achieving millenium development goals

8/9/2019 Achieving Millenium Development Goals

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ACHIEVING THEMILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENT GOALS

POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE

HEALTH AS CRITICAL DETERMINANTS

P O P U L AT I O N A N D

D E V E L O P M E N T

S T R A T E G I E S

NUMBER 10

|2003


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First Published September 2003

New York, NY 10017

NOTES: The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the Team and do not necessarily reflect those of the United

Population Fund (UNFPA).

The designations employed and the presentation of material in

lication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoev

part of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) concerning

status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authoritie

cerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The term

as used in the text of this report refers, as appropriate, to terr

areas. The designations of developed and developing coun

intended for convenience and do not necessarily express a j

about the stage reached by a particular country or are

Other titles in this series:

PDS No.1 Population, Environment and Poverty Linkages: Operational Challenges Au

PDS No.2 Situation and Voices: The Older Poor and Excluded in South Africa and India

PDS No.3 Population Ageing and Development: Social, Health and Gender Issues Apr

PDS No.4 Population and Housing Censuses: Strategies for Reducing Costs October 2

PDS No.5 Population Ageing and Development: Operational Challenges in Developing COctober 2002

PDS No.6 Global Population and Water: Access and Sustainability March 2003

PDS No.7 Counting the People: Constraining Census Costs and Assessing Alternative AMay 2003

PDS No.8 Population and Poverty: Achieving Equity, Equality and SustainabilityJune 2003

PDS No.9 The Impact of HIV/AIDS: A Population and Development PerspectiveAugust 2003


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he Millennium Development Goals, particularly the eradication o

poverty and hunger, cannot be achieved if questions of popul

reproductive health are not squarely addressed. And that means stron

to promote womens rights, and greater investment in education a

including reproductive health and family planning.

United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi A. Annan, Bangkok, Decem

According to the United Nations World Population Prospects,Revision, global population will reach 8.9 billion persons in 20

pared with 6.3 billion in 2003. Growth rates are slowing and

figure is 0.4 billion lower than projected in The 2000 Revision. P

slowing of population growth has been due to the effects of the c

ravages of the HIV/AIDS pandemic,which is markedly increasin

ity levels in some countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa

important part of the lower growth rates is due to the success

lation programmes, coupled with the empowerment of wome

Yet,even in the shorter time span to 2015,there will be almost 1 bil

people added to the worlds less developed countries from 5.1

2003 to 6.0 billion in 2015. In many of these countries, the numb

FOREWORD

T


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A C H I E V I N G T H E M I L L E N N I U M D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L

P O P U L A T I O N A N D R E P R O D U C T I V E H E A L T H A S C R I T I C A L D E T

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Population and Development (ICPD), marked a strong recommi

the right to development, to the eradication of the many dime

poverty, and to gender equality and the empowerment of wo

Declaration mainstreams into the global development agen

mutually reinforcing goals, to be achieved by 2015, that ar

national development and international cooperation.

The ICPD goal of universal access to quality reproductive health

by 2015 is not one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG

this publication demonstrates, the attainment of reproductiv

and reproductive rights are fundamental for development, for

poverty, and for meeting the MDG targets. Conversely, reprodu

health undermines development by, inter alia, diminishing th

of womens lives, weakening and, in extreme cases, killing poo

of prime ages, and placing heavy burdens on families and comm

Women who can plan their families and who are educated a

able to seek health care for themselves and their families - ther

ing to break the cycle of poverty and to enter a virtuous cycle. W

reduce poverty, child and maternal mortality and the spread of

unless couples and individuals can plan their families, receiv

care during pregnancy and birth, and have the information anes they need to protect their health and prevent HIV i

Reproductive health is thus crucial,not only to poverty reductio

sustainable human development.

Sustainable economic growth is important for increasing reve

social sector investments. But it does not guarantee better repr

health status of the poor. This is especially so for those living in

poverty in remote areas with limited access to basic health a

education, and where there is a large unmet need for repr

health services, including family planning.

