acids and bases an introduction an introduction. introduction inorganic and organic acids are...
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Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
An IntroductionAn Introduction
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IntroductionIntroduction
Inorganic and organic acids are Inorganic and organic acids are important industrial chemicals; in important industrial chemicals; in 2002, H2002, H22SOSO44 was the number 1 was the number 1 chemical produced in the U.S.:chemical produced in the U.S.:
36,000,000 metric tons 36,000,000 metric tons (80,000,000,000 lbs)(80,000,000,000 lbs)
1metric ton = 1000Kg = 2204.6lbs1metric ton = 1000Kg = 2204.6lbs
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Common Household Common Household AcidsAcids
Some common household acids:Some common household acids:
Vinegar CH3COOH
Citric acid
Ascorbic acid
O
HO
HO
O
OH
O OH
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
OO
HO
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Common Household Acids Common Household Acids and Basesand Bases
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Common Household Common Household BasesBases
Some common household bases:Some common household bases: Ammonia - NHAmmonia - NH3 3 (cleaners)(cleaners) Sodium hydroxide – NaOH (oven Sodium hydroxide – NaOH (oven
cleaner and drain cleaner)cleaner and drain cleaner) Calcium oxide – CaO (cement)Calcium oxide – CaO (cement)
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Physical properties of acids:Physical properties of acids: Sour/tart tasteSour/tart taste Pricking/stinging sensation on the Pricking/stinging sensation on the
skinskin blue to red litmus paperblue to red litmus paper
Physical properties of bases:Physical properties of bases: Bitter tasteBitter taste Slippery to touchSlippery to touch red to blue litmus paperred to blue litmus paper
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Acid Base TheoriesAcid Base Theories
The great theoristsThe great theorists
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Definitions of Acids and Definitions of Acids and BasesBases
ArrheniusArrheniusAcidAcid: produce H+ in : produce H+ in waterwater
Ex. HCl hydrochloric Ex. HCl hydrochloric acidacid
BaseBase: produce OH- in : produce OH- in waterwater
Ex. NaOH sodium Ex. NaOH sodium hydroxidehydroxide
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Definition of Acids and Definition of Acids and BasesBases
Brondsted-LowryBrondsted-Lowry
Acid: donates Acid: donates a protona proton
Base: accepts Base: accepts a protona proton
H+, H has no H+, H has no neutrons so this neutrons so this is a protonis a proton
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Definition of Acids and Definition of Acids and BasesBases
LewisLewis
Acid: electron pair acceptorAcid: electron pair acceptor
Base: electron pair donorBase: electron pair donor
BFBF33 F F NH3NH3 H H
F : BF : B H : N: H : N:
FF H H
Can accept e-Can accept e- Can donate e-Can donate e-
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Ammonia; NHAmmonia; NH33
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Strong AcidsStrong Acids
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For the equation:For the equation:
HX (aq) HX (aq) H+ (aq) + X- (aq) H+ (aq) + X- (aq)HX is the acidHX is the acid
For exampleFor example
HCl (aq) HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl – (aq)
In strong acids, this reaction goes to completion In strong acids, this reaction goes to completion (only products are left, none of the reactants (only products are left, none of the reactants remain)remain)
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Strong AcidsStrong Acids
The Big 6 Acids:The Big 6 Acids: HClHCl hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid HH22SOSO44 sulfuric acidsulfuric acid
HNOHNO33 nitric acidnitric acid
HH33POPO44 phosphoric acidphosphoric acid HFHF hydrofluoric acidhydrofluoric acid HClOHClO44 Perchloric acidPerchloric acid
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Weak Acids, ex. Weak Acids, ex. CHCH33COOHCOOH
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EquilibriumEquilibrium
Ka = Ka = [H+][Cl-[H+][Cl-]] [HCl][HCl]
Ka is the equilibrium constant for acids (a Ka is the equilibrium constant for acids (a measure of the relative strength of an acid)measure of the relative strength of an acid)
[ ] means concentration in moles/liter or [ ] means concentration in moles/liter or MolarityMolarity
For strong acids, the Ka is so large that is For strong acids, the Ka is so large that is cannot be measured, because the acids cannot be measured, because the acids completely, totally dissociatescompletely, totally dissociates
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Weak Acids Have Ka < 1Weak Acids Have Ka < 1
HSOHSO44-- hydrogen sulfate ion 1.2 x 10 hydrogen sulfate ion 1.2 x 10 -2-2
HClOHClO22 chlorous acid chlorous acid 1.2 x 10 1.2 x 10 -2-2
HNOHNO22 nitrous acid nitrous acid 4.0 a 10 4.0 a 10 -4-4
HCN hydrocynaic acidHCN hydrocynaic acid 6.2 x 10 6.2 x 10 -10-10
