achieving a cost effective live, virtual and constructive training mix “helping mod to make better...
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Achieving a Cost Effective Live, Virtual and Constructive Training Mix
“Helping MOD to make better decisions in an age of uncertainty”
Simon FoaleGroup Leader (Analysis, Experimentation and Simulation)
© Crown copyright 2011. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO.
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Over a Decade of Synthetic Environment Research
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Outline
• Experimentation– Definitions
– Defence Operational Training Capability Vision
– Key Training Tenets
– LiveWIRE
• High Level Operational Analysis• Scope• Study Stages
• Summary
• Questions
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Definitions
•Live – Real people in real world platforms
•Virtual – Real people in simulated platforms
•Constructive – Computer generated forces
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Definitions
• Embedded– Live platform onboard capability generating simulated
threats – does not require a link to the virtual-world• Live vs Synthetic
– Training takes place using either live platforms or simulators
• LVC– Real-world and virtual/constructive-world blended– May be Lvc (virtual participants and/or constructive
entities solely there to stimulate Live players– May be LVc (two-way training for real-world and
virtual participants)
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Joint Synthetic Training Vision 2020+
DOTC(A)
DOTC(M)DOTC(L)
Joint Operations
Air Forces
Land forces
Maritime forces
Joint Training
DOTC - Defence Operational Training Capability
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Defence Operational Training Capability (Air)
“To provide the Air element of a Defence LVC Training Capability by exploiting simulation and synthetically enhancing live training, to satisfy the Team and Collective training requirements at the Component, Joint and Combined levels.”
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Live/Synthetic Trends
Future
Simulator Based Training
Live TrainingSimulated Effects
Live Training
Past
Now
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Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (1)Adopt a user-centric approach
• Training not the technology important• Unsure if an application/solution works until you fully stress the system• Must involve end-users every step of the way
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Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (2)Create a total training environment
• All phases important; planning, brief, execute, debrief• Technology must support all activities; e.g. synchronised debrief
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Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (3)Maintain the benefits of collocation
• Trust – confidence and understanding
‘The secret of a successful air campaign is interoperability and the most important component of interoperability is trust’Air Marshall Stu Peach
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Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (4)
Flexibility is critical for an evolving capability• Contractual and technical flexibility are essential:
– Cost effective solutions– Greater interoperability– More market choice
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Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (5)
Use an expert White Force
– Experience
– Credibility and leadership
– Control and trigger events
– Effective debriefs
– Emotional commitment
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Trial - LiveWIRE
Live Warfighter Integrated Research Environment
“Investigate the training potential and current limitations of a true LVC environment as part of a future DOTC(A)
construct”
First UK trial of its kind (February 2011)
– Blend of all three elements of LVC
– In a training context
– Involving front-line air assets
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BLUE
REDOPERATING AREA
SA-11
SA-11
CGF
CGF
CGF
LIVE
VIRTUAL
VIRTUAL
VIRTUAL
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LiveWIRE
Exercise ControlThe expert “White Force” team, led by the Exercise Director, indigenous to ABTC
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Air Battlespace Training Centre, RAF Waddington
LiveWIRE
Link VanProvided UHF Voice and “Link 16” air picture data link between the ABTC and the live Typhoons
RAF Coningsby
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LiveWIRE
Virtual AWACSSimulated E3D aircraft provided airborne surveillance and control to live and virtual assets
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LiveWIRE
Virtual TyphoonPair of virtual Typhoons provided by “type representative” simulators in large domes
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LiveWIRE
Virtual Red AirPair of virtual Mig 29 provided by “desktop roleplayer” simulators
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Air Battlespace Training Centre, RAF Waddington
LiveWIRE
Live TyphoonsPair of Typhoons from 29(R) Sqn flown from RAF Coningsby
RAF Coningsby
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LiveWIRE - FIRST IMPRESSIONS• Successfully proved concept
• Positive feedback from participants
• More mature LVC solution required for live players
• Real time kill removal is not available
• Safety implications
• Communications
• Weather becomes a factor
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Training High Level Operational Analysis
Aim to:
– Understand the training system and
– Assess most cost effective LVC mix for training activities
– Across the services.
• Two phases
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Phase 1
• Literature Review
• Summary of Live/Synthetic Analysis approaches:
• FAPV (Familiarization Acquisition Practice and Validation)• ADVISOR• STRIVE (Specifying Training Requirements in Virtual
Environments )
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Assessment Methods Cost Effective LVC Mix
• FAPV– Favoured US methodology
– Uses a task based approach
• ADVISOR– Canadian commercial model used by the UK MOD
– Similar task based approach
• STRIVE, a procurement model, used to:– Support the development of Operational Requirements Documents
– Ensure that the tasks assigned to virtual environment training are realistic given the current technological capabilities.
• All methodologies have at their heart the use of judgement by SMEs.
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Issues for LVC Assessments
• All of existing Live or Synthetic Analysis approaches have issues:
– Heavily reliant on military judgement
– Lack of Verification and Validation for methodologies
– Point estimates
– Difficult establishing areas of lowest risk
– Cost
– Benefits of live training difficult to quantify so how do we establish if VC training is more/less/equally effective?
– More complicated in true LVC
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Phase 2 Overview
•Building a better analytical capability…
•Three stages
– A: Collate and Categorise
– B: Research Metrics and Methodology
– C: Conduct Gap and Risk Analysis
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Stage A: Collate and Categorise
• Identify links and related studies
•Categorise the Military Training System– Stages: Identifying individual, collective, and team
training and the use of training assets
– Roles: Taxonomy of roles
– Cost: Cost of training
•Training Enterprise Concept Model
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Stage B: Research, Metrics, Methodology
•Training Requirement to Operations– Training Gap Analysis
– Mission Essential Competencies (MECs)
• Links to HLOA and Campaign Analysis– Implicit Assumptions / Robustness of Force Mix
Options
•Qualitative and Quantitative Approach– Integration of Costs / Effectiveness / Risks
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Stage B: Mission Essential Competencies
Extent Delivered:What extent can be given
Live? Syn/Sim? LVC?
Extent Delivered:What extent can be given
Live? Syn/Sim? LVC?
Importance: How important is the
experience?
Importance: How important is the
experience?
Gaps Identified:Important experiences not encountered frequently?
Gaps Identified:Important experiences not encountered frequently?
Frequency:How often have units encountered event?
Frequency:How often have units encountered event?
“…fully prepared individual, crew, force, requires for successful mission completion under adverse conditions in a non-
permissive environment.”
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Stage C: Analysis (Gaps and Risk)
• ‘Better’ Analytical Capability– Training Roles and (High-Level) link to
Capability
– Link to HLOA – validated method of use
– Platforms / Roles - trade-offs and risks
– Integration with cost model…
– Capability to provide evidence
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Summary
• Challenging area of experimentation and OR research– Significant - UK MoD spends £Billions on training each year
• Need to do training cost-effectively– But effectively – not just cheaply!
– LVC major part of way forward but needs care and planning
• Need to coordinate investment in training (all aspects) with investment in other areas, e.g. equipment
• OR must provide objective, robust, auditable evidence
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Questions