UNFPA, working in multiple partnerships, supports gender


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But we cannot accomplish the MDGs and ICPD goals with

financial means to do so. Under the Global Partner

Development,as agreed in MDG 8, developed countries have co

to the transfer of the necessary resources to ensure meeting t

other development goals. Yet, despite the Monterrey Consens

nal assistance, including that for population and developm

grammes, has not improved significantly in recent years. Wgramme countries must make stronger commitments to po

programmes, these commitments must be fully supported by i

donor ODA flows and technical assistance. And there shoul

politicisation of population issues. Financing and investing in r

tive health and womens empowerment is cost effective and f

ports progress towards the achievement of the MDGs.

In conclusion, I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely tmembers of the Technical Team who prepared this publication

with the encouragement of Ms. Mari Simonen, Director, T

Support Division of UNFPA,for their professionalism and creati

cerely hope that it serves to heighten awareness of the critic

tance of addressing population and reproductive health is

achieving the MDGs.

Thoraya Ahmed Obaid

Executive Director

September 2003

F O R E W O R D


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A C H I E V I N G T H E M I L L E N N I U M D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S /P O P U L A T I O N A N D R E P R O D U C T I V E H E A L T H A S C R I T I C A L D E T E R M I N

TECHNICAL TEAM

Mr Richard LeeteChief, Population and Development Branch (PDB)

Technical Support Division (TSD), UNFPA

Dr Soraya Azmi BurhaniResearch Assistant

PDB, TSD

Ms Mickie SchochResearch Assistant

PDB, TSD

Additional assistance

Ms Ann Pawliczko

Senior Resource Flows OfficerPDB, TSD

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Foreword

Technical team

Millennium development goals: targets and indicators

Global Population

MDG 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

MDG 2 Achieve universal primary education

MDG 3 Promote gender equality and empower women

MDG 4 Reduce child mortality

MDG 5 Improve maternal health

MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

MDG 8 Develop a global partnership for development

Population, reproductive health, poverty and the MDGs

CONTENTS


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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: TARGETS AND INDICAT

GOALS AND TARGETS(FROM THE MILLENNIUM DECLARATION)

INDICATORS FOR MONITORING P

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

TARGET 1: Halve,between 1990 and 2015,the proportion of people whose income

is less than one dollar a day

TARGET 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer

from hunger

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

TARGET 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere,boys and girls alike,will be

able to complete a full course of primary schooling

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

TARGET 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education prefer-

ably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY

TARGET 5: Reduce by two-thirds,between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH

TARGET 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal

mortality ratio

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES

TARGET 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

TARGET 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria

and other major diseases

GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

1a. Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per daya

1b. Poverty headcount ratio (% of population below t

2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]

3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

4. Prevalence of underweight children under-five yea

5. Proportion of population below minimum level of die

6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education

7a. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach gr7b. Primary completion rate

8. Literacy rate of 1524 year-olds

9. Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and te

10. Ratio of literate women to men 1524 years old

11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-

12. Proportion of seats held by women in national pa

13. Under-five mortality rate

14. Infantmortality rate

15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised again

16. Maternal mortality ratio

17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health pe

18. HIV prevalence among 1524 year old pregnant w

19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence

19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex

19b. Percentage of population aged 15-24 with compreh

of HIV/AIDSc

19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate

20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to scho

orphans aged 1014

21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malar

22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas usi

vention and treatment measuresd

23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberc

24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected an

observed treatment short course (DOTS)


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GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

TARGET 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory

trading and financial system

Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and

poverty reduction both nationally and internationally

TARGET 13: Address the special needs of the least developed countries

Includes: tariff and quota free access for least developed countries

exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancella-

tion of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries

committed to poverty reduction

TARGET 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island

developing States (through the Programme of Action for the

Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the

outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General

Assembly)

TARGET 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries

through national and international measures in order to make debt

sustainable in the long term

TARGET 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement

strategies for decent and productive work for youth

TARGET 17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to

affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

TARGET 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of

new technologies, especially information and communications

Some of the indicators listed below are monitored sep

countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked countries and smal

Official development assistance

33. Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage

national income

34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable

basic social services (basic education, prima

water and sanitation)

