Acronyms

ADVISER

AF AI AIRTO AM AML AMP ARPA ART ASCII ASTER ATM AVHRR AVI AZP BCI BFGS BORIS BSE BWEA CA CAD CADD CAM CASA CASE CAT CatchIS

CBI CBS

Added Value Information Services on European Research Results (EU) Arnenagement Foncier (F) Artificial Intelligence Association of Independent Research and Technology Organisations Automated Mapping Arc Macro Language (Arc/Info) Asset Management Plan (UK) Automatic Radar Plotting Aid Adaptive Resonance Theory American Standard Code for Information Interchange Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer Automatie Teller Machine or Advanced Testing Method Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Audio Video Interleave . Automated Zoning Procedure Buck Consultants International (NL) Broyden-Fletcher -Goldfarb-Shanno Basis Openlucht Recreatie Informatie Systeem (NL) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy British Wind Energy Association (UK) Cellular Automata Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Drafting and Design Computer Aided Mapping Centre for Advanced SpatialAnalysis (University College London, UK) Computer Aided Software Engineering Centre for Alternative Technology (UK) Catchment Information System (Severn Trent Water Ltd and SSLRC, UK) Confederation of British Industry (UK) Central Bureau of Statistics (NL)

438 Acronyms

CCW CD-ROM CEO CERN CERTU

CEST CETE CGI CGPS CI CIS CMA CMS CNES CNIG CNN CO2

COM CONI CORDIS CORINE COROP CPB CPD CRISP CSCW CSRL CTI CVDS CVWS DALL DATAR DBD91 DBMS DCW DD DEM DtEE DFP DIME DM DNA DoE

Countryside Council for Wales (UK) Compact Disk-Read Only Memory Centre for Earth Observation (Ispra, I) European Laboratory for Particle Physics Centre d'Etudes sur les Reseaux, les Transports, l'Urbanisme et les constructions publiques (France) Centre for the Exploitation of Science and Technology (UK) Centre d'Etudes Techniques de l'Equipement (F) Common Gateways Interface Census Geography Planning System (UK) Computational Intelligence Confederation of Independent States (Former Soviet Union) Customer Marketing Area City Management System Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (F) Conseil National de l'Information Geographique (F) Computational Neural Network Cardon Dioxide Component Object Model Census Office Northem Ireland (UK) Community Research and Development Information Service (EU) CoORdination of INformation on the Environment (EU) Coödinatie Commis sie Regionaal Onderzoeks Prograrnma (NL) Central Planning Bureau (NL) Central Postcode Directory (UK) Community Club Research Information Service Project (UK) Computer Supported Collaborative Working Computer Supported Real Life Computers in Teaching Initiative (University of Leicester, UK) Collaborative Vrrtual Design Studio (University College London, UK) Centre for Virtual Working Systems (University of Leeds, UK) Directive d' Application de la Loi Littoral (F) Delegation de I' Amenagement du Territoire et de I' Action Regionale (F) Digital Boundary Data 1991 (UK) Data Base Management System Digital Chart of the World Data Dictionary Digital Elevation Model Departrnent for Education and Employment (UK) Davidson-Fletcher-Powell Dual Independent Map Encoding (USA) Desktop Mapping DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Department of the Environment (UK)

DTA DTM DWG DWI DXF EA EC ED EDA EGIS EGRETS EHS EIA EIl EOS-AM EP EPL ER ERTS ES ESA ESLARP ESPRIT

ESRC ESRI ETM+ EU EUROGI EUROSTAT EWSE F FAQ FGDC FM GA GAPS GB GCE GCSE GEODAN GEOID GI GIA

Directive Territoriale d' Amenagement (F) Digital Terrain Model DraWingG Format (AutoCAD) Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK) Data Exchange Format Environment Agency (UK)

