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• Router is a device which provides communication

possible between two or more different networks.

• To allow communication between two or more

different networks present in the same geographical

location, what are the steps to be taken:

Answer : Configure a Software Router.

What is a Router ?

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Is communication possible ?

10.0.0.1/8S0

10.0.0.2/8 S1

E0192.168.1.1/24 E0

192.168.1.2/24

LAN 192.168.1.0/24 LAN 192.168.1.0/24

HYD CHE

1.41.31.2 1.71.61.5

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As both the Networks have the same Network ID, the

hosts will look for the Destination within the LAN and

does not forward the request to the Default Gateway

(Router). Hence the communication is not possible.

Is communication possible ?

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Cisco

Nortel

Multicom

Cyclades

Juniper

Dlink

Linksys

Etc,

But Cisco is having monopoly in the market of Routers

Router Manufacturers

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Three Layers:

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

Cisco’s Hierarchical Design Model

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Cisco 1700 Cisco 1760Cisco 800

• Routers which are used by the Small Organization

and are also known as Access Layer Routers.

Router Series : 800, 1600, 1700, 1800, 2500,2600.

Access Layer Routers

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• Routers which are used by the ISPs and are also

known as ISP Layer Routers

Router Series : 2800 ,3600, 3700, 3800.

Distribution Layer Router

Cisco 2600XM/2691

Cisco 3700Cisco 3600

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• Routers which are used by the Global ISPs

and are also known as Backbone Routers

Router Series : 6400, 7200, 7500, 10000, 12000

Core Layer Router

Cisco 7000

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Example Modular Router

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Fixed Router - Model 2501

Serial PortsS0 and S1

AUIAttachment

Unit InterfaceE0

ConsoleCon 0

AuxiliaryAux 0

Power Switch

Power Supply

Chassis

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• AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female.

• It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or

Default Gateway.

• It is used for connecting LAN to the Router.

• Transceiver is used for converting 8 wires to 15 wires.

i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter.

Attachment Unit Interface

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Transceiver

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An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN.

An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN.

Attachment Unit Interface

E0 192.168.1.1/24

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

Straight Cable

Straight Cable

1.41.31.2

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Attachment Unit Interface

If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC LAN Card then You have to use Cross Cable

If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC LAN Card then You have to use Cross Cable

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

Cross Cable

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

1.2

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

12345678

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Straight cable

It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices)

e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Cross cable

It is used between like device (Similar devices)

e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to

Switch, PC to Router

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

12345678

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Rollover Cable

It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC

Com Ports or Serial ports.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

12345678

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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• Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration

female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin

configuration is 26 pin configuration female.

• It is known as WAN Port

• It is used for connecting to Remote Locations

• V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one

end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male.

Serial Port

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V.35 Cable

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V.35 Smart Cable

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EXCHANGE

E0 192.168.1.1

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

HYDERABAD OFFICE

E0 192.168.2.1

LAN - 192.168.2.0/24

CHENNAIMUX

2 pair of Copper Wire

G.703 Modem

G.703Modem

HYDERABADMUX

CHENNAI OFFICE

Fiber Optic Cable

V.35 Cable

V.35 Cable

V.35 Modem

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• It is known as Local Administrative Port

• It is generally used for Initial Configuration,

Password Recovery and Local Administration of the

Router. It is RJ45 Port

• IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router. So

make less use of the Console Port.

Console Port

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Console Connectivity

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Console Connectivity

• Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector).

• Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter

• Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port.

• Open Emulation Software

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DB9 Converter

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• It is known as Remote Administrative Port.

• Used for remote administration

• Its an RJ-45 port

• A console or a rollover cable is to be used.

Auxiliary Port

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Auxiliary Connectivity

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• BRI Port

Basic Rate Interface used to connect ISDN to the

Router. It is a RJ45 Port. It is available on 2503 and

2520 model router.

• 10 Base T Port

It is a RJ45 Port and used for connecting LAN to the

Router. Its function is same as the AUI Port but there

is no need for a Transceiver. It is available on 2520

model router.

Other Ports

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2601 Model Router

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WAN interfacesSerial interface (S0, S1 etc) – 60 pin/26 pin(smart serial)ISDN interface(BRI0 etc) – RJ45

LAN interfaces - EthernetAUI (Attachment Unit Interface) (E0)– 15 pin10baseT – RJ45

Administration interfacesConsole – RJ45 - LocalAuxiliary – RJ45 - Remote

Brief Overview

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ROM

A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as the

BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap program current version is

11.0

Flash

Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed by

Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line interface.

Internal Components

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NVRAM

Non volatile RAM, similar to Hard Disk

It is also known as Permanent Storage or Startup Configuration. Generally

size of NVRAM is 32 KB.

RAM

It is also known as Temporary Storage or running Configuration. Minimum

size of RAM is 2MB. The size of RAM is greater than NVRAM in the Router.

Processor

Motorola Processor 70 Mhz, RISC based processor

(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Internal Components

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Boot sequence

POST

ROM

FLASH

NVRAM

RAM

Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware

Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware

Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program& Search where IOS is located

Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program& Search where IOS is located

IOS found in FlashLoading IOS

IOS found in FlashLoading IOS

Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File

Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File

NVRAM configuration copied into RAM

NVRAM configuration copied into RAM