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CI/SfB (57)Uniclass L75June 2013

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Contents

Passivent Active Ventilation 3

The need for ventilation 4

What is Active Ventilation? 5

Active Transfer - Atrium System 6 - 7

Active Roof Terminal - Single Space System 8 - 9

Controls 10 - 11

Further information 12

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ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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Three operating modes:

Natural mode For most of the year, Active Ventilationworks on the natural ventilation principlesof wind and convection. No energy is usedfor ventilation.

Boost modeIn high summer temperatures, boost fansoperate to provide high levels of airmovement, bringing more fresh air into thebuilding and removing warm air. Thebuilding can be adequately ventilated andcooled even on hot days with no wind.

Recirculation modeIn cold winter temperatures, the fans bringin fresh air and temper it by mixing with thewarm air already in the building. Thisreduces heat losses and provides morecomfortable conditions.

This mode can also be used to provide nightcooling in hot weather.

Two main Passivent Active Systems:

Atrium SystemsWhere rooms are ventilated via an atriumusing Active Atrium Transfer units; see pages 6 - 7.

Single Space SystemsWhere a single large space is ventilated viaActive Roof Terminals; see pages 8 - 9.

Combining the advantages of natural andmechanical ventilation.

Passivent Active Ventilation uses the soundprinciples of natural ventilation combinedwith mechanical assistance and intelligentcontrol. This combination gives veryeffective and energy-efficient ventilationthroughout the year and in all weatherconditions.

The Active Range of products has beenespecially developed for the Priority Schoolsrequirement to mix the air before it isintroduced to the room. In the outputspecification for the Priority School BuildingProgramme PFI projects it states 2.8.43. (pg 67) EnvironmentalRequirements ‘In naturally ventilatedspaces, the Contractor shall provide mixingof ventilation air with room air to avoid colddraughts in the occupied zone duringwintertime’ This allows operationthroughout the year with reduced risk ofcold draughts.

● Allows high levels of air movement toreduce overheating when required in hotweather

● Recovers heat from exhaust air in re-circulation mode during cold weather

● Energy efficient – minimal energy use

● Controlled through an intelligent controlsystem

● Simple and easy to integrate within thebuilding

● Reduced capital and running costscompared with mechanical only systems

● Suitable for commercial, educational andsimilar buildings

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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All buildings need some form of ventilation.For commercial and similar buildings therequirement of the ventilation system is toremove excess CO2 from the air, and ensurethat the building does not get too warm andcause the occupants to overheat. In short,the main aim is to promote good indoor airquality.

Air QualityExcess CO2 in the air can cause occupants tofeel tired, nauseous and even lead toheadaches. These effects can reduce theability of the occupants to work or learn,depending upon the use of the building.

OverheatingGetting the right temperature of thebuilding is important; a hot building canlead to occupants feeling stuffy, makingthem sweat and feel uncomfortable, and evenlead to them overheating. This again reducesthe effectiveness of the work or learning andcan have physiological repercussions.

Ventilation DesignA suitably designed ventilation system canaddress both concerns and can help tomaintain set levels of both temperature andCO2 within a building. It will allow sufficientfresh air in to dilute CO2 concentration, andcan allow cool air in when required to helpreduce the internal temperature.

Of course, it is relatively simple on paper toprovide a permanent supply of fresh airthrough apertures in the building, so thatthere is always fresh air for diluting CO2 andreducing temperature. In reality howeverthis uncontrolled ventilation is not practicalas it will require the heating system to workharder than necessary in the winter, usingmore energy.

Efficient VentilationA ventilation system should allow controlledamounts of air in and out of the building,using as little energy as possible, whilstallowing the rates of air flow to be adjusteddepending upon the conditions. The three main elements are:

● Efficient products using minimal energy

● Intelligent controls to only allow the rightamount of air in and out

● Effective design, looking at all of thebuilding’s requirements: design, use andoccupancy

Passivent Active Ventilation combines thesound principles of natural ventilation withmechanical assistance and intelligentcontrol. It provides more effectiveventilation whilst also enhancing energyefficiency.

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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● Low power fan uses minimalenergy only when requiredduring peak summer and lowwinter temperatures

● Energy bills can be reducedthrough saved heating andcooling costs whilst the systemoperates in mechanicallyassisted modes

● Three operating modes allowthe most energy efficient modeto be used as and whennecessary

● Two systems allow the Activestrategy to be used in differentbuilding layouts and types

● Intelligent controller ensuresthe system runs in the correctmode according to factorssuch as CO2 concentrations,internal and externaltemperatures

● Based primarily on naturalventilation strategy so does notrequire large and costlymechanical plant

● Recirculation mode mixes theincoming air to minimise therisks of cold draughts in winter

FEATURES & BENEFITS

Passivent Active Range

Combines the advantages of naturalventilation with the advantages ofmechanical ventilation; a ventilationsolution which uses minimal energy yet canprovide high levels of air movement duringsummer periods. Can also be used in re-circulation mode in the winter to recoverheat by mixing the incoming air.

