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Achieving Sustainability in Transportation for Achieving Sustainability in Transportation for P V hi l i Bi f l ith thP V hi l i Bi f l ith thPassenger Vehicles using Biofuels with the Passenger Vehicles using Biofuels with the

PHEV Platform in ManitobaPHEV Platform in Manitoba

N i Ci k & D id B L iNazim Cicek & David B. LevinDepartment of Biosystems Engineering Department of Biosystems Engineering

University of ManitobaUniversity of Manitobayy

PHEV 2007 - Where the Grid Meets the Road

Global Fossil Fuel Demand Transportation accounts for approx. 60% world fossilTransportation accounts for approx. 60% world fossilfuel consumption fuel consumption pp


Fossil Fuel Demand in CanadaTransportation accounts for approx. 34% fossil fuel Transportation accounts for approx. 34% fossil fuel consumption in Canada consumption in Canada pp

Transport Canada. 2003. Transportation in Canada: Transportation and the Environment. www tc gc ca/pol/en/report/


Transportation and the Environment. www.tc.gc.ca/pol/en/report/

Fossil Fuel Demand in ManitobaFossil fuels account for approx. 39% energy demand in ManitobaFossil fuels account for approx. 39% energy demand in Manitoba

Transportation accounts for 32% of GHG emissions Transportation accounts for 32% of GHG emissions

Electricity,26.4%

Renewable

Other, 2.2%

Natural Gas,Solid Waste

3%

Others4%

Renewable,32.2%

Non-Renewable Land use & Forestry

5%

Agriculture33%

Refined Petroleum,

39.2%Non-Renewable

Transportation

Energy Use-Stationary

23%

p32%


Biofuels can Reduce GHG Emissions

PHEV 2007 - Where the Grid Meets the RoadUS EPA, 2007. Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Expanded Renewable and Alternative Fuels UseEPA420-F-07-035.

Biofuel Feedstocks Biofuel Feedstocks Ethanol:

Sugar Cane - Ethanol (Brazil)Corn - Ethanol (USA) Food Crops( )Wheat - Ethanol (Western Canada)

Corn cobs and stalks (USA)

Food Crops

Wheat and rice straw (North America - Iogen, Asia)Sugar cane baggas - (BCI and US DOE)Forestry and paper mill discards (Tembec, Georgia Pacific)

( G )

Cellulosic Waste

Municipal solid waste (Masada Resource Group, NY)

Bi di lBiodiesel:Oilseeds - Canola, Soybean, palm oil (EU)Waste vegetable oil, tallow, lard (Japan, Asia)

Food CropsWaste


Energy Balance: Biofuels vs Fossil Fuels

“Energy Output/Fossil Fuel Energy Input”

Energy Balance of Selected Fuels

Fuel (feedstock) Energy BalanceFuel (feedstock) Energy BalanceEthanol (cellulosic) 4-36Biodiesel (Palm Oil) 9Ethanol (sugar cane) 8Ethanol (sugar cane) 8Biodiesel (soybeans) 5 - 6Biodiesel (rapeseed, EU) 2 - 3Ethanol (wheat, sugar beets) 1.5 - 2.0Ethanol (wheat, sugar beets) 1.5 2.0Ethanol (corn) 1.3 - 1.5Diesel (crude oil) 0.8 - 0.9Gasoline (crude oil) 0.8Gasoline (Tar sands) 0.75

Lanzini P. 2006. Food crops vs. Fuel crops: perspectives and policy options.


p p p p p y p

Bioethanol ProductionBioethanol ProductionBioethanol Production Bioethanol Production Ethanol output, billion liters

f

25

30United StatesBrazil

EU fuel ethanol production capacity:

~ 2.5 billion liters/year (France, Spain, Germany, UK)

15

20

Brazil (France, Spain, Germany, UK)

China’s fuel ethanol production:

5

10~ 4.1 billion litre/year

(most of it not for fuel use)

C d f l th l it

0

5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

S US R bl F l A i ti

Canada fuel ethanol capacity:

~ 600 million liters/year (Minnedosa MB plant -130 million L/y)

