LisaHellströmSida,DepartmentforAsia,NorthAfricaandHumanitarianAssistance10525Stockholm

Activity52030230,January–December2015

MENAProgrammeAnnualNarrativeReport

ILACherebyrespectfullysubmitsthefollowingrevisedMENAProgrammeReportcoveringtheperiod1Januaryto31December2015.

Stockholm2015-07-08

AgnetaJohansson

ExecutiveDirector,ILAC

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Executivesummary

Thisannualreportcoverstheperiodfrom1stJanuary2015to31stDecember2015oftheILACMENAProgramme2013-2016,supportedbySida.Theprogrammeconsistsofonemanagementcomponent(1.01)andsixoperationalcomponents(2.01,2.02,2.05,2.06,2.07and2.09).In strengthening the rule of law in the MENA region, the ILAC Programme targets five keyinstitutionsandaims, realizedthroughsixprogrammecomponents, implementedby five ILACmemberorganisations.Measuringprogress inaprogrammewith long-termobjectives ischallenging. IndialoguewithSidaandtheimplementingorganisations,thisreportisbasedonverifiableinstanceswithhighstrategicimpact.Theaiminmonitoringverifiableinstancesisnottotrytoseektocompilethehighestpossiblenumberofsuchinstancesbutrathertoanalyseasufficientnumberofthemtobeabletoidentifytrendsandchangesovertime.This annual report includesanoutlineof theMENAProgramme’s structureand ILAC’s role, aregionalcontextupdate,apresentationofILAC’smethodology,theprogramme’sprogressandresults, and strategic programme considerations and responses. In addition, the resultsframeworksofallcomponentsareincludedinanAnnex.AtthispointintheProgramme,thesignsofprogressareverypromising,including:

• Progresstowardstheincorporationofhumanrightsstandardsinthecurriculaofjudicialinstitutesacrosstheregion.

• IncreasinglevelsofunderstandingofinternationalcriminallawamongTunisianjudges.• CooperationwiththeTunisianMinisterofJusticefacilitatingaccesstofocuscourtsin

Sfax,BejaandNabeulformonitoringchangeattheinstitutionallevel.• The continuity of the Training of Tunisian judges, with now more than 1700 judges

trained,andpreparationsforfocusedcontinuedtrainingcourseready.• Continuedsupporttowomenjudges in identifyingcommonlyexperiencedobstaclesto

careeradvancementandtowomen’saccesstojustice.• The reinitiatingof support to staff of the Libyannational human rights institutionand

civilsocietyactorswhocontinuetoworkforthepromotionofhumanrightsandwiththedocumentationofhumanrightsabusesdespitethedeterioratingsecuritysituationinthecountry.

• The gradual development of an institutional framework through INLUCC to combatcorruptioninTunisia.

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TableofContents

EXECUTIVESUMMARY.............................................................................................................2TABLEOFCONTENTS................................................................................................................3ADDITIONALANNEXES.............................................................................................................41.INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................51.1STRUCTUREOFTHEMENAPROGRAMMEANDILAC’SROLE...............................................................51.2MENACONTEXTUPDATE...........................................................................................................71.3ILAC’SMETHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................8

2.MENAPROGRAMMEPROGRESSANDRESULTS..................................................................112.1UPDATEONCOMPONENT1.01SHAREDCOSTS:PROGRAMMEANDRESULTSMANAGEMENT,CROSS-CUTTINGANDREGIONALPERSPECTIVES...........................................................................................................112.2GENERICOBJECTIVEA–GOODGOVERNANCE;MINISTRYOFJUSTICE.................................................152.2.1Component2.06:StrengtheningtheapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsinTunisiathroughsupportingunderstandingofinternationalcriminallaw.......15

2.3GENERICOBJECTIVEB-INDEPENDENCEANDEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEJUDICIARY...................................192.3.1Component2.01SupportingApplicationofHumanRightsStandardsbyArabCourts192.3.2Component2.02StrengtheningWomenJudges’CapacitytoProvideJudicialLeadershiponGenderandAccesstoJustice.........................................................................232.3.3Component2.07TrainingofTunisianJudges..............................................................26