NHNH44++ ammonium ionammonium ion 5.6 z 10 5.6 z 10 -10-10
HOCHOC66HH55 phenol phenol 1.6 x 101.6 x 10-10-10
Note: Bases are very weak acidsNote: Bases are very weak acids
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Strong BasesStrong Bases
Strong Bases are like strong acids: Strong Bases are like strong acids: they dissociate completely they dissociate completely
HB HB B+ + OH- B+ + OH-
For exampleFor example
KOH KOH K+ + OH- K+ + OH-
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Weak Bases, Ex. NHWeak Bases, Ex. NH33
The Kb is just like the KaThe Kb is just like the Ka
Kb = Kb = [B+][OH-][B+][OH-]
[BOH][BOH]
*B is not Boron, but from HB *B is not Boron, but from HB B+ + B+ + OH-OH-
Kb is the equilibrium constant of a baseKb is the equilibrium constant of a base
[ ] is concentration in Molarity [ ] is concentration in Molarity (mole/liter)(mole/liter)
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Molarity is moles Molarity is moles per literper liter
Convert given masses into Convert given masses into moles (if in grams) and moles (if in grams) and
volume into liters (if given in volume into liters (if given in something other than Liters)something other than Liters)
“Mole Stew”- how many moles are in a liter of water
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Measuring Measuring Concentration of Concentration of
HydrogenHydrogenpH = -log [H+]pH = -log [H+]
Find the pH if [H+] = 1.00 x 10Find the pH if [H+] = 1.00 x 10-5-5
How about the pH if the [H+] = 5.43 x 10How about the pH if the [H+] = 5.43 x 10 -3-3
pOH = - log [OH-]pOH = - log [OH-]
Find the pOH if [OH-] = 3.78 x 10 Find the pOH if [OH-] = 3.78 x 10 -8-8
How about the pOH if [OH-] = 8.99 x 10 How about the pOH if [OH-] = 8.99 x 10 -2-2
What would the pH of each of these be?What would the pH of each of these be?
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pH ScalepH Scalehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3otQdpMfiRg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvnwiP1u8-A
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Stop notes here Stop notes here for nowfor now
We’ll continue another day.We’ll continue another day.
Thanks!Thanks!
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Acid-Base IndicatorsAcid-Base Indicators
Common Indicators:Common Indicators:
Phenolphtalein pink in basePhenolphtalein pink in base clear in acidclear in acidLitmus PaperLitmus Paper red red blue blue bluebluered red Bromthymol blue pH 3 green pH 4.5 blueBromthymol blue pH 3 green pH 4.5 blueMethyl red Methyl red pink in acid pink in acid yellow in baseyellow in base
There is an indicator for every purposeThere is an indicator for every purposehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrOUdoS2BtQ
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pH IndicatorspH Indicators
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pH MeterpH Meter pH meters, unlike pH meters, unlike
indicators, directly indicators, directly measure the measure the concentration of H+ concentration of H+ ions. They do this ions. They do this by measuring the by measuring the electrical conduction electrical conduction of the solution.of the solution.
Why will the solution Why will the solution with more H+ with more H+ conduct electricity conduct electricity better?better?
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Acid Base ReactionsAcid Base Reactions
Salts are produced by an acid/base Salts are produced by an acid/base neutralization:neutralization:
22HCl + Ca(OH)HCl + Ca(OH)22 → → 22HH22O + CaClO + CaCl2 2 ← salt← salt HH22SOSO44 + + 22NaOH NaOH → → NaNa22SOSO44 + + 22HH22OO
salt salt
What is a salt??What is a salt??
pH = -log[HpH = -log[H++] ] 1010-[H+]-[H+]
pH < 7 = acidicpH < 7 = acidicpH 7 > = basicpH 7 > = basicpH = 7 = neutralpH = 7 = neutral
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCM5IwJ8wcs
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Acid-Base TitrationsAcid-Base TitrationsTitrations are done to find the Titrations are done to find the
molarity molarity of the acid or the of the acid or the base. base.
A buret A buret (a long graduated (a long graduated cylinder ) is cylinder ) is
attached to the ring stand with a attached to the ring stand with a buret clampburet clamp..
Liquid can be delivered by Liquid can be delivered by turningturning
the the stopcockstopcock..http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w&feature=related
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Setting up a titrationSetting up a titration
Usually the acid is Usually the acid is placed in the flask placed in the flask with an indicator with an indicator that will change that will change color at pH = 7. color at pH = 7.
Phenolphthalein is Phenolphthalein is often used. often used. Why is Why is phenolphthalein a phenolphthalein a good choice?good choice?
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Filling the buretFilling the buret
After rinsing with After rinsing with bothboth
deionized water and deionized water and base.base.
