and Coffee Development Board(NTCDB) is responsible for the extension of latesttea cultivation technologies. There is an acuteshortage of experts in tea cultivation and extensionfunctionaries. Hence, there is a need to establish atea training centre or tea school to develop humanresources required for the tea sector. Extension staffshould popularise the technologies developed byresearch on orthodox, speciality and value added teathrough trainings and demonstrations. NTCDB shouldalso initiate steps towards establishment of a VillageKnowledge Centre or an Information Kiosk for singlewindow delivery of services and inputs to teacultivators. It should contain infrastructure such ascomputer, internet, printer, fax, camera, etc for fasttransfer of technology and problems from extensionagents to farmers and farmers to extension agentsrespectively.

3. Strategies for Non-Government Organisation

With the increase in numbers of non-government organisations in the tea growing areas,they should focus on location specific research ontea. They should develop suitable package ofpractices on concepts of NonPesticidal Management,Integrated Pest Management and Organic tea

cultivation. The formation of self-help groups,commodity interest groups and capacity building offarmers should be the prime focus of the non-government organisations. In addition, they shouldalso focus on establishing nurseries by adoptingsuperior clones.

4. Strategies for Market Regulating Agencies

4.1 Regulation of Market

The problems of unregulated market andprice fluctuations were to be addressed by theconcerned authority and provide an environmentwhere there is a win-win situation for the producersas well as the processors. Also, a high levelcommittee need to be created to fix minimum pricesof the tea leaves depending upon the internal andexternal demands of tea and the cost of cultivationincurred by the farmers. A central marketing facilitysuch as auction house need to be established forbuying and selling of Nepal tea. Moreover, the marketinformation services are rather poor in Nepal. Properinfrastructure should be developed to provide timelyinformation to the farmers about the market prices.Necessary steps should be taken to make minimalinterference of middlemen.

4.2 Regulating the Quality of the products

The marketing regulating agencies should

ensure uniform quality of the Nepalese tea. For this

extension workers should educate farmers on

production of good quality leaves and export oriented

production. Since the tea leaves are marketed within

10-12 hours after plucking, proper transportation and

cold storage facilities are to be developed. Scientific

handling, harvesting and storage facilities should be

advocated to the farmers.

4.3 Export Marketing

Government of Nepal should be more prudent

to work with marketing and distributing companies

who are experienced in handling food items andspecifically beverages and tea. As the orthodox teais considered a special product, it would also be morebeneficial to work with the Speciality Tea Associationsand such bodies established in a number of countries.

A SWOT ANALYSIS ON TEA CULTIVATION

5. Strategies for processing factories and other

industries

Factory and industry people should make

exhaustive discussions and interactions with the

policy makers and strive to get grants for

establishment of processing industries, labs, facilities

for export, etc. Since the importance for organic tea

is increasing organic certification facilities should be

developed. Efforts should be made to make packing

materials free from import duties.

KESHAV et.al.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2010. Smarika: Tea and Coffee. NationalTea and Coffee Development Board. NewBaneshwor, Kathmandu.

Commercial Agriculture Development Project. 2008.Final Report Product Chain Study OrthodoxTea. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,Department of Agriculture, Nepal.

Warakaulle, Mahinda, Ramesh Munankami andBastiaan Bijl. 2007. Sector study on Tea.International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO.

Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), being quickgrowing, succulent and easily decompostable, isgrown as green manure crop to increase cropproductivity and to sustain the soil fertility. It alsowithstands salinity or alkalinity and poor drainagesituation better than other crops. A lot of work on itsutility as green manure crop has been done (Shah etal., 2000). But no serious efforts were made todevelop proper agronomic practices for seed crop ofDhaincha in Southern Telangana Zone of AndhraPradesh in rabi season. Keeping this in view thepresent study was undertaken to evaluate the seedproduction of Dhaincha as influenced by sowing datesand plant densities.

The experiment was conducted at College ofAgriculture, Rajendranagar during rabi season of 2010-2011. The soil was sandy clay loam in texture andslightly alkaline in reaction (pH 8.3), medium inorganic carbon, low in available nitrogen and mediumin available phosphorous and potassium.

The experiment was laid out in a randomizedblock design with factorial concept, replicated thrice,having fifteen treatment combinations of five sowingdates and three plant densities (table). A basal doseof 20 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 was appliedthrough urea and single super phosphate,respectively, at sowing time. Irrigation was given asand when required keeping in view the rainfall. Duringthe crop period the rainfall received was 349.8mm,out of which 46.4, 26.8 and 10.3 percent was receivedin September, October and November respectively.No pest and disease incidence was observed andthe crop was weeded twice. The crop was harvestedin pickings during the months of February and March,threshed, dried and seed yield was recorded.

Crop sown on September 15 produced higherseed yield of 967 kg ha-1 closely followed by thatsown on October 1st. Lowest yield of 68 kg ha-1 wasrecorded with November 16th sowing. The significant

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)57-58, 2011

SEED YIELD OF DHAINCHA (Sesbania aculeata) AS INFLUENCED BY SOWINGDATES AND PLANT DENSITIES DURING RABI SEASONR. SANGEETHA, M. YAKADRI, M. SRINIVASA RAJU and A. SAI RAM

Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

sangeetharegu@gmail.com

increase in yield of early sowing over delayed sowingdates might be due to partition of higher proportionof its total dry matter into component parts of theplant. Added to the above, better growth anddevelopment of crop at this date when compared toother dates of sowing in aspects might have reflectedin better yield expression. Same trend was seen inseed yield of Dhaincha in S1 to S2 also observed inyield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1, seedspod-1 and test weight which have played prominentrole. More particularly increased seed per pod gavemuch impetus to seed yield. Kumar and Singh (1998)also expressed similar views of that higher seed yieldwith the early sown crop due to more congenial growthconditions during the crop period and sufficient timeto complete all physiological processes properly thanlate sown crop. The yield reduction with delayedsowings may be the cumulative effects of lowervalues of growth and development. Besides, thereduction in yield with delayed sowing dates can alsobe attributed to unfavourable weather conditions viz.,low temperature with low sunshine hours experiencedby the crop.

Higher seed yield (630 kg ha-1) was producedwith highest plant density of 74,000 plants ha-1 (45cm x 30 cm) closely followed by that from 60 cm x30 cm spacing, while the lowest seed yield of 522 kgha-1 was observed at the lowest plant density of37,000 plants ha-1 (90 cm x 30 cm). Though all theyield attributing characters were higher at widerspacings, these improvements were not sufficient tocompensate the loss in plant population per unit areafrom closer spacing. Similar increase in seed yieldat closer spacing was also reported by Yaragoppa etal. (2003), Kumar et al. (2006). Early sowing(September 15) and closer spacing (45 cm x 30 cm)contributed to higher seed yield which inturn increasedthe gross returns, net returns and Benefit – cost ratio.Ulemale and Shivankar (2003) also reported similarfindings in sunhemp.

Table 1. Effects of dates of sowing and plant densities on yield and yield attributes of Dhaincha

Treatments No. of pods

plant-1

No. of seeds pod-1

Seed yield

(kg ha-1)

Gross returns (Rs ha-1)

Net returns (Rs ha-1)

B:C ratio

DATES OF SOWING

S1 – September 15 38.88 30.88 967 24179 17229 2.12

S2 – October 1 37.22 30.44 935 23374 16424 2.31

S3 - October 16 34.88 29.22 772 19302 12373 1.60

S4 – November 1 8.00 28.55 205 5133 -1817 -0.23

S5 - November 16 4.00 22.33 68 1711 -5239 -0.68

SE (m)± 0.44 0.57 16 422 423 0.07

CD at 5 % 1.27 1.66 48 1222 1225 0.21

PLANT DENSITIES

D1 - 74,000 plants ha-1

(45 cm x 30 cm) 23.40 26.80 630 15758 8608 1.08

D2 – 55,000 plants ha-1

(45 cm x 30 cm) 24.46 29.20 616 15408 8470 1.10

D3 – 37,000 plants ha-1

(90 cm x 30 cm) 25.93 28.86 522 13054 6304 0.88

SE (m)± 0.34 0.44 13 327 38 0.05

CD at 5 % 0.98 1.29 37 947 949 0.16

REFERENCES

Kumar, S., Singh, R. C and Kadian , V. S. 2006.Response of dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeata)genotypes to sowing dates and row spacing.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 51 (2): 152-153.

Kumar, R and Singh, N.P. 1998. Effect of dates ofsowing on growth and yield of cowpea (Vignaunguiculata (L.) Walp). Legume Research.21(1): 54-56.

Shah, R.R., Rai, R.K and Mukherjee, P.K. 2000.Effect of green manuring dhaincha andphosphorous on growth, yield and phosphorousuptake by wheat. Indian Journal of Agronomy.45 (4): 707-710.

Ulemale, R.B and Shivankar, R.S. 2003. Effect of

sowing dates, row spacings and phosphate

levels on yield and economics of sunhemp.

Legume Research. 26(1): 71-72.

Yaragoppa, S.D., Desai, B.K., Halepyati, A.S and

Pujari, B. T. 2003. Influence of plant densities

and phosphorus management on growth and

seed yield of Sesbania aculeate (Wills.) Poir.

Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science.

16(2): 297-299.

SANGEETHA et.al.

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)59-62, 2011

Potato production depends on many factors,among them judicious application of N and K plays avital role. Keeping in view the significance of N andK on productivity of potato, field experiment wasconducted on a sandy loam soil (Alfisol) at CollegeFarm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,Hyderabad during rabi seasons of 2009-10. Theexperiment was laid out in Randomized Block Designwith factorial concept consisting of sixteen treatmentcombinations with four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120and 180 kg ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 60,120 and 180 kg ha-1). Nitrogen and potassium wereapplied in the form of urea and muriate of potash in3 splits as per treatment combinations. A basal doseof 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied in the form of singlesuper phosphate to all the treatmental plots.

The experimental soil is sandy loam intexture, slightly alkaline (7.9 pH) in reaction, nonsaline (0.58 dS m-1) in nature and low in organiccarbon (3.5 g kg-1). The soil under study was Low inavailable nitrogen (200.7 kg N ha-1), medium inavailable phosphorus (32.19 kg P2O5 ha-1) andpotassium (272.5 kg K2O ha-1). Dry matter productionand tuber yield of potato was recorded at harvest.Plant samples collected at harvest was dried in anoven and analyzed the contents of N and K as perprocedure given by Piper (1966). From the yield andcontent, the uptake was calculated and the data werestatistically analyzed. The additional benefit costratios for different nitrogen and potassium levels werecomputed through partial budgeting technique bytaking into consideration the additional cost incurreddue to imposition of the treatments and the additionalreturns realized, expressed in monetary terms.

The effect of levels of nitrogen, potassiumand their interactions were found to have significanteffect on total dry matter production of potato (haulm+ tuber) at harvest. The increase in total dry matterproduction of potato at 180 kg N ha-1 level was found

EFFECT OF LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD, UPTAKE ANDECONOMICS OF POTATO GROWN ON ALFISOLS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

D. VIJAYA LAKSHMI, G. PADMAJA AND P. CHANDRASEKHAR RAODept. of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

e-mail: soilprabhakar@gmail.com

to be 7.89, 21.25 and 45.33 per cent over 120, 60and 0 kg N ha-1, respectively. With regard topotassium levels, the increase in total dry matterproduction of potato at 180 kg K ha-1 level was foundto be 4.47, 11.73 and 24.49 per cent over 120, 60and 0 kg K ha-1, respectively. The per cent increasein dry matter production at N180K180, compared tocontrol (N0K0) was 76.1 (Table 1). Nitrogen showedsignificant effect on vegetative growth which wasreflected through increase in dry matter productionwith increase in levels of nitrogen (Malik et al., 2002).Potassium plays an important role in translocationof assimilates at different growth stages(Bhattacharya et al., 2009).

The effect of levels of nitrogen, potassiumand their interactions had significant effect on tuberyield of potato (Table 1). The tuber yield increasedto an extent of 29.2 (60 kg N ha-1), 65.8 (120 kgN ha-1) and 92.0 per cent (180 kg N ha-1) over no Napplication. Similarly, K application increased thetuber yield by 24.1, 50.9 and 62.9 per cent at 60, 120and 180 kg K2O ha-1, respectively over noK application. The results revealed that the increasein potato tuber yield was mainly influenced by nitrogenlevels rather than potassium levels. Among theinteractions, N180K180 recorded higher tuber yield (223.9q ha-1) but it was on par with N180K120 (214.6 q ha-1)and significantly superior over lower interactions.Higher rate of nitrogen provides better growth,development and translocation of photosynthatesfrom source to sink (tuber) which resulted in higheryield of tubers (Patel and Patel, 2001). Potassiumpromotes large size of tubers by increasing wateraccumulation in tubers resulting in higher tuber yield(Perrenoud, 1993). Higher tuber bulking rate over tuberbulking period resulted in higher yield at high fertilitylevel as reported by Malik and Ghosh, (2002).

Table 1. Effect of levels of nitrogen, potassium and their interactions on total dry matter production(kg ha-1) and tuber yield (q ha-1) of potato at harvest

Total dry matter production (kg ha-1) Tuber yield (q ha-1) Levels

K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean

N0 2036.4 2237.3 2376.0 2591.1 2310.2 67.33 84.3 112.3 133.1 99.26

N60 2393.5 2748.0 2876.5 3057.9 2768.9 85.01 122.7 147.2 158.0 128.2

N120 2722.8 3038.0 3272.8 3413.9 3111.9 133.4 154.4 178.1 192.2 164.5

N180 3003.9 3294.7 3545.6 3584.8 3357.3 148.9 174.8 214.6 223.9 190.5

Mean 2539.2 2829.5 3017.7 3161.9 108.7 134.1 163.1 176.8

S.Ed± CD (5%) S.Ed± CD (5%)

N 10.28 20.99 3.14 6.42

K 10.28 20.99 3.14 6.42

N × K 20.55 41.98 6.28 12.83

N – Nitrogen K – Potassium

Table 2. Effect of levels of nitrogen, potassium and their interactions on total N and K contents (%)in potato tuber at harvest

Total N content (%) Total K content (%) Levels

K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean

N0 2.78 2.89 3.07 3.02 2.94 3.07 3.23 3.37 3.44 3.28

N60 3.04 3.13 3.16 3.23 3.14 3.32 3.46 3.55 3.64 3.50

N120 3.32 3.36 3.43 3.47 3.39 3.44 3.64 3.85 3.94 3.72

N180 3.50 3.58 3.66 3.76 3.62 3.80 4.01 4.15 4.23 4.05

Mean 3.16 3.24 3.33 3.37 3.41 3.58 3.73 3.81

S.Ed± CD (5%) S.Ed± CD (5%)

N 0.02 0.04 0.008 0.017

K 0.02 0.04 0.008 0.017

N×K 0.04 0.07 0.017 0.034

LAKSHMI et.al.

EFFECT OF LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD

Table 3. Effect of levels of nitrogen, potassium and their interactions on total N and K uptake(kg ha-1) by potato (haulm + tuber) at harvest

Total N uptake (kg ha-1) Total K uptake (kg ha-1) Levels

K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean

N0 56.52 64.66 73.03 78.24 68.11 62.45 72.29 80.09 89.06 75.97

N60 72.75 86.04 90.85 98.66 87.07 79.52 95.04 102.2 111.4 97.78

N120 90.26 102.0 112.3 118.4 105.7 93.78 110.6 126.1 134.6 116.3

N180 105.2 117.9 129.6 134.8 121.9 114.2 132.0 147.3 151.6 136.3

Mean 81.17 92.65 101.5 107.5 87.48 102.5 113.9 121.7

S.Ed± CD (5%) S.Ed± CD (5%)

N 0.58 1.18 0.45 0.93

K 0.58 1.18 0.45 0.93

N × K 1.15 2.36 0.91 1.85

Table 4. Effect of levels nitrogen, potassium and their interactions on additionalbenefit cost ratio of potato

Additional Benefit Cost Ratio Levels

K0 K60 K120 K180 Mean

N0 - 30.42 47.33 49.04 42.26

N60 24.84 50.22 52.44 48.07 43.89

N120 52.57 52.82 54.31 51.36 52.77

N180 45.28 49.00 56.98 52.61 50.97

Mean 40.90 45.62 52.76 50.27

EFFECT OF LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD

Combined application of nitrogen andpotassium had synergistic effect on nutrient content(Table 2). The higher content of nutrients under higherN and K levels can be attributed to an increase inroot proliferation through the action of nitrogen oncellular activities and translocation of certain growthstimulating compounds to roots, which in turn helpedin better tuber growth and uptake of nutrients (Sharmaand Sood, 2002). Rai et al. (2002) reported thatapplication of N increased the K content in tubers,which suggested that nitrogen improved K utilizationby the plant.

The total N and K uptake by potato (haulm+ tuber) at harvest showed an increase with increasinglevels of nitrogen up to 180 kg N ha-1 (N180) and theper cent increase being 78.9 and 79.4 per cent overN0, respectively. Similarly, the total N and K uptakeat K180 level increased to an extent of 32.4 and 39.1per cent over K0, respectively (Table 3). Among thecombinations, N180K180 has recorded higher uptake ofN and K, the per cent increase being 139.4 and 142.8,respectively, over N0K0. The higher uptake at higherN and K levels was due to better absorption of N andK from the fertilizers during the different growth stagesof the crop (Chadha et al. 2006).

The effect of levels of nitrogen and potassiumon additional benefit cost ratio is shown in table 4.Among the nitrogen levels, the highest benefit costratio was noticed with N120 (52.77) followed by N180

(50.97). With regard to potassium levels, the highestbenefit cost ratio was recorded with K120 (52.76)followed by K180 (50.27). Among the interactions,N180K120 has recorded the highest benefit cost ratio(56.98) followed by N120K120 (54.31).

Though the tuber yield recorded at N180K180

level was high, the benefit cost ratio in terms ofmoney invested for one kilogram of fertilizer is noteconomical. Hence, keeping in view the requirementof nutrients viz., N and K at different growth stagesof potato and the net returns, it can be suggested toapply 180 kg N ha-1 combined with 120 kg K2O ha 1

for better productivity and economic returns frompotato grown on light textured red sandy loam soils(Alfisols) of Andhra Pradesh.

REFERENCES

Bhattacharya, A., Borah, D and Saikia, M. 2009.Effect of potassium on growth, total tuber yieldand residual status of nutrients on true potatoseed transplants. Crop Research 38(1, 2 & 3):88-91.

Chadha, S., Rana, S.S., Rameshwar, G andChaudhary, D.R. 2006. Effect of split dosesof N and K and FYM levels on the productivityof seed potato in cold desert regions of H.P.Potato Journal 33(1-2): 94-96.

Malik, G.C and Ghosh, D.C. 2002. Effect of fertilitylevel, plant density and variety on growth andproductivity of potato. In Potato, GlobalResearch and Development, Volume II, 866-871.

Malik, Y.S., Bhatia, A.K., Singh, N., Nehra, B.K andKhurana, S.C. 2002. Effect of nitrogen, seedsize and spacing on potato production in cv.Kufri Sutlej. In Potato, Global Research andDevelopment, Volume II, 861-865.

Patel, J.C and Patel, L. R. 2001. Effect of irrigationand nitrogen on yield attributes in potato.Journal of Indian Potato Association 28(2-4):285-287.

Perrenoud, S. 1993. Fertilizing for high yield of potato.Bulletin of International Potash Institute, Basel,Switzerland, pp. 58-71.

Piper, C.S. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. InterScience Publishers, New York, pp.59.

Rai, G.K., Verma, M.M and Singh, J. 2002. Nitrogenand potassium interaction effect on yieldattributes of potato. Journal of Indian PotatoAssociation 29(3-4): 153-154.

Sharma, R.C and Sood, M.C. 2002. N and Kinteraction on the tuber yield, quality andorganic carbon status of Shimla soils. InPotato, Global Research and Development,Volume II, 843-851.

LAKSHMI et.al.

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)63-65, 2011

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOILDEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND FRUIT YIELD OF

TOMATO (Lycopersican esculentum L.)T. CHAITANYA, G. PADMAJA, P. CHANDRASEKHAR RAO and K.B.SUNEETHA DEVI

Dept. of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500 030

Keeping in view the significance of organicmanures in sustaining the soil health, particularlybiological properties of soil and importance ofvegetables in human nutrition, an attempt has beenmade to examine the effect of integrated nutrientmanagement in tomato on dehydrogenase activity insoil, nutrient uptake and yield.

A field experiment was conducted on a sandyloam soil (Alfisol) at Student Farm, College ofAgriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during kharifseason of 2010. It was laid out in Randomized BlockDesign with 3 replications and 10 treatments.

The soil was sandy loam in texture. It wasslightly alkaline (7.9 pH) in reaction, non saline (0.13dS m-1) in nature and low in organic carbon(4.6 g kg-1). The soil under study was low in availablenitrogen (230.7 kg N ha-1), medium in availablephosphorus (25.4 kg P2O5 ha-1) and potassium (284.5kg K2O ha-1). Dehydrogenase activity in soil ( µg TPFproduced g-1 soil 24 h-1) was assayed at vegetative,flowering and final harvest by the calorimetricdetermination of 2,3,5-triphenyl formazan producedfrom the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazoliumchloride as described by Casida et al. (1964). Theplant samples were also analysed for nutrient contentsto compute nutrient uptake by plants. Fruit yield wasalso recorded to know the impact of differenttreatment combinations under INM.

Significantly highest dehydrogenase activityof 161.0, 177.1 and 133.4 ìg of TPF produced g-1 soild-1 was recorded in T9 (50% VC + 50% PM) atvegetative, flowering and harvest stages of tomato,respectively. The values were on par with those ofT8 (100% PM) and T4 (100% VC) and significantlysuperior to those of all other treatments (Table 1).The lowest dehydrogenase activity was found in

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treatment T1 (control) at different growth stages. Thedehydrogenase activity was found to be low intreatment receiving 100% RDNF (T5) compared tointegrated combinations of organics and fertilizers.This may be attributed to the lack of sufficientsubstrate i.e., OC with fertilizers which act as energysource for proliferating microbial population. Theincreased enzymatic activity with increase in manurelevel may be ascribed to the increased population ofmicrobes, due to increased availability of substrate(OC). Similar results were reported by Reddy andReddy (2008). Vajantha et al. (2010) also reportedhighest dehydrogenase activity (35.23 µg TPF g-1 soild-1) with application of 100% N through poultry manureto maize crop.

Dehydrogenase activity assayed at differentgrowth stages of tomato showed that the enzymeactivity increased from vegetative to flowering andlater showed a decrease from flowering to harvest.The sharp increase in the enzyme activity at floweringwhich coincided with the active growth stage of thecrop, enhanced root activity and the release of extracellular enzymes into soil solutions which resulted inhigher rate of mineralization of nutrients in the soil.The results were in conformity with the findings ofReddy et al. (2010). The nutrient uptake by plantsalso showed similar trend (Table 2). The total nutrientuptake by tomato in T3, T5 and T7 were on par witheach other and significantly superior over othertreatments. The fruit yield was also higher in T3 (84.97q ha-1), T5 (80.73 q ha-1) and T7 (84.06 q ha-1) andsuperior over other treatments (Table 2).

The results indicated that combinedapplication of fertilizer (75%) and manure (25%) viz.,vermicompost or poultry manure helped in sustainingsoil productivity and biological activity rather thanfertilizer application alone.