2.4GENERICOBJECTIVEC–CAPACITYANDROLEOFBARSINTRODUCTION................................................312.5GENERICOBJECTIVED–HUMANRIGHTSANDNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSINSTITUTIONS.......................322.5.1Component2.05.StrengtheningtheCapacityoftheNationalCouncilforCivilLibertiesandHumanRightsinLibya...................................................................................................32

2.6GENERICOBJECTIVEE–ANTI-CORRUPTIONMECHANISMSINTRODUCTION..........................................362.6.1Component2.09StrengtheningtheDevelopmentofanInstitutionalFrameworktoCombatCorruptioninTunisia...............................................................................................36

2.7GENDERMAINSTREAMINGANDVULNERABLEGROUPS.....................................................................393.RESOURCESUSED...............................................................................................................41ANNEX1–COMPONENTRESULTSFRAMEWORKS..................................................................44

Component2.01SupportingApplicationofHumanRightsStandardsbyArabCourts.........44Component2.02StrengtheningWomenJudges’CapacitytoProvideJudicialLeadershiponGenderandAccesstoJustice................................................................................................54Component2.05StrengtheningtheCapacityoftheNationalCouncilforCivilLibertiesandHumanRightsinLibya..........................................................................................................67Component2.06StrengtheningtheapplicationofinternationalofhumanrightsstandardsinTunisiathroughsupportingunderstandingofinternationalcriminallaw........................70Component2.07TrainingofTunisianJudges.......................................................................73Component2.09StrengtheningthedevelopmentofaninstitutionalframeworktocombatcorruptioninTunisia.............................................................................................................79

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AdditionalAnnexes

• Annex2aFinancialReportILACMENA2015

• Annex2bFinancialReportILACMENA2015(IncludingComponents)

• Annex3AuditReportandManagementLetterILACMENA

• Annex4ILACManagementResponseMENA

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1.Introduction

On 15 January 2014, the International Legal Assistance Consortium (ILAC) entered into anagreement with Sida for the implementation of the ILAC MENA Programme 2014-2016(hereinafter the Programme). In accordancewith the stipulations in the agreement for semi-annual reporting, and as agreedwith Sida, this report covers theperiodbetween1st January2015and31stDecember2015.ThisnarrativereportincorporatesandsupersedestheMENAProgrammeSemi-AnnualNarrativeReportthatcoveredtheperiodfromJanuary-June2015,andwhichwassubmittedonthe15thOctober2015.The report is structured as follows: firstly, the structureof theMENAProgramme is outlinedalongwith ILACsrole;secondly,acontextupdateonthepoliticalandsecuritysituation intheMENA region is offered; third, ILACs methodology is presented; fourthly is our programmeresults analysis, divided into the Programme’s generic objectives under each of which therelevant component-specific results are presented. Lastly, the report includes one sectionhighlightingstrategicprogrammeconsiderationsandresponsesandonesectionpresentinganddiscussingtheresourcesusedduringthereportingperiod.

1.1StructureoftheMENAProgrammeandILAC’sRole

The ILAC MENA Programme is structured around five key of categories of rule of lawinstitutions,eachwithagenericobjectivethattheProgrammeisaimingtosupport.Currently,ILAC’sMENA Programme only has financial support to contribute to four of the five genericobjectives,namelyA,B,DandEfromthelistbelow.