Typical Mechanical Supply / Exhaust System

Fresh air is supplied and exhausted from theroom through a network of supply andexhaust ducting, mechanical plant andterminals.The system boosts when required to regulatethe flow of air for the space. Sometimes aheat recovery fan system is used to recoverthe energy from the exhaust air.

Natural ventilation

Uses no energy to move the air and works onthe natural forces of wind and convection.Fresh air is brought in through the façade ofthe building or through roof terminals, ismoved naturally through the building andfinally exhausted, usually at high levelthrough louvres.

It is usually controlled by an intelligentcontrol system which regulates how muchair is brought in and exhausted throughcontrollable dampers.

Advantages and disadvantages

+ Energy efficient – minimal energy use

+ Can be controlled through intelligentcontrol system

+ Minimal noise issues as no mechanicalplant

+ Simple and easy to integrate within thebuilding

- Difficult to move high levels of air insummer months

- Does not allow recovery of heat, so hot airis exhausted directly outside

Advantages and disadvantages

+ Can allow high levels of air movement

+ Can be used with heat exchanger torecover heat

- Can use significant amount of energy,leading to higher running costs

- Noise from plant can cause disturbance

- Can be difficult to incorporate ducting andsizeable plant

- Requires maintenance leading toincreased running costs

- Higher capital costs against naturalventilation

Advantages

+ Can allow high levels of air movement

+ Can be used to recover heat in re-circulation mode

+ Energy efficient – minimal energy use

+ Can be controlled through intelligentcontrol system

+ Simple and easy to integrate within thebuilding

+ Reduced capital and running costs againstmechanical systems

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ACTIVE TRANSFER - ATRIUM SYSTEM

Active Atrium Transfer A unique system which not only offers theflexibility of the Active range, providing thethree operating modes, but also includesSoundScoop technology to reduce the noisetransfer between rooms. The Active AtriumTransfer unit is designed for use in buildingswith atria. It can be demonstrated to meetthe Acoustic requirements of BB93.

The system is designed so that each roomadjoining the atrium, such as a classroom,has two Active Atrium Transfer devices toachieve acoustic guidelines and airflowcapacity, so meeting the relevantrequirements.

Three operating modesThe system uses one of three operatingmodes depending on the needs of thebuilding and outside temperatures.

Mode 3 is not always needed as Mode 1 canbe used in winter with a CO2-controlled andwell positioned façade inlet.

Mode 1 NaturalMost of the year

In mid-season temperatures, fresh airfrom outside enters the room throughfaçade inlets. The air is warmed byoccupants and equipment in the rooms andis drawn naturally through the ActiveAtrium Transfer unit, exhausting throughoutlets at the top of the atrium which acts asa passive stack. Operates for the majority ofthe time using the high capacity flow rate ofthe units. This mode enables control overindoor air quality and temperatures.

Mode 3 RecirculationLow winter temperatures;also for summer night cooling

Operates when outside temperaturesare low and façade inlets are closed.The fans in the Active Atrium Transfer units(two in each room) operate in oppositedirections, one drawing in fresh temperedmixed air from the atrium, the otherextracting warm CO2-laden air from theroom. The atrium is ventilated to maintain asource of good indoor air quality for therooms.

This mode ensures good air quality, reducesthe risk of draughts and reduces the load onthe heating system. It can also providesecure night cooling ventilation.

Mode 2 BoostPeak summer temperatures

During peak temperatures, façadeinlets are left open to allow fresh air to enter the room. The air is thenextracted through the Active Atrium Transferunit, running boost fans if required. Thismode can be manually selected by theoccupant. This mode allows the ventilationrate to be boosted to control peak summertime temperatures.

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Case constructionMarine grade structural timber.

Acoustic performanceIndependently tested to BS EN 20140-10:1992and ISO 140-10:1991, and can be shown tocomply with Building Bulletin 93 and thePriority School Acoustic Specification.

InstallationPositioned between the atrium and adjoiningrooms. Can be installed through a bulkheador plasterboard ceiling, or where there is asuspended ceiling using the adjustableceiling adaptor.

Recommended fixing: to soffit with bracketssupplied.