Acronyms 439

European Community or European Commission (EU) Enumeration District (UK) Exploratory Data Analysis European Conference on Geographieal Information Systems East St. Louis Geographie Retrieval System (USA) . Ecologische Hoofd Structuur (NL) Environmental Impact Assessment Etude Environneementale des Infrastructures (F) Earth Observing System - morning crossing (descending node) Evolutionary Programming Event Pattern Language Entity Relationship Earth Resources Technology Satellite Evolution Strategy or Environmental Statement Environmentally Sensitive Area (UK) East St. Louis Action Research Project (USA) European Strategie Programme for Research and development in Information Technologies (EU) Economic and Social Research Council (UK) Environmental Science Research Institute (California, USA) Enhanced Thematie Mapper Plus European Union European Geographieal Information (EU) European Statistical Office (EU) European Wide Service Exchange France Frequently Asked Question Federal Geographic Data Committee (USA) Facilities Management Genetic Algorithm Geographical Area Planning System (UK) Great Britain General Certificate of Education (UK) General Certificate of Secondary Education (UK) GEOgraphical and EcOlogieal DAta ANalysis (Amsterdam, NL) Geographieal Information and Data (University of Leeds, UK) Geographieal Information Geographieal Information Analysis

440 Acronyms

GIS GLIM GMAP GOYH GPR GPS GRO GRO(S) HMLR HPC HRG HRV HRVIR HTML I IB IBM ICL IGIS

IGN IGS lIDS IKC-N ILC IMS IPLI IRS IT JEC-GI JISC JPEG JPIF JTAP KB Ke KLM LandlS LBL

LBS LCM LCZ LEA

Geographical Information System General Linear Model Geographical Modelling And Planning (Leeds, UK) Government Office for Yorkshire and the Humber (UK) Ground Penetrating Radar Global Positioning System General Register Office (UK) General Register Office (Scotland) (UK) Her Majesty's Land Registry (UK) High Performance Computing High Resolution Geometry High Resolution Visible High Resolution Visible and InfraRed HyperText Markup Language Italy International Baccalaureat International Business Computers International Computers Limited Intelligent Geographical Information System or Integrated Geographical Information System Institut Geographique National (F) Idea Generation System Integrated Information Directory Service Integral Expertise Centre-Nature (NL) Index of Local Conditions Internet Map Server (ArcView) Inventaire Permanent du LIttoral (F) Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Information Technology Joint European Conference on Geographical Information Joint Information Systems Committee (UK) Joint Photographic Experts Group Joint Photographic Image Format Joint Technology Applications Programme (UK) Kilo Byte Kosten eenheid (NL) Koninklyke Luchtraart Maatschappy (NL) Land Information System (SSLRC, UK) Land Development and Administration of Agricultural Land (Netherlands) Local Base Statistics (UK) Land Cover Map Leakage Control Zone (UK) Local Education Authority (UK)

LEAP LEI-DLO

LGN LlS LlSS LL LOS LTM LULU MA MADS MAUP MCE MD Mhz MIF MIT MK MS MSS MW MWC NAIADE NASA NATO NCGIA NEI NEST NexpRl

NFFO NGDF NHS NHD NIMBY NISRA NL NLIS NN NOAA NOMIS

NRSC

Acronyms 441

Local Environment Action Plans (UK) Agricultural Economics Institute Dienst Landbouwkunding Onderzoek (NL) Londelijk Grondgebruiksbestand Nederland (NL) Land Information System Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System Loi Littoral (F) Line Of Sight Landsat Thematic Mapper Locally Unacceptable Land Use Master of Arts Modelling Application Data with Spatio-temporal features Modifiable Area Unit Problem Multi Criteria Evaluation Metropolitan District (UK) Mega hertz MapInfo Import Format Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) Multispectral Camera MultiSpectral MultiSpectral Scanner Mega Watt Mean Weighted Centroid Novel Approach to Imprecise Assessment and Decision Environments (I) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation National Center for Geographic Information and Research (USA) Netherlands Economisch Instituut (NL) Network for the Exploitation of Science and Technology (UK) Netherlands Expertise Centre for Geographical Information Processing (Utrecht University, NL) Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (UK) National Geospatial Data Framework (UK) National Health Service (UK) National Height Database (UK) Not In My BackYard Northem Ireland Statistical and Research Association (UK) Netherlands National Land Information System (UK) Neural Network National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Online Manpower Information System (University of Durham, UK) National Remote Sensing Centre (UK)