Table 1. Effect of INM practices on dehydrogenase activity (µg TPF produced g-1 soil 24 h-1) in soilat different growth stages of tomato crop

Treatments Vegetative Flowering Harveststage stage

T1 Control 107.7 118.8 88.6

T2 50% N-F + 50% N-VC 140.5 155.0 115.9

T3 75% N-F + 25% N-VC 128.8 141.8 106.4

T4 100% N-VC 160.6 176.3 132.9

T5 100% N-F 123.1 136.8 101.7

T6 50% N-F + 50% N-PM 140.2 154.6 115.2

T7 75% N-F + 25% N-PM 128.6 141.5 106.1

T8 100% N-PM 160.2 175.6 131.9

T9 50% N-VC + 50% N-PM 161.0 177.1 133.4

T10 50% N-F + 25% N-VC + 25% N-PM 141.0 155.6 116.7

CD (5%) 3.56 2.35 2.16

SE(d) ± 1.68 1.11 1.02

RDN = 150 kg N/ha F = FertilizerVC = VermicompostPM = Poultry manure

Table 2. Effect of INM practices on fruit yield and total nutrient uptake (kg ha-1) by tomato

Treatments Fruityieldq ha-1

Nutrient uptake (kg ha-1)

N Uptake P Uptake K Uptake

T1 Control 31.30 47.86 6.80 24.53

T2 50% N-F + 50% N-VC 75.93 90.01 16.08 53.41

T3 75% N-F + 25% N-VC 84.97 103.76 17.40 61.82

T4 100% N-VC 61.73 81.61 14.57 49.26

T5 100% N-F 80.73 106.35 17.36 60.70

T6 50% N-F + 50% N-PM 74.77 91.36 15.39 54.21

T7 75% N-F + 25% N-PM 84.06 104.62 17.26 61.24

T8 100% N-PM 60.93 82.16 14.46 51.46

T9 50% N-VC + 50% N-PM 62.77 83.53 15.06 52.47

T10 50% N-F + 25% N-VC + 25% NPM 76.01 90.01 15.95 56.15

CD (5%) 6.52 5.43 0.73 3.49

SE(d) ± 3.08 2.56 0.34 1.65

CHAITANYA et.al.

REFERENCES

Reddy, R.U and Reddy, M.S. 2008. Physicalproperties of soil as influenced by integratednutrient management in tomato (Lycopersicanesculentum L.) – onion (Ellium cepa) croppingsystem. Journal of Research. ANGRAU. 2008.36(2/3): 64-70.

Reddy, T.P., Padmaja, G and Rao, P.C. 2010.Integtated effect of vermicompost and nitrogen

fertilizers on soil dehydrogenase enzymeactivity and yield of onion-radish croppingsystem. Journal of soils and crops. 20(2): 189-195.

Vajantha, B. Reddy, K. S and Ramavatharam, N.2010. Effect of integrated nitrogenmanagement on soil enzyme activities inmaize. Research on Crops. 11(1): 31-36.

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL

IDENTIFICATION OF THERMOTOLERANT SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS BASED ONTEMPERATURE INDUCTION RESPONSE (TIR) TECHNIQUE IN MAIZE

(Zea mays L.)RAJESH P, RAMESH T, FARZANA JABEEN, KESHAVULU K and PRAKASH BABU

Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)66-69, 2011

Maize crop in India covers an area of 8.17million hectares with an production of 19.73 milliontonnes and productivity of 2.41 tonnes ha-1 (CMIE,2009-10). The maize area under irrigation hasincreased marginally from ~11% (1950-51) to ~20%(2009-10). Most of the crop cultivated as rainfedsuffers from abiotic stresses. High temperaturestress has been the second major abiotic problemafter drought, thereby grain yield reduced by >15 percent (ICAR, 2010). To sustain maize production ithas become imperative to breed varieties whichtolerate high temperature stress. Single cross hybridsin lieu of double or triple cross hybrids in maize havebecome popular with farmers and seed industry dueto their cost effectiveness in production (ICAR, 2010).TIR technique (Kumar et al., 1999) aids in identificationof inbreds / hybrids for their suitability to tolerate hightemperature. The present study was therefore takenup to identify high temperature tolerant single crosshybrids.

Plant material

Maize seeds of DHM-117 hybrid (singlecross) were pre imbibed for 1 hour and allowed togerminate in petri dishes at room temperature. Thegerminated seedlings of 1 – 1.5 cm plumule lengthwere used in the study.

Challenging temperature

Seedlings were subjected to differenttemperatures that ranged from 50 to 55°C andduration of 1, 2 and 3 h and were immediately allowedto recover at 30°C for 72 h in an incubator. At theend of the recovery period the temperature treatmentat which 80 per cent mortality of the seedlingsoccurred was taken as the challenging temperature.

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Determination of optimum induction treatmentsfor seedlings

Seedlings were maintained at 35°C for 3 h,40°C for 3 h and 45°C for 3 h, 35°C-1h + 40°C-1h +45°C-1 h, 35°C-2 h + 40°C-1 h + 45°C-1 h, 35°C-1 h+ 40°C-2 h+ 45°C-1 h and 35°C-1 h + 40°C-1 h +45°C-2 h and immediately transferred to thechallenging temperature.

Recovery growth

Seedlings subjected to challengingtemperature were allowed to recover at roomtemperature for 72 h. At the end of recovery, the percent survival was recorded. Simultaneously a set ofseedlings maintained at room temperature throughoutthe experimental period were considered as absolutecontrol.

Genetic variability for thermotolerance in maize

Fifteen selected maize genotypes wereevaluated for temperature tolerance. Seedling survivalwas assessed in these selected genotypes. Desirablegenotypes were identified by collecting the data ontwo parameters i.e., survival during recovery and percent reduction of survival in induced over absolutecontrol. Tolerant genotypes were identified by plottingZ-distribution for the stated two parameters (Rajesh,2011). Genotypes were categorized into one of thefour possible quadrants viz., highest per centreduction over absolute control and highest absolutegrowth during recovery (highly tolerant hybrids), highper cent reduction over absolute control and highabsolute growth during recover (moderately toleranthybrids), low per cent reduction over absolute controland low absolute growth during recovery (moderatelysusceptible) and lowest per cent reduction over

absolute control and lowest absolute growth duringrecovery (highly susceptible).

Validation of maize hybrids for thermotolerance

The experiment material was further validatedby allowing the seedling to grow up to twenty onedays in plastic containers and their growth wasassessed. The supporting data for temperaturetolerance was recorded in terms of two parametersnamely dry weight and chlorophyll content estimatedfollowing Arnon (1949).

Optimum lethal temperature

Exposure to 53°C for 3 h resulted in 80 percent mortality of seedlings. Hence, 53°C for 3 h wasconsidered as optimum lethal temperature for per centseedling survival. Senthil kumar et al., (2003) hadfixed the lethal temperatures at 51°C for 2 h insunflower. Gangappa et al., (2006) found 55°C for3 h as lethal temperature in groundnut andLakshmamma and Lakshmi Prayaga (2006) recorded49°C for 2 h as lethal temperature for seedling survivalin castor.

Optimum induction temperatures

The Seedlings exposed to the gradualinduction temperature (35°C-1h + 40°C-1h + 45°C-2h) prior to the challenging temperature exhibitedhigher seedling survival (64 %) compared to thoseexposed to other induction treatments (24 – 49 %)and the non-induced seedlings (19 %). Gangappa etal., (2006) in groundnut found 35°C-1h + 40°C-1h +45°C-2h as induction temperature whereasLakshmamma and Lakshmi Prayaga (2006) in castorfixed induction temperatures at 30°C + 40°C + 45°Cfor 2 + 2 + 1h. Srinivas et al., (2006) in sunflowerreported induction temperatures of 30°C + 40°C +45°C for 2 + 1 + 1h, where 90 per cent seedlingssurvived even after exposure to lethal temperatures.The observed higher recovery growth in inducedseedlings can be attributed to the enhancedexpression of genes during induction (Lindquist andCraig, 1988). Other studies clearly showed thatgenetic variability for the stress response could onlybe seen upon exposure to an induction stress(Venkatachalayya et al., 2002).

Assessment of genetic variability in maizegenotypes

The per cent seedling survival was recordedat the end of recovery period in fifteen maize hybrids.Superior survival per cent was recorded in fivegenotypes viz., 30V92 (195%), RHM20 (194%),RHM25 (181%), Kaveri50 (181%) and FMH8899(181%) (Table.1). Based on Z-Distribution analysis,the maize genotypes were distributed into fourcategories namely highly tolerant types (RHM25,Kaveri50, 30V92), moderately tolerant types(KHM225, 30B11, RHM20, PAC740, FMH8899),moderately susceptible types (KHM218, Syngenta1, RHM7, RHM4) and highly susceptible types(GHM145, GK3060, BIO9637).

Following similar protocols thermotolerantlines were identified from sunflower population, cv.Modern, parental lines (CMS-234 A, CMS-234 B and6D-1) of sunflower hybrid KBSH-1 (Senthilkumar etal., 2003), sunflower (Srinivas et al., 2006), andgroundnut (Gangappa et al., 2006). Genetic variabilityamong pea genotypes was assessed by subjectingto Z-analysis and the genotypes were grouped intothermotolerant and susceptible genotypes(Venkatachalayya, 2002).

Validation of maize hybrids for thermotolerance

Upon perusal of data it has been clear thatinduction treatments influenced all the growth stagesstudied. Superior hybrids in terms of per centreduction of dry weight in induced over absolutecontrol were RHM25 (33%), Kaveri50 (36%) and30V92 (38%) (Table.1). The same three genotypesRHM25, 30V92 and Kaveri50 recorded 82.43, 78.41,and 78.16 % superiority in CSI respectively.

TIR was found to be a potential technique toidentify thermotolerant hybrids. Present study elicitedthe variation among the genotypes for temperaturetolerance. The plant characters that showedconsistency for temperature tolerance includedseedling survival, recovery growth, dry weight andchlorophyll stability index. Among the fifteengenotypes studied, RHM25, Kaveri50 and 30V92showed acquired tolerance. These temperaturetolerant hybrids as such can straight away berecommended for cultivation as single cross hybridsor utilized in breeding programmes to selectsegregating material for future use.

IDENTIFICATION OF THERMOTOLERANT SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS

REFERENCES

Arnon, D.T. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolatedChloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Betavulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.

CMIE. 2010. Crop Statistics. Centre for MonitoringIndian Economy (CMIE) Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai.June 1-10.

Gangappa, E., Ravi, K and Veera kumar, G.N. 2006.Evaluation of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)genotypes for temperature tolerance basedon Temperature Induction Response (TIR)technique. Indian Journal of Genetics andPlant Breeding. 66(2):127-130.

ICAR (2010). Abiotic Stressess in Maize. SomeIssues and Solutions. Directorate of MaizeResearch, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012.

Kumar, G., Krishnaprasad, B. T., Savitha, M.,Gopalakrishna, R., Mukhopadhyay, K.,Ramamohan, G and Udaya Kumar, M. 1999.Enhanced expression of heat shock proteinsin thermotolerant lines of sunflower and theirprogenies selected on the basis of temperatureinduction response (TIR). Theoretical andApplied Genetics 99: 359–367.

Lakshmamma, P and Lakshmi Prayaga. 2006.Screening Castor (Ricinus communis L.)germplasm lines for thermal tolerance. Journalof Oilseeds Research. 23(2):353-355.

Lindquist, S and Craig, E.A. 1988. The heat shockproteins. Annual Review of Genetics. 22: 631-677.

Table 1. Seedling survival per cent, dry weight and chlorophyll stability index (CSI)of fifteen maize hybrids

Maize Hybrids Per cent increase insurvival of induced over

non-induced

Per cent reduction indry weight of inducedover absolute control

CSI in inducedseedlings (%)

KHM218 95 57 71.60

KHM225 141 52 62.64

RHM4 131 48 62.83

RHM7 106 47 78.63

RHM20 194 47 80.59

RHM25 181 33 82.43

PAC740 105 45 76.87

FMH8899 181 43 73.85

GK3060 108 67 64.32

BIO9637 122 71 74.72

30V92 195 38 73.41

30B11 131 46 76.89

Kaveri50 181 36 78.16

Syngenta1 119 51 69.60

GHM145 117 54 71.93

S E(m) - - 2.01

CD at 5% - - 5.81

RAJESH et.al.

Rajesh Paladugu. 2011. Studies on assessment ofgenetic variability for seed vigour under hightemperature in maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc.Thesis, Acharya N. G. Ranga. AgriculturalUniversity, Hyderabad, India.

Senthil kumar, M., Srikanth Babu, V., Mohan Raju,B., Ganesh Kumar, V., Shiva Prakash andUday Kumar. 2003. Screening of inbred linesto develop a thermotolerant Sunflower hybridusing the temperature induction response (TIR)technique: a novel approach by exploitingresidual variability. Journal of ExperimentalBotany. 54(392):2569-2578.

Srinivas, B., Kuledeepsingh., Lakshmi andSudheerkumar. 2006. Screening of Sunflowergenotypes by temperature induction response(TIR) technique. Journal of Oilseeds Research.23(2):372-373.

Venkatachalayya Srikanthbabu., Ganeshbabu.,Krishna Prasad, B. T., Ramaswamy GopalKrishna., Madappa Savitha and Makarla Udaykumar. 2002. Identification of Pea genotypeswith enhanced thermotolerance usingtemperature induction response (TIR)technique. Journal of Plant Physiology. 159(5):535-545.

IDENTIFICATION OF THERMOTOLERANT SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)70-72, 2011

COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS INVOLVING COLD TOLERANT RICE(Oryza Sativa L.) GERMPLASM LINES AT SEEDLING STAGEG. SHIVA PRASAD, L.V. SUBBA RAO, M .SUJATHA, and U. CHAITANYA

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030.

Rice yields are low in Telangana region

during rabi season due to cold effect. In Telangana

region the low temperature vary from 8oC to 16oC

starting from December to first fortnight of February.

Seedling stage is the most sensitivity one at the

whole rice growth stages to cold stress, which

severely affects rice yields. Therefore, the

development of rice lines with cold tolerance at the

seedling stage in rice was taken up by using

combining ability analysis.

In the present study, 4 lines were crossed

with 4 testers in L X T mating design and the resultant

16 F1s were used to determine the heterosis,

combining ability as well as the gene action on yield

and yield components. Roy and Mandal (2001).

The parents used as lines were IR-64, vikas,

Krishna Hamsa, MTU1010. Testers were Malida,

Ujala Depama, Bhurma bhuki, Parwa Panki. In 2010

Rabi season, the F1 hybrids along with parents were

grown in trays in green house conditions up to 30

days seedlings to study the effect of cold on Rice

seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to cold stress

at 80C to 100C in green house conditions.

Observations were recorded on five competitive

plants of each plot for five morphological parameters

viz. germination %, coleoptile length, seedling growth,

radical length and seed vigor.

Significant variances due to lines x testers

interaction for all the characters suggested the

presence of significant variances for SCA among the

hybrids (Table 1). Estimates of highly significant GCA

and SCA variances for all the characters indicated

the importance of both additive and non additive gene

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action in the expression of the characters. The ratio

of ó2 gca/ó2 sca was less than unity for all the

characters and this also indicated pre- ponderence

of non- additive genetic variance. It suggested

greater importance of non-additive gene action in their

expression and indicated very good prospect for the

exploitation of non- additive genetic variation for grain

and its component characters through hybrid breeding.

IR-64, Ujala Depama and Malida are

identified as good general combiners for the

germination percentage. IR64 X Ujala Depama, IR64

X Malida and Krishna Hamsa X Bhurma Bhuqi are

recorded as good specific combiners for the character

germination percentage. IR64 X Ujala Depama, IR64

X Malida and Vikas X Bhurma Bhuqi are good

heterotic combinations for the character germination

percentage. These results are in accordance with

Changrong Ye et al (2008).

Krishna Hamsa, MTU1010 and Parwa Panki

are recognized as good general combiners for

coleoptile length. IR64 X Parwa Panki, IR64 X

Bhurma Bhuqi and Vikas X Malida are identified as

good specific combiners for the character coleoptile

length. Krishna Hamsa X Ujala Depama, Krishna

Hamsa X Parwa Panki and MTU-1010 X Ujala

Depama are the best heterotic combinations for the

character coleoptile length. These results follows the

Rahimi et al (2010).

Ujala Depama, IR-64 and Krishna Hamsa are

good general combiners for the character seedling

growth. IR64 X Ujala Depama, Krishna Hamsa X

Parwa Panki and MTU1010 X Bhurma Bhuqi are

identified as good specific combiners for the character

Table 1. Good general combiners, good specific combinations and gca effects of parents involvedand heterotic combinations for the characters related to cold tolerance.

Character Good general Good specific gca Heteroticcombiner combinations effects combinations

(Standard heterosis)

Germination % IR-64 IR64 X Ujala Depama 20.04 IR64 X Ujala Depama

Ujala Depama IR64 X Malida 12.96 IR64 X Malida

Malida Krishna Hamsa X 3.80 Vikas X Bhurma BhuqiBhurma Bhuqi

Coleoptile length Krishna Hamsa IR64 X Parwa Panki 7.36 Krishna Hamsa XUjala Depama

MTU1010 IR64 X Bhurma Bhuqi 4.19 Krishna Hamsa X Parwa Panki

Parwa Panki Vikas X Malida 2.75 MTU-1010 XUjala Depama

Seedling growth Ujala Depama IR64X Ujala Depama 5.23 Krishna Hamsa XUjala Depama

IR-64 Krishna Hamsa X 4.81 IR64 X Ujala Depama Parwa Panki

Krishna Hamsa MTU1010 X Bhurma 0.03 IR64 X MalidaBhuqi

Radical length MTU1010 IR64 X Parwa Panki 711.42 MTU-1010 X Malida

Krishna Hamsa IR64 X Bhurma Bhuqi 518.69 MTU-1010 X Ujala Depama

Parwa Panki Vikas X Ujala Depama 434.85 IR64 X Bhurma Bhuqi

Seed vigor IR-64 IR64 X Ujala Depama 865.83 IR64 X Ujala Depama

Ujala Depama IR64 X Malida 324.17 IR64 X Malida

MALIDA MTU-1010 X Ujala 253.25 Krishna Hamsa XDepama Parwa Panki

seedling growth. Krishna Hamsa X Ujala Depama,IR64 X Ujala Depama and IR64 X Malida are thebest heterotic combinations for seedling growth andresults are found in accordance with Vanaja et al(2000).

MTU1010, Krishna Hamsa and Parwa Pankiare good general combiners for the character radicallength. IR64 X Parwa Panki, IR64 X Bhurma Bhuqiand Vikas X Ujala Depama are good specificcombinations for the character radical length.MTU-1010 X Malida, MTU-1010 X Ujala Depama andIR64X Bhurma Bhuqi are identified as best heteroticcombinations for the character radical length. Theseresults are in accordance with Muhammad Rashidet al. (2007).

IR-64, Ujala Depama and MALIDA areidentified as good general combiners for the characterseed vigor. IR64 X Ujala Depama, IR64 X Malidaand MTU-1010 X Ujala Depama are good specificcombinations for the character seed vigor. IR64 XUjala Depama, IR64 X Malida and Krishna Hamsa

X Parwa Panki are the best heterotic lines for the

character seed vigor.

REFERANCES

Changrong Ye.,Shu Fukai., Russell Reinke., IanGodwin., Peter Snell and Jaya Basnayake.2001. Screening rice genetic resources for coldtolerance at different growth stages.Proceeding of the 10th Australian Agronomy

COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS INVOLVING COLD TOLERANT RICE

Conference, Hobart, Australia, 28 January 28- 1February.

Muhammad Rashid., Akbar Ali Cheema andMuhammad Ashraf. 2007. Line x testeranalysis in basmati rice. Pakisthan Journal ofBotaney., 39(6): 2035-2042.

Rahimi,M., Rabiei,B., Samizadeh,H and KafiGhasemi, A. 2010. Combining Ability andHeterosis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars.Journal of Agricultural Science Technology.,Vol. 12: 223-231.

Roy, B and A.B. Mandal. 2001. Combining ability ofsome quantitative traits in rice. Indian Journalof Genetics., 61(2): 162-164.

Vanaja,T., Luckins,C,. Babu., Radhakrishnan,V.Vand Pushkaran, K. 2003. Combining abilityanalysis for yield and yield components in ricevarieties of diverse origin. Journal of TropicalAgriculture 41: 7-15.

PRASAD et.al.

There was a sudden increase in the areaunder tea cultivation in Nepal from the middle 1990’swith an increased participation of small and marginalfarmers. However, the trend has declined sharply inrecent years with stagnation in the area under teacultivation in Nepal. The yield of the tea leaves hasbeen lower than the adjoining regions of India coupledwith lower quality of the harvested leaves. With thisbackground, a research was conducted to accessthe level of adoption of recommended tea cultivationpractices by farmers that might provide insights onthe reasons for the underperformance of the Nepalesetea industry.

An exploratory research design was adoptedfor the study. Jhapa and Ilam districts of theeasternmost part of Nepal representing differentecological regions i.e., Hills and Terai were selectedfor the study. These two districts also had highestarea on tea cultivation in Nepal. Three VillageDevelopment Committees (VDCs) from each districtwere randomly picked and 15 farmers from eachVDCs were selected thus making a total of 90

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)73-75, 2011

A STUDY ON THE ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED TEA CULTIVATIONPRACTICES BY THE FARMERS OF NEPAL

KESHAV KATTEL, R. VASANTHA, M. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY AND P.PRASHANTHDepartment of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture

Rajendranagar, ANGR Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030

kattel_k@yahoo.com

respondents. A well prepared interview scheduleconsisting of 24 items testing the extent of adoptionof all recommended practices in tea cultivation byrespondents was prepared. The responses in the formof full adoption, partial adoption and non adoptionwere obtained and the raw adoption score of eachrespondent was converted into the Adoption Quotient(AQ). The general adoption level of the respondentson all recommended tea cultivation practices puttogether was measured by employing the procedureadopted by Sen Gupta (1967).

Majority (60%) of the respondents were inthe category of medium level of adoption ofrecommended tea cultivation practices followed by22.00 per cent with low adoption and remaining 18.00per cent with high level of adoption. In order to findout the extent of adoption of tea cultivation for eachand every practice, item analysis was done aspresented in the table below. The major aim of thisitem analysis was to identify deficiency areas,specifically, so that in future, extension activities canbe targeted only towards deficiency areas instead ofbeing too general.

Table 1. Item response analysis of extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of teacultivation by the farmers

S.No. Item Fully Partially Not AdoptedAdopted (%) Adopted (%) (%)

1. Tea cultivation under recommended climatic 100 0 0conditions

2. Tea cultivation under recommended soil 100 0 0conditions

3. Land preparation 76 9 16

4. Time of Planting 72 0 28

5. Selection of varieties 78 0 22

6. Proportion of Seed and Clone maintained 0 0 100

7. Recommended type of planting 100 0 0

8. Age of Seedlings (at least12 mature buds) 69 0 31

S.No. Item Fully Partially Not AdoptedAdopted (%) Adopted (%) (%)

9. Spacing 80 0 20

10. Use of mulches in the field 29 0 71

11. Provision of Shade trees 100 0 0

12. Maintenance of height of Permanent Frame 67 0 33

13. Dose of Fertilizers 28 36 37

14. Method of fertilizer application 100 0 0

15. Depth of pits for planting 33 0 67

16. Use of micronutrients 40 0 60

17. Irrigation Management 78 0 22

18. Recommended use of pesticides 17 28 56

19. Recommended use of fungicides 22 28 50

20. Recommended use of Bio fertilizers 24 0 76

21. Recommended use of Bio pesticides 29 0 71

22. Time of Pruning 100 0 0

23. Methods of Plucking the leaves 100 0 0

24. Plucking Cycle followed 78 0 22

A cent percent adoption was noted with someof the recommended practices in tea cultivation suchas the climatic and soil requirement, use of shadetrees in the plantations, recommended type ofplanting, method of fertilizer application, time ofpruning and methods of plucking of tea leaves. Itwas evident from the present study that 70-80 percent of the farmers were following the prescribedmethods of land preparation, actual time of planting,recommended varieties for cultivation, spacing,recommended plucking cycles and irrigationmanagement. Surprisingly, no body adopted theproportion of seed and clone varieties in their fieldsas recommended by the scientists. Only 29.00 percent of the farmers used mulches in their fields andonly 33.00 per cent of them adopted the proper depthof pits while planting.

