ackerman, suzanne. "human-related sources and sinks of carbon dioxide." climate change -...

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Ackerman, Suzanne. "Human-Related Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide." Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 9 Sept. 2008. US Environmental Protection Agency. 12 Nov. 2008 Allsopp, Michelle, David Santillo, and Paul Johnston. "A scientific critique of oceanic iron fertilization." Green Peace . July 2007. Greenpeace Research Laboratories. 12 Nov. 2008 Brahic, Catherine. "Company plans 'eco' iron dump off Galapagos." NewScientist Environment . 25 June 2007. NewScience. 12 Nov. 2008 Burger, Joe. "Culturing Phytoplankton and Rotifers." Cnidarian Reef . 10 June 2006. 12 Nov. 2008 Cavender-Bares, Kent K., Elizabeth L. Mann, Sallie W. Chisholm, Michael E. Ondrusek, and Robert R. Bidigare. "Differential Response of Equatorial Pacific Phytoplankton to Iron Fertilization.” Limnology and Oceanography . Mar. 1999. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 15 May 2008 Coale, Kenneth, Ken Johnson, and Ken Buessler. "Mbari." Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX) Cruise . 12 Feb. 2002. MBARI, MLML, WHOI. 12 Nov. 2008 Egmond, Wim V. "Diatoms." Microscopy UK . 1995. Onview.net. 12 Nov. 2008 Herring, David. "What are Phytoplankton?" Earth Observatory . 12 Nov. 2008. NASA. 12 Nov. 2008 Hoff, Frank, William Hoff, and Terry Snell. "Micro Algae Grow." Florida Aqua Farms . 2008. Florida Aqua Farms Inc. 1984. 13 Nov. 2008. Hopwood, Nick, and Jordan Cohen. "Greenhouse Gases and Society." Greenhouse Gases and Society . 1998. University of Michigan. 12 Nov. 2008 Jin, X, N Gruber, H Frenzel, S C. Doney, and J C. McWilliams. "The Impact on Atmospheric CO2 of Iron Fertilization Induced Changes in the Ocean’S Biological Pump." Biogeosciences . 18 Mar. 2008. Institution of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. 15 May 2008 Kunzig, Robert. "The iron man's revenge - John Martin's hypothesis that iron is important to marine flora proved in the open ocean after his death." BNET . June 1994. Discover Magazine. 12 Nov. 2008 Kviderova, Jana, and Jaromir Lukavsky. "The cultivation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in crossed gradients of temperature and light." CAT Institution . 2008. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Treboň and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Biological Sciences. 12 Nov. 2008 Lam, Phoebe, and Sallie W. Chisholm. "Iron Fertilization of the Oceans: Reconciling Commercial Claims with Published Models." Web MIT . 29 Apr. 2002. 15 May 2008 Malev, Marc. "Culture your own Live Phytoplankton." Melev's Reef . 19 Mar. 2006. Reef Central. 12 Nov. 2008 Maranon, Emilio, and Patrick M. Holligan. "Photosynthetic Parameters of Phytoplankton From 50" N to 50" S in the Atlantic Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series . 18 Jan. 1999. Southampton Oceanography Center. 15 May 2008 Marini, Frank. "The Breeder's Net." Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine . 2002. 12 Nov. 2008 Martin, John H., Michael Gordon, and Steve E. Fitzwater. "The Case for Iron." Iron Limitation . 1991. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. 12 Nov. 2008 Planktos. "The Science of ocean Ecorestoration." Planktos Science . 2008. Planktos. 12 Nov. 2008 <http://www.planktos-science.com/ocean_science.html>. Plum, Chris. "How does carbon dioxide warm the earth?" Carbon Trap Technologies, L.P. 24 May 2007. 12 Nov. 2008 Redalje, D. G., and E. A. Laws. "A New Method for Estimating Phytoplankton Growth Rates and Carbon Biomass." Marine Biology 62 . 1981. Department of Oceanography in the University of Hawaii. 12 Nov. 2008 Reynolds, Rick A., Dariusz Stramski, and Dale A. Kiefer. "The effect of nitrogen limitation on the absorption and scattering properties of the marine diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana." The American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.Inc . 1997. Department of Biological Sciences in the University of Southern California. 12 Nov. 2008 Sagarin, Raphael, Megan Dawson, David Karl, Anthony Michael, Brian Murray, Michael Orbach, and Nicole St. Clair. "Iron Fertilization in the Ocean for Climate Mitigation: Legal, Economic, and Environmental Challenges." Working Paper Duke . Oct. 2007. Nicholas Institution for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University. 12 Nov. 2008 Running an experiment in a completely contained environment as oppose to 2 Liter plastic Determine if the pH change that occurs because of T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum has an effect on other organisms living in the same environment Observing the effects of other species of Diatoms and their growth with Ferrous Sulfate Picture 7: Stock cultures of algae maintained for new trials or incase of experimental mishaps Picture 10: The spectrophotometer was used to measure growth in T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum. The wavelengths used were 660nm and 750nm respectively. Future Studies Conclusion Discussion Bibliography A One-Sample T-Test revealed that there was no significant difference between the CO2, pH and Spectrophotometer measurement between both Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum In Thalassiosira pseudonana, although the spectrophotometer found more growth in concentration with Ferrous Sulfate as well as a more acidic pH, which indicate the absorption of CO2. In Phaeodactylum tricornutum, all data expressed showed that there was more growth in the control rather than the culture ran with Ferrous Sulfate. The results of this experiment differ from the work of Coale and Martin as Ferrous Sulfate has no significant effect on the growth of diatoms. Picture 8: In Trial 2 of data collection, the vessel in growing plankton was altered to a water dispensing jug in an attempt to increase sterility. In Conclusion, the results of this experiment differed from the work of Coale and Martin and their idea in exponentially growing diatoms with Ferrous Sulfate. Picture 9 and 10: The Autoclave machine served as a means of sterilizing certain substances such as media and glassware