442 Acronyms

NTD NTF NUTS OA OFWAT OGC OLE OMT ONS 00 OPCS OS OSDM OST PAIRC

PAN PC PE PEP PIG POS PPP PPR PS PSS PWZ QTVR R&D REGIS

ReRO RF RGB RIß RIC RIKS RIVM RMS RNDE ROCE RPD RPG RRL

National Topographic Database (UK) National Transfer Format Nomenclature des Unites Territoires Statistiques (EU) Output Area (UK) Office of Water Services (UK) Open GIS Consortium Object Linking and Embedding Object Modelling Technique Office of National Statistics (UK) Object Orientation Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (UK) Ordnance Survey (UK) Open Spatial Decision Making Office of Science and Technology (UK) Planning and Architecture Internet Resource Center (State University of New York, USA) Panchromatic Personal Computer Processing Element Personal Equity Plan Projet d'Interet General (F) Plan d'Occupation des Sols (F) Private Public Partnership Plan de Prevention des Risques (F) Post Script Planning Support System Potable Water Zone (UK) Quick Time Virtual Reality Research and Development Research Programme in Environmental Planning and GIS (University of Berkeley, USA) Regional Research Observatory (University of Leeds, UK) Russian Federation Red Green Blue Regional Intelligence Bulletin (University of Leeds, UK) Regional Intelligence Centre (University of Leeds, UK) Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (NL) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL) Records Maintenance System (Anglia Water, UK) Reseau National des Donnees sur l'Eau (F) Return On Capital Employed National Physical Planning Agency (NL) Regional Planning Guidance (UK) Regional Research Laboratory (UK)

RS RTD RUDI

SAGE SAS SAT SC-DLO SDAGE SDAU SDSS SDTS SED SEPA SETRA SGML SIAGE SIG-LR SIGURA

SIMS SME SNES SNIG SPOT SPSS SQL SRB SSLRC STP TA TEC TESSA TGIS TIGER

TIN TIR TM TNLI TNO

TV UA

Acronyms 443

Remote Sensing Research and Technologieal Development Resource for Urban Design Information (Oxford Brookes University, UK) Schema d' Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux (F) Small Area Statistics (UK) Scholastic Aptitude Test (UK) Staring Centre Dienst Landbouwkunding Onderzoek (Netherlands) Schema D' Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux (F) Schema Directeur d' Amenagement et d'Urbanisme (F) Spatial Decision Support System Spatial Data Transfer Standard Special Enumeration District (UK) Scottish Environment Protection Agency (UK) Service d'Etudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes (F) Standard Generalised Markup Language Societe d'Information et d' Aide a la GEstion (Montpellier, F) Systemes d'Informations Geographiques en Languedoc-Roussillion (F) Centre de Ressources en Systemes d'Informations Geographiques (Rhöne Alpes Region, F) Spatial Interaction Modelling System (University of Leeds, UK) Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Spatial Information Network Enquiry Serviee (UK) National Centre for Geographic Information (Portugal) Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre Statistieal Package for the Social Sciences Structured Query Language Single Regeneration Budget (UK) Soll Survey and Land Research Centre (UK) Spatio-Temporal Process Teacher Assessment (UK) Training and Enterprise Council (UK) Tax Exempt Special Savings Account (UK) Temporal Geographieal Information Systems Topologieally Integrated Geographie Encoding and Referencing (USA) Triangulated Irregular Network Thermal Infra Red Thematic Mapper Toekomst Nederlandse Luchtvaart Infrastructuur (NL) Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NL) TeleVision Unitary Authority (UK)