With regard to use of fertilizers, only 28.00per cent of the respondents adopted therecommended doses of the ferti l izers andmicronutrients were used by 40.00 per cent of therespondents. 24.00 per cent of the respondentsapplied bio fertilizers in their fields. In the case ofplant protection measures, only a small percentage

of the respondents fully adopted the appropriate andprescribed doses of pesticides (17.00%) andfungicides (22.00%) which was followed by 28.00 percent of the respondents who partially adopted in bothof the cases.

Farmers have not adopted recommendedproportions of seed and clone varieties of tea plantin their fields which is treated as very importantpractice by tea experts since mixing of differentvarieties help to save the plantations during pestsand diseases outbreak. The reasons for this mightbe their poor knowledge and/or unavailability of thesevarieties. Since, it is recommended as most importantyield determining practice by experts, Government/NGO’s should take steps to create awareness amongthe farmers on optimum seed to clone ratio andmeasures should be carefully taken for adoption.Similarly, the farmers have not adopted the prescribeddepth of pits while transplantation. Most of them havegone for shallow depth of pits which may lead to poorestablishment and uprooting of plants due to highrainfall.

The recommended dose of fertilizers in teacultivation is complex as it varies according to the

KESHAV et.al.

age of the tea plants and it was found that the farmerswere using fertilizers randomly according to theirinstincts. Also, in the case of application ofmicronutrients, only 40.00 per cent of the respondentswere using them in their fields. Hence, time has comefor the stakeholders involved in the promotion of teacultivation in Nepal to have a close look on this matterand educate the farmers on the use of correct dosesand time of application of fertilizers in their fields forimproving yields of tea. The use of bio fertilizers isrestricted to the hilly areas where the production oforganic tea is predominant. Organic tea cultivationcan also be extended to the terai area keeping inview of increasing demand for organic tea.

The tea growing areas in Nepal are conduciveto a large number of pests and diseases. Less than17.00 per cent of the respondents were using therecommended pesticides and their doses. With evergrowing concern over pesticide residues and the rising

cost of the pesticides, monitoring of pests for theirearly detection, Integrated Management of Pests(IPM) and discretion of choice of pesticides to beused on tea is utmost important. Government shouldtake steps to regulate unregistered dealers andspurious pesticides in the market which was alsoindicated by Warakaulle et. al., 2007. There is anurgent need for all stakeholders of tea cultivation tofocus on this aspect and educate the farmers on IPMand production of organic tea before doors of allnations are closed for Nepal tea.

REFERENCES

Sengupta, T. 1967. A simple adoption scale forfarmers for high yielding variety Paddy. IndianJournal of Extension Education. pp: 107-115

Warakaulle, Mahinda, Ramesh Munankami andBastiaan Bijl. 2007. Sector study on Tea.International Trade Center, UNCTAD/WTO.

A STUDY ON THE ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED TEA CULTIVATION PRACTICES

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)76-78, 2011

An experiment was conducted to find out asuitable groundnut variety with optimum seed ratefor southern Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.The experiment was conducted during kharif season,2010 at college farm, College of Agriculture, AcharyaN.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. The soil was sandy loam in texture, lowin available N (223 kg ha-1) and medium inphosphorus (28.6 kg P2O5 ha-1) and potassium (252.9kg K2O ha-1). The experiment was laid out inRandomized Block Design with 16 treatmentalcombinations consisting of four varieties (Narayani,ICGV 91114, K 6 and JCG 88) and four seed rates

STUDIES ON SEED RATE FOR PROMISING GROUNDNUT VARIETIES UNDERRAINFED CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN TELANGANA ZONE, ANDHRA PRADESH

B. SOUMYA, K. B. SUNEETHA DEVI, Y. SIVA LAKSHMI and K. UMA MAHESHWARIDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agriculrtural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500 030

(75, 100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) which were replicatedthrice. The crop was sown on 17 July at an interrowspacing of 30 cm. Spacing within the row wasadjusted according to the seed rate used. i.e. 7.5,10, 12.5 and 15 cm for 150, 125, 100 and 75 kg ha-1

seed rate. 20 N, 60 P2O5 and 30 K2O kg ha-1 wereapplied as basal and gypsum was applied at 30 DAS@ 500 kg ha-1. Rainfall received during the cropgrowth period was 733.2 mm with 44 rainy daysindicating well distributed rainfall during crop growingseason.

The results indicated that plant height andLAI at 60 DAS were significantly higher with Narayani

Treatments

Plant height at 60 DAS

(cm)

LAI at 60 DAS

DMP at 60 DAS (g m-2)

No.of Branches

pt-1 at 60

DAS

Total pods pt-1

No.of seedspod-1

100-Kernel weight

Shelling %

Pod yield

(kg ha-1)

Haulm yield

(kg ha-1)

Harvest index

Varieties

V1: Narayani

35.9 3.76 192 5.4 23.8 1.8 37.25 72.9 1835 2851 38.99

V2: ICGV 91114

28.2 3.42 144 5.0 16.9 1.7 40.83 72.4 1125 2113 34.69

V3: K 6 32.5 3.62 188 5.3 22.2 1.8 38.20 72.6 1651 2678 37.91

V4: JCG 88 23.5 3.56 173 6.6 18.8 1.8 39.55 72.3 1365 2411 35.99

S.E(m) 0.6 0.02 2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.34 0.1 24 39 0.51

CD at 5% 1.6 0.05 6 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.99 0.3 68 113 1.49

Seed Rates (kg ha 1)

S1: 75 26.4 3.32 156 6.2 22.8 1.8 39.50 72.1 1224 2237 35.22

S2: 100 29.6 3.54 168 5.8 21.1 1.8 39.28 72.4 1352 2394 35.90

S3: 125 31.3 3.70 179 5.4 19.5 1.8 39.05 72.9 1666 2685 38.01

S4: 150 32.8 3.80 193 5.0 18.3 1.8 38.00 72.7 1733 2736 38.46

S.E(m) 0.6 0.02 2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.34 0.1 24 39 0.51

CD at 5% 1.6 0.05 6 0.2 1.0 NS 0.99 0.3 68 113 1.49

Varieties x Seed rates

S.E(m) 1.1 0.03 4 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.68 0.2 47 79 1.03

CD at 5% NS Sig. Sig. NS NS NS NS NS Sig. NS NS

Table 1.Agronomic traits of groundnut as influenced by varieties and seed rates

soumya.soumyab@gmail.com

STUDIES ON SEED RATE FOR PROMISING GROUNDNUT VARIETIES

T

able

2.

Inte

ract

ion

bet

wee

n v

arie

ties

x s

eed

rat

es o

n L

AI,

dry

mat

ter

pro

du

ctio

n a

t 60

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S a

nd

po

d y

ield

of

gro

un

dn

ut

LA

I at

60

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S

D

MP

at

60 D

AS

Po

d y

ield

(kg

ha

-1)

Tre

atm

ents

S

1 S

2 S

3 S

4

S1

S2

S3

S4

S

1 S

2 S

3 S

4

Var

ieti

es

V1

3.49

3.

72

3.82

4.

00

16

2 18

7 18

7 22

9

1440

17

10

2040

21

50

V2

3.10

3.

38

3.50

3.

70

13

1 13

8 14

8 16

0

966

1030

12

00

1304

V3

3.38

3.

35

3.74

3.

80

17

1 18

0 19

8 20

5

1386

14

30

1820

19

68

V4

3.32

3.

52

3.74

3.

68

15

9 16

8 17

9 19

3

1105

12

40

1603

15

10

S.E

(m)

0.03

4

47

CD

at 5

%

0.09

12

13

6

variety followed by K 6. Dry matter production at 60DAS was higher with Narayani but was at par with K6. More number of branches per plant was observedwith short statured groundnut variety JCG 88.Branches per plant in Narayani and K 6 varieties atpar and higher than ICGV 91114.

Total pods plant-1and shelling percentagewere significantly higher with Narayani variety andwas followed by K 6, JCG 88 and ICGV 91114respectively. Number of seeds pod-1 was higher withK 6, Narayani and JCG 88 and significantly higherthan ICGV 91114. 100-Kernel weight was higher withICGV 91114 while 100-Kernel weight of K 6 varietywas at par with that of Narayani variety.

Maximum pod yield, haulm yield and harvestindex were obtained with Narayani and next bestvariety was K 6 and both were superior to JCG 88and ICGV 91114. Lower yield was obtained with ICGV91114 due to less number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-

1 and shelling percentage as recorded by this varietycompared to the rest of the varieties.

Plant height increased with each higher levelof seed rate (i.e., 75 >100 >125 >150 kg ha-1)significantly and maximum was obtained at a seedrate of 150 kg ha-1. Higher plant density might haveresulted in mutual shading of the plants whichincreased competition for light and might have forcedplants to grow taller. Similar findings were reportedby Hirwe et al. (2005). Similar trend was observedfor LAI and dry matter production due to more numberof plants per unit area that resulted in higher drymatter. Similar results were reported by Kathirvelanand Kalaiselvan (2006).

Maximum pod yield, haulm yield and harvestindex were obtained at 150 kg ha-1 seed rate, butthese effects were at par with those of 125 kg ha-1

seed rate. However branches per plant and yieldcomponents viz., total number of pods per plant and100 kernel weight decreased significantly withincrease in seed rate. This might be due to sufficientspace for plants which encouraged to produce morevigorous plants and also lesser interplant competitionfor space, light, nutrients and moisture and resultedin more partitioning efficiency. Number of seeds pod-

1 was not influenced by seed rates. The reduction inpod yield under wider spacing was associated withlower plant population per unit area. These resultswere in accordance with the findings of Senthil Kumar(2009), Kathirvelan and Kalaiselvan (2006).

The interaction effect of varieties x seedrates was found significant in case of dry matterproduction, LAI at 60 DAS and pod yield. MaximumLAI at 60 DAS was recorded with Narayani variety ata seed rate of 150 kg ha-1. Dry matter productionwas also maximum with Narayani variety at a seedrate of 150 kg ha-1. Lowest dry matter was producedwith ICGV 91114 at seed rate of 75 kg ha-1. Podyield of Narayani at 150 kg ha-1 seed rate (2150 kgha-1) was at par with that of seed rate of 125 kg ha-1.Similar high yields with Narayni were reported bySahadeva Reddy et al. (2009).

The results indicated that for realizingmaximum pod yields, Narayani variety with a seedrate of 125 kg ha-1 may be adopted in sandy loamsoils of Southern Telangana zone, Andhra Pradesh.

REFERENCES

Hirwe, N.A., Ulemalle, R.B., Kubde, K.J and Chikate,R.R. 2005. Effect of plant density on growthand yield of groundnut under polythene filmmulch. Annuals of Plant Physiology.19 (2):245-246.

Kathirvelan, P and Kalaiselvan, P. 2006. Growthcharacters, physiological parameters, yieldattributes and yield as influenced by theconfectionary groundnut varieties and plantpopulation. Research Journal of Agriculture andBiological Sciences. 2 (6):287-291.

Sahadeva Reddy, B., Malliswara Reddy, A.,Padmalatha, Y and Shakunthala, P. 2009.Influence of seed size in different varieties ofgroundnut on its productivity. LegumeResearch. 32 (4):298-300.

Senthil Kumar, N. 2009. Effect of plant density andweed management practices on productionpotential of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).Indian Journal of Agricultural Research.43 (1):57-60.

SOUMYA et.al.

Hybrid napier is an interspecific hybridbetween Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) andNapier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). It is anexcellent perennial grass with profuse tillering, moreleafiness and erect growing habit having higher yieldpotential (Narayanan and Dabadghao, 1972). Thecutting interval for hybrid napier is 40-45 daysirrespective of season, but in winter, the growth rateof hybrid napier is very less and harvesting at 40-45days is not profitable due to less green fodder yield.From October to March, the growth is less due towinter dormancy (Islam and Thakuria, 2002).

Evaluation of cutting interval of hybrid napier bygrowing legumes as intercrops to substantiate theproduction of green fodder per unit area was doneduring rabi season 2007-08 at student’s farm, Collegeof Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga AgriculturalUniversity, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The soil ofthe experimental site was sandy loam in texture, lowin available N, high in P and K content with a pH of7.2. The experiment was laid out in split plot designand replicated thrice. The treatments comprised offive cutting intervals as main plots viz. 5, 6, 7, 8 and9 weeks and four intercrops as sub plots viz. cowpea(var.COFC-8), berseem (var. JB-1), Lucerne (var.Anand-2) and clusterbean (var. RG-8). Therecommended dose of fertilizers to hybrid napier (60:60: 30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) as basal and 30 kg Nha-1 after each cut was applied.

Uniform harvesting of hybrid was done on 9-10-2007 and intercrops were sown. Cowpea andclusterbean as they are single cut in nature weresown on 11-10-2007 and 8-1-2008 in between rowsof hybrid napier at 10 cm intra row spacing andharvested on 3-1-2008 and 18-3-2008 respectively.Berseem and lucerne due to their multicut nature weresown as solid rows on 11-10-2007 and harvested on3-1-2008, 10-2-2008 and 18-3-2008. Recommendedfertilizer dose of legume crops was added. The total

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)79-82, 2011

ECONOMICS OF INTERCROPPING IN BAJRA NAPIER HYBRID AS INFLUENCEDBY CUTTING INTERVALS

K. C. VERMA, K.B. SUNEETHA DEVI, A.P.K.REDDY AND G. JAYA SREEDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030

rainfall received during the experimental period was99 mm in 6 rainy days. The mean maximumtemperature ranged from 27.9 to 35.1oC, whereasthe mean minimum temperature varied from 10.7 to20.1 oC. Green fodder yields of hybrid napier andintercrops were recorded at different cuts. Gross andnet returns for each treatment were calculated byconsidering prevailing input costs and market priceof forages.

The green fodder yield of hybrid napierincreased with increase in cutting interval from 5weeks to 9 weeks and reached maximum of 198.3 qha-1. The increase in yield with increasing cuttingintervals over 5 weeks was 14.7, 36.1, 47.0 and 70.2q ha-1 with cutting interval of 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeksrespectively. The increase in the green fodder yieldof hybrid napier cut at 8 weeks as against that of 7weeks was not significant.

The influence of different legume foddercrops as intercrops on green fodder yield of hybridnapier was found significant. Cowpea and berseemas intercrops, appeared to be complementary withhybrid napier and as such the green fodder yields ofhybrid napier were higher. Green fodder yields ofhybrid napier were affected by intercropping withclusterbean.

Interaction between cutting intervals andintercrops was found significant on green fodder yieldof hybrid napier (Table 2). Highest green fodder yieldwas achieved at cutting interval of 9 weeks withcowpea as intercrop (224.3 q ha-1) and was at parwith same cutting interval with bersem as intercrop(219.3 q ha-1) and cutting interval of 7 weeks withcowpea as intercrop (210.4 q ha-1).

Among the intercrops, green fodder yield ofcowpea was significantly higher over other intercrops.Green fodder yield of Lucerne was significantly higherthan berseem. Clusterbeen gave less green fodder

e-mail : kailashagro@yahoo.co.in

Table 1. Green fodder yield, gross, net returns and benefit cost ratio of hybrid napier as influencedby intercropping and cutting intervals of hybrid napier (Total of two cuts)

Treatment Green fodder yield (q ha-1) Gross Net Benefitreturns returns cost

BN hybrid Intercrops Totral (Rs ha-1) (Rs ha-1) ratio

Cutting intervals

5 weeks 128.1 33.2 161.3 10572.5 1257.5 1.13

6 weeks 142.8 32.5 175.4 11383 1678 1.17

7 weeks 164.2 32.1 196.4 12668 2443 1.24

8 weeks 175.1 31.6 208.4 13266.5 2521.5 1.23

9 weeks 198.3 32.2 230.6 14715 3765 1.34

SE ± 6.4 2.4 7.0

CD at 5% 14.8 NS 16.1

Intercrops

Cowpea 183.8 78.5 262.3 17312.4 7312.4 1.72

Berseem 172.0 20.1 192.1 12315.2 2115.2 1.20

Lucerne 151.9 27.0 180.3 11820.8 1260.8 1.11

Clusterbean 139.1 3.8 143.0 8635.6 -1356.4 0.85

SE ± 8.5 1.8 7.9 - - -

CD at 5% 17.3 3.7 16.2 - - -

Interaction (m x s) Sig. NS Sig. - - -

Market rate:

Crops Fodder cost(Rs.q-1)

BN hybrid 60

Cowpea 70

Berseem 100

Lucerne 100

Clusterbean 50

VERMA et.al.

Table 2. Effect of interaction between cutting interval and intercrops on green fodder yield ofhybrid napier and hybrid napier + intercrops

(a) Green fodder yield of hybrid napier

Intercrops Cutting intervals Mean

5 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks 8 weeks 9 weeks

Cowpea 122.1 181.2 210.4 181.1 224.3 183.8

Berseem 128.1 149.1 183.0 180.6 219.3 172.0

Lucerne 132.7 136.5 136.4 164.6 189.6 151.9

Clusterbean 129.4 104.3 127.1 174.5 160.2 139.1

Mean 128.1 142.8 164.2 175.1 198.3

Sub at same level of main

SE ± 18.9

CD at 5% 38.7

Main at same or different level of sub

SE ± 14.6

CD at 5% 30.3

(b) Total green fodder yield of hybrid napier + intercrops

Intercrops Cutting intervals Mean

5 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks 8 weeks 9 weeks

Cowpea 207.1 261.6 287.1 254.1 302.0

Berseem 146.1 170.0 204.2 201.6 238.6

Lucerne 159.5 162.0 163.8 199.2 217.1

Clusterbean 132.8 108 130.6 178.8 164.7

Mean 161.4 175.4 196.4 208.4 230.6

Sub at same level of main

SE ± 17.8

CD at 5% 36.3

Main at same or different level of sub

SE ± 15.0

CD at 5% 31.3

ECONOMICS OF INTERCROPPING IN BAJRA NAPIER HYBRID

yield among all intercrops. No significant interactionwas observed between cutting intervals andintercropping on green fodder yield of intercrops grownin hybrid napier. Tripathi et al. (1984) tested cowpeaand velvetbeen as intercrops in guinea grass andhybrid napier at Jhansi and reported that cowpea asintercrop contributed highest green and dry fodderyield of 82.0, 16.0 q ha-1 to hybrid napier + cowpeasystem.

Total green fodder yield (BN hybrid +Intercrop) significantly increased from cuttingintervals 5 to 9 weeks and reached a maximum atcutting interval of 9 weeks. Lowest total green fodderyield was obtained with cutting interval of 5 weeksand was on par with cutting interval of 6 weeks. Theexperiments conducted during kharif season reportedthat cutting interval of 4 weeks was optimum forhigher green fodder yield of hybrid napier + intercrops(Verma et al., 1997). Total green fodder yield wasmaximum when cowpea was grown as intercrop.Berseem and lucerne performed equally well andcontributed higher than clusterbean. This clearlyshows that cowpea, berseem and lucerne are suitableintercrops in hybrid napier during winter season insouthern India. Reddy and Naik (1999) tested fiveannual forage legumes (clusterbean, rice bean, fieldbean, horse bean and cowpea) as intercrop in BNhybrid in sandy loam soils of Hebbal station, Bangloreand reported that intercropping with cowpea gavehighest green forage yield of hybrid napier(33.6 t ha-1) followed by field bean (31.5 t ha-1) andthe least (28.2 t ha-1) was with clusterbean. TotalGreen fodder yield was significantly influenced dueto interaction between intercropping and cuttingintervals. Total green fodder yield was highest atcutting interval of 9 weeks with cowpea as intercropbut with on par was cutting interval of 7 weeks withsame intercrop.

Gross returns, net returns and benefit costratio of hybrid napier + intercrops increased withincrease in cutting interval from 5 weeks to 9 weeks

and reached maximum at 9 weeks. Intercropping withcowpea resulted in increased gross returns, netreturns and benefit cost ratio and was in accordancewith results of Lakshmi et al. (2002). The next bestintercrops were berseem and Lucerne. Intercroppingwith clusterbean resulted in net loss.

The results indicated that, cutting intervalof 8 or 9 weeks can be adopted for hybrid napierduring winter. Cowpea is the best intercrop (berseemis next to it) to complement the green fodder yield aswell as economics of hybrid napier cultivation duringwinter months in this agro climatic region of southernTelangana of A.P.

REFERENCES

Islam, M and Thakuria, K. 2002. Seasonal variationin green fodder production of importantperennial grasses and legumes intercroppingsystem. Journal of Agriculture Science,Society of north east India 15(2): 192-195.

Lakshmi, S., Girija Devi, L., Achuthan Nair, M andVidya, C. 2002. Yield and economics of fodderlegume hybrid Napier intercropping systems.Forage Research. 28 (1): 13-15.

Narayanan, T. R and Dabadghao, P. M. 1972. Foragecrops India. Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, New Delhi. 73-76.

Reddy, V. C and Naik, G. 1999. Effect of intercropsof annual forage legumes and nitrogen levelson the performance of hybrid Napier. ForageResearch. 22 (4): 275-276.

Tripathi, S. N., Singh, R. A and Gill, A. S. 1984.Forage production potential of grass-legumecrop sequences. Forage Research. 10(1): 45-47.

Verma, S. S., Virendra Singh and Joshi, Y. P. 1997.Effect of cutting frequency and nitrogen levelson forage yield, quality and economics ofNapier bajra hybrid (NB- 21). Forage Research23 (1 & 2): 71 – 76.

VERMA et.al.

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)83-85, 2011

Groundnut is leading edible oilseed crop ofIndia. Recent reports indicated that consumption ofgroundnut kernels for table purpose and value addedconfectionery is progressively increasing. However,the type of kernel used for table purpose is supposedto be different from that being used for oil extraction.Consumer preference is for kernels of bold size, withlow oil and fatty acid content and high sugar andprotein content. Bold kernel type of groundnut hasgot vast export potential and fetch premier price inthe market compared to normal sized kernel types.Apart from the management of major nutrients,application of micronutrients has become inevitableto realize the yield potential of groundnut andespecially, it becomes more imperative in respect ofbold sized kernel type of groundnut.

Due to micronutrient deficiencies, particularlyZn and B, yield reduction of groundnut is substantial(Tripathy et al., 1999). Hence the present study wasconducted with a view to improve yield and proteincontent in the kernel and to get higher income throughpremier price in the market.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi,2005 in dry land farm of S.V.Agrilcultural College,Tirupati. The soil was sandy clay loam in texture andthe initial nutrient status was 230, 21.4 and 205 N-P-K kg ha-1, respectively. The experiment was laid outin split plot design replicated thrice, with thetreatments consisting of three levels of majornutrients viz., 30-40-50, 45-60-75 and 60-80-100N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 assigned to main plots and sixmicronutrient management practices viz., nomicronutrient application, ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1

, Borax

@ 5 kg ha-1, FeSO4 @ 2.5 kg ha-1

, CuSO4

@ 5 kg ha-1 and combined application of all the fourmicronutrients allotted to sub plots. The varietyselected for experiment was Asha. Entire dose of allthe fertilizers except nitrogen were applied basally.

FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT FOR MAXIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY ANDPROFITABILITY OF EXPORT ORIENTED GROUNDNUT [Arachis hypogaea (L.)]

S.TIRUMALA REDDY, D.SRINIVASULU REDDY AND G.PRABHAKARA REDDYDepartment of Agronomy, S.V. Agricultural College,

Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati-517502.