Active Atrium Transfer unit

Dimensions

Wall opening Active Atrium Transfer unitwidth x height (mm) length (mm) free area (m2) weight (kg) (high spec foam)

643 x 344 1540 (600 SoundScoop) 0.10 541840 (900 SoundScoop) 612140 (1200 SoundScoop) 68

1248 x 344 1589 (600 SoundScoop) 0.20 741889 (900 SoundScoop) 882189 (1200 SoundScoop) 102

FEATURES & BENEFITS

● Low energy boost fan uses minimumenergy when compared to mechanicalsystems

● Re-circulation mode reduces heatingenergy used, saving energy costs

● High level inlet in winter reduces thepotential for perceived draughts by theoccupants

● High level inlets in summer allow thesystem to operate a night cooling strategy,using cooler night-time air to reduce thetemperature of the building’s thermalmass

● SoundScoop technology targets speechand footfall frequencies, the main cause ofdisturbance via air transfer devices

● High Cd (coefficient of discharge) valueprovides lower resistance to airflow,meaning that more air can pass through,reducing the number of units required perroom

● It can be demonstrated to meet theAcoustic requirements of BB93

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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Mode 1 NaturalMost of the year

In natural mode the Active Roof Terminalacts as a passive stack. Fresh air is broughtin through low-level opening windows orlouvres. Warm air rises and is exhausted athigh level through the Active Roof Terminal.This is a purely passive mode and the fandoes not operate. This mode enables controlover indoor air quality and temperatures.

Mode 2 BoostPeak summer temperatures

To avoid overheating within the room, thesingle boost fan in the Active Roof Terminalextracts high volumes of air from the spaceand exhausts it to the outside. Fresh air isbrought in through low-level openingwindows or louvres. During unoccupiedperiods when windows are closed and thetemperature rises, the Active Roof terminalboth supplies and exhausts air. This ensuresa fresh environment when the room isoccupied again. This mode allows theventilation rate to be boosted to control peaksummer time temperatures.

Mode 3 RecirculationLow winter temperatures; also for summer night cooling

Low-level openings are closed, preventingcold draughts. Fresh air is brought in at highlevel through the Active Roof Terminal. Withthe fan running, the incoming fresh airmixes with interior warm air in the ActiveMixing Chamber, providing tempered freshair to the room.

The same strategy can be used for securenight cooling in summer.

Active Roof Terminal The Active Roof Terminal is designed forapplications where a single room space isventilated directly through the roof.

An innovative product which combinesPassive Stack Ventilation during themajority of the year, a boosted stack systemin peak summer temperatures, anddownwards displacement ventilation and re-circulation during the winter.

The Active Roof Terminal comprises astructural base unit which houses thedamper, mixing chamber and boost fan, anda double bank louvred terminal whichprovides excellent weathertightness andairflow. Combined they provide effective andefficient ventilation throughout the year.

Patent applied for.

Three operating modesThe system uses one of three operatingmodes depending on the needs of thebuilding and outside temperatures.

Mode 3 is not always needed as Mode 1 canbe used in winter with a CO2-controlled andwell positioned façade inlet.

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Internaltemperature21ºC

Internaltemperature25ºC

Internaltemperature22ºC

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ConstructionTerminal cladding and louvres manufacturedfrom fire-retardant high-impact ABS on analuminium frame, and mounted on analuminium frame connected to a base unit ofmarine grade plywood from renewableforests.

ColourTerminal: any standard RAL/BS colour.Base unit: white clad below roof line.Ceiling cover grille: white as standard, or anystandard RAL/BS colour.

Weather resistanceDouble bank louvres achieve Class A at1.5m/s, independently tested at BSRIA to BS EN 13030:2001.

Wind resistanceResistant to continuous wind loads at 51m/s,demonstrated by independent BRE tests.

Biological resistanceLouvres exclude most birds in compliancewith BRE Digest 415, 1996. 4mm insectscreen behind the louvres excludes largeinsects.

FEATURES & BENEFITS

● Low energy boost fan usesminimum energy whencompared to mechanicalsystems

● Re-circulation mode reducesheating energy used, savingenergy costs

● Mixing and high level inletsin winter reduce the potentialfor perceived draughts by theoccupants

● High level inlets in summerallow the system to operate anight cooling strategy, usingcooler night- time air toreduce the temperature of thebuilding’s thermal mass

● High Cd (coefficient ofdischarge) value provideslower resistance to airflow,meaning that more air canpass through, reducing thenumber of units required per room

● Double banked louvresprovide maximum rainrejection

● The unique terminal designdoes not require a verticalinternal divider, and thereforethe flow performance isindependent of winddirection. This ensures thesystem flow performance doesnot stall during adverse winddirections

Dimensions

Size overall (mm): 1250 x 1250

Roof opening required (mm): 1160 x 1160

Height, standard (mm): 1391

Weight (kg):

Terminal base with mixing chamber 100

Terminal 50

InstallationThe Active Roof Terminal comprises twomain elements: the sub-base unit whichhouses the modulating damper, Activemixing chamber and fan, and the doublebank louvred terminal, with low-resistanceair flow into and out of the building.