444 Acronyms

UCLA UK UKCOD ULIS UMAUP UN UPC URL US USA USGS UWWT VAR VCR VDU VEGAS VMI VOR VQ VR VRML VSE VSP VWS VU WASC WFS WISDOM WOC www YHDA ZDES ZVI

University College Los Angeles (USA) United Kingdom UK Citizen's On-line Democracy (UK) University of Leeds Industrial Services (UK) User Modifiable Area Unit Problem United Nations Urban Planning Cadastre Universal Resource Locator United States United States of America United States Geological Survey (USA) Urban Waste Water Treatment (UK) Value Added Retailer Video Casette Recorder Visual Display Unit Vutual Environment data GatheringAdrninistrative Surveillance System Vegetation Monitoring Instrument VHF Omni-directional Range Transmitter Vocational Qualification (UK) Virtual Reality Virtual Reality Macro Language Virtual Spatial Environment Virtual Science Park Virtual Working System Vrije University (Amsterdam, NL) Water and Sewage Company (UK) Wide Field Sensor Water Industry Sludge Disposal Optimisation Model (UK) Water Only Company (UK) World Wide Web Yorkshire and Humberside Development Association (UK) Zone DESign (University of Leeds, UK) Zone of Visual Influence

Figures

(*Indicates colour version available at http://www.geog.leeds.ac.ukIpublications/GIPEPI)

3.1 New computer technologies in the process of urban design 48 3.2 Geographie data types 51 3.3 Geometrie data types 52 3.4 Smoothing fine scale spatial data within GIS 53 3.5 Hotlinking from the GIS to photo and video data 54 3.6 Space syntax within GIS 57 3.7 Sketching building blocks in 2-d and vi ewing in 3-d 59 3.8 The geometry ofWolverhampton town centre in 3-d 60 3.9 The geography of Wolverhampton town centre in 3-d 60 3.10 The Collaborative Vrrtual Design Studio (CVDS) 63

4.1 'Representation' and 'what-if' functions operating in combination: a.left wing and b. right wing scenarios of potential building sites in Amsterdam 72

4.2 Contextual variables of geographical information technology 77 4.3 The 'selective' ideal-typical method ofusing geographical information

technology 81 4.4 The outcome of the 'selective' ideal-typical method after a. a broad

'scanning' for potential building sites and b. a more in-depth examination 82

5.1 Structure of the LeejOmgevings Verkenner model 94 5.2 Rule set for the urban residential function used in the I1mond model 95 5.3 The I1mondlZuid-Kennemerland study area 98 5.4 Example of a suitability map for the distribution and transport

function (*) 100 5.5 Zoning map for the industry, distribution and transport and mixed

activities functions (*) 101 5.6 The modelled area 102 5.7 Results of the calibration ron (*) 103 5.8 Zoning maps applied in scenario 2 for the simulation period

1997-2010 (*) 105 5.9 Simulated land use in 2010 (*) 105

446 Figures

6.1 Overall model structure 117 6.2 External projection constraints 118 6.3 System architecture 120 6.4 Solving the doubly constrained land use model 125 6.5 Land use in West Brabant, reference projection for 2020 (*) 130 6.6 Land use in West Brabant, projection for 2020, with airport (*) 131

7.1 Consecutive steps in road location analysis 137 7.2 Examples of a. an environmentally sensitive area distance map and

b. an inverted friction map with higher values given to cells nearest to the sensitive areas 140

7.3 General land use pattern in Botkyrka municipality 143 7.4 Tullinge airport and road information in Botkyrka municipality 143 7.5 Pathway analysis results for each of the seven environmental

impact types 144 7.6 Optimal pathway for combined environmental factors 145 7.7 Optimal pathways for building costs (multiple optima exist) 146 7.8 Optimal pathway for travel time 147 7.9 Optimal pathway for the three indicators combined 148 7.10 Optimal pathways for each of the cost indicators and the three

indicators combined 148

8.1 The 'vicious cyc1e' ofland and real estate market 155 8.2 The principles of the hierarchical organisation of the UPC in the RF 158 8.3 The content of a parcel cadastral passport issued by cadastral services

at the municipallevel to each land owner (user) at the time of registering his/her ownership rights 164