E-mail I.D: tirumalareddy7@gmail.com.

Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits i.e. first halfat the time of sowing as basal and remaining half astop dressing at 30 days after sowing. Oil (NMRtechnique) and protein (Lowry et al, 1951) contentwas estimated by using standard techniques.Economic returns were worked out based on the costof variable inputs and out puts.

The export oriented groundnut producedsignificantly more number of filled pods per plant withhigher shelling percentage and test weight by theapplication of 45-60-75 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 comparedto the high dose of 60-80-100 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1

(Table 1). Eventually, the pod and haulm yield werealso significantly more at 45-60-75 N-P2O5-K2O kgha-1 than the high level of fertilization. Similar resultswere reported by Gundalia et al. (2004).

The soil application of micronutrients viz.,ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1

, Borax @ 5 kg ha-1

, and CuSO4

@ 5 kg ha-1 significantly improved the yield attributes,pod and haulm yield significantly. The application ofFeSO4 @ 2.5 kg ha-1 was not beneficial to the crop.Maximum pod yield of 2592 kg ha-1 was realized bythe combined application of all micronutrients. Thiswas significantly more than the yield improvementdue to the application of any one of them. Applicationof Zn, B and Cu involved in regulatory functions, auxinproduction, and efficient translocation of assimilateswhich resulted in increased stature of all the yieldattributes led to higher pod yield. Similar findings werereported by Subrahmaniyan et al. (2001). Interactioneffect of major and micronutrients was foundsignificant with respect to pod yield, but not withhaulm yield. The highest pod yield was recorded with45-60-75 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 along with combinedapplication of all four micronutrients. These findingswere in accordance with Janakiraman et al. (2005).

Table 1. Effect of major and micro nutrients on yield attributes and yield of groundnut

Treatment No. filled Shelling Test Pod Haulmpods percent weight yield yieldplant-1 (g) kg ha-1 kg ha-1

Major nutrients(N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1)M1 : 60-80-100 25.5 64.91 58.0 1984 3834M2 : 45-60-75 29.0 68.84 61.1 2175 4022M3 : 30-40-50 29.8 69.73 62.2 2244 4094SE± 0.37 0.32 0.94 25.91 65.31CD at 5% 1.0 0.92 2.6 72 182Micro nutrientsS1 : No micronutrient application 23.8 63.2 54.8 1742 3594S2 : ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 31.1 69.3 62.4 2383 4235S3 : Borax @ 5 kg ha-1 29.3 67.8 59.3 2279 4131S4 : FeSO4 @ 2.5 kg ha-1 25.8 67.4 59.0 1808 3660S5 : CuSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 25.1 66.9 58.3 2002 3854S6 : Combined application of all the four micronutrients 33.4 71.9 68.7 2592 4426SE± 0.92 0.89 1.22 87.61 101.14CD at 5% 1.9 1.8 2.5 118 206M x S interactionCD at 5% 3.3 NS 4.3 207 NS

Major nutrients(N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1)M1 : 60-80-100 32.00 50.42 48575 37147 4.24M2 : 45-60-75 34.32 47.32 53194 40966 4.34M3 : 30-40-50 36.46 43.17 54888 42660 4.48SE± 0.056 0.950CD at 5% 0.19 2.62Micro nutrientsS1 : No micronutrient application 31.66 45.37 42812 31299 3.72S2 : ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 34.89 48.36 58196 46183 4.84S3 : Borax @ 5 kg ha-1 34.84 48.43 55684 43921 4.73S4 : FeSO4 @ 2.5 kg ha-1 34.04 47.84 44380 32762 3.82S5 : CuSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 33.56 48.21 49044 37041 4.08S6 : Combined application of all the four micronutrients 36.57 48.61 63196 50338 4.91SE± 0.084 0.749CD at 5% 0.18 1.58M x S interactionCD at 5% 0.31 NS

Table 2. Influence of major and minor nutrients on quality and economics of groundnut

Treatment Protien Oil Gross Net B : Ccontent content Returns Returns Ratio

% % (Rsha-1) kg ha-1

Cost of Nutrients: N @ 10.86, P2O5 @ 20.25 and K2O @ 7.7 Rs. kg-1

ZnSO4 @ 50, Borax @ 50, FeSO4 @ 42 and CuSO4 @ 98 Rs. kg-1

Cost of Produce: Groundnut pods @ 24 and haulms @ 0.25 Rs kg-1

REDDY et.al.

The protein content increased with increasinglevel of fertilizer application from 30-40-50 to 60-80-100 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O. Since the nitrogen forms theprincipal constituent of protein and undisputedly,protein content is always in direct proportion tonitrogen. The increased rate of nutrient level beyond40 kg N and 45 kg K2O was known to reduce the oilcontent in groundnut kernel. The protein contentincreased significantly by the application ofmicronutrients viz., ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1

, Borax @ 5

kg ha-1, FeSO4 @ 2.5 kg ha-1

, CuSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1. The

higher oil content might be due to involvement ofboron in catalyzing the metabolism of carbohydratesand Fe and Zn increasing in enzyme activity andother biological oxidation reactions. Findings of thepresent investigation are in agreement with those ofKrishnappa et al. (1994).

The economics of fertilizer applicationshowed that it is ideal to apply relatively low dose of45-60-75 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 to realize maximumgross and net returns as well as B: C ratio. Theseeconomic variables were also enhanced by theapplication of the four micronutrients. But, thecombined application of these micronutrients wasmost profitable due to significantly higher yields withhigh returns.

The study revealed that export orientedgroundnut could be successfully raised withapplication of 45-60-75 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 along withbasal application of Zn, B, Fe and Cu.

REFERENCES

Janakiraman, N., Venkataramana, P and Seenappa,C. 2005. Effect of iron, zinc and boron onyield and seed quality of ground nut (Arachishypogeae L.). Mysore Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 39 (1) : 286 – 288.

Gundalia, J. D., Polara, K. B and Polara, J. V. 2004.Effect of K levels at recommended and higherNP rates on yield of summer groundnut GG-2.Advances in Plant Science. 17 (2): 591-596.

Krishnappa, M., Srinivasan, C. N., Sarkar, P. W andSastry, J. A. 1994. Effect of iron, zinc andmolybdenum on protein content of groundnutvarieties. Journal of Maharashtra AgriculturalUniversities. 17 (2) : 232-235.

Lowry D. H., Rose Brough L. A and Randall R.J. 1951.Protein measurement with tolin phenolreagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 265-25.

Subrahmaniyan, K., Kalaiselvan, P and Arulmozhi,N. 2001. Response of confectionerygroundnut to micronutrients. LegumeResearch. 24 (2): 139-140.

Tripathy, S. K., Patra, A. K and Samui, R. C. 1999.Effect of micronutrients on nodulation, growth,yield and nutrient uptake of summer groundnut(Arachis hypogeae L.). Annals of AgriculturalResearch. 20 (4) : 439 – 442.

FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT FOR MAXIMIZING PRODUCTIVITY

In India the areas that show boron (B)deficiency include Northern Bihar, part of Assam,West Bengal, Meghalaya, Northern Orissa, all partsin North East India together with Karnataka Gujarat(Shorrocks, 1997) and in Andhra Pradesh state(Singh, 2006).

To correct the deficiency of B, soil applicationhas been a common method but its availability hasbeen limited due to its immobile nature. In the presentinvestigation B was applied as foliar spray.

The main functions of B in plant relate tosugar transport, flower production, retention, pollentube elongation and germination, translocation ofcarbohydrates and sugars to reproductive organs,which in turn improved the spikelet number andspikelet fertility that influenced the yield andproductivity (Ahmad et al., 2009). The present studywas taken up to know effect of B on total dry matter(TDM), grain filling and grain yield.

Seven genotypes viz., IET 20979, IET21007, IET 21007, IET 21114, IET 21519, IET 21540and Rasi (check) were grown at Directorate of RiceResearch farm during kharif 2010. Rasi variety wasused as check variety because of its excellent grainfil l ing qualities. Experiment was laid out inRandomized Block Design (factorial concept) withthree replications. Spacing of 10 x 20 cm wasadopted. 8.0 x 7.0 m2 plots were maintained. Soilanalysis of DRR farm revealed low B status (DRRAnnual Progress Report, 2009). Fertilizers wereapplied @ 100 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O perhectare. Boron (H3BO3) in the form of foliar spraywas given at anthesis stage and the treatments withB included, control (no B spray), B @ 0.2 ( = 0.375kg B ha-1), 0.4 ( = 0.75 kg B ha-1) and 0.8 ppm ( = 1.5kg B ha-1). TDM at harvest was measured from fiveplants from the area demarcated for destructivesampling. Grain filling (%) was calculated by counting

EFFECT OF BORON APPLICATION ON TOTAL DRY MATTER, GRAIN FILLINGAND GRAIN YIELD IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

Tulasi G, Ramesh T, Rao P. R and Sreedhar M.Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

e-mail : Thatikunta_r@rediffmail.com

total number of spikelets and total number of grainsformed in each panicle. After crop harvest andthreshing, the produce was sundried, cleaned andgrain yield were recorded.

The dry matter production was higher withspray of 0.4 ppm B concentration. Among thegenotypes, IET 20979 (1289 g m-2) recorded higherDMP compared to the rest. The interaction effectwas significant. IET 20979 at 0.2 ppm B concentrationproduced more dry matter (1377 g m-2) while IET21114 could produce 1360 g m-2 with 0.8 ppm of B.Debnath et al. (2009) reported an improvement in totaldry weight of rice because of increased plant heightand number of ti l lers upon application of1.5 kg B ha-1.

B application significantly increased thespikelet fertility. Significant variations were recordedamong different levels of B spray in the present study.The spikelet fertility was 80.8 per cent in control andit improved to 83 per cent by spraying 0.4 ppm B.However, grain filling was not affected by sprayingat other concentrations. Among the genotypes, grainfilling was higher in Rasi. In case of Rasi, the grainfilling improved with boron spray up to 0.4 ppm, whilein case of IET 21106, the grain filling was affected(decreased) with 0.8 ppm spray of B. Subedi et al.(1997) reported that 8-10 per cent sterility can bereduced by spraying B in certain genotypes only andgenotypes vary in their response to B application.

Maximum grain yield (691 g m-2) wasrecorded at 0.4 ppm B treatment. Genotypes showedsignificant variations for grain yield. Among thegenotypes, maximum grain yield (722 g m-2) wasrecorded by IET 20979 followed by IET 21106 (712 gm-2). In case of genotypes IET 21007, 21519 andRasi, the grain yield increased and was higher with0.8 ppm Boron; IET 21114 produced higher yieldwith 0.4 ppm B, IET 21106 with 0.2 ppm B and IET

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)86-88, 2011

EFFECT OF BORON APPLICATION ON TOTAL DRY MATTER

Tab

le 1

. E

ffec

t o

f B

oro

n o

n T

ota

l d

ry m

atter at

har

vest

, g

rain

fil

lin

g a

nd

gra

in y

ield

T

DM

at h

arve

st (

g m

-2)

Gra

in fi

lling

(%

) G

rain

yie

ld (

g m

-2)

Tre

atm

ents

B

spr

ay c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

) B

spr

ay c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

) B

spr

ay c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Gen

otyp

es

Con

trol

0.

2 0.

4 0.

8 M

ean

Con

trol

0.

2 0.

4 0.

8 M

ean

Con

trol

0.

2 0.

4 0.

8 M

ean

IET

209

79

1218

13

78

1368

11

93

1289

84

.8

83.2

85

.5

81.2

83

.7

675

777

772

665

722

IET

210

07

992

1004

10

01

1122

10

30

70.4

72

.0

73.6

72

.0

72.0

52

2 55

8 55

8 62

0 56

5

IET

211

06

1200

13

32

1284

12

42

1264

87

.6

86.3

89

.2

80.9

86

.0

665

758

715

710

712

IET

211

14

1238

11

06

1315

13

60

1255

82

.7

84.5

86

.8

84.9

84

.7

693

602

758

705

690

IET

215

19

1159

12

45

1248

13

19

1243

75

.4

75.4

77

.3

78.8

76

.7

643

665

690

720

680

IET

215

40

1227

13

09

1320

11

49

1251

77

.7

72.5

75

.0

75.8

75

.3

673

637

670

583

641

Ras

i (C

heck

) 12

25

1068

11

92

1293

11

94

86.9

92

.4

93.8

89

.4

90.6

68

5 60

5 67

7 73

8 67

6

Mea

n 11

80

1206

12

47

1240

80.8

80

.9

83.0

80

.4

65

1 65

7 69

1 67

7

S

Em

±

CD

( p

= 0

.05

)

S E

m ±

C

D (

p =

0.0

5 )

S E

m ±

C

D (

p =

0.0

5)

Tre

atm

ents

(T

) G

enot

ypes

(G

) In

tera

ctio

n(T

×G

)

1.1

3.4

1.

6

4

.5

3.2

9.1

0.4

1.1

9 0.

5

1

.58

1.1

3.1

6

1.2

3

.5

1.6

4.

6 3.

2

9.3

21540 without B spray. Hence, the response to Bwas found to be highly variable (Table 1).

Genotypes responded to spray of B at variousconcentrations. IET 20979 recorded maximum yieldswith B spray of 0.4 ppm. IET 20979 also recordedhigh total dry matter and grain filling which contributedin high yields by way of partitioning of dry mater in tograins.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, W., Niaz, A., Kanwal, S., Rahmatullah andRasheed, M.K. 2009. Role of boron in plantgrowth: A review. Journal of AgricultureResearch. 47(3): 329-338.

Debnath, P., Chandra, G and Ghosh, K.S. 2009.Critical limit of available Boron for rice underred and laterite zone of West Bengal, India.SAARC Journal of Agriculture. 7(1): 99-105.

DRR Annual Progress Report. 2009. Plant physiology.Influence of boron on spikelet fertility undervaried soil conditions. 3: 6.20-6.27.

Shorrocks, V.M. 1997. The occurrence and correctionof boron deficiency. Plant and Soil 193: 121-148.

Singh, M.V. 2006. Emerging Boron Deficiency inSoils and Crops in India and Its Management.Plant Responses and Adaptation to IonicStresses – Theater. July 9-15, 2006.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 18th World Congress of Soil Science.104-118.

Subedi, K.D., Budhathoki, C.B and Subedi, M. 1997.Variation in sterility among wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) cultivars in response to borondeficiency in Nepal. Euphytica. 95: 21–26.

Tulasi

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)89-93, 2011

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) occupiesa prominent place among oilseed crops as itcontributes about 12 % to the world edible oilproduction. In India, sunflower is cultivated underrainfed situation, where intermittent moisture stressis most prevalent. Although the area under sunflowerhas increased (2 m.ha) over years in the country,the productivity is still lowest among the sunflowergrowing countries. The decrease in productivity inoilseeds in general and in sunflower in particular ismainly due to abiotic stresses. Drought is the mostlimiting of all abiotic stresses as it causes more than70% reduction in biomass and seed yield in sunflower(Umashanker, 1991).Hence present investigation wasundertaken to identify varieties suitable for growingunder drought to increase the productivity.

The experiment was laid out in Random BlockDesign with two levels of irrigation and 12 genotypeswhich were replicated thrice during rabi, 2009-10 atCollege Farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. The irrigation levels consisted of control(irrigated) and water stresses. Control plots wereirrigated at 10 days intervals throughout the cropgrowth period whereas, in stress treatment irrigationwas withheld for twenty days from 40 DAS to 60 DASi.e. flower bud initiation stage. Each genotype wassown in two rows at 5 m length with spacing of 60 x30 cm. Two to three seeds were sown per hill toachieve uniform stand. Thinning was done at twoweeks after sowing to retain one seedling per hill.Recommended package of practices were followedto raise a healthy crop. The data were recorded oncapitulum weight , capitulum diameter, total numberof seeds per capitulum, thousand seed weight , seedfilling parameters , oil content , seed yield per plantand drought susceptibility index at harvest stagefrom ten randomly selected plants from each plot.Drought susceptibility index (S) was calculated

YIELD BASED SCREENING OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)GENOTYPES UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS

A. GEETHA, A. SIVASANKAR, J. SURESH, LAKSHMI PRAYAGA and G. ANURADHADepartment of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture,

Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

E-mail:geethagri_100@yahoo.co.in

according to Fischer and Maurer (1978): S= (1-Y/Yp)/ (1-X d/Xp) Where, Y is the achene yield per head ofa given genotype under drought, YP is the acheneyield per head of he same genotype underirrigation,Xd is the mean achene yield of all thegenotypes within group (inbred or parent) underdrought, Xp is the achene yield per head of allgenotypes within group under irrigation .

The quality 1-Xd/Xp is the drought intensityFischer and Maurer (1978) with the range 0 to 1.

The capitulum weight was reduced by droughtstress compared to control (Table 1). Amonggenotypes, SH-491 under non stress environment andDSF-111 under stressed environment showed highercapitulum weight over rest of the genotypes.Capitulam weight was unaffected by stress in certaincultivars. RSF-101, RSF-106 and ASF-104 registerednegligible reduction of capitulam weight under stress.The decrease in capitulum weight under water stressin sunflower cultivars like TSF-103, ASF-107, SH-177, DSF-111 and SH-491 was due to poorphotosynthetic machinery and decreased assimilatorysurface (Reddy et al., 2003). The findings are inagreement with the results of Andrich et al., 1996.

The capitulum diameter was reduced instress compared to non stress treatment (Table 1).Significant variation in head diameter was exhibitedby sunflower cultivars uniformly under control andstressed conditions. In stress condition, ASF-107,TSF- 103 and DSF-114 recorded less reduction incapitulum diameter. The reduction of capitulumdiameter in other genotypes like RSF-106 and DSF-111SH-491 may be attributed to reduction in leaf areaindex and inefficient photosynthetic activity leadingto poor translocation of photosynthates from sourceto sink.

The number of seeds per capitulum wassignificantly reduced when stress was imposed at

flower bud initiation stage (Table 1). The percentreduction in total number of seeds was 10.8 overcontrol. Among genotypes, SH-177 and DSF-111under control and DSF-111 and SH-177 under stresshad more seeds per capitulum over other genotypes.The research findings of Kafi et al.(2000) revealedthat reduction in seeds number per capitulum underdrought stress may be due to reduction in leaf areaand depression of photosynthetic process. Theresults are in accordance with findings Reddy et al.,2003 and Nezami et al., 2008.

Drought induced at flower bud initiation stagedecreased thousand seed weight (Table 1).Genotypes exhibited significant variation in thousandseed weight. Genotype SH-491 recorded highestthousand seed weight in control as well as understress. While RSF-101 recorded lowest thousandseed weight under both conditions. Rauf (2008)reported that reduction of 1000-achene weight mayoccur due to lower photosynthates production as aresult of excessive loss of leaves at flower budinitiation stage.

Seed filling percentage was highly reducedunder water stress (Table 2). The percent reductionin seed filling during stress was 16 %. Amonggenotypes SH-491 followed by DSF-111 exhibitedhigher seed filling percentage both under control andstress environments. SH-491 recorded highest seedfilling percent followed by DSF-111 in interaction. Thedecrease in seed filling percent was due to decreasein the duration of grain filling period (Rao and Singh.,1994).

Water stress induced at flowering budinitiation stage caused reduction in seed yield perplant (Table 2). Maximum seed yield was recordedin control treatment, which was significantly superiorto stress treatment. Among genotypes there wassignificant difference in seed yield per plant.Genotype SH-491 recorded highest seed yield perplant in non stress, stress and interaction weresuperior over rest of the genotypes. As per Amruthaet al., 2007 the decrease in yield might be due todecreased sink size (mainly number of seeds) andseed weight.

Stress treatment recorded decrease in oilcontent per cent compared to control (Table 2).Among the genotypes SH-177 recorded highest oil

content in control, stress and combined effect thanremaining eleven cultivars. Genotype DSF -114recorded lowest oil content in mean effect. Oil contentwas reduced by moisture stress. On contrary, someworkers like Parihar and Ehsanullah (1990) found thatwater availability has no significant effect on oilcontent.

Drought susceptibility index may prove avery useful selection criterion for drought-tolerancebreeding in sunflower (Rauf and Sadqat, 2007). Waterstress induced at flower bud initiation stage causereduction in yield (Table 2). Three genotypes viz.,ASF -107 (2.16) , SH-177 (2.15) and RSF-101(1.81)recorded higher DSI, while TSF-106 recorded lowestDSI value followed by TSF-103, RSF-106, RSF-107, DSF-104 and DSF-114 which were on par. A highervalue of susceptibility index indicates highersusceptibility of a genotype to the stress. Higherdrought susceptibility index of some genotypes underwater stress situations may be due to degradation ofmembrane system due to poor defense mechanism.

Based on results obtained three genotypes,SH-491, DSF-111 and SH-177 are considered aspromising lines and can be grown successfully underlimited water conditions.

REFERENCES

Amutha, R., Muthulaksmi, S., Baby Rani, W., Indira,W. K and Mareeswari, P. 2007. Alleviation ofHigh Temperature Stress in Sunflower(Helianthus Annus L.) By Plant GrowthRegulators and Chemicals Research Journalof Agriculture and Biological Sciences.3(12):1658-1662.

Andrich, G., Balzini, S., Zinnai,A., Silvestri, S andGaloppini, C .1996. The effect of droughtstress on some characteristics of sunflowerseeds. Agricoltura Mediterranea. 126 (3): 285-291.

Fischer, R.A. and Maurer, R. 1976. Drought resistancein spring wheat cultivar. I. Grain yieldresponses. Australian Journal of AgriculturalResearch. 29: 897-912.

Kafi, E .Z., Kamkar, B., Sharifi, H .R and Goldani, M.2000. Plant Physiology. Vol (2). (translated)Ferdowsi University Press.

GEETHA et.al.

YIELD BASED SCREENING OF SUNFLOWER

Tab

le 1

. Y

ield

att

rib

ute

s o

f su

nfl

ow

er c

ult

ivar

s in

flu

ence

d b

y m

ois

ture

str

ess

Cap

itu

lum

wei

gh

t (g

) C

apit

ulu

m d

iam

eter

(cm

) T

ota

l n

um

ber

of

seed

s p

er

cap

itu

lum

T

ho

usa

nd

see

d w

eig

ht

(g)

S.N

o.

Gen

oty

pe

C

on

tro

l S

tres

s M

ean

C

on

tro

l S

tres

s M

ean

C

on

tro

l S

tres

s M

ean

C

on

tro

l S

tres

s M

ean

1 R

SF

-101

48

.1

46.1

47

.1

17.3

15

.1

16.2

51

8.7

477.

3 49

8.0

54.6

43

.0

48.8

2

TS

F-1

03

92.2

54

.0

73.1

26

.0

22.6

24

.3

716.

0 69

4.7

705.

3 66

.2

62.3

64

.3

3 A

SF

-107

92

.0

76.3

84

.1

26.8

23

.8

25.3

66

4.0

532.

3 59

8.2

65.1

64

.8

65.0

4

DS

F-1

14

40.7

32

.3

36.5

22

.9

20.6

21

.7

302.

0 27

0.7

286.

3 60

.7

52.5

56

.6

5 S

H-1

77

103.

0 87

.0

95.0

17

.2

14.3

15

.7

1222

.7

1163

.3

1193

.0

52.7

50

.6

51.6

6

DS

F-1

04

60.6

50

.6

55.6

19

.9

15.5

17

.7

557.

0 54

4.0

550.

5 58

.8

55.2

57

.0

7 R

SF

-106

46

.2

41.0

43

.6

23.8

18

.7

21.3

44

1.3

406.

7 42

4.0

55.6

47

.7

51.6

8

DS

F-1

11

134.

0 11

3.1

123.

