activity 3 ece 583l

7/30/2019 Activity 3 Ece 583l

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Subnet Mask, Static and Dynamic Router, Gateway, Router Information Protocol, RoutingTable, and Routing Protocol

What is a Subnet Mask?An IP address has two components, the network address and the host address. A subnet maskseparates the IP address into the network and host addresses (). Sub netting

further divides the host part of an IP address into a subnet and host address(). It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify networkaddress of an IP address by performing bitwise AND operation on the net mask.

ASubnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address intonetwork address and host address. Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s andsetting host bits to all "0"s. Within a given network, two host addresses are reserved for specialpurpose. The "0" address is assigned a network address and "255" is assigned to a broadcastaddress, and they cannot be assigned to a host.

Examples of commonly used net masks for classed networks are 8-bits (Class A), 16-bits (ClassB) and 24-bits (Class C), and classless networks are as follows:

Class Address # of Hosts Netmask (Binary) Netmask (Decimal)

CIDR /4 240,435,456 11110000 00000000 00000000 00000000 240.0.0.0

CIDR /5 134,217,728 11111000 00000000 00000000 00000000 248.0.0.0

CIDR /6 67,108,864 11111100 00000000 00000000 00000000 252.0.0.0

CIDR /7 33,554,432 11111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 254.0.0.0

A /8 16,777,216 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0

CIDR /9 8,388,608 11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 255.128.0.0

CIDR /10 4,194,304 11111111 11000000 00000000 00000000 255.192.0.0

CIDR /11 2,097,152 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 255.224.0.0

CIDR /12 1,048,576 11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 255.240.0.0

CIDR /13 524,288 11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 255.248.0.0

CIDR /14 262,144 11111111 11111100 00000000 00000000 255.252.0.0CIDR /15 131,072 11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 255.254.0.0

B /16 65,534 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0

CIDR /17 32,768 11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000 255.255.128.0

CIDR /18 16,384 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 255.255.192.0

CIDR /19 8,192 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 255.255.224.0

CIDR /20 4,096 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 255.255.240.0

CIDR /21 2,048 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 255.255.248.0

CIDR /22 1,024 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 255.255.252.0

CIDR /23 512 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 255.255.254.0

C /24 256 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0

CIDR /25 128 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000 255.255.255.128

CIDR /26 64 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 255.255.255.192

CIDR /27 32 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 255.255.255.224

CIDR /28 16 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 255.255.255.240

CIDR /29 8 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248

CIDR /30 4 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 255.255.255.252

Sub netting an IP network is to separate a big network into smaller multiple networks forreorganization and security purposes. All nodes (hosts) in a sub network see all packetstransmitted by any node in a network. Performance of a network is adversely affected underheavy traffic load due to collisions and retransmissions.
http://www.iplocation.net/tools/ip-address.phphttp://www.iplocation.net/tools/ip-address.php


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Applying a subnet mask to an IP address separates network address from host address. Thenetwork bits are represented by the 1's in the mask, and the host bits are represented by 0's.Performing a bitwise logical AND operation on the IP address with the subnet mask producesthe network address. For example, applying the Class C subnet mask to our IP address216.3.128.12 produces the following network address:

IP: 1101 1000 . 0000 0011 . 1000 0000 . 0000 1100 (216.003.128.012)

Mask: 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 (255.255.255.000)---------------------------------------------1101 1000 . 0000 0011 . 1000 0000 . 0000 0000 (216.003.128.000)

Sub netting Network

Here is another scenario where sub netting is needed. Pretend that a web host with a Class Cnetwork needs to divide the network so that parts of the network can be leased to itscustomers. Let's assume that a host has a network address of 216.3.128.0 (as shown in theexample above). Let's say that we're going to divide the network into 2 and dedicate the firsthalf to itself, and the other half to its customers.

216 . 3 . 128 . (0000 0000) (1st half assigned to the web host)216 . 3 . 128 . (1000 0000) (2nd half assigned to the customers)

The web host will have the subnet mask of 216.3.128.128 (/25). Now, we'll further divide the2nd half into eight blocks of 16 IP addresses.