35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC don

36. ODA received in landlocked countries as prop

37. ODA received in small island developing State

Market access

38. Proportion of total developed country impo

arms) from developing countries and LDCs, ad

39. Average tariffs imposed by developed count

and textiles and clothing from developing cou

40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countr

41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trad

Debt sustainability

42. Total number of countries that have reached t

number that have reached their HIPC comple

43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, U

44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of go

45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds,each s

46. Proportion of population with access to affo

sustainable basis

47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 10

48a. Personal computers in use per 100 populatio

population

48b. Internet users per 100 population

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS and targets come from the Millennium Declaration sig

including 147 Heads of State, in September 2000 (www.un.org/documents/ga/res/55/a55r002

goals and targets are inter-related and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partdeveloped countries and the developing countries determined, as the Declaration states,

ment at the national and global levels alike which is conducive to development and the e

a For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on UNICEF, in collaboration with UNAID


12/38


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GLOBALPOPULATION

Global population in 2003 i19 per cent live in developecent in developing countries

growth rates are slowing but re

required for population stabilis

Population size continues to grow but mainly in developing

Billions

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

1990 95 2000 05 10

2003

Least develop

Less develop

More develop

Wo

Population growth is most marked in the poorest countries, butthe rate is declining, albeit slowly in the least developed countrie

2

2.5

3Least developed

Less developed

2003

row

th(%)


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Most developed countries have completed thedemographic transition. And many developingcountries are well along the path from high to low

fertility the final stage of the demographic

transition which is the main cause of lower

population growth rates. But, e

countries, it cannot be assumed

transition has begun it will auto

and reach population replacemen

Billions

1990 2000 2015

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1990 2000 201

Developing countriesDeveloped countries

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 00-4

5-14

15-49

50-64

65+

Populations are ageing: in developed countries the older age group

fastest,in developing countries the working age population is also gro

Population stabilisation will be attained only if

efforts are maintained to expand and improvethe quality of reproductive health programmes to

better serve the large unmet needs of poor

communities. And these must be accompanied by

increased investments in human capital, particular-

l id d d ti f i l i li ith

dependency ratios are thus a fea

countries,and also some developinthe demographic transition ha

Women are in the majority among

their longer life expectancy.

Th di f th l ti


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Sub-Saharan Africa, the worlds poorest region, isthe fastest growing, despite the increasingpopulation losses from AIDS mortality. By 2015 its

share of global population will rise from 11 per cent

to 13 per cent.With the share of

in developing countries expe

decade ahead the imperative of

and ICPD goals becomes even g

More than half of global population is concentrated in Asia

South Asia

6%

9%

11%

15%

27%

32%

Middle East and North Africa

Latin America and Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

High income countrie

Population 2003, 6.3 billion

East Asia and Pacific

7%

9%

13%

31%


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As investments in human develop-ment rise, family size falls

Population dynamics and structhealth, including adolescent reand HIV/AIDS prevention, the empow

and gender equality are fundamen

proportion of people in extreme pov

woman),2001

8

7

5

6

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Sub-SaharanAfrica

East Asia andPacific

South Asia Latin Americaand Caribbean

Middle East andNorth Africa

Europe andCentral Asia

Populationlivinginextremepoverty(%)

,1999

Linear trend from 1990 - 1999

MDG target in 2015

Behind target

Extrapolated trend to 2015

On target

Ahead of target

Human devas human highest where

lowest. In suc

rates tend to b

ernments have invest in peo

education. Th

feedbacks from

ing in popula

health and gen

Some regions are reducing extreme poverty: in otheris on the rise

ERADICATE EXTREMEPOVERTY ANDHUNGER

MDG

GOA

L1


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A

growing share of the population of working ages

has the potential for raising incomes and decreasing

poverty. Reaping the benefits of declining dependency

burdens depend on increased em

nities, improvements in public he

and investments in human capit

Fertility transition has progressed faster in coun-tries that provide women with choices to spaceand time their births, provide services for healthy

pregnancies, advance gender equality, increase cover-

age of schooling and adopt pro-poor population poli-

cies within a human rights fram

concentrated in sub-Saharan Afr

Asian countries, where access to

tion remains out of reach for man

poor.