6 23

.3

19.7

21

.5

1217

.0

1182

.7

1199

.8

75.0

68

.3

71.7

9

RS

F-1

07

120.

4 10

4.7

112.

5 22

.3

20.3

21

.3

983.

3 75

2.3

867.

8 71

.1

68.9

70

.0

10

AS

F-1

04

43.3

39

.4

41.4

20

.7

15.8

18

.3

489.

0 44

2.0

465.

5 57

.4

53.3

55

.4

11

TS

F-1

06

83.0

72

.6

77.8

20

.3

17.7

19

.0

749.

3 66

3.3

706.

3 65

.2

56.7

60

.9

12

SH

-491

15

1.0

89.4

12

0.2

23.0

18

.7

20.8

93

5.0

718.

3 82

6.7

83.0

74

.3

78.7

M

ean

84.5

67

.2

75.9

22

.0

18.6

20

.3

733.

0 65

4.0

693.

5 63

.8

58.1

61

.0

CD

at 5

%

for

trea

tmen

ts

1.69

1.

36

7.91

1.

83

CD

at 5

%

for

geno

type

s 4.

14

3.34

19

.36

4.49

CD

at 5

%

for

T x

G

5.56

N

S

27.3

8 N

S

S.E

0.

25

0.15

1.

24

0.18

GEETHA et.al.

Tab

le 2

. S

eed

fil

lin

g p

erce

nta

ge,

oil

co

nte

nt

(%),

see

d y

ield

per

pla

nt

(g) an

d d

rou

gh

t su

scep

tib

ilit

y in

dex

(D

SI)

of

su

nfl

ow

er c

ult

ivar

s in

flu

ence

d b

y m

ois

ture

str

ess

S

.No

. G

eno

typ

e S

eed

fil

lin

g p

erce

nta

ge

Oil

co

nte

nt

(%)

See

d Y

ield p

er p

lan

t (g

) D

SI

Co

ntr

ol

Str

ess

Mea

n

Co

ntr

ol

Str

ess

Mea

n

Co

ntr

ol

Str

ess

Mea

n

Mea

n

Val

ue

1 R

SF

-101

85

.5

64.4

74

.9

37.1

34

.6

35.9

25

.3

14.9

20

.1

1.81

2 T

SF

-103

86

.8

68.7

77

.7

36.7

35

.2

36.0

44

.2

42.0

43

.1

0.25

3 A

SF

-107

77

.1

64.3

70

.7

36.8

36

.2

36.5

42

.7

21.7

32

.2

2.16

4 D

SF

-114

60

.3

46.8

53

.5

33.3

32

.9

33.1

11

.1

9.3

10.2

0.

76

5 S

H-1

77

89.8

70

.0

79.9

40

.4

39.8

40

.1

66.2

34

.4

50.3

2.

15

6 D

SF

-104

80

.1

74.4

77

.3

36.6

35

.8

36.2

23

.3

20.9

22

.1

0.45

7 R

SF

-106

76

.4

72.4

74

.4

36.0

34

.5

35.2

19

.9

18.5

19

.2

0.29

8 D

SF

-111

97

.4

83.2

90

.3

39.9

37

.8

38.8

84

.6

66.3

75

.5

0.95

9 R

SF

-107

94

.10

75.9

85

.0

38.8

38

.3

38.6

65

.0

59.5

62

.3

0.36

10

AS

F-1

04

75.3

65

.5

70.4

39

.2

35.7

37

.4

19.1

14

.2

16.6

1.

10

11

TS

F-1

06

86.1

0 74

.3

80.2

37

.2

37.0

37

.1

40.3

39

.1

39.7

0.

13

12

SH

-491

97

.8

85.2

91

.5

37.3

37

.2

37.3

10

4.7

80.5

92

.6

1.00

Mea

n

83.9

70

.4

77.2

37

.4

36.2

36

.8

45.5

35

.1

40.3

0.

94

CD

at 5

%

for

trea

tmen

ts

1.

34

0.21

1.

28

0.64

CD

at 5

%

for

geno

type

s

3.27

0.

52

3.13

CD

at 5

%

for

T x

G

4.

63

0.73

4.

42

SE

0.21

0.

03

0.

02

Nezami, A., Khazaeia,H.R., BoroumandRezazadehb, Z and Hosseinic, A.2008.Effects of drought stress and defoliation onsunflower (Helianthus annuus) in controlledconditions. Desert. 12:99-104.

Parihar, U.K and Ehsanullah, M.D. 1990. Effect ofirrigation and nitrogen on soil and plant N, leafwater potential,growth and yield of mustard.Annals of Agriculture Research. 11(1):47-55.

Rao, A.S and Singh, K.C.1994. Influence ofmeteorological factor on forage and seedproductivity of Cenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Aridzone. 33(1):39-44.

Rauf, S and Sadaqat, H.A. 2007.Effect of variedwater regimes on root length, dry matterpartitioning and endogenous plant growth

regulators in (Helianthus annuus L.) Plantinteractions. 2:41-51.

Rauf, S. 2008. Breeding sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) for drought tolerance. Communications inBiometry and Crop Science. 3 (1):29–44.

Reddy, G. K .M., Dangi, K. S., Kumar, S. S andReddy, A. V. 2003. Effect of moisture stresson seed yield and quality in sunflower,Helianthus annuus L. Journal of OilseedsResearch. 20(2):282–283.

Umashanker, R .1991. Gametophytic screeningtechniques in identification and developmentof drought tolerant lines. Proceedings ofNational Symposium. Recent Advances .Drought Research. Dec,10-13, kottayam,Kerala India , Pp.5.

YIELD BASED SCREENING OF SUNFLOWER

It is in this context that the present studywas undertaken to assess the relative toxicity ofdifferent seed protectants against the pulse beetleCallosobruchus chinensis.

A laboratory experiment was conducted atDepartment of Entomology, College of Agriculture,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the relativetoxicity of newer insecticides viz., spinosad,abamectin, emamectin benzoate, novaluron,lufenuron, neem and deltamethrin, by dry film residuemethod. In this method 1ml of test solution of aparticular concentration was taken and spreaduniformly to the bottom and lid of petriplate in a thinlayer. The petriplate was allowed to dry at roomtemperature and then 10 adult insects were releasedinto the petriplate. Similarly the procedure wasrepeated for all the insecticides at differentconcentrations. Initially mortality was assessed fora wide range of concentrations for each insecticideand based on this narrow range was selected.

Mortality was assessed after 24 and 48 hoursand the LC50 values were calculated by probit analysismethod. The mortality count of insects in threereplications of each concentration was recorded andthe average per cent mortality in each concentrationwas calculated. The per cent mortality in the control,if any, was corrected using Abbot’s formula (1925).

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)94-100, 2011

EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES AS SEED PROTECTANTSAGAINST THE PULSE BEETLE (Callosobruchus chinensis L.).

AMTUL RAHEEM and D. SRIDEVIDept. of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

The dose mortality regressions werecomputed by probit analysis (Finney,1971) usingBiostat 2009 5.8.00 version software. The relativetoxicity of newer insecticides was calculated by takingdeltamethrin as standard check

Relative toxicity ofnewer insecticides =

LC50 of deltamethrin (check)

LC50 of newer insecticide

The results of mortality response and relativetoxicity of selected newer test insecticides viz.,spinosad, abamectin, emamectin benzoate,novaluron, lufenuron, neem and the checkdeltamethrin against the adults of C. chinensis (Table1) at 24 hours of treatment showed that the highestmortality (96.66%) was observed with emamectinbenzoate, novaluron and deltamethrin at 11, 5000and 8 ppm concentrations with LC50 values (Table 2)being 6.23, 149.57 and 2.69 ppm, respectively.Mortality of 93.33, 93.33, 86.66 and 83.33 wasrecorded for spinosad, abamectin, lufenuron andneem at 10.5, 4,100 and 10,000 ppm, respectivelywith their LC50 values being 5.73, 1.03, 20.30, and1382.97 ppm, respectively. Based on LC50 values,abamectin was found to be relatively more toxic thanthe remaining insecticides.

The calculated ∏2 values in all theinsecticides tested were less than that of table value(12.529) suggesting that the adult population washomogeneous.

With respect to LC50 values, the relativetoxicity of these insecticides were arranged in thefollowing order: abamectin (2.6116) > deltamethrin(1.0000) > spinosad (0.4694) > emamectin benzoate(0.4317) > lufenuron (0.1325) > novaluron (0.0179) >neem (0.0019) after taking the toxicity of the checkdeltamethrin as unity.

The LC90 value of the insecticide viz.,spinosad, abamectin, emamectin benzoate,novaluron, lufenuron, neem and deltamethrin were12.06, 4.82, 9.96, 1802.24, 151.53, 41086.59 and 8.14ppm respectively.

The insect mortality increased marginally at48 hours (Table 3). The highest mortality (100%) wasobserved with abamectin, emamectin benzoate,novaluron and deltamethrin at 4, 11, 5000 and 8 ppm,respectively. Mortality of 93.33, 90.00 and 90.00 per

e-mail : amieraheem04@gmail.com

CorrectedMoratality (%) =

Test mortality(%) - Control mortality (%)

100-Control mortality (%)

cent was observed in spinosad, lufenuron and neemat 10.5, 100 and 10000 ppm, respectively. The LC50

values were 4.93, 0.67, 5.57, 68.00, 14.89, 679.41and 1.91 ppm for spinosad, abamectin, emamectinbenzoate, novaluron, lufenuron, neem anddeltamethrin, respectively. Abamectin exhibitedhighest toxicity followed by deltamethrin, spinosad,emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, novaluron and neem.

With respect to LC50 values, the relativetoxicity (Table 4) of these insecticides were arrangedin the following order: abamectin (2.8507) >deltamethrin (1.0000) > spinosad (0.3874) >emamectin benzoate (0.3429) > lufenuron (0.1282)> novaluron (0.0280) > neem (0.0028) after takingthe toxicity of check deltamethrin as unity. The dataclearly indicated the superior performance ofabamectin over others. The calculated ÷2 valuesindicated that the C. chinensis adult population usedin the study was homogeneous.

On the basis of LC90 values, the order oftoxicity of insecticides remained the same as in LC50

values. The LC90 value of the insecticides viz.,spinosad, abamectin, emamectin benzoate,novaluron, lufenuron, neem and deltamethrin were11.99, 2.85, 8.25, 597.01, 114.70, 20007.64 and 6.52ppm, respectively.

Thus, at both 24 and 48 hours, the most toxicinsecticide was abamectin followed by deltamethrin> spinosad > emamectin benzoate > lufenuron >novaluron > neem.

The toxicity was more at 48 hours comparedto 24 hours after treatment. This is in accordance tothe findings of Lokare et al. (1999) who haveconfirmed that the toxicity increases with the periodof exposure.

In this study, abamectin was the most toxicamong the insecticides tested against the adults ofC. chinensis. Abamectin attacks the nervous systemof insects causing paralysis within hours and theparalysis cannot be reversed. Hussain and Ashfaq(2009) also reported that abamectin wascomparatively more toxic than spinosad andindoxacarb to both malathion-resistant andorganophosphates-susceptible strains of

T. castaneum after 48 hours of treatment throughresidual film method.

Subsequently, deltamethrin, spinosad andemamectin benzoate in the decreasing order weretoxic to the adults of C. chinensis. Sanon et al. (2010)also reported the lower toxicity of spinosad thandeltamethrin in the 24 hour treatment to C.maculatus. Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid hasquick knock down effect besides good contact toxicitywhile spinosad acts mainly by ingestion and contact.Thus this knock down property of deltamethrin mighthave given an edge over spinosad in the relativeefficacy studies. Srivastava and Agarwal (2004) intheir findings have also reported the supremacy ofdeltamethrin over the other synthetic pyrethroids andorganophosphate insecticides against the adults ofrajma beetle (Zabrotes subfasciatus) by residue filmmethod. However, in a study on the effect of spinosadon the adults of eight stored product beetles exposedfor 24 hours to deposits of 0.05 and 0.1 mg cm-2

mortality of > 98 % was recorded (Subramanyam etal., 2003).

Among the insect growth regulators,lufenuron was relatively more toxic than novaluron,while neem was the least effective againstC. chinensis among all the insecticides tested.Ishaya and Yablonski (1987) reported that chitinsynthesis inhibitors were less effective againstresistant strain of T. castaneum. Rao andSubbaratnam (2002) had reported that the toxicity ofchitin synthesis inhibitors increases with the periodof exposure but as the present study was confinedto only 48 hours of exposure, the toxicity recordedwas low. Hussain et al. (2005) found that azadirachtinremained effective against larvae of T. castaneumbut at higher doses (LC50 = 20025 ppm). On the otherhand Yadav (1993) found azadirachtin to be no moreeffective against pulse beetles. Our studies alsoreveal that neem was relatively less effective as theconcentration used was low.

The results indicated that abamectin was themost effective insecticide against C. chinensisfollowed by deltamethrin, spinosad, emamectinbenzoate, lufenuron, novaluron and neem.

EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES

RAHEEM and DEVI

Tab

le 1

. M

ort

alit

y re

spo

nse

of

sele

cted

new

er i

nse

ctic

ides

on

th

e ad

ult

s o

f C

. ch

inen

sis

at

24 h

ou

rs a

fter

exp

osu

re

Sp

ino

sad

A

bam

ecti

n

Em

amec

tin

b

enzo

ate

No

valu

ron

L

ufe

nu

ron

N

eem

D

elta

met

hri

n

Co

nce

nt-

rati

on

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

3.5

23.3

3 0.

5 36

.66

4 13

.33

70

30.0

0 3

6.66

50

0 20

.00

1 20

.00

4.5

36.6

6 1.

0 43

.33

5 23

.33

100

46.6

6 5

10.0

0 70

0 50

.00

2 30

.00

5.5

46.6

6 1.

5 53

.33

6 46

.66

300

66.6

6 7

23.3

3 10

00

56.6

6 3

50.0

0

6.5

53.3

3 2.

0 63

.33

7 66

.66

500

70.0

0 10

56

.66

3000

60

.00

4 63

.33

7.5

60.0

0 2.

5 76

.66

8 73

.33

700

80.0

0 30

60

.00

5000

63

.33

5 73

.33

8.5

66.6

6 3.

0 83

.33

9 80

.00

1000

83

.33

50

66.6

6 70

00

66.6

6 6

80.0

0

9.5

86.6

6 3.

5 86

.66

10

90.0

0 30

00

93.3

3 70

73

.33

9000

76

.66

7 90

.00

10.5

93

.33

4.0

93.3

3 11

96

.66

5000

96

.66

100

86.6

6 10

000

83.3

3 8

96.6

6

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES

Tab

le 2

. R

elat

ive

toxi

city

of

sele

cted

new

er i

nse

ctic

ides

on

th

e ad

ult

s o

f C

. ch

inen

sis

at

24 h

ou

rs a

fter

exp

osu

re

Inse

ctic

ide

Het

ero

gen

eity

(Ô2 )

df

=6

Reg

ress

ion

Eq

uat

ion

L

C 50 (p

pm

) (9

5% F

L)

Rel

ativ

e to

xici

ty

Ord

er o

f

to

xici

ty

LC

90 (p

pm

) (9

5% F

L)

Slo

pe

± S

E

(b)

Spi

nosa

d

1.32

7

Y=

1.99

2+3.

966x

5.73

(5.0

7-6.

33)

0.46

94

3 12

.06

3.96

6±0.

024

Aba

mec

tin

1.95

9

Y=

4.97

0+1.

918x

1.03

(0.7

3-1.

30)

2.61

16

1 4.

82

1.91

8±0.

064

Em

amec

tin

benz

oate

0.

480

Y=

0.00

2+6.

287x

6.

23

(5.7

6-6.

67)

0.43

17

4 9.

96

6.28

7±0.

016

Nov

alur

on

0.45

4

Y=

2.42

1+1.

185x

149.

57

(86.

20-8

6.20

)

0.01

79

6 18

02.2

4 1.

185±

0.10

4

Lufe

nuro

n

7.32

4

Y=

3.07

9+1.

468x

20.3

0

(15.

31-2

7.14

)

0.13

25

5 15

1.53

1.

468±

0.06

3

Nee

m

4.04

0 Y

=2.

266+

0.87

0x

1382

.97

(708

.03-

2156

.20)

0.00

19

7 41

086.

59

0.87

0±0.

123

Del

tam

ethr

in

2.17

6

Y=

3.84

7+2.

671x

2.69

(2.2

0-3.

16)

1.00

00

2 8.

14

2.67

1±0.

039

RAHEEM and DEVI

Tab

le 3

. M

ort

alit

y re

spo

nse

of

sele

cted

new

er i

nse

ctic

ides

on

th

e ad

ult

s o

f C

. ch

inen

sis

at

48 h

ou

rs a

fter

exp

osu

re

Sp

ino

sad

A

bam

ecti

n

Em

amec

tin

b

enzo

ate

No

valu

ron

L

ufe

nu

ron

N

eem

D

elta

met

hri

n

Co

nce

n-tr

atio

n

(pp

m)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

Co

nce

n-

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

%

mo

rtal

ity

(pp

m)

3.5

33.3

3 0.

5 50

.00

4 20

.00

70

40.0

0 3

13.3

3 50

0 33

.33

1 36

.66

4.5

46.6

6 1.

0 60

.00

5 26

.66

100

66.6

6 5

16.6

6 70

0 60

.00

2 46

.66

5.5

56.6

6 1.

5 66

.66

6 56

.66

300

86.6

6 7

26.6

6 10

00

63.3

3 3

56.6

6

6.5

63.3

3 2.

0 73

.33

7 80

.00

500

90.0

0 10

63

.33

3000

70

.00

4 66

.66

7.5

66.6

6 2.

5 86

.66

8 83

.33

700

90.0

0 30

66

.66

5000

73

.33

5 83

.33

8.5

70.0

0 3.

0 93

.33

9 93

.33

1000

93

.33

50

73.3

3 70

00

76.6

6 6

90.0

0

9.5

86.6

6 3.

5 96

.66

10

96.6

6 30

00

96.6

6 70

80

.00

9000

83

.33

7 96

.66

10.5

93

.33

4.0

100

11

100

5000

10

0 10

0 90

.00

1000

0 90

.00

8 10

0

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

co

ntro

l 0.

00

cont

rol

0.00

EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES

Tab

le 4

. R

elat

ive

toxi

city

of

sele

cted

new

er i

nse

ctic

ides

on

th

e ad

ult

s o

f C

. ch

inen

sis

at

48 h

ou

rs a

fter

exp

osu

re

Inse

ctic

ide

Het

ero

gen

eity

(Ô2 )

df

=6

Reg

ress

ion

Eq

uat

ion

L

C 50 (p

pm

)

(95%

FL

)

Rel

ativ

e to

xici

ty

Ord

er o

f

to

xici

ty

LC

90 (

pp

m)

(95%

FL

)

Slo

pe

± S

E

(b)

Spi

nosa

d

0.75

0

Y=

2.69

6+3.

322x

4.93

(4.0

7-5.

59)

0.38

74

3 11

.99

3.32

2±0.

016

Aba

mec

tin

1.74

5

Y=

5.35

0+2.

041x

0.67

(0.4

2-0.

89)

2.85

07

1 2.

85

2.04

1±0.

083

Em

amec

tin

benz

oate

1.

731

Y=

-0.6

03+

7.50

9x

5.57

(5.1

6-5.

94)

0.34

29

4 8.

25

7.50

9±0.

015

Nov

alur

on

1.13

3

Y=

2.51

0+1.

358x

68.0

0

(31.

88-1

07.0

0)

0.02

80

6 59

7.01

1.

358±

0.06

4

Lufe

nuro

n

5.28

3

Y=

3.30

3+1.

445x

14.8

9

(11.

05-1

9.79

)

0.12

82

5 11

4.70

1.

445±

0.03

5

Nee

m

2.05

8 Y

=2.

529+

0.87

2x

679.

41

(247

.19-

1159

.08)

0.00

28

7 20

007.

64

0.87

2±0.

171

Del

tam

ethr

in

3.11

7

Y=

4.32

1+2.

406x

1.

91

(1.4

3-2.

34)

1.00

00

2 6.

52

2.40

6±0.

054

REFERENCES

Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing theeffectiveness of an insecticide. Journal ofEconomic Entomology 18, 265–267.

Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit analysis, 3rd EditionUniversity Press, Cambridge, U. K. 333 pp.

Ishaaya, I and S. Yablonski, 1987. Toxicity of twobenzoylphenyl ureas against insecticideresistant mealworms, pp. 131–40. In: Wright,J.E. and A. Retnakaran (eds.), Chitin andBenzoylphenyl Ureas. Dr. Junk Publishers,Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Lokare R.U., Chandele A.G and Kharbade S.B. 1999.Avermectins, a class of compounds :implications for use in arthropod pest control.Annual Review of Entomology 36 : 91-117.

Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Ashfaq ,Mushtaq A.Saleem and Sohail Ahmed. 2005. Toxicity ofsome insecticides with novel modes of actionagainst malathion–resistant andorganophosphate–susceptible strains ofTribolium castaneum larvae. InternationalJournal of Agriculture & Biology. Vol. 7, No.5.

Riaz Hussain and Muhammad Ashfaq 2009.Susceptibility of malathion-resistant andsusceptible Tribolium castaneum adults toabamectin, spinosad and indoxacarb. KuwaitJournal of Science & Engineering. 36(1a): 113-121. 47 ref.

Rao, D.V.S and Subbaratnam, G.V. 2000. Toxicityof benzoylphenyl ureas to the ragi cutworm,Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) on onion. PestManagement and Ecology Zoology 8(2) : 171-175.

Sanon, A. Ba, N.M., Binso-Dabire C.L and Pittendirgh,B.R. 2010 Effectiveness of spinosad incontrolling the cowpea storage pestCallosobruchus maculatus F. Journal ofEconomic Entomology 103(1): 203-210.

Srivastava, C and Agarwal, M. 2004. Relative toxicityof some insecticides to the adults of Rajmabeetle Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.). IndianJournal of Entomology. 66(1): 40-41. 2 ref.

Subramanyam, B. Toews, M and Fang, L. 22-26July 2002. 2003. Spinosad: an effectivereplacement for organophosphate grainprotectants. Advances in stored productprotection. Proceedings of the 8th InternationalWorking Conference on Stored ProductProtection, York, UK, 916-920. 17 ref.

Yadav, T.D. 1993. Olfactory, oviposition anddevelopmental response of four species ofpulse beetles to four neem oil treated legumes.In: Singh, R.P., M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja andW. Kraus (eds.). Neem and Environment. Vol.I, pp. 344–8. Oxford and 1BH Publ. Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

RAHEEM and DEVI

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)101-103, 2011

Raising pigeon pea during winter (rabi)season with assured irrigation can provide greaterstability and higher productivity. Pigeon pea can alsoescape the menace of pod borer when grown as apost rainy season crop (Reddy et al., 1991). As wateris a limiting and costly input its judicious applicationneeds special attention for maximizing pigeon peayield per unit quantity of applied water.

This field experiment was carried out atWater Technology Centre, College Farm, College ofAgriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad (Latitude17019’ N, Longitude 78023’ E and altitude of 542.6 mabove mean sea level) during rabi, 2010-11 to studythe effect of variable water supply levels on growthand yield of rabi pigeon pea under surface dripirrigation The experiment was laid out in RandomizedBlock Design with 3 replications and 8 treatmentsviz., I1 (0.4 Epan throughout crop life), I2 (0.6 Epanthroughout crop life), I3 (0.8 Epan throughout the croplife), I4 (Drip irrigation at 0.4 Epan up to flowering and0.6 Epan later on), I5 (Drip irrigation at 0.4 Epan up toflowering and 0.8 Epan later on), I6 (Drip irrigation at0.6 Epan up to flowering and 0.8 Epan later on), I7

(drip irrigation at 0.4 Epan up to flowering, 0.6 Epanfrom flowering to pod initiation and 0.8 Epan later onand I8 (furrow irrigation at 0.8 IW /CPE ratio withirrigation water of 50 mm throughout the crop life).