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Page 1: Ackerman, Suzanne. "Human-Related Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide." Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 9 Sept. 2008. US Environmental Protection

Ackerman, Suzanne. "Human-Related Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide." Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 9 Sept. 2008. US Environmental Protection Agency. 12 Nov. 2008Allsopp, Michelle, David Santillo, and Paul Johnston. "A scientific critique of oceanic iron fertilization." Green Peace. July 2007. Greenpeace Research Laboratories. 12 Nov. 2008Brahic, Catherine. "Company plans 'eco' iron dump off Galapagos." NewScientist Environment. 25 June 2007. NewScience. 12 Nov. 2008Burger, Joe. "Culturing Phytoplankton and Rotifers." Cnidarian Reef. 10 June 2006. 12 Nov. 2008Cavender-Bares, Kent K., Elizabeth L. Mann, Sallie W. Chisholm, Michael E. Ondrusek, and Robert R. Bidigare. "Differential Response of Equatorial Pacific Phytoplankton to Iron Fertilization.” Limnology and

Oceanography. Mar. 1999. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 15 May 2008Coale, Kenneth, Ken Johnson, and Ken Buessler. "Mbari." Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX) Cruise. 12 Feb. 2002. MBARI, MLML, WHOI. 12 Nov. 2008Egmond, Wim V. "Diatoms." Microscopy UK. 1995. Onview.net. 12 Nov. 2008Herring, David. "What are Phytoplankton?" Earth Observatory. 12 Nov. 2008. NASA. 12 Nov. 2008Hoff, Frank, William Hoff, and Terry Snell. "Micro Algae Grow." Florida Aqua Farms. 2008. Florida Aqua Farms Inc. 1984. 13 Nov. 2008.Hopwood, Nick, and Jordan Cohen. "Greenhouse Gases and Society." Greenhouse Gases and Society. 1998. University of Michigan. 12 Nov. 2008Jin, X, N Gruber, H Frenzel, S C. Doney, and J C. McWilliams. "The Impact on Atmospheric CO2 of Iron Fertilization Induced Changes in the Ocean’S Biological Pump." Biogeosciences. 18 Mar. 2008. Institution of

Geophysics and Planetary Physics. 15 May 2008Kunzig, Robert. "The iron man's revenge - John Martin's hypothesis that iron is important to marine flora proved in the open ocean after his death." BNET. June 1994. Discover Magazine. 12 Nov. 2008Kviderova, Jana, and Jaromir Lukavsky. "The cultivation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in crossed gradients of temperature and light." CAT Institution. 2008. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic,