Source: US Renewable Fuels Association, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture

* Projected for 2007 based on data up to July 07

( p y)


Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel output, billion liters

4

5 Rest of EU15Germany

3

1

2

Source: The Economist, May 20050

1

2002 2003 2004 2005 20062002 2003 2004 2005 2006Source: European Biodiesel Board

*US Biodiesel output: ~ 1 billion liters/year (expected to at least double by end of 2006-US Biodiesel Board)


Food Crops vs. Waste BiomassFood Crops vs. Waste BiomassppGrain-based fuel ethanol:

50% of the cost comes from feedstock Energy Balance (output/input): 1.5-2.0 (varies widely)GHG displacement: ~ 0.5 tons CO2e / ton of feedstockp 2DDG, high protein animal feedEstablished high volume infrastructure

Cellulosic fuel ethanol (waste-based):No market value (yet) disposal costs might be displacedNo market value (yet), disposal costs might be displacedEnergy Balance (output/input): 3.5 (wood), 4.07 (wheat straw)GHG displacement: ~ 0.65 tons CO2e / ton of feedstockp 2Lignin and pentose sugars used as energy sourceDistributed, low volume systems required


Waste Biomass in CanadaWaste Biomass in CanadaWaste Biomass in Canada Waste Biomass in Canada Total Dry Mass: 145 Mt/y

Municipal Solid Waste

10.6%

Municipal Bio-solids

0.3%Total Carbon: 63.8 Mt/y

Livestock manure11.4%

Total Energy: 2.28x109 GJ/y

Potential: 22% of Canada’s

Crop Residue

9 1%

fossil fuel demand (Levin et al., 2004)

Wood product

9.1%Woody non-

stem residue64 8%product

residue3.8%

64.8%


Waste Biomass in ManitobaWaste Biomass in ManitobaWaste Biomass in ManitobaWaste Biomass in ManitobaM i i l Woody non- Total Dry Mass: 6 76 Mt/yr

Municipal Solid Waste

9 1%

Municipal Bio-solids

0.3%

Woody nonstem

residue12.6%

Total Dry Mass: 6.76 Mt/yr

Dry mass w/o Manure: 5.03 Mt/yr

Wood product residue

0.3%

9.1% Total Carbon: 2.97 Mt/yr

Total Energy: 1.06x108 GJ/yr0.3%

Livestock manure27.7%

Total Gasoline Equivalent:

2.9 billion L/yr

Crop

y

Manitoba’s Gasoline use:

1 4 billion L/yrResidue50.1%

1.4 billion L/yr


Cellulosic Ethanol Conversion TechnologiesCellulosic Ethanol Conversion TechnologiesggIOGEN Corporation (Ottawa):

Conversion Rate: 330 L / dry tonne of wheat straw or corn stoverConversion Rate: 330 L / dry tonne of wheat straw or corn stover (400 L / dry ton projected for 2010)

LIGNOL Energy (Vancouver) Conversion rates: 333 L / dry tonne of hard or softwood wastes

BRI Energy: Under development with DOE (USA)Livestock manure to ethanol using gasification and syngas-to-Livestock manure to ethanol using gasification and syngas toethanol fermentation Conversion rates: 280 L / dry ton of waste


Manitoba Fuel Ethanol PotentialManitoba Fuel Ethanol PotentialManitoba Fuel Ethanol PotentialManitoba Fuel Ethanol Potential 1200 Total potential ethanol / man re

1000

1200

Million Liters/year

ethanol w/ manure:

2.03 billion L/yr(@ 300 L/dry tonne)

600

800y

Total potential ethanol w/o manure:

200

400ethanol w/o manure:

1.51 billion L/yr(@ 300 L/dry tonne)

0

200

Ag Residue Forestry MSW Manure

Manitoba gasoline use:

~ 1 4 billion L/yr =Ag. Residue Forestry MSW Manure ~ 1.4 billion L/yr =3.23 Mt CO2


Transportation Biofuels using Transportation Biofuels using Waste Biomass in MBWaste Biomass in MBWaste Biomass in MBWaste Biomass in MB