The soil was sandy clay in the texture,alkaline in reaction and non-saline, low in availablenitrogen, medium in available phosphorous and highin available potassium. The infiltration rate was 2.3mm hour-1 and hydraulic conductivity was 2.5 mmhour-1. The irrigation water was marginally alkaline(pH=7.56) and Class II (C3S1) suggesting that it issuitable for irrigating the crop by following goodmanagement practices. The RSC levels indicated thatthere was no residual alkalinity problem. Pigeonpeacrop variety – Lakshmi (ICPL 85063) was sown on16th October 2010 adopting a spacing of 0.60 m

RESPONSE OF RABI PIGEON PEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) ]TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DRIP IRRIGATION

K. MAHALAKSHMI, K. AVIL KUMAR, M. D. REDDY and M. UMA DEVIWater Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad- 500 030

between the rows and 0.15 m between the plantswith in a row to maintain a desired plant populationof 1,11,111 plants ha-1. Irrigations were scheduledbased on the USWB Class A pan evaporation ratesfor treatments under drip irrigation and the calculatedirrigation water was delivered in surface irrigationtreatment plot directly using a water meter and aflexible pipe. The mean pan evaporation from USWBClass A pan evaporimeter during the cropping periodranged from 1.6 to 3.2 mm day-1 with an average of2.56 mm day-1. The seasonal pan evaporation was428.4 mm. while the total precipitation received duringthe cropping period was only 145mm.The calculatedirrigation water was delivered in surface irrigationtreatment using a water meter x flexible pipe. Basedon pan evaporation rates irrigations were scheduledin case of treatment under dip irrigation.

Plant height of pigeon pea increased slowlyup to 30 days after sowing (DAS), there after itincreased linearly up to 90 DAS, and after thatalthough it continued to increase until maturity itoccurred at diminishing rate in different irrigationtreatments. The average leaf area index increasedwas at lower rate up to 30 DAS and there after itincreased linearly with the ontogeny of the plant,reaching a peak value at 120 DAS but there afterdue to senescence of leaves it was found to decreaselinearly and at harvest the Leaf area Index (LAI)recorded lower value (Table 1).

Pigeon pea seed yield and dry matter yieldwere higher when irrigations were scheduled by dripat 0.8 Epan throughout crop life (I3). However,performance of pigeon pea with 0.6 Epan up toflowering and 0.8 Epan later on (I6) or 0.6 Epanthroughout crop life (I2) was more or less similar tothe above and significantly superior over irrigationscheduling at 0.4 Epan throughout crop life(I1), 0.4Epan up to flowering and 0.6 Epan later on (I4), 0.4Epan up to flowering and 0.8 Epan later on (I5), drip

e-mail : maa.luky@gmail.com

MAHALAKSHMI et.al.

Tab

le 1

. R

esp

on

se o

f g

row

th,

yiel

d a

ttri

bu

tin

g c

har

acte

rs a

nd

yi

eld

of

pig

eon

pea

to

dif

fere

nt

leve

ls o

f d

rip

irr

igat

ion

Tre

atm

ent

det

ails

P

lan

t h

eig

ht

(cm

) L

AI

Nu

mb

er o

f p

od

s p

lan

t-1

Nu

mb

er o

f se

eds

po

d-1

Po

d w

eig

ht

pla

nt-1

(g

) Y

ield

(kg

ha-1

) T

ota

l d

ry

mat

ter

(kg

ha-1

)

I 1 (

0.4

Epa

n)

52.7

1.

31

34

3.7

9.00

47

8 30

31

I 2 (

0.6

Epa

n)

60.3

1.

82

42

3.9

15.0

7 79

6 35

11

I 3 (

0.8

Epa

n)

61.6

2.

04

46

4.1

16.1

5 83

4 37

31

I 4 (

0.4+

0.6

Epa

n)

54.6

1.

57

38

3.7

11.1

7 67

5 32

23

I 5 (

0.4+

0.8

Epa

n)

56.6

1.

59

41

3.6

14.8

9 69

0 32

92

I 6 (

0.6+

0.8

Epa

n)

60.4

1.

93

50

3.9

16.8

0 80

8 36

49

I 7 (

0.4+

0.6+

0.8

Epa

n)

54.2

1.

47

36

3.7

13.6

0 63

2 32

73

I 8 (

IW/C

PE

= 0

.8)

53.9

1.

33

35

3.6

9.36

61

2 31

89

SE

(m)

1.8

0.06

3

0.1

1.18

27

79

CD

at

5%

5.5

0.18

10

N

S

3.59

84

24

2

irrigation at 0.4 Epan up to flowering, 0.6 Epan fromflowering to pod initiation and 0.8 Epan later on (I7)and surface irrigation (Table 1). All the yield attributingcharacters viz., number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1

and pod weight plant-1 were higher in I2, I3 and I6.Lowest yield was observed with drip irrigation at 0.4Epan throughout the crop life (I1) treatment. Thesetrends were due to similar variation in growth andyield attributes under these treatments. Maintenanceof favourable soil water balance under drip irrigationtreatments at 0.8 Epan throughout the crop life (I3),0.6 Epan up to flowering and 0.8 Epan later on (I6)and 0.6 Epan throughout the crop life (I2) aided thecrop plants to put forth more canopy growth andresulted in higher plant height and LAI and in turnimproved performance over other treatments in termsof more number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and podweight plant-1 since water plays a vital role in thecarbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, cell wallsynthesis and cell enlargement (Gardner et al.,1985).This improved performance of plants resultedin higher yield and dry matter in these treatments.Yield under surface furrow irrigation was statisticallyinferior in comparison to drip irrigation treatments(I2 to I7) except I1. The increase in yield was 36.2 percent more when irrigation was scheduled by drip at0.8 Epan throughout crop life (I3) compared to surfacefurrow irrigation at 0.8 IW /CPE ratio (I8).

The irrigation cycle under conventional furrowmethod of irrigation (I8) consisted of a short period ofinfiltration followed by a long period of redistribution,evaporation and extraction of water by growing plantsstarting from field capacity moisture content downtowards permanent wilting point. It was welldocumented that during this transition phase in soilmoisture variation, it becomes increasingly difficultfor the crop plants to extract water with every passingday since progressive decrease in soil-water contentincreases soil water tension. This decrease in soilwater potential and wide fluctuation in soil moistureowing to longer irrigation interval in furrow treatment(8-12 days) as compared to drip (2-4 days irrigationinterval) affected the crop growth, development andyield attributing characters resulting in reduced cropyields as is evident from I8 treatment.

Investigations by others revealed thatirrigations scheduled at an IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (50mm depth) proved to be beneficial for higher yield ofpigeon pea (Gajera and Ahlawat, 2006 and Ramuluet al., 2006). Whereas, Sudhakar and Rao, (1996)observed that irrigations scheduled at an IW/CPEratio of 0.8 produced significantly higher seed yieldthan 0.6, 0.4 or 0.2 IW/CPE ratio.

The results of present study indicated thatpigeon pea grown as rabi crop under Rajendranagarconditions can be irrigated with drip system at 0.8Epan throughout the crop life with an optimal seasonalwater requirement of 363 mm to realize higher yield.Under limited water supply situations, schedulingirrigation at 0.6 Epan throughout the crop life isbeneficial.

REFERENCES

Gajera, M.S and Ahlawat, R.P.S (2006). Optimizationof irrigation and evaluation of consumptivewater use efficiency for rabi pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp). Legume Research.29 (2): 140-142.

Gardner, F.P., Pearu, R.B and Mitchell, R.L. 1985.Physiology of crop plants. Lowa StateUniversity press. Lowa, pp. 327.

Ramulu, V., Suresh, K and Balaguravaiah D. 2006.Effect of irrigation Schedules and sowingmethods on rabi red gram (Cajanus cajan) inNSP left Canal Common of A.P. Journal ofWater Management. 14 (2): 125-127.

Reddy, G.M, Ghosh, B.C and Sudhakar, N. 1991.Studies on scheduling of irrigation to winterpigeon pea. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 36(1):109-111.

Sudhakar, C and Rao, V.P. 1996. Performance ofdifferent crops during post rainy season undervaried moisture regimes in Southern Telanganaregion. Journal of Research, Andhra Pradesh.22: 113-115.

RESPONSE OF RABI PIGEON PEA

Reserch NotesJ.Res. ANGRAU 39(4)104-109, 2011

The present investigation was undertaken tostudy the genetic variability for yield and itscomponent characters in various rice germplasm linesand to know the inter-relation among different yieldcontributing characters and their association withgrain yield.

A field experiment was conducted duringRabi, 2010 at Directorate of Rice Research (DRR)farm, International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Campus Patancheru,Hyderabad, India with 52 genotypes of rice obtainedfrom Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU), Pusa;Vivekananda Parvathiya krishi Anusandan Shala(VPKAS), Almora; Regional Rice Research Station,Khudwani. Each entry was represented by single rowof 4.5 m length with a spacing of 20 cm between

STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE, CORRELATIONAND PATH ANALYSIS FOR QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN RICE

(Oryza sativa L.)G. SHIVA PRASAD, M .SUJATHA, U. CHAITANYA and L.V. SUBBA RAO

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030.

rows and 15 cm between plants in a RandomizedBlock Design with three replications. Thirty days oldseedlings were transplanted. Five representativeplants for each genotype in each replication wererandomly selected to record the observations on 16metric traits. The mean data after computing for eachcharacter was subjected to standard methods ofanalysis of variance following Panse and Sukatme(1957). Phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV)coefficients of variation, heritability (broad sense) andgenetic advance as percentage of mean wereestimated by the formulae suggested by Burton(1952). Correlations were estimated as suggested byAli et al., (1958). The partitioning of genotypiccorrelation coefficients into direct and indirect effectswere carried out using the procedure suggested byDewey and Lu (1959).

Table 1. Analysis of Variance for characters under study

S.No. Character Replication Treatments Error(d.f=2) (d.f =51) (d.f=102)

1. Panicle length 0.914 36.088* 0.506

2. Panicle exsertion 0.00 0.88* 0.0039

3. Days to maturity 5.044 952.597* 1.554

4. Spikelet sterility 16.5.9 98.119 2.052

5. Test weight 0.013 0.334** 0.015

6. Seed yield/plant 10.399 16.64* 2.039

7. Early seedling vigor 0.0833 0.520 0.070

8. Plant height 1.073 432.586* 0.324

9. Tillers/plant 0.653 35.789* 0.692

10. Days to 50% flowering 0.519 288.939** 1.473

11. Productive tillers 0.208 44.144* 0.942

12. Germination% 0.391 0.426* 0.351

13. Coleoptile length 34.787 67.085 11.468

14. Seedling growth 13.842 67.626** 9.0064

15. Radical length 1.526 3.28** 0.522

16. Seed vigor 17.769.40 675918.80** 89914.85

The analysis of variance indicated theexistence of highly significant differences amonggenotypes for all the characters studied exceptspikelet sterility, early seedling vigor and coleoptilelength (Table 1). A wide range of variation wasobserved in the rice germplasm for all the quantitativecharacters and yield (Table 2). Variation studiesrevealed that the estimates of PCV were slightlyhigher than the corresponding GCV estimates forpanicle length, spikelet sterility, seed yield per plantand coleoptile length indicating that the characterswere less influenced by the environment. Therefore,selection on the basis of phenotype alone can beeffective for the improvement of these traits. Thecharacters like spikelet sterility, productive tillers,coleoptile length and days to maturity showed highPCV and GCV estimates. Sinha et al., (2004) alsorecorded similar observations for total tillers per plant,productive tillers per plant and single plant yield.

The estimates of heritability act as predictiveinstrument in expressing the reliability of phenotypicvalue. Therefore, high heritability helps in effectiveselection for a particular character. In the presentstudy, all the characters exhibited high heritability,which ranged from 62.56 to 99.46 % (Table 2). Thegenetic advance is a useful indicator of the progressthat can be expected as a result of exercisingselection on the pertinent population. The geneticadvance expressed as a percentage of mean rangedfrom 0.08 to 74.20 and the characters like spikeletsterility (74.20), productive tillers (74.50), and panicleexsertion (44.61) recorded higher estimates.

The character that shows high heritability withhigh genetic advance are controlled by additive geneaction (Panse and Sukatme, 1957) and can beimproved through simple or progeny selectionmethods. Selection for the traits having highheritability coupled with high genetic advance is likelyto accumulate more additive genes leading to furtherimprovement of their performance. In the presentinvestigation, high heritability along with high geneticadvance was noticed for all the traits exceptcoleoptiles length and germination percentage, whichhad moderate magnitude of genetic advance.

Genotypic correlations in general were highas compared to their phenotypic correlationsindicating strong inherent association between the

characters. Genotypic correlation coefficients of thecharacters studied are presented in Table 3. Days to50 per cent flowering had positive and significantcorrelation with coleoptile length, seedling growth andseed vigor. Plant height (cm) exhibited a positive andnon significant association with number of tillers perplant and days to 50% flowering. Panicle exsertionexhibited positive and significant association withradical length.

Test weight (g) had positive and significantcorrelation with coleoptile length, seedling growth,radical length and seed vigor. Days to maturityexhibited positive and significant correlation with plantheight, days to 50% flowering, coleoptile length,seedling growth and seedling vigor. Early seedlingvigor recorded a positive and significant correlationwith seedling maturity after transplanting. It also hadnegative and significant correlation with days to 50%flowering. Seedling maturity after transplanting hada negative and significant correlation with days to50% flowering and plant height.

Germination percentage recorded a positiveand non significant correlation with radical length andseed vigor. Coleoptile length recorded a positive andsignificant correlation with seedling growth and seedvigor. Seedling growth exhibited a positive andsignificant correlation with seed vigor and negativeand non significant correlation with radical length.Radical length recorded a negative and non significantcorrelation with seed vigor. These results are inconformity the findings of Kuldeep Tyagi et al.,(2004).

Path coefficient analysis revealed thatseedling growth (cm) exerted the highest directpositive effect on grain yield followed by paniclelength, days to 50% flowering , early seedling vigorand seed vigor (Table 4), indicating that the selectionfor these characters is likely to bring about an overallimprovement in single plant yield directly. Theseresults are in accordance with the findings of Agahiet al., (2007). Path coefficient analysis revealed thatpanicle exsertion showed the highest negative directeffect on grain yield followed by radical length (cm),seedling maturity, number of tillers per plant and daysto maturity.

In the present study, eight superiorgenotypes, viz.,Ujala depama, IR-64, Bhurma bhuqi,

STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE, CORRELATION

PRASAD et.al.

Tab

le

2.

Su

mm

ary

of

gen

etic

par

amet

ers

fo

r th

e ch

arac

ters

un

der

stu

dy.

P

anic

le

exse

rtio

n

Pan

icle

le

ng

thth

cm

Day

s to

m

atu

rity

Sp

ikel

et

ster

ilit

yT

est

wei

gh

t (g

)

See

d

yiel

d /

p

lan

t(g

)

Ear

ly

seed

lin

g

vig

or

See

lin

g

mat

uri

tyP

lan

t h

eig

ht

Til

ler

s/p

lan

tD

ays

to

50%

fl

ow

er-

in

g

Pro

du

ctiv

e T

ille

rs

Ger

min

at

ion

%

Co

leo

P

tile

l

eng

th

(cm

)

See

d –

lin

g

gro

wth

(c

m)

Rad

ical

le

ng

th

(cm

)

See

d

vig

or

Var

E

nviro

nmen

tal

0.00

0.

51

1.55

2.

05

0.02

2.

04

0.07

0.

20

0.32

0.

69

1.47

0.

94

0.35

11

.47

9.01

0.

52

8991

4.85

EC

V

2.52

3.

06

1.06

9.

41

5.37

13

.84

13.0

9 9.

61

0.57

5.

96

1.19

9.

55

0.60

16

.86

8.36

4.

53

8.36

Var

Gen

otyp

ical

0.29

11

.86

317.

01

32.0

2 0.

11

4.87

0.

15

0.33

14

4.09

11

.70

95.8

2 14

.40

0.03

18

.54

19.5

4 0.

92

1953

34.6

6

GC

V

21.8

0 14

.80

15.2

0 37

.16

13.9

5 21

.38

19.1

3 12

.34

11.9

8 24

.49

9.63

37

.33

0.16

21

.44

12.3

1 6.

02

12.3

3

Var

P

heno

typi

cal

0.30

12

.37

318.

57

34.0

8 0.

12

6.91

0.

22

0.53

14

4.41

12

.39

97.3

0 15

.34

0.38

30

.01

28.5

5 1.

44

2852

49.5

0

PC

V

21.9

4 15

.12

15.2

4 38

.33

14.9

5 25

.47

23.1

8 15

.64

12.0

0 25

.21

9.70

38

.53

0.62

27

.28

14.8

8 7.

54

14.8

9

h² (

Bro

ad

Sen

se)

0.99

0.

96

1.00

0.

94

0.87

0.

70

0.68

0.

62

1.00

0.

94

0.98

0.

94

0.07

0.

62

0.68

0.

64

0.68

Gen

etic

A

dvan

cem

ent

5%

1.11

6.

95

36.5

9 11

.30

0.63

3.

82

0.66

0.

93

24.7

0 6.

85

20.0

1 7.

57

0.08

6.

97

7.53

1.

58

753.

41

Gen

etic

A

dvan

cem

ent

1%

1.42

8.

90

46.8

9 14

.48

0.80

4.

89

0.84

1.

20

31.6

5 8.

77

25.6

5 9.

71

0.11

8.

93

9.65

2.

02

965.

54

Gen

.Adv

as

%

of M

ean

5%

44

.61

29.8

7 31

.24

74.2

0 26

.82

36.9

8 32

.53

20.0

5 24

.66

49.0

219

.68

74.5

0 0.

08

34.7

2 20

.98

9.91

21

.01

Gen

.Adv

as

%

of

Mea

n 1%

57.1

7 38

.28

40.0

4 95

.09

34.3

8 47

.39

41.6

9 25

.70

31.6

0 62

.82

25.2

2 95

.48

0.11

44

.49

26.8

8 12

.70

26.9

3

Gen

eral

Mea

n 2.

48

23.2

6 11

7.11

15

.23

2.34

10

.32

2.03

4.

65

100.

17

13.9

710

1.69

10

.17

99.6

3 20

.08

35.9

2 15

.94

3585

.91

Exp

Mea

n ne

xt

Gen

erat

ion

3.59

30

.21

153.

70

26.5

3 2.

96

14.1

3 2.

68

5.59

12

4.87

20

.81

121.

70

17.7

4 99

.71

27.0

5 43

.45

17.5

2 43

39.3

2

Var

E

nviro

nmen

tal

0.00

0.

51

1.55

2.

05

0.02

2.

04

0.07

0.

20

0.32

0.

69

1.47

0.

94

0.35

11

.47

9.01

0.

52

8991

4.85

STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE, CORRELATION

Tab

le 3

. P

heno

typi

c co

rrel

atio

n m

atrix

for

the

char

acte

rs u

nder

stu

dy

Pan

icle

ex

erti

on

Pan

icle

le

ng

hth

cm

Day

s to

m

atu

rity

Sp

ikel

et

ster

ilit

y

Tes

t W

eig

ht

(g)

Ear

ly

seed

lin

g

vig

or

See

d

lin

g

mat

uri

ty

Pla

nt

hei

gh

t.

Til

lers

/ P

lan

t

Day

s to

50

%

flo

wer

ing

Pro

du

ct

ive

Til

lers

G

erm

in

atio

n %

Co

leo

p

tile

L

eng

th

(cm

)

See

d

lin

g

gro

wth

(c

m)

Rad

ical

le

ng

th

(cm

) S

eed

vi

go

r.

Pan

icle

exe

rtio

n 1.

00

0.02

9 -0

.181

9*0.

0785

-0

.050

90.

1561

0.

0822

0.

0846

0.

1785

* -0

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Malida, Tella hamsa,Kavya,Vldhan-221 and Krishnahamsa were found to be potential enough to be usedas parents in heterosis breeding. These genotypesrecorded highest values for one or the other yieldcontributing characters and hence their utilization incombination breeding may help in generating highyielding varieties/ hybrids by pyramiding all thefavourable genes.

REFERENCES:

Agahi, K., E. Farshadfar and M.H. Fotokian. 2007.Correlation and path coefficient analysis forsome yield-related traits in rice genotypes(Oryza sativa L.). Asian J. Plant Sci., 6: 513-517.

Ali, R.I., Awan ,T.H., Manzoor,Z., Ashraf, M. M.,Safdar,M. E and Ahmad, M., 1958 . Screeningof rice varieties suitable for direct seeding inPunjab. Animal and plant science. 17.1-2.

Burton, G. W. 1952. Quantitative inheritance ingrasses. Proc. Sixth International GrasslandCong. 1: 277-283.

Dewey, D. R and H. K. Lu. 1959. A correlation andpath coefficient analysis of components ofcrested wheat grass and seed production.Agron. J. 51(6): 515-518.

Kuldeep Tyagi., Bathshwar Kumar., Ramesh, B., andAjay Tomer. 2004. Genetic variability andcorrelations for some seedlings and matureplant traits in 70 genotypes of rice. Researchon crops 5 (1): 60-65.

Panse, V. G and P. V. Sukhatme. 1957. Statisticalmethods for agricultural workers, ICAR, NewDelhi, 4th Edn.

Sinha S K., Tripath A. K and Bisen U. K. 2004. Studyof genetic variability and correlation coefficientanalysis in mid late land races of rice. Annalsof agricultural research 25(1):1-3.

STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE, CORRELATION

Abstracts of Theses Accepted for the Award of Post-Graduate andDoctorate Degrees in the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad - 500 030

Influence of cutting intervals and intercropping on growth, yield and quality ofbajra napier hybrid (Pennisetum americanum X Pennisetum purpureum)

Student: Kailash Chand Verma Major Advisor: Dr. K.B. Suneetha Devi

Department of Agronomy

An experiment entitled “Influence of cutting

intervals and intercropping on growth, yield and quality

of Bajra Napier hybrid (BN hybrid) (Pennisetumamericanum X Pennisetum purpureum)” was conducted

at Student farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G.

Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad, during rabi season of 2007-08.

Cutting interval of 9 weeks produced maximum

plant height of BN hybrid and was on par with 7 and 8

weeks cutting interval at both the cuts but, number of

tillers clump-1 were maximum at cutting interval of 8

weeks and was on par with cutting interval of 7 weeks.

Number of leaves and leaf stem ratio of BN hybrid were

not influenced by cutting intervals at both the cuts. Green,

dry, crude protein and equivalent yield of BN hybrid

increased with increase in cutting interval from 5 to 9

weeks reaching a maximum at 9 weeks but, was on par

with cutting interval of 8 weeks at I cut. Crude fibre content

of BN hybrid increased with cutting intervals from 5 to 9

weeks reaching a maximum at 9 weeks.

Non significant interaction was obtained

between cutting intervals and intercropping on plant

height, leaf stem ratio, equivalent yield of BN hybrid at

both the cuts, number of tillers clump-1, green dry and

crude protein yield of BN hybrid at I cut. At II cut and at

total, maximum green, dry and crude protein yield of

BN hybrid were recorded at cutting intervals of 9 weeks

with cowpea intercropping and was on par with cutting

interval of 7 weeks with same intercrop and with berseem

intercropping at cutting interval of 9 weeks.

Influence of cutting intervals and intercropping

on intercrops revealed that germination percentage of

intercrops was higher at cutting interval of 5 weeks which

was on par with cutting interval of 8 weeks and 9 weeks.