A.GoodGovernance;MinistryofJustice

Ministries of Justice proactively protect, promote and fulfil applicable human rightsstandardsB.IndependenceandeffectivenessoftheJudiciary

Courts rule independently, providing equal access to justice for all in accordance withinternationalhumanrightsstandards

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C.CapacityandroleofBars

Anindependentandself-sufficientbarisexercisingitsrightfulroleinthejudicialsystemandinsocietyatlarge.D.HumanRightsandNationalHumanRightsInstitutions

NationalHumanRightsInstitutionsareeffectivelycarryingouttheirmandateincompliancewith theParisPrinciplewith theaim topromoteandprotecthuman rights for allwomen,menandchildreninthesocietyE.Anti-CorruptionMechanisms

InstitutionalmechanismisinplacetoeffectivelyfightcorruptionTo support the achievement of these four generic objectives (A, B, D and E), six operationalcomponentsarebeingimplementedbyintotalfiveofILAC’smemberorganisation,whichare:2.01.SupportingapplicationofhumanrightsstandardsbyArabcourtsRegional Project implemented by the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights andHumanitarian Law (RWI) that is supporting judicial institutes in seven MENA countries tomainstreamhumanrightsintotheircurricula.2.02. Strengthening women judges’ capacity to provide judicial leadership on gender and

accesstojusticeRegional Project implemented by the International Association ofWomen Judges (IAWJ) thatsupports female judges in theMENA region in identifying obstacles to access to justice andcareeradvancement.2.05.StrengtheningtheCapacityoftheNationalCouncilforCivilLibertiesandHumanRights

inLibya

Project implemented by the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative (ABA-ROLI) tosupporttheLibyannationalhumanrightsinstitutionandadvancehumanrightsinLibya.2.06.StrengtheningtheapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsinTunisiathrough

supportingunderstandingofinternationalcriminallawProjectimplementedbytheInternationalBarAssociationHumanRightsInstitute(IBAHRI)thatprovidestrainingforTunisianjudgesandprosecutorsoninternationalcriminallaw.

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2.07.TrainingofTunisianjudgesProjectimplementedbytheCEELIinstituteandIBAHRItosensitiseallsittingjudgesinTunisiaonjudicialindependenceandhumanrightsapplication.2.09.StrengtheningtheDevelopmentofanInstitutionalFrameworktoCombatCorruptionin

TunisiaProjectimplementedbyCEELIInstitute.Inaddition to these sixoperational components, theProgramme includesaComponent1.01,which involves the coordinationandmanagementof theProgrammecarriedoutby ILACandthegendercrosscuttingperspectivescarriedoutmainlybyIAWJ.

1.2MENAContextUpdateAs reported in the semi-annual narrative report submitted in October, developments in theMENAregionduringthefirsthalfof2015werelargelynegative.Thesituationunfortunatelydidnot improveduring the secondhalfof theyear. Theentrenchmentof conflict andwarfare inSyria and the establishment of Daesh in the region have continued – both only furtherinfluencing regional instability. According to OCHA’s most recent reports 4.8 million Syrianshavebeenforcedtoleavethecountry,andanother6.5millioncitizensareinternallydisplaced1.This forced displacement has had severe implications regionally,with neighbouring countriesstrugglingtomanagethemassinfluxofrefugees.Womenandchildrenconstitutethreequartersoftherefugeepopulationintheregion,andthesegroupsexperiencearangeofchallengesthatareonlyintensifiedbythevulnerabilitiesassociatedwiththeirgenderandage.Algeria, Tunisia and Jordanhaveexperienced severe security challengeswith a rise in acts ofviolence committed by non-state actors. This has resulted in a general tightening of securitymeasuresbytheaforementionedcountries’governments.Forinstance,followingtheattacksontheBardoMuseuminTunisonthe18thofMarch,andthetouristresortPortElKantaoui,northofSousse,onthe26thofJune,Tunisiantroopsweredeployedtothecountry’smajorcitiesasasecurityprecaution.Additionally,anew(somewhatcriticised)anti-terrorismlawwaspassedinTunisiainAugust2015.ThesituationinTunisiaduring2015,withanincreaseinterroristactivityandinstabilityinneighbouringcountrieshadsignificantrepercussionsforProgrammeactivities.

