active and passive means to protect space missionsactive and passive means to protect space missions...

Active and passive means to protectspace missions

Th. Donath (Onera)

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3The Kessler syndrome ?

©ESA

©ESA

©NASA

Today, debris risks are still low.

Tomorrow, debris risks may become the first cause of mission abort.

Let us think about an Envisat collision at 800 km !

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3Space mission versus debris environment

Trackable debris Trackable debris Trackable debris Trackable debris (i.e. lethal debris)(i.e. lethal debris)(i.e. lethal debris)(i.e. lethal debris)

UntrackableUntrackableUntrackableUntrackable debrisdebrisdebrisdebris((((incincincinc. . . . lethallethallethallethal debrisdebrisdebrisdebris))))

TrackableTrackableTrackableTrackable debrisdebrisdebrisdebris(i.e. (i.e. (i.e. (i.e. lethallethallethallethal debrisdebrisdebrisdebris))))


The environment threatens themission

The mission threatens theenvironment

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Active Collision Active Collision Active Collision Active Collision avoidanceavoidanceavoidanceavoidance

Short and long-term solutions



Avoidance manœuvres (SST)Protection & safe designActive debris removal

Safe & efficient disposal



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3To synthesize

©Onera

©Fraunhofer FHR

©Onera

©Texas A&M University

©ESA

©ESA

©ESA

©DARPA

©EADS

@NASA

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3To synthesize

©Onera

©Fraunhofer FHR

©Onera

©Texas A&M University

©ESA

©ESA

©ESA

©DARPA

©EADS

Performance ?

Maturity ?

Cost ?

Impact on European missions' safety ?

Impact on environment cleanliness ?

@NASA

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3The P2ROTECT project

The P2ROTECT project does not solve the problem but provides a tool to evaluate:

� The performance of space missions within the debris environment,

� The risks due to both trackable and untrackable debris effects on space missions,

� The efficiency of single or combined solutions (i.e. SST, protection by shielding, component relocation, mission fractionation) on risk reduction.

The Sentinel-1 mission is the LEO example.

©ESA

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3Risk evaluation

Impact Impact Impact Impact atatatat MISSION MISSION MISSION MISSION levellevellevellevel

EffectsEffectsEffectsEffects atatatat S/C S/C S/C S/C levellevellevellevel

Untrackable debris (inc. lethal debris)Untrackable debris (inc. lethal debris)Untrackable debris (inc. lethal debris)Untrackable debris (inc. lethal debris)

Trackable debris (i.e. lethal debris)Trackable debris (i.e. lethal debris)Trackable debris (i.e. lethal debris)Trackable debris (i.e. lethal debris)

Avoidance manoeuvres probability

Fuel consumption

Service disability

Component failure

probability

Functionalrisk

(Notional)

ENSURE THE S-1 MISSION

SIMULTANEITY

MAINTAIN S-1 IN OPERATIONAL CONDITION

ENSURE EOMISSION

SEQUENCE

ACQUIRE DATA

TRANSMIT DATA

RECEIVEORDER

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3Risk at MISSION level

DISTRIBUTE POWER

GENERATE POWER

COLLECT DATA

Criticalfunctions

Debris Flux


ENSURE EO MISSION

Effective calculation

Criticalitems

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3From risk to solutions

Solutions at MISSION level

Solutions at S/C level

Solutions at environment level

SST

Fractionation

Mission operations

Shielding

Component relocation

Component redundancy

Active debris removal

Passivation / safe disposal

…

Impact Impact Impact Impact atatatat MISSION MISSION MISSION MISSION levellevellevellevel

Functionalrisk

Notional

ENSURE THE S-1 MISSION

SIMULTANEITY


ENSURE EOMISSION

SEQUENCE

ACQUIRE DATA

TRANSMIT DATA

RECEIVEORDER

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3Solutions at MISSION level

Impact of a major

fragmentation event at S1

altitude

Effect of protection at S/C level

(i.e. shielding & relocation)

Effect of "relaxed" SST and

protection at S/C level

Effective calculations

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3Beyond the P2ROTECT project

The protection of European space assets shall need innovativesolutions based on:

• Passive means such as:• Space Surveillance and Tracking• Mission protection• S/C de-orbiting and disposal• Mission fractionation.

• Active means such as:• Active Debris Removal.

Performance

Safety

CleanlinessMaturity

Cost

Performance

Safety

CleanlinessMaturity

Cost

Cleanliness = Mission impact on the environment

• One solution = single or combined means.

• Each solution may be a technology driver.

• Solution efficiency is of prime concern for the sustainability of space activities

CurrentmissionEfficiency

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3Some challenges related to passive means

• From short-terms solutions:• S/C protection• S/C de-orbiting and disposal

• To long-term solutions:• Fractionation

• Mission performance kept.• Higher mission safety.• Higher mission "cleanliness" for the environment. • Long-term effects on environment measurable with confidence.

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3Some challenges related to active means

Optimal ADR strategies for the removal of 10 Ariane R/B in LEO with a 15 ton OTV

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

0 500 1000 1500

Propellant margin (kg)

Mis

sio

n ti

me

(ye

ar)

ADR by attaching a solid rocket deorbiting kit

ADR by moving the debris to a 25 year reentry orbit

@Onera

• Maturity of technology integration.• Mission performance reachable with confidence.• Long-term effects on environment measurable with confidence.

Perform ADR mission

Perform far range RdV

Perform short range RdV

up to contact

Perform interfacing with debris

Control, de-tumble and orient the

debris

Perform de-orbiting

Control the debris

De-tumble the debris

Orient the debris

SEQ

SEQATLAS functional tree of the mission

and mapping with technological pathways

Techno 1

Techno n

@Onera

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3To conclude

Protection of European assets in and from space is:

• A scientific challenge to solve technological hard points and to prove the global efficiency of solutions.

• A key factor for industrial leadership because of requiredenabling technologies and the induced positioning in theworldwide scene.

• At the end, a societal challenge because of the increasingsociety dependance to services provided by space.

active and passive means to protect space missionsactive and passive means to protect space missions...

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