Plant height, number of branches, leaf stem ratio, green,

dry fodder and crude protein yield of intercrops at both

the cuts and number of leaves plant-1 at II cut did not

influence by cutting interval of BN hybrid. Number of

leaves plant-1 of intercrops were significant at I cut and

cutting interval of 7 weeks favored higher number of

leaves plant-1.

Total green, dry fodder and crude protein yield

of BN hybrid +intercrops were maximum at cutting

interval of 9 weeks at both the cuts and was on par with

cutting interval of 8 weeks during I cut. Cowpea

intercropping significantly improved the green, dry and

crude protein yield of BN hybrid + cowpea over other

combinations. The green, dry and crude protein yield of

BN hybrid +intercrops were at par when berseem and

lucerne was grown as intercrops.

Significant negative correlation was found

between mean and minimum temperature and number

of leaves plant-1 at I cut and with dry fodder yield at II cut.

Green fodder yield of BN hybrid positively correlated

with leaf stem ratio. Crude protein yield of BN hybrid

was positively correlated with green fodder yield and

negatively correlated with leaf stem ratio.

Cutting interval of 9 weeks resulted in higher

gross return except in cluster bean where in cutting

interval of 8 weeks produced higher gross returns.

Cowpea intercropping yielded highest gross returns at

all the cuts followed by lucerne, berseem and cluster

bean respectively. Total gross returns BN hybrid +

intercrops were higher at cutting interval of 9 weeks

with cowpea intercropping. Total net returns and benefit

cost ratio of BN hybrid + intercrops were higher at cutting

interval of 9 and 7 weeks respectively with cowpea

intercropping. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2009.

ABSTRACTS

Estimation of water requirement in maize using cropwat model

Student: A. Ajay Kumar Major Advisor: Dr. Baby Akula

Department of Agronomy

CROPWAT V 4.2 (Crop Water Requirement

Model) developed by Derek Clarke et.al (1998) was used

to estimate water requirement and yield reduction due

to water stress in maize, as it is one of the simple scientific

knowledge based tool. A field experiment was laid out

in a randomized block design with 7 treatments.

The treatments were replicated thrice during

rabi 2006-07, at Students Farm, College of Agriculture,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to generte necessary data

required to achieve the main objective of estimating

water requirement in maize using CROPWAT model.

The fully irrigated control treatment i.e. drip at

100 per cent of pan evaporation (I3) throughout the crop

growing season registered significantly higher yield

when compared to other treatments.

Crop coefficients for different crop growth sub-

periods were estimated and crop curve was constructed

for calculation of irrigation requirement. The irrigation

water requirement (IWR) was the highest (290.5 mm) in

case of I3 treatment followed by I6 treatment (264.1 mm),

while minimum irrigation water requirement was noticed

in drip irrigation at 50 per cent of pan evaporation (I1)

treatment in respect of the quantity of irrigation water

applied.

Different test criteria were followed to evaluate

the performance of CROPWAT model. Besides, error

per cent was also calculated in all the treatments. Close

scatter of simulated yields, irrigation water requirement

(IWR) and respective measured values around the

regression line and 1:1 line indicated better performance

of the model in estimating maize yields or yield reduction.

CROPWAT model explained 95 per cent variation in

yield and 98 per cent variation in irrigation water

requirement (IWR). The estimated RMSE (Root Meas

Square Error) for yield was 400 kg ha1. Amont the

different drip irrigation treatments, error per cent of yield

was relatively low in the treatment of I3 and I6 as

compared with that of other treatments. In all the

treatments, under estimation of yield was noticed except

in I3 treatment. In case of net irrigation requirement, in

most of the treatments under estimation of IWR was

noticed. Thus, model can be usede as a tool in estimating

water requirement and subsequently in irrigation

scheduling in maize. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Genetic studies in F2 generation of 15 crosses involving bold-seeded genotypes ingroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Student: D. Sudha Jyothi Major Advisor: Dr. R.P. Vasanthi

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out

during kharif, 2007 to study genetics of confectionery

traits in addition to yield and yield attributges in F2

generation of 15 crosses made to develop early maturing

bold-seeded confectionery varieties. The experiment

was laid out at Regional Agricultural Research Station,

Tirupati in a randomized block disign with three

replications and data were recorded on fifteen characters

for estimation of genetic parameters.

Analysis of variance carried out among F2

populations and parents revealed Significant differnces

for all the characters studied. Plant height, number of

primary branches, number or secondary branches, pod

yield/plant, seed width, protein content, sucrose content

and oil content showed high estimates of GCV and PCV,

heritability (broad sense) and GAM. The role of additive

gene action seems to be significnat in the inheritance of

these traits. Thus phenotypic selection is early

generations would help to make improvement in these

characters.

The crosses ICGV 99157 x TG 47 and IC GV

99157 x JSSP- HP 21 recorded high mean coupled with

higher values of GCV, heritability and GAM for pod yield

/ plant. For protein content, ICGV 99157 x TG 47 and K4

x TG 47 showed high mean coupled with high heritability.

For oil content, TAG 24 x TG 47 and TAG 24 x TKG 19A

ABSTRACTS

showed high heritability coupled with high GAM. K4 x

TKG 19A recorded higher values of mean, heritability

and GAM for sucrose content. Simple selection could

be practiced in all these crosses for improving these

characters. For number of mature pods, all the crosses

exhibited low heritability estimates except the cross

ICGV 99157 x TG 47. The crosses ICGV 99157 x TG 47,

ICGV 99157 x TKG 19A, K4 x JSSP - HP 21 recorded

low to moderate estimates of heritability and moderate

to high estimates of GCV and GAM. In these crosses,

selection may be postponed for later generations for

improvement of number of mature pods per plant.

Inheritance of plant height, pod length, pod

width, seed length and seed width was studied in a

different set of crosses grown during rabi 2007-08. F2

phenotypic data for plant height was a good fit to a

phenotypic ratio of 1:4:6:4:1 and 1:2:1 respectively in

two crosses studied indicating the involvement of more

than two genes. For pod length, seed lengh and seed

width similar ratios were observed. In these crosses

values of GCV and GAM for the traits studied were found

to behigh indicating the role of additive variance in their

inheritance. However, these results have to be further

verified by F3 progeny studies.M.Sc.(Ag.),2008.

Genetic divergence for yield, physiological and quality traits in groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.)

Student: Boya A.V.G. Sudhakar Major Advisor: Dr. O. Venkateswarlu

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out

during kharif, 2007 to study genetic divergence,

charecter association, path analysis and genetic

parameters in 74 genotypes of groundnut (Archis

hypogaea L.). The experiment was laid out at Regional

Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, in a randomized

block desing with three replications and data was re

corded on sixteen characters.

Analysis of variance indicated the existence of

significant differences among genotypes for all the

characters studied. The genotypes ICGV 95477, FDRS

79, TCGS 913 and TG 41 showed high mean

performance for pod yield and its components.

Genetic divergence studies by Mahalanobis D2

analysis indicated the existence of significant diversity

in 74 groundnut genotypes and were grouped into 12

clusters. The mode of distribution of genotypes to various

clusters was at random suggesting that there is no

relationship between geographical distribuion and

genetic diversity. Based on intercluseter distances, the

clusters VII vs X, VI vs XII and X vs XII were adjusted the

divergent. Hence, the genotypes in these clusters namely

ICGV 99032 (cluster VI), TCGS 647, JL 220(cluster VII),

ICGV 95477, JL 24, ICGV 99054, ICGV 86699 (cluster

X) and ICGV 99029 (cluster XII) were suggested for

inclusion in hybridization programme for obtaining

superior and desirable recombination. The characters

100- kernel weight, shelling percentage and harvest

index contributed maximum towards genetic divergence

in both D2 analysis and canonical root analysis. Further,

canonical root analysis confirmed the clustering pattern

obtained by D2 analysis.

Character association studies revealed that the

traits viz. shelling percentage, mature pods per plant

and pod yield per plant had significant positive

association with kernel yield. Path analysis revealed

that shelling percentage, pod yield per plant were the

important attributes in formulating selection criterion for

effective improvement of kernel yield.

The analysis of genetic parameters revealed

high PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM for sucrose content

and kernel yield per plant indicating that simple selection

could be practiced for improving these characters.

M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

ABSTRACTS

Selection criteria in rice under SRI management system

Student: Ch. Madhu Sudhan Rao Major Advisor: Dr. M. Hemanth Kumar

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was under taken in

rice (oryza sativa L.) to evaluate the promising rice

varieties for SRI cultivation, assess, variability and

estimate heritability and genetic advance as per cent of

mena, character association and path coefficient

analysis for ten genotypes under SRI and conventional

managements. The experiment was laid out at S.V.

Agricultural College, Tirupati during rabi, 2006.

Analysis of variance revealed that significant

differences among the genotypes for the characters

studied indicating the existence of genetic variability

among the genotypes. Based on the mean performance

Sravani, Swathi and Swarnamukhi were considred to

be best suited for cultivation under SRI management.

High variability was observed for grain yield

per plant followed by root mass and total dry matter

production. Whereas moderate variability existed for

plant height, total tillers per plant, number of effective

tillers, number of grains per panicle, root to shoot ratio,

test weight and leaf area index at 90 DAS.

Grain yield per plant exhibited positive

significant correlation with plant height, panicle length,

total dry matter production, root mass and harvest index

under SRI management and with total dry matter

production alone under conventional management.

Direct selection for total dry matter production and root

mass and indirect selection through root to shoot ratio

and harvest index in SRI management and direct

selection for days to maturity, harvest index and leaf

area index at 90 DAS in conventional management

would be effective for improving grain yield.

M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Genetic diversity and biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) causing stemrot of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Student: S. Durga Prasad Major Advisor: Dr. N.P. Eswara Reddy

Department of Plant Pathology

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major

legume and an important oil seed crop in India, covering

nearly half of the area under oil seeds. Groundnut is

affected by several diseases of which stem rot caused

by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an important disease with

yield losses of over 25 per cent.

A detailed study was carried on cultural,

morphological and pathogenic variabilities among the

isolates of S. rolfsii. In vitro antagonism of microflora

isolated from seed and root habitats against S. rolfsiiand their compatibil ity with different fungicides.

Molecular characterization of S. rolfsii isolates by using

RAPD and RDNA analysis by ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP.

Roving survey was conducted in Chittoor and

Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh to collect stem rot

infected samples. The average percent disease

incidence of 10.38% in Chittoor and 17.84 per cent in

Kadapa was recorded. The pathogen was isolated from

infected stem bits of groundnut, purified and identified

as S. rolfsii Sacc.

In pathogenic variability, the isolates CSr 4, KSr

19 and KSr 20 exhibited maximum per cent disease

incidence (100%) while the isolate KSr 13 and KSr 15

recorded the lowest PDI.

A total of 48 antagonistic microflora (8 fungi and

40 bacteria) were obtained as seed and root endophytes

from groundnut.

Different fungicides were tested in vitro for

compatibility with bioagents, mancozeb was found

highly compatible with Trichoderma isolate (GSEF 3).

Among the bacterial isolates GSE 1 was more

compatible with mancozeb and less compatible with

thiophanatemethyl. The isolate GRE 29 also recorded

more compatibility with mancozeb and less in case of

copper oxychloride.

ABSTRACTS

The RAPD banding pattern with random

primers viz., OPA-01, OPA-12, OPA-17, OPA-18 and

OPA-20 reflected the genetic diversity among the isolates

with formation of 2 main cultures. Amplified ITS region

of rDNA with universal primers ITS-1 and ITS-4 produced

approximately 650-700 bp fragments as expected. ITS-

RFLP results with Alul, Hinfl and Msel enzymes have not

shown any polymorphism among the isolates under the

study. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Studies on cultural, morphological, pathogenic variability and biological control of(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., causing mango anthracnose (Coastal and

Telangana Regions of Andhra Pradesh)

Student: K. Aruna Major Advisor: Dr. N. P. Eswara Reddy

Department of Plant Pathology

The present investigation was undertaken to

study the variabil ity with respect to cultural,

morphological, pathogenic and fungicidal sensitivity

among the 16 isolates of C.gloeosporioides collected

from Coastal and Telangana regions of Andhra Pradesh

and also to isolate a fungicidal tolerant potential

biocontrol agent from phylloplane and leaf endophytes.

Isolate Cg5 recorded the maximum sporulation

( 5.82 x 104 conidia/ml) while the least sporulation was

observed in Cg14 (0.34 x 104 conidia/ml). Maximum

conidial size was recorded in Cg6 (16.66 x 5.25 conidia/

µm), while isolate Cg8 (12.65 µm) recorded the least

conidial length Cg14 (4.11 µm) recorded the lowest

width.

Thirty seven antagonistic microflora were

isolated from phylloplane (15 bacteria + 10 fungi) and

endophytes (12 bacteria) Potential antagonists were

identified based on their ability to inhibit the growth of

C. gloeosporioides in dual culture technique. PB5, PB15,

EB8 and EB12 isolates completely inhibited the growth of

C. gloeosporioides whereas T4 and T7 isolates of

Trichoderma recorded 88.88 per cent of inhibition.

Fungicidal compatibility studies were conducted

on these potential antagonists by using poisoned food

technique for fungal antagonists and spectrophotometry

for bacterial antagonists. EB8 was found to be more

compatible with most of the fungicides used followed by

PB5 and the least compatibility was recorded in PB15.

T4 and T7 isolates gave different degrees of

compatibility with different fungicides. They were highly

compatible with mancozeb and incompatible with

carbendazim and propiconazole. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Studies on Genetic Diversity in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Student: R.T. Maruthi Major Advisor: Dr. K. Jhansi Rani

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was undertaken toestimate the genetic variability and genetic diversity inmaize and to carry out yield component analysis throughcorrelation and path analysis. Forty stabilizedinbredlines along with three checks were sown in arandomized block design with three replications, duringrabi 2008-2009 at College Farm, College of Agriculture,Rajendranagar.

There was a significant difference betweengenotypes for all the characters, which revealed widerange of variability and high heritability for all the

characters.

From correlation studies it was observed that

grain yield per plant exhibited high significant positive

association with ear girth followed by ear length, number

of kernels per row, 100 grain weight, plant height and

ear height. Path analysis revealed that, the maximum

positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exhibited

by number of kernels per row. Days to 50 per cent

tasseling and days to 50 per cent siling recorded low

and negligible negative direct effects on grain yield,

respectively.

ABSTRACTS

D2 analysis was carried out for even characters

which partitioned the forty three genotypes in to six

clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was

observed between cluster I and cluster V. Grain yield

per plant, plant height, umber of kernels per row and

100 grain weight contributed greatly towards diversity.

M.Sc.(Ag.), 2009.

Characterization and evaluation of land suitability for important crops grown onlateritic soils in medak district of Andhra Pradesh

Student: T. Basanta Singh Major Advisor: Dr. A. Sairam

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

The study was conducted to characterize and

evaluate the suitability of Laterite sols of Medak district

for rice, sugarcane and potato crops. The site and profile

characteristics of six pedons were studied in the field.

The soils were low in available nitrogen and

potassium and low to medium in available phosphorus

content. The soils were sufficient in zinc, iron, copper

and manganese supply, with high percentage of

sesquioxides and responded to liming materials.

For cultivation of rice, Parvatapur and Bilalpur

series were marginally suitable and Rejental, Algol,

Zaheerabad and Krishnapur series were moderately

suitable. For growing sugarcane Rejental, Algol, Bilalpur

and Zaheerabad series were considered to be

moderately suitable whereas Parvatapur and Krishnapur

were marginally suitable. Potato cultivation was

considered to be marginally suitable in Algol,

Zaheerabad and Krishnapur whereas Rejental,

Parvatapur and Bilalpur series were not suitable because

of textural limitations.

The water samples collected from the study

area were neutral to alkaline in reaction, Dominance of

cations and anions in these samples were in the order

of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ and CI->HCO3->CO3

2- respectively

based on which it was as C3S1.M.Sc.(Ag.), 2009.

Studies on establishing molecular identity for genetic purity assessment ofpopular rice (oryza sativa L.) varieties using EST-SSR markers

Student: Krishna Moorthy K. Major Advisor: Dr. Prakash Babu

Department of Seed Science and Technology

The present investigation was carried out with

an objective to identify distinguishable EST-SSR

(Expressed Sequence Tag derived Simple Sequence

Repeat) alleles to assess the genetic diversity and

genetic purity for twelve popular rice varieties, to validate

the utility of EST-SSR markers in seed genetic purity

assessment. A set of 12 morphological traits were used

for GOT and 98 hyper variable EST-SSR markers were

used for molecular marker analysis. The study was also

intended to develop molecular fingerprints or IDs for

these varieties using locus specific EST-SSR markers

and to test their utility in seed genetic purity assessment.

The cluster analysis based of Jaccard’s

similarity coefficient using UPGMA (unweighted Pair

Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) grouped the

varieties into four clusters. The genetic similarity

between the genotypes ranged from 0.3 to 0.92 Principal

component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 12 varieties

were scattered into three distinct clusters.

Utility of EST-SSR marker alleles as molecular

IDs in monitoring genetic purity of seeds was established.

The results indicated the practical usefulness of EST-

SSR markers in assessing genetic purity of rice varieties

and diversity among them. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2009.

ABSTRACTS

Studies on genetic divergence in medium duration elite rice genotypes(Oryza sativa L.)

Student: C. Manikya Minnie Major Advisor: Dr. T. Dayakar Reddy

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out

during kharif, 2008 to study the genetic parameters,

genetic divergence, characters association and path

coefficient analysis in 81 diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza

sativa L.) The experiment was laid out at Rice Section

Farm of Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad in a Randomized Block Design with two

replications.

The analysis of variance indicated the existence

of significant differences among genotypes for all the

characters studied. Small difference between GCV and

PCV was recorded for all the characters under study

which indicated less influence.

Genetic divergence studies by Mahalanobis D2

analysis indicated the existence of significant diversity

in 81 rice genotypes which were grouped into gen

clusters. The pattern of distribution of genotypes into

various clusters revealed that there was no relationship

between geographical distribution and genetic diversity.

Character association studies indicated the

significant positive correlation of number of productive

tillers per plant, plant height, panicle length and number

of grain per panicle with grain yield per plant and among

themselves indicting the simultaneous selection for these

characters would result in improvement of high yielding

rice genotypes.

Path analysis revealed that number of

productive tillers per plant, panicle length and number

of grains per panicle were the most important characters

which could be used as selection criteria for effective

improvement of grain yield. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2009.

Studies on cultural, morphological variability and bioligical control of Fusariumsolani, Incitant of dry root-rot of citrus

Student: M. Ravichandran Major Advisor: Dr. M. Reddi Kumar

Department of Plant Pathology

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of

the important citrus fruits, constitutes nearly 20% of the

total citrus production in India. Andhra Pradesh is one of

the important citrus producing states in the country with

a total area of about 1.66 lakh hectares and an annual

production of 2.23 lakh tones.

Roving survey was conducted on dry root-rot

disease incidence based on prevalence of disease in

major acid lime growing areas of Ananthapur and

Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh. Maximum

percentage of the disease incidence was recorded in

Narpala mandal (22.14%), while the least percent

disease incidence (13.91%) was recorded in

Singanamala mandal of Ananthapur district.

Soil inoculation method was followed in

pathogenicity test to know the most virulent isolate of

F. solani. The maximum dry root-rot incidence was

observed in CFS9 isolate. The pathogen was reisolated

from the infected plants and the characters of the

pathogen were similar to that of with original strain (CFS9)

isolated from the field and thus proved Koch’s postulates.

Among the 36 isolates of Trichoderma spp.

tested, maximum percentage of inhibition (84.3%) was

recorded in ACT6 isolate. Among the isolates tested,

thirteen isolates showed maximum percentage of

inhibition. Least percentage of inhibition was observed

in the isolate ACT7.

The studies were also focussed to find out the

effective treatment to control dry root-rot of acid lime

using bioagent, Trichoderma spp. isolate ACT6 and

organic amendments (neem cake and gypsum) at

different concentrations in pot culture experiment. Soil

ABSTRACTS

application with antagonist @ 8g and neem cake 100g/

kg of soil (T10 treatment) recorded least percent pre-

emergence disease incidence (13.8%) compared to

control. Soil application with antagonist alone recorded

maximum percentage of disease incidence. Soil

application of antagonist @ 8g/kg soil and neem cake

@ 100g/kg soil gave best control of post-emergence

disease with no wilt incidence compared to control.

Incrased shoot length was recorded in T10

treatment (Soil application with antagonist @8g and

neem cake 100g/kg of soil) and it was 8.3 cm compared

to control. T10 treatment showed 42 per cent increased

shoot length over control. Maximum root length (8.5 cm)

recorded in the same treatment over control. Seed

treatment with antagonist @ 4g/kg of seed alone

recorded least root length of acid lime. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Studies on pathogenic variability and biological management of Colletotrichumgloeosporioides penz., causing mango anthracnose (Chittoor and Kadapa

Districts of Rayalaseema Region, Andhra Pradesh)

Student: J. suvarna Major Advisor: Dr. S. V. Ramakrishna Rao

Department of Plant Pathology

The present investigation was made to study

the variability with respect to cultural, morphological,

pathological and fungicidal sensitivity/ tolenrance among

the 20 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

collected from Chittoor and Kadapa districts of

Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and also to

isolate potential fungicidal tolerant biocontrol agents from

phylloplane and leaf endophytes.

Maximum mean sporulation was recorded in

isolate (6.33 x 104 conidia ml-1), while the least

sporulation was recorded in KCg12 isolate (0.46 x 104

conidia ml-1). Maximum conidial size was recorded in

KCg17 (16.62 x 5.46 µ m), while isolate CCg3

(13.04 µm) recorded the least conidial length and CCg9

(4.08 µ m) recorded the least conidial width.

The differential sensitivity of isolates to systemic

fungicides viz., carbendazim (50 and 100 ppm),

thiophanate-methyl (50 and 100 ppm), propiconazole

(25 and 50 ppm), hexaconazole (25 and 50 ppm) and

non-systemic fungicides viz., mancozeb (500 and 1000

ppm), copper oxychloride (500 and 1000 ppm) revealed

that carbendazim(50 and 100 ppm), thiophanate-

methyl(50 and 100 ppm) and propiconazole (25 and 50

ppm) inhibited the growth of the C. gloeosporioides

isolates within the class of highly sensitive to sensitive.

Isolates CCg2, CCg6, CCg10 and Kcg13 were

moderately resistant to hexaconazole at 25 ppm while,

KCg19 and KCg20 were moderately resistant at both 25

and 50 ppm. Isolate CCg9 was resistant to mancozeb at

500 ppm and moderately resistant at 1000 ppm. Isolate

KCg12 was resistant to copper oxychloride at 500 ppm

and moderately resistant at 1000 ppm.

Fifty nine antagonistic microflora wre isolated

from phylloplane (19 fungi + 13 bacteria) and leaf

endophytes (27 bacteria). EB7 and EB9 showed 100

per cent inhibition of growth of C. gloeosporioides in

dual culture. Among the phylloplane fungi Trichodermaisolates T17 and T3 were found to be effective as they

inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides to an extent

of 88.64 pe cent and 88.07 per cent respectively.

M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Physiological charactrization of blackgram(vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) genotypesfor high biomass and water use efficiency

Student: K. Renuka Devi Major Advisor: Dr. G. Rama Rao

Department of Plant Physiology

Field and pot culture experiments were

conducted to study the “Physiological characterization

of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) genotypes for

high biomass and water use efficiency”. Field experiment

was conducted in wet land farm of S.V. Agricultural

College, Tirupati in a Randomised Block Design with 15

genotypes during rabi, 2007-08.