216 . 3 . 128 . (1000 0000) Customer 1 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1001 0000) Customer 2 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1010 0000) Customer 3 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1011 0000) Customer 4 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1100 0000) Customer 5 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)

216 . 3 . 128 . (1101 0000) Customer 6 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1110 0000) Customer 7 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)216 . 3 . 128 . (1111 0000) Customer 8 -- Gets 16 IPs (14 usable)-----------------------------255 . 255 . 255 . (1111 0000) (Subnet mask of 255.255.255.240)

Classless Inter Domain Routing

Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) was invented to keep the Internet from running out ofIP Addresses. The IPv4, a 32-bit, addresses have a limit of 4,294,967,296 (2 32) unique IPaddresses. The classful address scheme (Class A, B and C) of allocating IP addresses in 8-bit

increments can be very wasteful. With classful addressing scheme, a minimum number of IPaddresses allocated to an organization is 256 (Class C). Giving 256 IP addresses to anorganization only requiring 15 IP addresses is wasteful. Also, an organization requiring morethan 256 IP addresses (let's say 1,000 IP addresses) is assigned a Class B, which allocates65,536 IP addresses. Similarly, an organization requiring more than 65,636 (65,634 usable IPs)is assigned a Class A network, which allocates 16,777,216 (16.7 Million) IP addresses. This typeof address allocation is very wasteful.

With CIDR, a network of IP addresses is allocated in 1-bit increments as opposed to 8-bits inclassful network. The use of a CIDR notated address can easily represent classful addresses


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(Class A = /8, Class B = /16, and Class C = /24). The number next to the slash (i.e. /8)represents the number of bits assigned to the network address. The example shown above canbe illustrated with CIDR as follows:

216.3.128.12, with subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 is written as216.3.128.12/25

Similarly, the 8 customers with the block of 16 IP addresses can be written as:

216.3.128.129/28, 216.3.128.130/28, and etc.

With an introduction of CIDR addressing scheme, IP addresses are more efficiently allocated toISPs and customers; and hence there is less risk of IP addresses running out anytime soon. Fordetailed specification on CIDR, please review RFC 1519. With introduction of additional gaming,medical, applicance and telecom devices requiring static IP addresses in addition to more than6.5 billion (July 2006 est.) world population, the IPv4 addresses with CIDR addressing schemewill eventually run out. To solve shortage of IPv4 addresses, the IPv6 (128-bit) address schemewas introduced in 1993.

REFERENCE: http://www.iplocation.net/tools/netmask.php

What is Static and Dynamic Routers?For routing between routers to work efficiently in an internetwork, routers must haveknowledge of other network IDs or be configured with a default route. On large internetworks,the routing tables must be maintained so that the traffic always travels along optimal paths.How the routing tables are maintained defines the distinction between static and dynamicrouting.

Static Routing - A router with manually configured routing tables is known as a static router.A network administrator, with knowledge of the internetwork topology, manually builds andupdates the routing table, programming all routes in the routing table. Static routers can workwell for small internetworks but do not scale well to large or dynamically changinginternetworks due to their manual administration.

Static routers are not fault tolerant. The lifetime of a manually configured static route is infiniteand, therefore, static routers do not sense and recover from downed routers or downed links.

A good example of a static router is a multi-homed computer running Windows 2000 (a

computer with multiple network interface cards). Creating a static IP router with Windows 2000is as simple as installing multiple network interface cards, configuring TCP/IP, and enabling IProuting.

Dymanic Routing - A router with dynamically configured routing tables is known as a dynamicrouter. Dynamic routing consists of routing tables that are built and maintained automaticallythrough an ongoing communication between routers. This communication is facilitated by arouting protocol, a series of periodic or on-demand messages containing routing informationthat is exchanged between routers. Except for their initial configuration, dynamic routersrequire little ongoing maintenance, and therefore can scale to larger internetworks.
http://www.iplocation.net/rfc/rfc1519.phphttp://www.iplocation.net/tools/netmask.phphttp://www.iplocation.net/tools/netmask.phphttp://www.iplocation.net/rfc/rfc1519.php


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Dynamic routing is fault tolerant. Dynamic routes learned from other routers have a finitelifetime. If a router or link goes down, the routers sense the change in the internetworktopology through the expiration of the lifetime of the learned route in the routing table. Thischange can then be propagated to other routers so that all the routers on the internetworkbecome aware of the new internetwork topology.