1SyrianArabRepublic–AbouttheCrisis.http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic/syria-country-profile/about-crisis

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AccordingtoHumanRightsWatch,Jordanhostedover633,000Syrianrefugeesin2015,despitetightened entry requirements. In Jordan the government’s security focus was initially ontighteningbordercontrols,butduetoDaesh’sexpandedcontrolofborderingareasinbothSyriaand Iraq a more proactive approach has been assumed. Having previously been wary ofinvolving itself in the region’s conflicts, Jordan engaged in two conflicts abroad in 2014 and2015,takingpartinairstrikesagainstIslamicStatemilitantsinIraqandHouthirebelsinYemen.In Libya, conflict and violence has persisted with clashes between rival militias and politicalinfightinghasescalated.Fightinghascausedcivilian injuriesanddeaths,extensivedestructionofproperty,andhighlevelsofinternaldisplacement.Amajorityofinternationalorganisations,foreignembassies,theUNandICRCallwithdrewalreadyinthesummerof2014.HumanRightsWatch report that journalists, judges, activists, politicians and civilians have been attacked,threatened and assaulted by the variousmilitias active in the country. Additionally, that thejusticesectorinmajorcitiessuchasTripoliandBenghazihassufferedseverelyduetothelackofprotectionforthejudiciary.ILAC’spartneractiveinLibya,whoseworkwiththeNationalCouncilforCivil LibertiesandHumanRightshasbeengravely impededby theextreme insecurityandthreatstowardsthehumanrightsactivistsinvolvedsecondthesereports.ThesecuritysituationinEgyptduring2015wasturbulent.SinceMorsi’soustingtherehasbeencontinued unrest, with security forces continuing to clamp down on Muslim Brotherhoodsupporters as well as secular activists. There have been thousands of arrests and extremelyharshsentencesgiventoprotestors.Newlyinstatedlawsanddecrees,suchastheanti-terroristandtheprotestlawhaveallowedthesecuritysectorandjudiciarytorepresspoliticalopponentsand civil rights activists. At the government-level, the absence of constitutionally approvedelections laws has led to the suspension of parliamentary elections. In turn, this has allowedPresident Abdul Fattah al-Sisi to hold all legislative power.With regards to the judiciary, therecentyearhasseenincreasedpublicdebateaboutEgyptianjudges.Critiquehasbeengiventotheincreaseinharshverdicts,aswellastotheincreaseddefensivenessofthejudges,whoonmore and more occasions have been referring people to trial over charges of ‘insulting thejudiciary’.

1.3ILAC’sMethodologyILAC’soverallcoordinatingandmanagerialfunctionfallsundercomponent1.01,asmentionedabove. This role involves facilitating coordination and cooperation among our implementingmember organisations and their target institutions, along with communications with andreporting to donors and in-country partners. In addition it involves support to implementing