Fertility transition is spreading but women in poorcontinue to have many children

6

No Data

East Asia and the Pacific Sub - Saharan Afric

3000

4000

3000

4000

65

70

Working age

population

To

talfert

ilityra

te(p

erwoman

),2001

Demographic dividend? Growing share of populatioages may lead to rising per capita incomes...


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Primary enrolment rises as the share ofchildren in the population decreases

Education, for girls and boys, isreducing poverty and openingopportunities throughout life. Wher

cation is guaranteed, peoples access

of other rights is enhanced.

tratio(%),2000

100

80

60

100

0

60

50

70

80

90

Netprimaryen

rolmentratio(%),2000

Sub-SaharanAfrica






MDG target in 2015

Behind target


Ahead of target

School enrolseveral regibenefiting bot

but more nee

meet the tar

primary educating in conditio

ticularly girls,

education parti

Education of

Primary school enrolment is rising, yet many childrenattend school and the 2015 target is unlikely to be m

ACHIEVE UNIVERSALPRIMARYEDUCATION

MDG

GOA

L

2


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A

cross many countries, the evidence shows that

better educated women are more likely to use con-

traception, have smaller family size and lower maternal

mortality. Further, their children

during infancy and they are less li

Primary education is the main driver for theeradication of illiteracy. Secular gains in schoolenrolments have led to lower illiteracy rates among

young adults. While currently the highest proportion-

s of young adults unable to read and write are located

in sub-Saharan Africa (23 per cen

largest number (approximately

illiteracy further requires increa

tion as well as overcoming ba

demand.

Where children do not go to school, illiteracy of yois high

Better schooling of girls leads to improvement inand reproductive health outcomes...

47 DHS countries, latest available date

livebirths

ganymethod

)

Contraceptive use Births per woman100

80 4

5 100

80

Literacyra

tes

15

-24yearo

lds

(%),2000

97 to 10090 to 97

90 to 95

80 to 90


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As disparities in literacy between young females adecrease so too does adolescent fertility

Empowering women is an importa basic human right and it contwell-being. Gender equality, equ

empowerment are essential to achie

ical and social development for all.

ged15-1

9,

2002

250

200

150

1.1

0

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.0

Girlsprimary

andsecondaryenrolment

inrelatio

ntoboys(%),2

000

Sub-SaharanAfrica






MDG target in 2015

Behind target


Ahead of target

G

irls who

more like

start childbea

smaller and h

Conversely,

women tend t

families soon

Gender differentials in schooling are declining sharpcrimination against girls going to school still persist

PROMOTE GENDEREQUALITY ANDEMPOWER WOMEN

MDG

GOA

L

3


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i d ti i hild


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Child mortality declines with smallerfamily size

Impressive reductions in child moseriously set back, especially in subpreventable illnesses, especially HI

improbable that the target of reduc

by two thirds by 2015 will be reached

1000livebirths,200

0

300

200

250

200

0

75

25

125

150

175

100

50

Under-fivemortality

rateper1000livebirths.

2000

Sub-SaharanAfrica






MDG target in 2015

Behind target


Ahead of target

Child mortalifor some 1annually, is hig

lies with lar

children. Educa

resources, suchempowers wom

er families an

care for their ch

in child morta

alia attention t

Progress on meeting child mortality reduction targetin the poorest regions

REDUCE CHILDMORTALITY MDG

GOA

L

4

Not surprisingly child mortality is shown to be degrade already weak health s


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W

ealth is a powerful determinant of population

and health outcomes. Across all regions and

countries the poor have more children than the rich,

and they also have higher child a

Not surprisingly, child mortality is shown to besharply higher in the poorest countries where pri-mary health care systems tend to be inaccessible or

unavailable. Complex humanitarian crisis situations,

prevalent in several poor countries, tend to further

degrade already weak health s

the risk of infant and child mo

lenge is to provide basic social s

rural communities.

Child mortality is highest in the poorest countries

Within countries the poor have more children thand higher child mortality

Sub-SaharanAfrica

22countries

Births per woman Child mortality

Un

der

fivemortali

tyra

teper

1000live

births,

2000

200

No Data

Some half a million women die aIMPROVE MATERNAL


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As use of family planning risesfewer mothers die at childbirth...