The ability to scale and recover from internetwork faults makes dynamic routing the betterchoice for medium, large, and very large internetworks.

A good example of a dynamic router is a computer with Windows 2000 Server and the Routingand Remote Access Service running the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open ShortestPath First (OSPF) routing protocols for IP and RIP for IPX.

REFERENCE: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc957844.aspx

Differences between Static Routing and Dynamic Routing

In static routing the routes are described by fixed paths through a data network. The routes areentered by system administrator. The whole network can be configured by using static routes.

Dynamic routing protocols are the applications which discover network destinations dynamically.Routers will communicate the adjacent routers which informs the network to which each routeris connected. These routers adjusts automatically in a network when traffic changes.

Static Routing:Manually set up routeStable. No impact of traffic and transmission failures

Dynamic Routing:

Route setting is automaticResponds to the changes of the networkOptimized route is selected automatically

REFERENCE: http://careerride.com/Networking-what-is-static-and-dynamic-routing.aspx

What is a Gateway?A gateway is a data communication device that provides a remote network with connectivity toa host network.

A gateway device provides communication to a remote network or an autonomous system thatis out of bounds for the host network nodes. Gateways serve as the entry and exit point of anetwork; all data routed inward or outward must first pass through and communicate with thegateway in order to use routing paths. Generally, a router is configured to work as a gatewaydevice in computer networks.

Any network has a boundary or a limit, so all communication placed within that network isconducted using the devices attached to it, including switches and routers. If a network nodewants to communicate with a node/network that resides outsides of that network orautonomous system, the network will require the services of a gateway, which is familiar with
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc957844.aspxhttp://careerride.com/Networking-what-is-static-and-dynamic-routing.aspxhttp://careerride.com/Networking-what-is-static-and-dynamic-routing.aspxhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc957844.aspx


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the routing path of other remote networks.

The gateway (or default gateway) is implemented at the boundary of a network to manage allthe data communication that is routed internally or externally from that network. Besidesrouting packets, gateways also possess information about the host network's internal paths andthe learned path of different remote networks. If a network node wants to communicate with aforeign network, it will pass the data packet to the gateway, which then routes it to the

destination using the best possible path.

REFERENCE: http://www.techopedia.com/definition/5358/gateway

Gateways

The link between two computers to connect to internet or another network is called gateway.The gateway works like a portal among two programs by means of communications betweenprotocol and permit them to share data on same computers or among different computers.Gateways are also known as protocol converter that can perform at nay OSI model layer. Thetask of a gateway is very complex as compared to router and switch.

How Gateways works

A gateway is a network point that works as an access to another network. Generally in intraneta node can be either a gateway node or the nodes that join the network are gateways. In largeorganization where the computers control the traffic between organization networks aregateway nodes. Like that the computers used by ISP to connect different user with each otherat a time to the internet are gateway nodes. In a project of any business company computerserver work as a gateway nodes and it may be proxy server or firewall some time. A gatewaymay connected to a router because a router exactly known where to through a given packet ofdata that appears at the gateway then a switch finalize the actual in and out path ofthe gateway for the specified packet .A gateway is a compulsory features of routes even though

other devices can perform as a gateway. The operating system mostly used this term andinternet connection sharing act as a gateway and creating a connection among internalnetwork.

Gateway security

A gateway generally works as a safeguard to a local network and also connects the localnetwork to public network. A gateway offers security just like a firewall with the technique ofNAT. Gateway facilitating machine with local internet protocol addresses to access the internetvia inclusive address of the gateway. Gateway get packets from the local network and alternateits exterior IP address and a new port address into the resource fields of the IP and UDP

headers.

Gateway devices

Agateway is full of various types of devices which are essential to make available systeminteroperability as signal translators. The other devices are protocol translators, impedancematching devices, rate converters, and fault isolators. Some time gateway attached with bothrouter and switch to perform action. When a user using home network with gateway has atransceiver used to set up a wireless connection.
http://www.techopedia.com/definition/5358/gatewayhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://www.techopedia.com/definition/5358/gateway


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Gateway usage, Uses of Gateways

There are many kind of usage of gateway in a network as listed below.