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members of each component in results management and sensitivity to cross-cuttingperspectives.To secure Programme quality, management is carried out through the ILAC led jointmanagement RCM - Results Change Management. The RCM is tasked with monitoring andensuringthatcomponentleveloutcomesareachievedinamannerthatsupportschangesatthelong-term,genericlevelacrosstheMENAregion.ILAC’smembers’implementationismonitoredand documented through the identification of verifiable instances. The aim in monitoringverifiable instances is not to try to seek to compile the highest possible number of suchinstancesbut rather toanalysea sufficientnumberof themtobeable to identify trendsandchangesovertime.Singleverifiable instancesmayoftenbeindicativeofchanges, insightsandinnovations that may hold potentially significant impacts for the entire judicial system. Thefocusofmonitoringandreportingwillbetoportraysuchinstancesinamannerthathighlightstheirsignificanceinreflectingtheoveralltrajectoryofchangeintheruleoflawinstitutionsweareworkingwith. Supportingdocuments forall verifiable instancespresented inannex1andreferredtointhisreportareavailableuponrequest.Gender sensitivity and gender mainstreaming have been a key concern throughout theprogression of theMENAProgramme. Themainstreaming of gender is key to ILAC’s thinkingand allmember organisations participating in the Programmehave been advised to considergenderwhenimplementingtheircomponents.Undercomponent1.01,ILAChadalsodelegatedthe supporting function concerning gendermainstreaming to the International Association ofWomen Judges (IAWJ). Regulated in a Memorandum of Understanding IAWJ conductedactivitieswiththeotherProgrammemembersbasedonworkplansandbudgetsapprovedbyILAC.Workwithintegratingtheperspectiveofvulnerablegroupshasbeenconductedbythememberorganisationsintheirindividualcomponents.However,onanoverarchinglevelthisoccurredtoa lesser extent than was originally intended. The work with stakeholder participation wassupposed to bemanaged by regionalmember organisations in based in Palestine and Egypt.Due to the extreme instability in both locations, our members were unable to manage thisoverarching function on top of their own day-to-day work. Nonetheless, together with ourmembers in theMENAProgrammewehaveworked to improve the integrationofvulnerablegroups’perspectivesandparticipation inactivities.For instance,ourbi-annualResultsChangeManagementmeetingshave includedworkshopsandsessionsonstakeholderparticipationaswell as roundtable discussions on how each member has worked, and aims to work, withvulnerablegroups.

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ILAC’s added value to the MENA Programme is principally rooted in its coordinating andorganisationalfunction,ensuringthatallcomponentsruninaccordancewithestablishedplansand progress towards the achievement of the Programme’s broader generic objectives. ThenetworkoforganisationsthatmakeuptheConsortiumisinitselftheaddedvalueofILAC.Itisthankstothisnetworkthat ILAC isabletomobiliseandcoordinatethe idealcompetenciestoassist in building the rule of law in theMENA region. ILAC’s broad network also enables theProgrammetoberesponsivetonewandunexpectedneeds.Morespecifically,whennewneedsare identified within a component that fall outside the competencies of the implementingmember, ILAC candrawon theexpertisewithin its network to address them.AnexampleofsuchresponsivenessisthenewcomponentoncourtadministrationinTunisia(seemoreunderupdateofcomponent1.01).

Changes inattitudeandbehaviourareanecessaryprecondition forachieving the results thatILACanditsmembersaimat.Attitudinalandbehaviouralchangeisharderbothtobringaboutand to measure than more practical and concrete forms of support. However, for anytransformationalchangetotakeroot,itmustbefullyunderstoodandacceptedasnecessarybykeyindividualscapableoffosteringreformswithininstitutionssuchasthejudiciary.Thisgivesrisetoparticularchallenges,asjudicial institutionsarefrequentlytraditional,conservativeandstrongly hierarchical. Nonetheless, through its work, ILAC strives to indetify critical changeagentsandpreprethemforleadingreformoftheirinstitutions.

One advantage of the breadth of the ILACMENA Programme is that the variety of differentcomponentsinvolvedprovidesmultipleentrypointsforbringingaboutsuchasectorialchange.Ofthecurrentsixoperationalcomponents, for instance, three involvedirectcapacitybuildingforthejudiciary(2.06,2.07)andjudicialtraininginstitutes(2.01)whilethreeinvolvesupporttohumanrightsandanti-corruptioninstitutionsandactorsworkingontheseissues(2.05,2.09)orgroupswithinthejudiciary(2.02)withstrongjudicialreformagendas.

In the course of its coordination activities, ILAC also maintains updated knowledge of andcontactwith other justice sector initiatives in the region in order to avoid overlap and buildsynergieswheneverpossible.InlightofthesignificanceofTunisiatoboththecountry-specificand regional components of the MENA Programme, particular attention is paid to suchinitiatives in Tunisia. More generally, ILAC has participated via its Tunis Office in all donorcoordination discussions and is regularly invited to presentations and seminars related tocurrent judicialsectorreforminitiatives. Incases inwhichtheseareofparticularrelevancetoon-going ILAC programming, the Tunis Office staff prepare memoranda describing thediscussion and conclusions and the Secretariat in Stockholm make these available to

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participatingmemberorganizations.InalmostallcaseswhenILACHeadOfficestaffvisitTunisia,meetings are booked with key national and international actors (in the latter case, UNDP,UNOHCHR,UNODC, theEUand theCouncil of Europe) inorder toexchange informationandcoordinateon-goingactivities.