Some half a million women die amore suffer ill-health during pregeach year. Most live in the poores

reproductive health services are out o

000livebirths,2000

10

8

6

100

0

50

35

70

80

90

60

40

Birthsattendedbys

killedhealthpersonnel(%),2000

Sub-SaharanAfrica






MDG target in 2015

Behind target


Ahead of target

Reducing matdepends on maing the availability

and quality healt

important are skille

for dealing with comduring pregnancy

Globally, skilled atte

than 60 per cent o

investments in pren

natal care support p

Too many births not attended by skilled health persoting at risk mothers lives

IMPROVE MATERNALHEALTH MDG

GOA

L

5

There has been progress towards the ICPD goal of million unplanned pregnancies


25/38

The use of contraception is influenced by many fac-tors, especially access to quality reproductivehealth services social and cultural factors often con-

strain women from accessing se

rural areas and having low inco

be using contraception.

There has been progress towards the ICPD goal ofproviding access for all who need reproductivehealth services by 2015. Yet there is still considerable

unmet need, especially among countries in sub-

Saharan Africa and South Asia. Globally, there are 80

million unplanned pregnancies

lion women wanting to use cont

and limiting births but not doing

be done to improve reproductiv

reproductive rights.

Many couples still lack access to family planning

Contraceptives continue to be less accessible to tthose living in rural areas

poore

riche

South Asia

Sub-SaharanAfrica

22countries

Urban Rural

Con

tracep

tiveprev

alencera

te(%),2001

70

No Data

More than 40 million people aCOMBAT HIV/AIDS


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As knowledge of HIV/AIDS increases so too does thecondoms among young persons

More than 40 million people awith HIV/AIDS. By far the largconcentrated in low income count

edge about, and access to, reproducti

tion and services is lowest.

higherrisksex:

ults(%),2001

90

80

60

70

50

11

0

0.8

0.2

9

7

0.4

Sub-SaharanAfrica





1.0

10

8

0.6

HIVpre

valencerate(%),2001


MDG target in 2015

Behind target


On target

Ahead of target

HIV/AIDS isimpact on In high prevale

led to major expectancy and

pandemic is thr

ment progres

made towards

HIV/AIDS continues to spread: at alarming proportiosub-Saharan Africa

COMBAT HIV/AIDS,MALARIA ANDOTHER DISEASES

MDG

GOA

L

6

In most countries there is evidence of the invasive several countries in sub-Saharan


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Globally, more men are infected with HIV/AIDS thanwomen. But female infection rates are rising: insub-Saharan Africa more women are infected. Thismay reflect gender imbalances in power relations,

including about decisions to use

of preventing HIV transmission.

Ipresence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In some coun-tries it is concentrated in high-risk groups. But in

many others it has moved beyond the boundaries of

high-risk groups and into the general population. In

tion among the population are gre

This impact is catastrophic, un

ment progress in all sectors.

Staggering variation in HIV/AIDS prevalence

Increasing proportions of women are living with the pandemic spreads

59% 41%

50% 50%

50% 50%

2001

1997

1997Sub-Saharan

World

HIVpreva

lencerat

e(%),2001

20.0

No Data

The relationship between populaENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL


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Access to improved water increases asrural population growth diminishes

T p p pand distribution) and sustainabcomplex. Many current patterns of

production, both over-consumption a

under-consumption among the poor

esstoanimproved

000

100

80

60

100

0

80

60

Sub-SaharanAfrica





50

90

70

Populationwithaccesstoimprovedwater(%),2

000


MDG target in 2015

Behind target


Ahead of target

The long-termpopulation,adds almost 8

worlds popula

is heavily conc

oping countr

worlds consuCombined wit

nomic activity,

nential growt

scarce natural r

Access to water increasing but still inaccessible to mthe poor

ENSURE ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY MDG

GOA

L

7

Many low-income countries facing water scarcity long distances to collect heav


29/38

Some 60 per cent of all infant mortality is linked toinfectious and parasitic diseases, most of themwater-related, such as diarrhoea and cholera.

Currently about 1 billion people

drinking water, and more than tw

adequate sanitation.

