Action strengths

State values

Prediction error

1

2

3

4

Extension 1: Support for representing option identifiers

1

White & Wise, Exp Br Res, 1999

(See also: Assad, Rainer & Miller, 2000; Bunge, 2004; Hoshi, Shima & Tanji, 1998; Johnston & Everling, 2006; Wallis, Anderson & Miller, 2001; White, 1999…)

Miller & Cohen, Ann. Rev. Neurosci, 2001

From Curtis & D’Esposito, TICS, 2003, after Funahashi et al., J. Neurophysiol,1989.

Fuster, Neuron, 2001

2

Extension 2: Option-specific policies

Bear, Connors, & Paradiso, 2001

O’Reilly & Frank, Neural Computation, 2006

Aldridge & Berridge, J Neurosci, 1998

3

Extension 3: Option-specific state values

Kringelbach, Nature Rev Neurosci, 2005

Padoa-Schioppa & Assad, Nature, 2006

Schoenbaum, et al. J Neurosci. 1999

See also: O’Doherty, Critchley, Deichmann, Dolan, 2003

4

Extension 4: Temporal scope of the prediction error

Schoenbaum, Roesch & Stalnaker, TICS, 2006

Roesch, Taylor & Schoenbaum, Neuron, 2006

Daw, NIPS, 2003

--- objectives/overview

-- actor-critic as link to brain

-- HRL implementation in actor-critic

-- opportunity to further introduce hrl and brain…

-- apologies to both 1/2s of the audience (for covering stuff each learned in 1st year grad school)

--- Overview of actor critic

-- main putative neural correlates

-- then talk about 4 changes demanded by HRL

-- 1. option rep’n

-- 2. (actor) option-specific policies (and selection of options)

-- 3 (critic) option-specific value functions

-- 4 (critic) change in scope of prediction error

…then move on to neural correlates…

“selective activity in OFC did not consistently represent the identity of particular odors, the motivational characteristics of the associated reinforcer, or preparation for the motoric response. Instead it would appear that the selective activity in OFC during accurate performance represents the integration of information regarding the significance of a particular cue (or cues) with subsequent behavior.”

Additional questions:

--Hierarchical representations in PFC?

-- Origins of options (subgoals)?

-- Purposive vs. habit?