The sub base unit is fixed to the structure tosupport the terminal. It is supplied with thenecessary fixing brackets and can be used onflat or pitched roofs. The louvred terminal isfixed in position over the sub-base assembly.

Active Roof Terminal(Patent applied for)

Externaltemperature19ºC

Externaltemperature22ºC

Externaltemperature5ºC

14ºC Supply

Temperatures shown are only examples

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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CONTROLS

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Intelligent controlThe effective intelligent control of thesystem ensures optimum efficiency. TheActive Range uses the Active Controller asthe brains to control operation. TheController links to local actuators, sensors,overrides, and an indicator panel. The maincomponents of an Active Range controlsystem are:

External temperature sensor This relays temperature information to theActive Controller. According to thetemperature (based on set points determinedat the design stage) the system operates inthe most efficient mode.

Local room sensorsCombined temperature and CO2 sensorsmonitor air quality and feedback informationon internal temperature and CO2 levels tothe Controller. One sensor is located in eachroom, or multiple sensors in large openspaces.

Local room overridesA touch-sensitive override is mounted ineach room to allow the occupants to close orboost the system as they desire. The manualoverride is returned to the auto positionafter a set time period, determined at designstage.

Fan ControllerThis controls the operation and direction ofthe fan unit in the Active units anddetermines which mode the system willoperate in.

Mixing Chamber / Motorised Louvre (Active Roof Terminal)This controls the operation of the MixingChamber which manages the airflowthrough the Roof Terminal and determineswhich mode the system will operate in. Themotorised louvre controller ensures thecorrect amount of air is supplied to the roomto meet demand.

Active Controller This has built-in set points which determinethe operating mode. It is the brains of thesystem, using the data from the sensors toactivate the controllers/actuators asrequired. For example, if CO2 is above the setpoint the Controller would tell theoccupants, via the Indicator Panel, thatwindows need to be opened, as well asincreasing the opening of the sub-basedamper. This allows more airflow to diluteCO2 concentration.

Indicator Panel This tells the occupants what action theyneed to take in order to achieve good airquality. It is usually used as an indicator toopen or close windows or louvres,controlling the flow of fresh air in to thebuilding whilst in natural or boost mode.

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TYPICAL CONTROL SCHEMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Active Transfer - Atrium System

Corridor

Window /Louvreactuator

Window /Louvreactuator

Averagetemperature andCO2 sensor

Fancontroller

Active AtriumTransfer unit

External temperature sensor

Active RoofTerminal

ClassroomOptionalWindow /Louvreactuator

Override andaveragetemperaturesensor

Averagetemperature andCO2 sensor Manual

windowindicator

Override andaveragetemperaturesensor

Active controller

Corridor

Active Roof Terminal - Single Space System

Active controller

Overrideand AveragetemperaturesensorManual window

indicator

Average temperatureand CO2 sensor

Louvre andMixingChamberactuator

Fan controller

External temperature sensor

Classroom

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS

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Prod

uced

by Te

d Hasting

s/Rackley D

esign 44

94

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PASSIVENT LIMITEDNorth Frith Oasts, Ashes Lane, Hadlow, Kent TN11 9QU Tel: 01732 850770 Fax: 01732 850949

Email: projects@passivent.com Web: www.passivent.com

Passivent Limited maintains a policy of continuous development and reserves theright to amend product specifications without notice.

A member of the Building Product Design Group

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ServicesPassivent has its own in-house researchteam dedicated to developing techniques andproducts for natural ventilation, and is aleading partner in some of the mostimportant research projects in this fieldincluding NatVentTM, a consortium ofEuropean organisations headed by BRE.

We offer a comprehensive design andadvisory service tailored to your specificproject, covering both natural ventilationdesign and product selection. AdvancedAirsoftTM software based on CIBSE AM10 isused to calculate sizes of air inlets andoutlets to achieve optimum performance.

InstallationInstallation and commissioning servicethrough an independent network ofPassivent MasterCare installers. Extendeddesign warranty available throughMasterCare.

Names of approved installers can be providedon request.

Quality AssurancePassivent products are designed, developedand manufactured under a BS EN ISO 9001quality management system, giving anindependently audited assurance that theproducts will fulfil their intended purpose.

EnvironmentPassivent conducts all business processesunder a BS EN ISO 14001 qualitymanagement system, giving an assurancethat all activities are carried out havingminimal impact upon the environment.

Other productsPassivent market a range of other ventilationand daylighting products for commercial anddomestic buildings including:

Natural (passive) ventilation systems

iMEV - Intelligent mechanical ventilationsystems

Mixed mode cooling systems

Aircool ventilators for windows, curtainwalling and walls

Airstract roof terminals for passive stack andother natural ventilation systems

Airscoop wind-driven ventilation terminals

Natural daylighting systems includingSunscoop tubular rooflights and Metrodomerooflights