Mhave fast growing populations. They are general-ly least able to make costly investments in water

saving technologies. And it is women and children

who tend to carry the burden - often having to walk

tends to impact adversely on t

and the schooling of their childr

Access to water remains a problem for many even beginning of the new Millennium

As access to clean water improves infant mortality

per1000livebirths,2

000

100

125

150

175


30/38

Tnership for development and outlresource mobilisation, technology tra

building. But trade barriers and agricu

sist,as do debt burdens,while ODA flow

ODAaspercentofGNI

1989/91 1994/96 1999/01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0

AUS

UK

NL

FR

CAN

GERJPN

SP

USA

NL

FR

CAN

GER

JPN

SP

USA

UK AUS

ITL

ITL

NL

FR

JPN

SP

ITL

USA

CAN

GER

UK

AUS

Most of the 10 largest OECD economies well below 0target

DEVELOP A GLOBALPARTNERSHIPFOR DEVELOPMENT

MDG

GOA

L

8

ICPDspecified the magnitude of resourcesnecessary to achieve Cairo goals in theperiod to 2015: starting at $US 17 billion a year and ris-

ing to $21.7 billion, with approximately two-thirds

target of $5.7 billion by 2000, intern

hovered around the $2 billion leve

and was $2.5 billion in 2001, that is

target level.

Investments in health and education of poor people,ll f l b h services. Despite some progresl d f


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Donor country assistance to population programmbelow ICPD targets

Increasing share of ODA going to basic social service

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

BillionsofUS$

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

$5.7 b$6.1 b

$6.8 b

$7.2 bTarget

actual population assistance projected population assistancebased on 1990-2000 trend

Iespecially females, contribute to economic growth,poverty reduction and improved equity. The 1995

Social Summit called for 20 per cent of domestic

expenditures and 20 per cent of ODA for basic social

remains elusive, and many of

denied access to these services

social services for all is fundame

and the realisation of human rig

1996/97


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POPULATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH,


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ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

MDG1

Lowerfertility,slowerpopulationgrowth, favourableagecom-position, increased economic growth, reduction in poverty

Smaller families so higher female labor force participation

Income distribution less skewed so less extreme poverty andmore scope for growth

Higher population growth, insecure livelihoods, higher riskof food insecurity

Teenage births and short birth intervals, some unplanned,

larger than desired familiesIntergenerational poverty cycle more likely

REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY

PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

MDG3

Later marriage and increased life opportunities

Male participation in RH results in better understandingamong spouses so less domestic violence

Increases bargaining power of women in sexual behaviourand child bearing decisions

Harmful practices and endemic violence

Low status and power of girls and women

Large families more hierarchical with respect to ageand gender

IMPROVE MATERNA

MDG5

Reduction of maternal morbidity a

Availability of emergency obstetriantenatal care

Fewer and well-spaced births

Lack of contraceptive access and

Births delivered by unskilled perso

Consequences of complications oserious

COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA

MDG6

Better information on contractionHIV/AIDS and other STDs

Increased negotiating skills for sa

Wider and deeper public knowled

Lack of antenatal care and medicimother to child infection

Lack of STD examinations and carpossibility of HIV/AIDS infection

Early sexual debut and lack of conof HIV/AIDS

ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

MDG2

Fewer children, more educational resources per child,better school performance

Reduction in child labor

Enlarges opportunities throughout adolescence andadulthood

Low retention rates, especially for girls

Girls burdened with sibling care and thus less scope ofsuccess at school

Higher pupil-teacher ratiosand lowerexpendituresper child

ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL

MDG7

Improved sustainable use of space

Less pressure of existing infrastruservices

Enhanced role of women as resou

Migration to crowded urban slumenvironmental resource base

Pressures on food and water secuExpansion into forested areas, mafragile eco-systems

DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSH

POPULATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH,POVERTY AND THE MDGS

NOTES AND SOURCES


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COUNTRY CLASSIFICATION

WITHIN GROUPS

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cte

dIvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial

Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Runion,

Rwanda, So Tom and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,

Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of

Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC: Cambodia,China,Democratic

Peoples Republic of Korea, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati,Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall

Islands, Micronesia Fed. Sts, Mongolia, Myanmar,

Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa,

Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga,

Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam.

SOUTH ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,

India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN: Antigua and

Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French

Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St.

Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,

Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA: Algeria Djibouti

Lithuania, Macedonia (Former Y

Poland, Republic of Moldova,

Federation, Slovakia,Tajikistan, Tur

Ukraine, Uzbekistan,Yugoslavia, F

HIGH INCOME: Andorra, Aruba,

Bahamas The, Bahrain, BelgiumDarussalam, Canada, Cayman

Islands, China Hong Kong (SAR), C

Cyprus, Denmark, Faeroe Island

French Polynesia, Germany, G

Guam, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy

Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxem

Netherlands, Netherlands Antille

New Zealand, Northern MarianPortugal, Qatar, San Marino, Sin

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Unit

United Kingdom, United States, Vi

MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: all

Northern America, Australia, New

LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: all

Asia (excl. Japan), Latin Americ

Melanesia, Micronesia and Polyne

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: Af

Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burk

Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central

Chad, Comoros, Democratic ReDjibouti, Equatorial Guinea,

Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Peoples Democratic Republic,

Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives,

Mozambique Myanmar Nepal

SOURCES OF DATA


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SOURCES OF DATA

GLOBAL POPULATION source of data for all population charts: United

Nations (2003) World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision, United

Nations Publications, New York.

MDG 1 source of data for: goal chartWorld Bank (2003) World

Development Indicators 2003, Washington DC; scatterplot United

Nations (ibid); UNDP (2003) Human Development Report 2003:Millennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to end

Human Poverty, New York: Oxford University Press; World Map United

Nations (ibid); 4th chart United Nations (ibid), World Bank (ibid).

MDG 2 source of data for:goal chartWorld Bank (ibid); scatterplotWorld

Bank (ibid); UNDP (ibid); World Map World Bank (ibid); 4th chart

Demographic Health Surveys, latest year available on

www.measuredhs.com.


Bank (ibid), UNDP (ibid); World Map United Nations (ibid); 4th chart

World Bank (ibid), United Nations (ibid).


Bank (ibid), United Nations (ibid); World Map United Nations (ibid);

4th chartDemographic Health Surveys (ibid).

MDG 5 source of data for: goal chartUNFPA (2002) State of the World

Population: People, Poverty and Possibilities, New York, UNICEF, data

available on www.unicef.org, WHO, data available on www.who.int;

scatterplotUNFPA (ibid); World Map United Nations Population Division

(2002) World Contraceptive Use 2001, United Nations Publications, New

York; 4th

chartDemographic Health Surveys (ibid).

MDG 6 source of data for:goal chartUNAIDS (1998) Report on the Global

HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Geneva, UNAIDS (2002) Report on the Global HIV/AIDS

Epidemic, Geneva; scatterplotUNAIDS (ibid); World Map UNAIDS (ibid);

4th chart UNAIDS (ibid)


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Population and Development Strategies (PDS) series

Population and Development Strategies (PDS) is one of two m

stantive thematic areas guiding the operational activities of UN

other being reproductive health with advocacy and gender as im

cross-cutting dimensions. The focus of PDS is on integrating po

issues into sustainable human development processes and on

ing the impact of development processes on population variabl

The goal of the Funds work in this area, guided by the ICPD Pro

of Action, the recommendations of ICPD + 5 and the Mi

Declaration, is to help countries achieve an improved balance

population dynamics and economic and social development. Th

PDS work follows a people-centred approach to sustainable

ment,putting the well-being of individual women and men at t

of sustained economic growth and sustainable development.

Within the PDS programmatic area, UNFPA seeks to enhance c

capacity to develop and implement integrated and multisecto

lation and development policies, mainstreaming gender and

rights approaches. The Fund helps support country efforts to a

population and development policies and programmes; st

national capacity in the area of data collection and analysis; an

the knowledge base of the linkages between population varia

economic and social phenomena. These linkages occur among

environment, migration, urbanisation, population age

intergenerational solidarity. In carrying out its progr

interventions, the Fund attempts to ensure maximum impac

lives of the poor, and especially women.

This series, Population and Development Strategies, seeks to contan improved understanding of population and development, a

adoption of a more integrated approach to their analy

management. The series will have a special focus on the condit

generate and perpetuate poverty, inequality and inequity th


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achieving millenium development goals

Documents