2.MENAProgrammeProgressandResults

This section will present an analysis of the MENA Programme’s Results for 2015. This willinclude both a presentation and an assessment of the results achieved by the individualmembersoncomponent-level.First,anupdateofprogressandactivitiesundercomponent1.01ispresented.Theremainderofthesectionwillthenbestructuredby‘Genericobjectives’,withthe results of those components relevant to each presented. Detailed information aboutimplemented activities has been reported by implementing members and is available uponrequest.

2.1Component1.01SharedCosts:ProgrammeandResultsManagement,Cross-cuttingandRegionalPerspectivesTheMENAprogrammeisconsiderablylargerandmorecomplexthananypreviousprogrammethatILAChashandled.Thenumberofgovernmentsandimplementers,aswellasthefunding,islarger than in any previous programme, and so are the requirements regarding coordinationand administration. During the past period, with all components of the MENA Programmesufficientlywell established to begin drawing lessons and identifyingmeansofworkingmoreeffectively, ILAC’s focusundercomponent1.01hasbeenoncoordination,monitoring,gendermainstreaming and stakeholder participation. This section will briefly outline some of theactivitiesthathavebeenconductedundercomponent1.01andanyrelevantresultsthathavebeenachievedaccordingly.OurcountryofficeinTunishasworkedactivelythroughout2015toupholdcommunicationwiththeMinistryofJusticeaswellasotherrelevantnationalandinternationalstakeholders.ThetwoTunisiastaffhavealsoworkedwiththemonitoringofthedifferentcomponentsandactedinasupportingcapacitytoILAC’simplementingmembers.

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In January and February 2015, a two-week assessment trip on court administration wasconductedtogetherwithILACmembersNCSC2andIACA3,basedonrequestsfromtheMinistryof Justice and feedback from judgeswho have participated in the component 2.07 trainings.ThisinvolvedvisitstothefocalcourtsinSfax,BejaandNabeulandtheSupremeCourtinTunis.The assessment report was shared with the Tunisian Ministry of Justice in November forpossiblecommentsandconsequently translated intoArabic.Theoutcomesof theassessmentalso laid ground for a new component under the MENA Programme supporting the courtadministrationinTunisia4duetostartearly2016.In July of 2015 ILAC co-organised a seminar in Almedalen with Sida on the Tunisian anti-corruptionprogramwiththethenHeadofINLUCC,SamirAnnabi.Fundingforthisseminarwasin part taken from component 1.01. In connecting to the seminar contactwas amongothersestablishedwith the SwedishNational Council for Crime Prevention (BRÅ)who in November2015metwithILACandCEELIinTunistoexplorepossiblefuturesupporttotheanti-corruptionworkinTunis.TwoResultChangeManagementmeetingswith implementingmembers,andonestakeholderparticipantconferencewithTunisianpartnersandvariousjusticesectoractorswereheld.ILAChadplannedtoconductthesecondstakeholderconferenceinconnectiontoaseminaronanti-terrorism and torture in Morocco. However, the seminar was cancelled due to lack ofcooperation from the Moroccan side, and consequently so was the stakeholder participantconference.Therefore, theplans toexpand theProgramme inMoroccowere temporarilyputonhold.IAWJ have continued to work on an overarching basis with the Programme’s gendermainstreamingprogress.Forexample,inOctober2015attheRCMmeetinginJordan,IAWJheldbilateral meetings with all ILAC member organisations in the MENA Programme to discussprogressmade,possiblepointsoftechnicalreviewandadvicebyIAWJ,andintegrationofIAWJandILACpartneractivities.TheIAWJofferedassistancetoILACpartnerstomainstreamgenderequality in their respectivecomponents. Pleaseseesection2.7 for further informationaboutresultsachievedconcerninggendermainstreaming.Barring the activities inMorocco, all activitiesweremoreor less implemented in accordancewithapprovedworkplanforthereportingperiod.