ABSTRACTS

Significant differences were observed among

the cultivars for dry matter production and growth

characters. Among the cultivars tested, LBG-735

recorded higher leaf dry matter (7.25 g plant-1), stem dry

matter (6.25 g plant-1), pod dry matter (4.10 g plant-1),

total dry matter (17.60 g plant-1), leaf area (1800 cm2

plant-1), leaf area index (4.0), leaf are duration (47.47

cm2 day-1), CGR (20.30 g m-2 day-1), NAR (0.0442 g dm-2

day-1), SCMR (49.7), chlorophyll a (1.141 mg g-1 tissue)

and lower SLA (248.27 cm2 g-1) compared to all other

cultivars. WBG-26 recorded the lowest values of the above

parameters except SLA.

Cultivars differed significantly for yield and yield

components, Among the cultivars tested, LBG-735

recorded highest number of pods per plant (27.1),

number of seeds per pod (7.2), test weight (5.1g), harvest

index (44.79%) and seed yield (1650 kg ha-1) when

compared to all other cultivars. The lower yield and yield

components were recorded in WBG-26.

The selected blackgram cultivars were tested

for direct measurement of WUE by gravimetric approach.

The results revealed that the SCMR, dry matter had

positive correlation with WUE and SLA had negative

correlation with WUE.

The present investigation revealed that

blackgram is a compacitance type where dry matter and

WUE were significantly correlated. SCMR and SLA ca

be used as alternate methods for measuring WUE in

blackgram as both had established association with

WUE. The cultivars LBG-735, LBG-17, LBG-685 and

LBG-645 can directly be recommended to drought prone

areas or used as donor parents in developing drought

tolerant blackgram cultivars.M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Genesis, classification and evaluation of soils in Renigunta Mandal ofChittoor District, Andhra Pradesh

Student: S. Selvaraj Major Advisor: Dr. M.V.S.Naidu

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

The present investigation involves study of

genesis, classification and evaluation of soils in

Renigunta mandal of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh.

For this seven representative pedons wre selected in

seven different locations of the study area covering all

types of soils. All the seven pedons were described for

their morphological features in the field and horizon-

wise samples were collected and analyzed in the

laboratory for physical, physico-chemical and chemical

properties.

The study area was characterized by semi-arid

monsoonic climate with distinct summer, wintr and rainy

seasons. The pedons selected were confined to plain

and gently sloping topography. Pedons 4 and 7 were

originated from calcareous murrum and alluvium parent

materials, respectively. However, the remaining pedons

wee originated from granite-gneiss.

The morphological features indicated the

presence of AC (Pedons 2, 3 and 7) and ABC (Pedons

1, 4, 5 and 6) profiles. The soils were deep to very deep

in depth, yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown in

colour, loamy sand to silty clay loam in texture and had

sub-angular blocky, angular blocky and single grain

structure. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Survey on nutrient status of acid lime (citrus auruntifolia swingle) grown soils invenkatagiri division of Nellore District in Andhra Pradesh

Student: R. surendra Naik Major Advisor: Dr. Keerthi Venkaiah

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

An investigation was carried out to study the

nutritional status of soil and index leaf of acid lime crop

grown in different villages of various mandals in

Venkatagiri division of Nellore district.

The soil samples were analysed for physical

properties like texture, physico-chemical characteristics

viz., pH, EC, OC, CEC and free CaCO3 and chemical

characteristics viz., available N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn,

ABSTRACTS

Zn and Cu. Similarly, leaf samples were analysed for N,

P, K Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and fruit samples

were analysed for TSS, acidity and vitamin ‘C’. In addition

the irrigation water samples were analysed for pH, EC,

K+, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, CO-2, HCO3-, CI-, B and RSC to judge

its quality.

Regarding the nutrients status, the acid lime

grown soils were low in available nitrogen, medium in

available phosphorus and low to high in available

potassium. Almost all the soils were sufficient in available

Ca, Mg and S. As far as the distribution of primary and

secondary nutrients are concerned, all these nutrients

in acid lime orchards were decreased with increase in

depth of the soil. Among the available micronutrients,

the acid lime grown soils were sufficient in available Mn

and Cu and deficient in available zinc and iron. Almostall the micronutrients in acid lime grown soils weredecreased with increase in depth of the soil.

The leaf manganese and copper contents werefound to be sufficient whereas leaf iron and zinc contentswere found to be dificient. The leaf N, Ca and Mg werepositively and significantly correlated with their respectivesoil nutrients. As far as fruit quality is concerned, theTSS was positively and significantly correlated with leafN, P, K and Ca and Zn.

The irrigation wter being used for acid limecultivtion was neutral to moderatelyh alkaline in reaction,good to marginally saline and excellent to moderatelygood in chlorides. The RSC values were found to benormal. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Evaluation of Biochemical changes in Spodoptera litura Fab. and plutellaxylostella L. due to treatment of plant products

Student: K. Narahari Major Advisor: Dr. J. Satyanarayana

Department of Entomology

Field and the laboratory investigations were

carried out during 2007-2008 at College of Agriculture,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on Evaluation of

Biochemical changes in Spodoptera litura Fab. and / or

Plutella xylostella L. due to treatment of plant products.

During the study, crude neem oil, NSKE, neem

oil, jatropha leaf extract, pongamia seed extract and

accephate treated leaves and unteated leaves were fed

to test insects larvae of S. litura and P. xylostella.

The third instar larvae of S. litura reached on

plant products treated leaves showed the maximum

reduction of proteins and sugars with neem oil (19.39

and 26.47 mg/g) compared to control (29.72 and 32.22

mg/g), whereas in case of lipids more reduction was

observed with NSKE (10.27 mg/g) comapred to control

(16.20 mg/g).

Food consumption studies in S. litura larvae

revealed that the larvae fed on neem oil tgreated leaves

recorded low food consumption, faecal matter production,

mean larval weight and weight grain which were

significantly different from control.

In the bioefficacy studies, among the plant

product treatments against second instar larvae of S. lituraand P.xylostella, neem oil caused maximum cumulative

mortality of 70.00 per cent is S.litura and 80.00 per cent in

P. xylostella. All the treatments were found to be

significantly superior over the control.

With respect of morphological studies, not much

colour variation was observed in S. litura larvae reared

on treated (crude neem oil, NSKE, neem oil, jatropha leaf

extract, pongamia seed extract and acephate) and

untreated leaves.

Effect of plant products on weight of P.xylostella

larvae revealed that the larvae reared on neem oil treated

leaves recorded less weight gain (1.86 mg) compared to

control (2.93 mg). In all the treatments the weight of the

larvae increased gradually from first day afte feeding to

fifth day after feeding. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

ABSTRACTS

Studies on the varietal preference, biology and management of the groundnutbruchid Caryedon serratus (Olivier)

Student: Hasansab. A Nadaf Major Advisor: Dr. S. R. Koteswara Rao

Department of Entomology

Studies on the varietal preference, biology and

management of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus(Olivier) were conducted in the Department of

Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar

during November, 2007 to June, 2008.

The preference of different groundnut varieties

by C. serratus was tested based on fecundity, number of

adults emerged, mean dev elopment period, index of

susceptibility, index of suitability, growth index, per cent

survival of C. serratus and per cent weight loss of pods.

Studies on the biology of C. serratus at ambient

conditions, 300C+RH 50%, 300C+RH 80% and 300C+RH

90% revealed that the average egg period 6.3, 10.42,

5.48 and 7.12 days, the grub period 21.08, 23.08, 20.72

and 19.18 days and the pupal period 9.22, 13.66, 9.4

and 9.66 days at ambient conditions, RH 50%, 80% and

90% at tempeature 300C, respectively.

Studies on relative efficacy of grain protectants

against C. Serratus indicated that the treatment of

groundnut pods with sweet flag rhizome powder (10g)

was found to be effective in disrupting the bruchid

development by recording pods with no eggs, no pod

damage and no adult emergence for the first two months.

The pods treated with neem seed kernel powder (10 g)

protected the pods effectively against C. serratus damage

for the first two months by recording 1.69 and 2.06% pod

damage when compared with the control, wherein 14.11

and 17.79% pods damage was noticed during first and

second month, respectively. Spinosad and deltamethrin

proved their merit throughout experimental period by

achieving zero per cent pods with egg, pod damage for

first two months and adult emergence for first three

months. Even though, sweet flag rhizome powder (10 g)

and deltamethirn (0.02 g) continued to be effective for the

first two months by recording zero per cent pods with

eggs, pod damage and adult emergence, in the latter

months these treatements were less effective than

deltamethrin (0.4 g) and both the concentrations of

spinosad. Therefore, spinosad (0.5 and 1.0 ml) and

deltamethrin (0.04g) can be recommended for use as

pre storage grain protectants. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Studies on entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema spp. on major lepidopteranpests of cabbage

Student: Sreeramaiah V. N. Major Advisor: Dr. T. Uma Maheswari

Department of Entomology

Studies related to infectivity / pathogenicity ofentomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema asiaticum,against major lepidopteran insect pests of cabbage, itssurvival and mass multiplication, effect of temperature,U.V. radiation and storage period on survival andpathogenicity of S. asiaticum on host insects were carriedout in the laboratory, Department of Entomology, Collegeof Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from October2007 to July 2008.

Studies made on pathogenicity of S. asiaticumagainst two lepidopteran pests of cabbage i.e. Plutellaxylostella and Spodoptera litura and the laboratory check,

Corcyra cephalonica revealed that, P.xylostella was more

susceptible to S. asiaticum recording maximum mortality

of 67 per cent within 72 hrs of inoculation at a dose of

180 IJs per larva followed by C. cephalonica showing 61

percent mortality within 120 hrs of inoculation at 210 IJs

per larva.

With regard to mass multiplication of S. asiaticum

on three hosts i.e. P. xylostella, S. litura and C.

cephalonica, the results revealed that C. cephalonica

was found to be the suitable host recording a maximum

recovery of 1,24,600 IJs when inoculated with 90 IJs per

larva followed by S. litura recording 45,200 juveniles at

60 IJs. However, P.xylostella was the least suitable host

for mass multiplication as only 6,060 juveniles could be

recovered when 90 IJs were inoculated per larva.

ABSTRACTS

Studies on the effect of temperature on survivalof the nematode, S. asiaticum made under laboratoryconditions revealed that temperature ranging from 5 to200C is said to be optimum for getting juveniles with amaximum survival percentage ranging from 94 to 100.However, it was clear from the experiment that more than90 per cent of juveniles of S. asiaticum could survive at atemperature of 200 C. When the temperature was beyond200C, the rate of survival of juveniles reduced.

Attempts made to investigate the impact of U.V.radiation on survival of juveniles of S. asiaticum revealedthat time of exposure of IJs to U.V radiation had significanteffect on the survival of juveniles which further influencedtheir infectivity expressed in terms of mortality of the hostinsect.

Ageing of IJs on infectivity was elucidated

against three hosts revealed that the juveniles of

S. asiaticum stored for 15 days when inoculated to the

third instar larvae of P. xylostella, S. litura and

C.cephalonica resulted in causing maximum morality of

68.8, 50 and 58 per cent as compared to control mortality

of 77.6, 61 and 65 per cent, respectively. Maximum

mortality of only 22.4, 6 and 8 per cent was recorded

against P. xylostella, S. litura and C. cephalonica,

respectively when the larva were inoculated with IJs that

were stored for a long period of 754 days. Storage period,

adversely affect the infectivity of the S. asiaticum on host

insect. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Combining ability and heterosis studies in castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Student: K. Yogitha Major Advisor: Dr. M. Bharathi

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation “combining ability and

heterosis studies in castor (Ricinus communis L.)” was

carried out with twelve lines ( PPL-11, PPL-12, PPL-13,

PPL-14, PPL-15, PPL-165, PPL-17, PPL-18, PPL-19,

PPL-20, PPL-21 and PPL-22) and three testers (48-1,

DCS-107 and JC-2).

The analysis of variance for combining ability

revealed significant differences among the lines, testers

and line x testers for all the traits studied. Further,

nonadditive gene action was found to be preponderant

for seed yield and yield components in the present

investigation favouring a hybrid beeding programme.

Combining ability analysis revealed that among

the parental lines PPL-20, PPL-19, PPL-21, PPL-14, PPL-

17 and 48-1 were found to be good general combiners

for early flowering. Further, parents PPL-21, PPL-16, PPL-

20, PPL-19, PPL-12, 48-1 and DCS-107 were found to

be early maturing. More over parents PPL-20, PPL-21,

PPL-14, PPL-16, PPL-19 and DCS-107 were adjudged

as the best general combiners for seed yield per plant.

The parental lines viz., PPL-20, PPL-16, PPL-21, PPL-14

and 48-1 possessed favourable genes for oil content.

Hence, the female lines possessing good combining

ability for seed yield may be crossed to the best combining

male parents for earliness and related traits or vice versa

in order to obtain desirable segregants.

The hybrids PPL-14 x JC-2, PPL-16 x 48-1 and

PPL-22 x 48-1, PPL-22 x DCS-107 are good specific

combiners for earliness. The hybrids PPL-18 x JC-2, PPL-

14 x JC-2, PPL-17 x48-1, PPL-21 x DCS-107 and PPL-

20 x 48-1 which recorded positively significant sca effects

for seed yield were the good specific combiners.

Therefore, these hybrids could be recommended for

heterosis breeding.

The maximum values of heterosis over mid

parent and better parent was observed in the cross

combinations, PPL-20 x 48-1 followed by PPL-17 x 48-1,

PPL-11 x DCS -109, PPL-21x DCS-107 and PPL-20 x

48-1 which recorded positively significant sca effects for

seed yield were the good specific combiners. Therefore,

these hybrids could be recommended for heterosis

breeding.

The maximum values of heterosis over mid

parent and better parent was observed in the cross

combinations, PPL-20 x 48-1 followed by PPL-17 x 48-1,

PPL-11 x DCS -109, PPL-21 x DCS-107 and PPL-14 x

JC-2. High heterotic response in these hybrids for seed

yield per plant resulted mainly due to the substantial

heterosis for other important yield contributing characters.

The seed yield per plant exhibited significant

positive correlation with effective spike length, number of

spikes per plant, 100 seed weight, oil content and number

ABSTRACTS

of capsules per plant, indicating the importance of thesecharacters in selection.

Studies on path coefficient analysis emphasizedthe need for selection, based on number of capsules per

plant, 100 seed weight, plant height, number of nodes

upto primary spike, days to maturity, effective spike length

and oil content. Since, these were found to be the

important direct contributors for seed yield.

M.Sc.(Ag)., 2008.

Heterosis and combining ability studies for grain yield and its components inmaize (Zea mays L.) genotypes

Student: Ram Reddy Vadala Major Advisor: Dr. A. Seshagiri Rao

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation on “Heterosis and

combining ability studies for grain yield and its

components in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes” was

under taken with ten lines.

During Kharif, 2007 the ten elite inbred lines

were crossed with four testers in Line x Tester design, at

maize Research Centre, ARI, Rajendranagar.

Subsequently in Rabi, 2007-08, the 40 F1 crosses along

with standard check (DHM-115) and parents (lines and

testers) were evaluated at College Farm, College of

Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.

The analysis of variance revealed significant

differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied.

Further, non-additive gene action was found to be

preponderant for grain yield and yield components in the

present investigation favoring a hybrid breeding

programme. The hybrids in general were tall and high

yielding, compared to the parents. High level of heterosis

was noticed for grain yield per plant followed by number

of kernels per row and 100-seed weight.

The combining ability analysis revealed

importance of non-additive gene action in governing the

characters studied. Among the parental lines, CM-208

and NBML-3027 were good general combiners for

earliness viz., days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50

per cent silking and days to 50 per cent maturity. The

parents NBML-3053, NBML-3206 and NBML-3085

recorded positively significant gca effects for grain yield

were the good specific combiners. Therefore these

hybrids are recommended for heterosis breeding.

Estimates of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and

standard heterosis were variable among crosses in

desirable direction and some of them turned out to be

best specific crosses. The best crosses with high standard

heterosis for grain yield viz., NBML-3082xNBML-3163,

NBML-3027xNBML-3206, NBML-3110 x BML-15, NBML-

3053x NBML - 3085 and NBML-3084 x NBML-3206 for

grain yield may be further exploited in multilocation

evaluation before releasing them for commercial

cultivation.

Studies on heritability, correlations and path

analysis emphasized the need for selection, based on

plant type with greater 100-seed weight, number of kernels

per row, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, plant

height, ear length and ear height. Since, these were found

to be the important direct contributors for grain yield.

M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Mapping of Regions associated with zinc content in grains of rice

Student: L. Madhuri Lalasa Major Advisor: Dr. K. Radhika

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present study was undertaken with the prime

objectives of i) assessing the genetic diversity of rice

germplasm using microsatellite markers derived from the

genomic regions associated with Zinc metabolism and I

ii) identifying specific regions of the chromosomes

associated with zinc content in the grain.

A set of 83 rice genotypes with a wide variation

in their zinc content in grain was screened for genetic

diversity using nineteen microsatellite markers, derived

from genomic regions associated with Zn metabolism.

Of the forty five markers use for parental

polymorphism studies between Samba Mahsuri and

ABSTRACTS

Ranbir Basmati, only sixteen markers showed

polymorphism, nine markers showed monomorphism and

twenty one were not amplified. Three polymorphic

markers which are associated with cation uptake viz., SC

129 marker based on ZIP (Zrt /Irt related protein), SC 135

marker based on ZIP (Zrt/Irt related protein) and SC 141

marker based on NRAMP (Natural Resistance -

Associated Macrophage Protein), were used to assay

the 24 and 22 F2 individual plants respectively showing

high and low zinc content in grains, to identify specific

regions of the chromosome associated. The markers used

for selective genotyping studies, amplified Ranbir Basmati

specific allele in homozygous condition in more F2 plants

having high zinc content and Samba Mahsuri specific

allele was found in homozygous condition in more F2

plants with low zinc content in rice grains. This situation

was very clearly noticed with respect to SC 135 marker.

The linkage distance of these three markers, SC 129, SC

135 and SC 141 with their respective genes OsZIPI,

OsZIP8, OsNRAMP7 on chromosomes 3,5 and 12 were

found to be 47.8 cM, 15.2 cM and 44.6 cM respectively.

The association could be made more effective by

analyzing more F2 population. The methodology of

selective genotyping could successfully identify the

chromosomal regions associated with zinc content in

grains. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

Evaluation of Genotypes for genetic divergence and fusarium wilt resistance incastor (Ricinus communis L.)

Student: Shaik Zareena Begum Major Advisor: Dr. Farzana Jabeen

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out during

kharif 2007-08 at Regionsal Agricultural Research

Station (RARS), Palem, Mahabubnagar District, which

consist of two different experiments viz., Experiment-I,

with fifty genotypes of castor studied for genetic divergence

and Experiment-II, with other One hundred and fifty

germplasm lines of castor (Ricinus communs L.)

screened for Fusarium wilt resistance.

The analysis of variance revealed significant

differences among the genotypes for all the characters

studied indicating that the data generated from the above

diverse material representing wide variability. The

genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters

studied were lesser than the phenotypic coefficients of

variation indicating the modifying effect of the environment

in assiciation with the characters at genotypic level. High

PCV coupled with high GCV observed for plant height,

number of spikes per plant, effective spike length, number

of capsules per plant. Seed yield per plant indicate the

presence of wider variability for these traits in the

population studied. High heritability coupled with high

genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed except

for days to maturity indicates preponderance of additive

gene action in the inheritance of these traits and

improvement in these characters is possible through

simple selection.

The correlation studies indicated that number of

spikes per plant, effective spike length, number of capsules

per plant, 100 seed weight and oil content had significant

positive association with seed yield per plant hence

simultaneous improvement of these characters along with

seed yield is possibile.

The path analysis indicated that capsules per

plant had direct positive effect on seed yield. Direct

selection through this trait for improvement of seed yield

is highly effective. In case of number of spikes per plant

and 100 seed weight though the associations are positive

and significant, direct effects are low indirect effects

through effective spike length, number of capsules per

plant and plant height are to be considered to bring about

improvement in seed yield.

Thus, the present study revealed that the major

emphasis should be laid on selection process with more

number of spikes per plant, number of capsules per plant

and increased 100 seed weight for realizing higher seed

yield in castor (Ricinus communis L.).

In Experiment - II, screening of germplasm lines

for fesistance to wilt and per cent disease incidence was

calculated. Amont one hundred and fity entries tested,

fifteen entries viz., RG-21, RG-425, RG-445, RG-453, RG-

457, RG-572, RG-587, RG-625, RG-689, RG-709, RG-

743, RG-788, RG-789, RG-811 and RG-819 were

recorded as resistant. So these entries can be used in

different crossing programmes for the development of

hybrids with wilt resistance. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

ABSTRACTS

Heterosis and combining ability studies for grain yield and its components innewly bred inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.)

Student: G. Sheshu Major Advisor: Dr. Farzana Jabeen

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The prsent investigation has been undertaken

in maize to carry out the combining ability analysis and to

estimate heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis as well

as to understand nature of gene action, genetic

parameters, character association of yield and yield

contributing characters.

The combining ability analysis revealed

importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions

in governing the characters but non-additive gene action

was found predominant.

Estimates of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and

standard heterosis were variable among crosses in

desirable direction and some of them turned out to be

best specific crosses. The cross cobinations BML-10 x

CM-209 and CM-210 x CM-119 for earliness and BML-

15 x CM-209 and CM-209 x CM - 119, for grain yield

were found to be superior to the standard check BH

1576. The hybrids BML-15 x CM-209, CM-209 x CM-

119, CM-132 x CM-119, CM-132 x CM-209 and BML-15

x BML-15 x DML-10 performed well over standard check

BH 1576 for grain yield.

Estimates of genetic parameters exhibited high

heritability for ear height, plant height, ear length, number

of kernels per row, number of kernels per row, oil content

and grain yield may bring about dsired improvement in

grain yield by selection for thdse characters. Character

association among grain yield and yield contributing

characters exhibited that 100 grain weight, number of

kernels per row, number of kernel rows per ear, ea girth,

ear length, plant height and ear height had significant

and positive correlations with grain yield.

Path coefficient analysis showed direct

relationship of number of kernels per ear, 100 grain

weight, number of kernels per row, number of kernel rows

per ear and ear length with grain yield. The indirect effect

of these characters on grain yield influenced more by

number of kernels per ear and 100 kernel weight.

The identified five superior crosses (BML-15 x

CM-209, CM-209 x CM 119, CM-132 x CM-119, CM-132

x CM-209 and BML-15 x BML-10) in the present

investigation, based on heterosis and combining ability,

which performed well for grain yield and yield contributing

characters may be used as single cross hybids after

evaluation in multi location trials. M.Sc.(Ag.), 2008.

ABSTRACTS

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Journals and Bulletins

Abdul Salam, M and Mazrooe, S.A. 2007. Water requirement of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced byplanting dates in Kuwait. Journal of Agrometeorology. 9 (1) : 34-41

Hu, J., Yue, B and Vick, B.A. 2007. Integration of trap makers onto a sunflower SSR marker linkage mapconstructed from 92 recombinant inbred lines. Helia. 30 (46) :25-36.

Books

AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. Association of official analytical chemists. 15th Ed. WashingtonDC. USA. pp. 256

Federer, W.T. 1993. Statistical design and analysis for intercropping experiments. Volume I: two crops.Springer – Verlag, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. pp. 298-305

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Ibrahim, F. 2007. Genetic variability for resistance to sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sacchari, Zentner) insorghum. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad.

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Proceedings of Seminars / Symposia

Bind, M and Howden, M. 2004. Challenges and opportunities for cropping systems in a changing climate.Proceedings of International crop science congress. Brisbane –Australia. 26 September – 1 October2004. pp. 52-54

(www.cropscience 2004.com 03-11-2004)

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