A gateway can be implemented in software, hardware and some time as a mixture oftogether. There are lots of equipments and techniques which are being processed suchas voice and data communication.

The gateways are the best option to achieve the multimedia communications betweendissimilar networks because every network has different protocol and characteristics.

Gateways are also a key mechanism of any telephony communications. Gateway isoffering bridge between telephone network and internet.

For real time communication gateway supporting audio conversion and carry outextinction and call setup. Gateway also controls the processing information across thenetwork which contains information about to set up the actual end to end call.

A network gateway work like a firewall and filters packets. It also separates corporatenetwork as intranet from a public network.

A gateway may also install on a stand alone device. A gateway performs as the interfacebetween local and wide area protocols such as TCP/IP on the Internet.

A gateway supervises its client devices, gather their data and execute other task.Gateway devices allow net client to access a variety of computer networks. Gateway is also offering on-line services exclusive of having a preceding service

agreement or a continuing association with the service supplier.REFERENCE: http://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.html

What is Routing Information Protocol?RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a widely-used protocol formanaging router information within a self-contained network such as a corporate local areanetwork (LAN) or an interconnected group of such LANs. RIP is classified by the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF) as one of several internal gateway protocols (Interior GatewayProtocol).

Using RIP, a gateway host (with a router) sends its entire routing table (which lists all the otherhosts it knows about) to its closest neighbor host every 30 seconds. The neighbor host in turnwill pass the information on to its next neighbor and so on until all hosts within the networkhave the same knowledge of routing paths, a state known as network convergence. RIP usesa hop count as a way to determine network distance. (Other protocols use more sophisticatedalgorithms that include timing as well.) Each host with a router in the network uses the routing

table information to determine the next host to route a packet to for a specified destination.

RIP is considered an effective solution for small homogeneous networks. For larger, morecomplicated networks, RIP's transmission of the entire routing table every 30 seconds may puta heavy amount of extra traffic in the network.

The major alternative to RIP is the Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF).

REFERENCE: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Routing-Information-Protocol
http://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routerhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETFhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/gatewayhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hosthttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hophttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/packethttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/OSPFhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Routing-Information-Protocolhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Routing-Information-Protocolhttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/OSPFhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/packethttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hophttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hosthttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/gatewayhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETFhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routerhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.htmlhttp://freewimaxinfo.com/network-gateways.html


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Definition - What does Routing Information Protocol (RIP) mean?

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic protocol used to find the best route or pathfrom end-to-end (source to destination) over a network by using a routing metric/hop countalgorithm. This algorithm is used to determine the shortest path from the source to destination,which allows the data to be delivered at high speed in the shortest time.

Techopedia explains Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

RIP plays an important role providing the shortest and best path for data to take from node tonode. The hop is the step towards the next existing device, which could be a router, computeror other device. Once the length of the hop is determined, the information is stored in a routingtable for future use. RIP is being used in both local and wide area networks and is generallyconsidered to be easily configured and implemented.

REFERENCE: http://www.techopedia.com/definition/24846/routing-information-protocol-rip

What is a Routing Table?A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine wheredata packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed. All IP-enableddevices, including routers and switches, use routing tables.

A routing table contains the information necessary to forward a packet along the best pathtoward its destination. Each packet contains information about its origin and destination. Whena packet is received, a network device examines the packet and matches it to the routing tableentry providing the best match for its destination. The table then provides the device with

instructions for sending the packet to the next hop on its route across the network.

A basic routing table includes the following information: Destination: The IP address of the packet's final destination Next hop: The IP address to which the packet is forwarded Interface: The outgoing network interface the device should use when forwarding the

packet to the next hop or final destination Metric: Assigns a cost to each available route so that the most cost-effective path can be

chosen Routes: Includes directly-attached subnets, indirect subnets that are not attached to the

device but can be accessed through one or more hops, and default routes to use forcertain types of traffic or when information is lacking.

Routing tables can be maintained manually or dynamically. Tables for static network devices donot change unless a network administrator manually changes them. In dynamic routing, devicesbuild and maintain their routing tables automatically by using routing protocols to exchangeinformation about the surrounding networktopology. Dynamic routing tables allow devices to"listen" to the network and respond to occurrences like device failures and network congestion.