2NationalCenterforStateCourts3InternationalAssociationofCourtAdministrators4ThecomponentwasapprovedforfundingfromtheUSDepartmentofState’sBureauofInternationalNarcoticsandLawEnforcement(INL)inearly2016.

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2.1.1ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedThis sectionwill briefly present challenges and concerns identified and responded to by ILACand itsmembers throughout 2015. In addition, itwill highlight areas that deserve continuedattentionasweprogresswiththeProgramme,andunderlinethewaysinwhichwewillstrivetoaddressthem.One aspect towards which ILAC must remain vigilant is the security situation in the region,whichremainsvolatile.2015wasachallengingyearformanyofourpartnerswithrepercussionsof numerous terrorist attacks, escalating conflict in several countries and the conflict in Syriaaffecting the implementation of activities. As ILAC is responsible for the overall Programmeperformance,theconsortiumhasacrucialroleinensuringthatnecessarychangesaremadetocomponentsso that resultsareachievedandtheProgrammeasawhole iscontributingto itslong-termgoals.In 2015, themost significant changesmadewere to ABA ROLI’s component in Libya, whoseresults frameworkandapproachhad tobecompletely redesigned in response to thesecuritysituation. ILAC worked closely with ABA ROLI and Sida to facilitate this redesign. Sida alsoshowed a great deal of flexibility with approval of several interim work plans etc. and theagency’sapprovalofthenewresultsframeworkinNovemberhasmeantthatcomponent2.05hasbeenabletorestartitsactivities.ILACwillremainresponsivetothesituationonthegroundintheProgramme’s interventioncountriesandtotheneedsofourmembers in implementingtheir components.Also in Tunisia, ILACactedand continued to collect informationabout thesecuritysituationtosharewithmemberorganisationsandtoassessthesecurityarrangementsatvarioushotelsetc.Furthermore,therehasbeensomeprogresswithworkongenderandvulnerablegroupsintheMENA Programme, with all implementingmembers becomingmore conscious of integratingtheseperspectives into theirwork.However,wedo recognise that thereneeds tobeamoresystematic process through which ILAC and its members’ continuous work with gendermainstreaming could be managed. Likewise, there needs to be a more methodical effort toguarantee the inclusion of vulnerable groups’ perspectives in programming andimplementation. This is discussed and assessed further in the section titled GenderMainstreamingandVulnerableGroups,onpage38.Based on the experiences from the deteriorating context in 2015, ILAC and its implementingmembershaverecognisedtheneedtointegrateaconflictperspectiveintheMENAProgramme.

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Although conflict sensitivity was not systematically approached from the inception of theProgramme, there is an ambition to consider a conflict perspective more concretely in thecoming implementation of the components, and most importantly in our own internalassessment of the Programme prior to final reporting. Along with our members weacknowledge the need for amore conscientious and regular approach to understanding theimpact of our own interventions in their respective contexts, and of the dynamics betweenbeneficiaries, direct and indirect stakeholders. This is also an aspect of ILAC and itsimplementingmembers’workthatwillbeexaminedatResultsChangeManagementmeetings.Finally,anotabledevelopmentin2015isthatseveralsynergieshavebeenestablished.Thishasoccurred between the various components under the ILACMENA Programme, between ourmembers through their increasedcoordination,andwithother ILACProgrammes suchasourSyria Programme and the project for Moroccan judges funded by the Swedish Ministry forForeignAffairs.Thankstothesetwoprojects,additionalSyrianandMoroccanjudgeshavebeenableparticipateintrainingsessionsandworkshopsconductedbyIAWJinJordanandIBAHRIinTunisia which has increased the knowledge sharing and enhancement of results. Otherexampleshaveincludeddecisionsbyimplementingmemberstojoinforcesinordertoachievemaximum impact. IAWJ and CEELI for instance, have initiated plans to collaborate undercomponent 2.09 to address the issue of ‘sextortion’ (Please see section 2.7 for furtherinformation). Identifying and facilitating such synergieswill continue to be an ambition fromILAC’ssidemovingforward.