1800

2000Would remain undeveloped / export

1400

1600

1800Would need to be developed

800

1000

1200

Mill

ion

L/yr

79%

400

600

800M 79%

1.18 B L E100 =1 34 B L E85

560 M L E100 =659 M L E85

242 M L E100 =285 M L E85

0

200

E85 Hybrid-E PHEV-E

16%37%1.34 B L E85 659 M L E85 285 M L E85

E85: with FFV (flex-fuel vehicles) Hybrid-E: Hybrid ethanol-electric vehicles (2.5 x fuel efficient than gasoline)PHEV-E: Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle using Ethanol as the combustible fuel (6 x fuel efficient than gasoline)


than gasoline)

BiodieselBiodiesel Feedstock in ManitobaFeedstock in ManitobaOilseed crops: Production, million tonnes

Canola (predominant) 1.790Flax Seed 0.133Flax Seed 0.133Sunflower 0.081Soybean 0.109M t d S d 0 010Mustard Seed 0.010

Manitoba consumption of “Dino”-diesel: 850 million L = 2.28 Mt CO2

1.790 million tonnes of canola could make:

~ 601 million L B100 biodiesel = ~ 3 billion L B20 blended diesel60 o 00 b od ese 3 b o 0 b e ded d ese

Oilseed crops as feedstock for biodiesel may not be viable in the long-run: Food vs Fuel issues; Price volatility may be prohibitive; y y p

What about waste oils & grease?


Waste Oils & Grease in ManitobaWaste Oils & Grease in ManitobaWaste Oils & Grease in ManitobaWaste Oils & Grease in Manitoba

Source: Production, million litres

Hog Slaughterhouse/Rendering waste (est 2008) 44 0Hog Slaughterhouse/Rendering waste (est. 2008) 44.0 Yellow Grease (recycled cooking oil) 4.5Brown Grease (other Recycled oils) 2.2Low grade oilseeds (i.e. green canola, estimated 5%) 40.0Deadstock Ruminants, estimated 4.0Total potential waste oils: 94.7 million Lp


Manitoba Biodiesel Potential from Waste MaterialsManitoba Biodiesel Potential from Waste Materials

40

50Million Liters/year

30

40

20

0

10

Animal Fats Low gradeoil seeds

Waste oils RuminantRendering

94.7 million L of waste oils could make:

~ 75.6 million L B100 biodiesel = ~ 378 million L B20 biodiesel


Biodiesel for Transportation using Waste Biodiesel for Transportation using Waste Oils & Grease in ManitobaOils & Grease in ManitobaOils & Grease in ManitobaOils & Grease in Manitoba

200

140

160

180 Would be obtained from food cropsWould remain undeveloped / exportWould need to be developed

75ML/yr

80

100

120

Mill

ion

L/yr

ML/yr

40

60

80M

94.7 M L =378 M L B20

68.2 M L =54.5 M L B20

28.4 M L =23 M L B20

94.7 M L =75.6 M L B100

0

20

B20 Hybrid-B20 PHEV-B20 PHEV-B100

100% 30%72% 100%

B20: Regular diesel engine with 20% bio-diesel blend Hybrid-B20: Hybrid B20-electric vehicles PHEV-B20: Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle using B20 as the combustible fuelPHEV-B100: Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle using B100 as the combustible fuel


PHEV-B100: Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle using B100 as the combustible fuel

Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughtsg gg gManitoba has significant potential for Biofuels production from waste materialswaste materials

For Ethanol All of the fuel ethanol required for complete adoption of PHEVs could beAll of the fuel ethanol required for complete adoption of PHEVs could be obtained from waste cellulosic feedstock at current conversion ratesGHG mitigation potential of PHEV-E85: > 82 %Energy Balance would be very favorableEnergy Balance would be very favorable

For BiodieselAll of the biodiesel fuel needs for a complete adoption of PHEVs could be p pobtained from waste oils & greaseOut of this, up to 55% could come from waste sources such as tallow, low grade oil seeds, and recycled greaseGHG mitigation potential of PHEV B20: > 96%GHG mitigation potential of PHEV-B20: > 96%Energy balance would be very favorable


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