Base is then placed Base is then placed in thein the
buret. buret.
Why is this done Why is this done over the sink?over the sink?
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Filling the buretFilling the buret
Open the stopcock, Open the stopcock, using a beaker to using a beaker to catch any excess catch any excess base, and let the base, and let the base level drop to base level drop to the top line (zero the top line (zero line) on the buret. line) on the buret.
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Reading the buretReading the buret
The buret is The buret is graduated so that graduated so that the amount of base the amount of base delivered can be delivered can be easily measured.easily measured.
Read it as you Read it as you would a graduated would a graduated cylinder (at eye cylinder (at eye level, from the level, from the bottom of the bottom of the meniscus)meniscus)
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Doing the titrationDoing the titration
The base is slowly The base is slowly added to the acid added to the acid while mixing while mixing
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Finding the endpointFinding the endpoint
until the solution until the solution hits the hits the
endpoint.endpoint.
Note that the Note that the solution is solution is barelybarely pink. A dark pink pink. A dark pink means that too means that too much base has much base has been added.been added.
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What is an What is an endpoint?endpoint?
The point in a titration when no more titrant should be The point in a titration when no more titrant should be added. Determined by a COLOR CHANGE.added. Determined by a COLOR CHANGE.
Equivalence points is determined by StoichiometryEquivalence points is determined by Stoichiometry
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Acid-Base Titration Acid-Base Titration CalculationsCalculations
If we used 20 ml of 3.0 M HCl, how many If we used 20 ml of 3.0 M HCl, how many ml ofml of
3.0 M NaOH would we expect to need?3.0 M NaOH would we expect to need?
HCl + NaOH HCl + NaOH NaOH + H NaOH + H22OO
20 ml 3.0 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH20 ml 3.0 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH 1 L 1 L = = 20 ml20 ml 1 L1 L 1 mol HCl 3.0 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl 3.0 mol NaOH
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Acid-Base TitrationsAcid-Base Titrations
So, what if you use 24.5 ml of 0.15 M So, what if you use 24.5 ml of 0.15 M NaOH to neutralize 50.0 ml of 2.5 M NaOH to neutralize 50.0 ml of 2.5 M HH22SOSO44? What is the concentration of the ? What is the concentration of the NaOH?NaOH?
2NaOH + H2NaOH + H22SOSO44 Na Na22SOSO44 + 2H + 2H22OO
50.0 ml 2.5 mol H50.0 ml 2.5 mol H22SOSO44 2 mol NaOH 1 L 2 mol NaOH 1 L
1 L 1 L 1 mol H 1 mol H22SOSO44 24.5 ml 24.5 ml
What unit will the answer be in?What unit will the answer be in? How many sig figs can we report?How many sig figs can we report?
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Acid NomenclatureAcid Nomenclature
Binary AcidsBinary AcidsPrefix hydro-Prefix hydro- suffix -ic acidsuffix -ic acid
HClHCl hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid
HIHI hydroiodic acidhydroiodic acid
HSHS hydrosulfuric acidhydrosulfuric acid
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Acid NomenclatureAcid Nomenclature
TernaryTernaryCommon form --icCommon form --ic
HSOHSO44, HClO, HClO33, HNO, HNO33
Sulfuric, chloric and nitricSulfuric, chloric and nitric
One fewer oxygen -ousOne fewer oxygen -ousTwo fewer oxygen hypo-- and -ousTwo fewer oxygen hypo-- and -ousOne more oxygen per- and --icOne more oxygen per- and --ic
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Acid RainAcid RainWhat is Acid Rain?What is Acid Rain?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE6Y0iEuXMQ
SOSO2 and NO and NO22/NO/NO33 from from industry and cars industry and cars
ProduceProduce
HH22SOSO44 and HNO and HNO33 when when combined with watercombined with water
Can fall as rain, snow Can fall as rain, snow and as solid and as solid depositiondeposition
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Where does Acid Rain Where does Acid Rain Fall?Fall?
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What are the effects?What are the effects?
Forest depletion: Forest depletion: tree deathtree death
Can be seen in Can be seen in NH in White NH in White MountainsMountains
Clear lakes due to acid rain: clear becauseNo plants or fish or other life is in the lake
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Statues like this Statues like this one, show one, show corrosion due to corrosion due to acid rain.acid rain.
Copper and marble Copper and marble are both acted on are both acted on by acidby acid
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain Maple sugar Maple sugar
production in the production in the Northeast may be Northeast may be down due to acid rain: down due to acid rain: this is projected to this is projected to continuecontinue
Car paints have had to Car paints have had to be reformulated and be reformulated and there are many there are many products on the products on the market to repair market to repair damagedamage