8.4 The relationships between the UPC and the other spatial records systems 165

8.5 Entities implementing the UPC, 1996 166

9.1 Procedures in French planning 171

10.1 Three levels of scientific knowledge 183 10.2 Object life and changes 188 10.3 The inheritance hierarchy of STP types 189 10.4 Application example 192

11.1 The hypothetical wind farm GIS site selections for Wales 211 11.2 The wind speed database for Wales at heights of a. 10, b. 25 and

c. 45 metres above ground 213 11.3 Visibility indices for a 2 km by 2 km region of the Taff Ely Wind

Farm in South Wales 214

Figures 447

11.4 Cumulative visible turbines (ZVIs) for a proposed wind farm of 25 turbines at Werfa in South Wales 216

11.5 Visibility verification scores for an observer view 218 11.6 Three digital terrain modelling views of the Taff Ely Wind Farm

in South Wales 219 11.7 Three grey-scale representations of ZVIs as measures of visual impact

of the Taff Ely Wind Farm over a DTM surface of 22 km by 22 km (*) 220

12.1 Colour hazard map derived from soil and topographical characteristics (*) 230

12.2 GRIDNET frame analysing water flows in the distribution system 231 12.3 Variations in domestic water demand for Leeds by ward 234 12.4 Laying new grid cross linkages in the 1996 drought in Yorkshire 237 12.5 Different boundaries for the regulators, industry and customers 239

13.1 Urban agglomeration: functional or administrative limits versus morphologicallimits obtained by the processing of remote sensing data 253

13.2 Flowchart of the processing of a satellite-based land use map by the potential model in order to depict the landscape facets 256

14.1 Local authority areas ofYorkshire and Humberside 266 14.2 Conceptualisation of the GEOID server system 272 14.3 Regional unemployment against the national average, 1992-97 275 14.4 Regional house price trends, 1992-97 276 14.5 Intra-regional unemployment in Yorkshire and Humberside, 1996-97 277 14.6 Locations of foreign-owned establishments by main countries

of ownership 278

15.1 Census geography design, 1991 287 15.2 Overview of the GAPS system at time of 1997 census test 291 15.3 Sampie map for single ED output from GAPS 292 15.4 Sampie page from enumerator record book output from GAPS 292

16.1 The 127 electoral wards (concelhos) in Lisbon 305 16.2 The 21 new electoral districts and the local authority boundaries

in Lisbon 306 16.3 Deprivation map based on wards of Bradford 308 16.4 Deprivation map based on ward-like zones of Bradford 309 16.5 Tenure types, ED boundaries and distribution of synthetic address

points for Sharrow ward, Sheffield 311 16.6 Thiessen polygons resulting from synthetic address points using ED

boundaries as barriers, Sharrow ward, Sheffield 312 16.7 The 50 new zones and associated MWCs, Sharrow ward, Sheffield 313 16.8 The 200 new zones and associated MWCs, Sharrow ward, Sheffield 314

448 Figures

17.1 The LEAs in Yorkshire and Humberside 320 17.2 Distribution of low and high performance schools in Yorkshire and

Humberside, 1996 323 17.3 Example of a buffer area overlaid on a set of census-based zones 325 17.4 The impacts on pupil roUs of population decline in a central

postal district 329 17.5 The impacts on pupils roUs when a large school is closed 330