Treboň and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Biological Sciences. 12 Nov. 2008Lam, Phoebe, and Sallie W. Chisholm. "Iron Fertilization of the Oceans: Reconciling Commercial Claims with Published Models." Web MIT. 29 Apr. 2002. 15 May 2008Malev, Marc. "Culture your own Live Phytoplankton." Melev's Reef. 19 Mar. 2006. Reef Central. 12 Nov. 2008 Maranon, Emilio, and Patrick M. Holligan. "Photosynthetic Parameters of Phytoplankton From 50" N to 50" S in the Atlantic Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series. 18 Jan. 1999. Southampton Oceanography Center. 15

May 2008Marini, Frank. "The Breeder's Net." Advanced Aquarist's Online Magazine. 2002. 12 Nov. 2008Martin, John H., Michael Gordon, and Steve E. Fitzwater. "The Case for Iron." Iron Limitation. 1991. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. 12 Nov. 2008 Planktos. "The Science of ocean Ecorestoration." Planktos Science. 2008. Planktos. 12 Nov. 2008 <http://www.planktos-science.com/ocean_science.html>. Plum, Chris. "How does carbon dioxide warm the earth?" Carbon Trap Technologies, L.P. 24 May 2007. 12 Nov. 2008 Redalje, D. G., and E. A. Laws. "A New Method for Estimating Phytoplankton Growth Rates and Carbon Biomass." Marine Biology 62. 1981. Department of Oceanography in the University of Hawaii. 12 Nov. 2008 Reynolds, Rick A., Dariusz Stramski, and Dale A. Kiefer. "The effect of nitrogen limitation on the absorption and scattering properties of the marine diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana." The American Society of Limnology

and Oceanography.Inc. 1997. Department of Biological Sciences in the University of Southern California. 12 Nov. 2008 Sagarin, Raphael, Megan Dawson, David Karl, Anthony Michael, Brian Murray, Michael Orbach, and Nicole St. Clair. "Iron Fertilization in the Ocean for Climate Mitigation: Legal, Economic, and Environmental

Challenges." Working Paper Duke. Oct. 2007. Nicholas Institution for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University. 12 Nov. 2008Takeda, Shigenobu. "Assessing the Role of Phytoplankton in the Ocean Carbon Cycle - Elucidating the Growth Mechanism of Phytoplankton in Open-Ocean Upwelling Zones." Principal Research Results in Fiscal 1994.

1995. Principal Research Results in Fiscal 1994. 12 Nov. 2008Tans, Pieter, and Thomas Conway. "Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Mauna Loa." Earth System Research Laboratory. 2007. Mauna Loa Observatory. 12 Nov. 2008Weier, John. "John Martin." Earth Observatory. 12 Nov. 2008. NASA. 12 Nov. 2008Yoshimura, Takeshi, and Daisuk Tsumune. "Effect of in-situ Iron Fertilization on Phytoplankton Growth and Biological Carbon Fixation in the Ocean." Principal Research Results. 2004. Environmental Science Research

Laboratory. 12 Nov. 2008

•Running an experiment in a completely contained environment as oppose to 2 Liter plastic

•Determine if the pH change that occurs because of T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum has an effect on other organisms living in the same environment

•Observing the effects of other species of Diatoms and their growth with Ferrous Sulfate

Picture 7: Stock cultures of algae maintained for new trials or incase of experimental mishaps

Picture 10: The spectrophotometer was used to measure growth in T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum. The wavelengths used were 660nm and 750nm respectively.

Future Studies

Conclusion

Discussion

Bibliography

•A One-Sample T-Test revealed that there was no significant difference between the CO2, pH and Spectrophotometer measurement between both Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum

•In Thalassiosira pseudonana, although the spectrophotometer found more growth in concentration with Ferrous Sulfate as well as a more acidic pH, which indicate the absorption of CO2.

•In Phaeodactylum tricornutum, all data expressed showed that there was more growth in the control rather than the culture ran with Ferrous Sulfate.

•The results of this experiment differ from the work of Coale and Martin as Ferrous Sulfate has no significant effect on the growth of diatoms.

Picture 8: In Trial 2 of data collection, the vessel in growing plankton was altered to a water dispensing jug in an attempt to increase sterility.

•In Conclusion, the results of this experiment differed from the work of Coale and Martin and their idea in exponentially growing diatoms with Ferrous Sulfate.

Picture 9 and 10: The Autoclave machine served as a means of sterilizing certain substances such as media and glassware