REFERENCE: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routing-table
http://www.techopedia.com/definition/24846/routing-information-protocol-riphttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/packethttp://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocolhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routerhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/switchhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hophttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/IP-addresshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/subnethttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/protocolhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/network-topologyhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routing-tablehttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routing-tablehttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/network-topologyhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/protocolhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/subnethttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/IP-addresshttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/hophttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/switchhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/routerhttp://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocolhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/packethttp://www.techopedia.com/definition/24846/routing-information-protocol-rip


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What is a Routing Protocol?A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other, disseminatinginformation that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a computer network,the choice of the route being done by routing algorithms. Each router has a prioriknowledge

only of networks attached to it directly. A routing protocol shares this information first amongimmediate neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way, routers gain knowledge ofthe topology of the network.

The term routing protocol may refer specifically to one operating at layer three of the OSImodel, which similarly disseminates topology information between routers.

Although there are many types of routing protocols, three major classes are in widespread useon IP networks: Interior gateway routing via link state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS Interior gateway routing via path vector or distance vector protocols, such

as IGRP and EIGRP Exterior gateway routing. BGP v4 is the routing protocol used by the public Internet.

Many routing protocols are defined in documents called RFCs.

The specific characteristics of routing protocols include the manner in which they either prevent routing loops from forming or break them up if

they do the manner in which they select preferred routes, using information about hop costs the time they take to converge how well they scale up many other factors

REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_protocol

Routing protocols

A routing protocol is a set of rules or standard that determines how routers on a networkcommunicate with each other and exchange information enabling them to select best routes toa remote network, It is the implementation of a routing algorithm in software or hardware. Arouting protocol uses metrics to determine which path to utilize to transmit a packet across aninternet work. The metrics used by routing protocols include: Number of Network devices alongthe path (Hop count), Bandwidth, Delay, and Load

Remote networks are added to the routing table in two ways: By the network administrator manually configuring static routes. By implementing a dynamic routing protocol.

Static RoutingAdvantages

No overhead on router CPU. No bandwidth usage between links. Security (only administrator adds routes).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_state_routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_Firsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_system_to_intermediate_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_vector_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-vector_routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(routing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(routing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-vector_routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_vector_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_system_to_intermediate_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_Firsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_state_routing_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_gateway_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)


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Disadvantages Administrator must really understand internetwork and how each router is connected. If a new network is added, administrator must update all routers. Not practical on large networks as it is time intensive.

Uses syntax of: ip route [destination_network] [subnet_mask] [next_hop_address |exit_interface] Example of static route

Router1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial0

Default Routing

A default route, which will point to a router, can be established to receive and attempt toprocess all packets for which no route appears in the routing table instead of discarding them.

Only used when there is only 1 exit interface on a router. Same as static route with the ip

route command, but use 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 for the IP network and subnet mask followed by the

next hop routers common interface. Have to also use the ip classless command since there

arent any routes in the routing table.

Router3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.3

Dynamic RoutingAdvantages

Dynamic routing protocols update and maintain the networks in their routingtables.

Dynamic routing protocols not only make a best path determination to variousnetworks, they will also determine a new best path if the initial path becomesunusable or there is a change in the topology.

Routers that use dynamic routing protocols automatically share routing information withother routers and compensate for any topology changes without involving the networkadministrator.

Administrative Distance for IP Routes


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The Three Classes of Routing Protocols

1. Distance Vector - Uses the distance to a remote network to find the best path. Each time apacket goes through a router, it is called a hop. The route with the least number of hops isdetermined to be the best. Easy to configure Not many features RIP,IGRP

2. Link State - Typically called shortest path first, each router creates three tables. 1 tracksdirectly attached neighbors, 1 determines the entire network topology, and 1 is used forrouting table. An example of LS is OSPF. Difficult to configure (More Knowledge required) Feature Riffic OSPF , IS-IS

3. Hybrid - Uses parts of Distance vector and Link state.

The best of Both Proprietary EIGRP

REFERENCE: http://www.techbitnbyte.com/what-is-routing-protocols/
http://www.techbitnbyte.com/what-is-routing-protocols/http://www.techbitnbyte.com/what-is-routing-protocols/

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