18.1 The pressures on business competition 338

19.1 A typical neural network architecture 351 19.2 Information processing at the processing element 352 19.3 A taxonomy of CNN training procedures 356 19.4 The general approach of evolutionary computation algorithms 360 19.5 The dual representation scheme used in the GA approach 362 19.6 An example of a one point crossover for 7 -bit strings: 3. two

strings selected for crossover, b. a crossover site is selected at random, and c. the two strings are swapped after the 5th bit 363

20.1 The public participation ladder 372 20.2 Web interface to MCE site planning tool 380 20.3 NAIADE Web interface 382 20.4 OSDM Web interface and example output 383

21.1 Traffic information on the Tagus bridge in Lisbon gathered by webcamera 396

21.2 Multimedia application of the exploration of the environmental information on Expo'98 396

21.3 The Portuguese Spatial Data Infrastructure (SNIG): screens from the metadata catalogue on cartography 397

21.4 Interactive Portugal's proposed interface for educational purposes: an aerial photo graph of the west part of Lisbon 398

21.5 CoUaborative planning system for Washington DC 398 21.6 Open Spatial Decision Making project on the Internet 399 21.7 Prototype of a system for promoting public participation in EIA 400

22.1 Relationships between major components in the innovation chain 409 22.2 External and internal views of VWS services 409 22.3 VSP information framework 411 22.4 Conventional and mediated access to information 412 22.5 Facilitation system for co-ordinating use of multiple mediation services 412 22.6 Intelligent integration of information 413 22.7 Characteristics and processes in information use 414 22.8 Typical system organisation for distributed information management 415 22.9 Reference model for an integrated information service 416

Tables

2.1 Key features of the two planning traditions 30 2.2 GIS requirements associated with the two planning traditions 32 2.3 Information types for spatial planning 33 2.4 Information characteristics associated with strategie planning and

operational controllevels of urban planning 36 2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose, multi-user GIS 36

4.1 Examples of ideal-typieal methods of using geographieal information technology 79

5.1 Spatial claims for land use functions 101 5.2 Results of the calibration run: Kappa statistie values 104

6.1 Economic activities and their degree of connection with airports 127 6.2 Claims for land in 2020 in airport impact zones for various

spatiallocations 129

7.1 Environmental damage types and empirical or model-based sources to locate sensitive recipients 139

7.2 Example of the slope component of the terrain factor used in the building cost computation 141

7.3 Traffic disturbance indicator for different road types 141 7.4 Land use statistics for Botkyrka municipality 142 7.5 Land uses and number of cells in the optimal pathway for combined

environmental factors 145 7.6 Land uses and number of cells in the optimal pathway for

building costs 146 7.7 Land uses and number of cells in the optimal pathway for travel time 146 7.8 Land uses and number of cells in the pathway for the three

indicators combined 147 7.9 Common elements among the optimal pathways for the cost

indicators and the three indicators combined 148

450 Tables

7.10 Trade-offs between the three road building alternatives 149 7.11 Trade-off table for the nine indicators used to construct the optimal

road pathways 150

8.1 Expected applications and potential users of the UPC 162

9.1 Characteristics of the eight selected planning procedures 172 9.2 Some comparisons between different planning procedures 176

12.1 Service level indicators 226

13.1 Current sensors usable in Europe for planning purposes 244 13.2 High resolution sensors announced in the three following years 257

14.1 Key data holdings of the Regional Intelligence Centre 271 14.2 GEOID metadata description 273 14.3 Geospatial data sets provided through GEOID 273 14.4 Alternative household projections to 2006 279

16.1 Zones designed for one purpose but used for another 301 16.2 Statistical properties of the Bradford wards and new zones 308

17.1 School performance at Key Stage 2 by LEAin Yorkshire and Humberside, 1996 321

17.2 School performance at Key Stage 4 by LEA in Yorkshire and Humberside, 1996 322

17.3 Calculation of index value for the buffer area 325 17.4 Gender-specific performance at GCSE by LEA in Yorkshire and

Humberside,1997 326

20.1 Expression of preferences of different groups for the 'partial flooding in combination with business as usual' alternative 381

20.2 Expression of environmentalists preferences for all scenarios 381

22.1 Sources of scientific and technical input to innovation 405

23.1 List of networkable domestic systems and services 426 23.2 Database developments in the 21st century 429 23.3 Stages in digital democracy 435

Contributors

Seraphim Alvanides School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Michel Bemard COGITIS, 2 rue Edmond Lautard, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France

Mike Batty Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WClE 6BT, United Kingdom

Ant6nio Cll.mara Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2825 Monte de Caparica, Portugal

Harriet Candy School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Steve Carver School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Christophe Claramunt Department of Computing, The Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham NGI 4BU, United Kingdom

Martin Clarke GMAP Ltd., 5/7 Cromer Terrace, Leeds LS2 9JU, United Kingdom

Jayne Curson Centre for Virtual Working Systems (CVWS), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Peter Dew Centre for Virtual Working Systems (CVWS), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Martin Dodge Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WClE 6BT, United Kingdom

Jean-Paul Donnay Departement de Geomatique, Universite de Liege, 7 Place du 20-Aout, B4000 Liege, Belgium

452 Contributors

Mark Dorey

Richard Drew

Guy Engelen

Manfred Fischer

Jim Foster

Stan Geertman

Cristina Gouveia

Maarten Hilferink

Bin Jiang

David Kidner

Robert Langley

Christine Leigh

David Martin

lan Masser

Adrian McDonald

Philippe Miellet

Naum Naimark

Department of Computer Studies, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff, CF37 lDL, Wales, United Kingdom

Centre for Virtual Working Systems (CVWS), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS), Tongersestraat 6, P.O. Box 463, 6200 AL Maastricht, Netherlands

Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-lOlO Wien, Postgasse 7/4, Austria; and Departrnent of Economic and Social Geography, Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, A-I090 Wien, Augasse 2-6, Austria

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Faculty of Geographical Sciences/NexpRI, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands

Centro Nacional Informa~ao Geognifica, R. Braamcamp, 82 - 5° Esq., 1250 Lisboa, Portugal

Object Vision, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WClE 6BT, United Kingdom

Department of Computer Studies, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff, CF37 IDL, Wales, United Kingdom

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Centre for Virtual Working Systems (CVWS), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Department of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton S017 IBJ, United Kingdom

Division of Urban Planning and Management, ITC, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, Netherlands

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

EDATER, 3 avenue de Castelnau, 34090 Montpellier, France

State Central Research Institute of Urban Planning, 29, prosp. Vemadskogo, Moscow, 117994 GSP-l, Russia

Contributors 453

Stan Openshaw School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Henk Ottens Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands

Christine Parent Computer Science Department, Database Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland

Bob Peckham Technology Assessment Sector, Joint Research Centre, Ispra,Italy

Eric Rapaport Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Royal Institute of Technology, S-I00 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Piet Rietveld Department of Regional Economies, Vrije University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands

Henk Scholten Department of Regional Economies, Vrije University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands

Andy Smith Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WClE 6BT, United Kingdom

Andy Smith Binie, Black and Veatch, 69 London Road, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 1LQ, United Kingdom

Petra Smits Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS), Tongersestraat 6, P.O. Box 463, 6200 AL Maastricht, Netherlands; and Netherlands Expertise Centre for Geographical Information Processing (NexpRI), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands

Folke Snickars Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Royal Institute ofTechnology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Stefano Spaccapietra Computer Science Department, Database Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, CH-101S, Switzerland

Andrew Sparkes Department of Computer Studies, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom

John Stillwell School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

454 Contributors

Marius Tberiault

Rob van de Velde

Coen Wesseis

Colin Winnett

Ilya Zaslavsky

Planning and Development Research Centre, Department of Geography, Laval University, Quebec GIK 7P4, Canada

National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands

Netherlands Expertise Centre for Geographical Information Processing (NexpRI), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States of America; and Education Center on Computational Science and Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America