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2.2GenericObjectiveA–GoodGovernance;MinistryofJusticeGenericobjective,Impactlevel:”Ministries of Justice proactively protect, promote and fulfil applicable human rights

standards.”

Genericobjectives,Outcomelevel:• Ministry of Justice engage with the judiciary in order to both provide all appropriate

supportandidentifyandremovethemechanismsofinappropriateexecutivecontrol.• Ministry of Justice initiate reviews and drafts legislation to ensure compliance with

internationalhumanrightsinstruments.• MinistryofJusticehasstrategiesforequalaccesstojusticeinplaceorinprogress.

Thefollowingcomponentcontributestothegenericobjectivesabove:2.06.

2.2.1–Component2.06:StrengtheningtheapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsinTunisiathroughsupportingunderstandingofinternationalcriminallawImplementedbytheInternationalBarAssociation(IBA)

Component2.06 involvesthetrainingofaselectgroupofTunisian judgesandprosecutorsoninternationalcriminallaw,includingopportunitiestotestanddiscussitsapplicabilityinTunisiaandconsider changes tonational legislationandpractice thatmaybenecessary toensure itseffective application. The trainings provide an overview of ICL and procedures before theInternational Criminal Court (ICC), with emphasis on differences between national andinternational legal instruments and how international standards may be invoked to alignnational and international law. Case studies introduced a practical perspective to enable themagistratestoputintopracticeknowledgegainedduringtheworkshoppresentations.Inaddition,theIBAHRIintendedtoorganizetwomootcourtsin2015.Atailoredcasestudywasdevelopedtobeusedforthemootcourtcompetitionwhichconsideredtheinternationalcrimesof war crimes and crimes against humanity and considered defences raised by defendantsduring the trials following Tunisia’s revolution (superior responsibility). Due to personnelchanges at the level of the Minister of Justice and the terrorist attacks that occurred in

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November2015and the instaurationof the stateof emergency, IBAHRIdecided topostponethemootcourtsactivitiesuntilearly2016.

2.2.1.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome 1: ‘Tunisian judges and prosecutors can effectively fight impunity by applyinginternationalcriminallawprinciplesintheirdailyprofessionalactivities.’

Indicator 1: ‘Extent of increase in the ability, by selected Tunisian judges and prosecutors, toapplyeffectivelyinternationalcriminallawstandardstohypotheticalviolationsofinternationalcriminallaw’.

IBAHRIhasidentifiedaselectionofverifiableinstances,bothintheformofparticipantfeedbackinsurveysandfromnarrativeorwrittenaccountsbyparticipatingjudgesthatindicateprogresstowards the achievement of this first outcome (Please see Annex 1 for a more detailedbreakdownoftheseverifiableinstances).Twoexampleshighlightingprogressare:

• Basedonthejudges’andprosecutors’self-assessment,96%ofparticipantsexpressedanimprovementintheirabilitytoapplyICLstandardstocasesundertheirsight.

• Feedback from Judge Misa Magic, speaker at the February, 2015 ICL workshopconfirmed that, following the workshops, participating prosecutors were able tosuccessfully identify themain legal issuesarising fromhypothetical scenarios involvingcommandresponsibilityandfairtrialrights.

Indicator2: ’Extentof increase inability to identifyandavoid legalobstacles to implementinginternationalcriminallawstandards,byselectedTunisianjudgesandprosecutors’

IBAHRIaimedtoidentifyteninstances.FiveverifiableinstanceshavebeenrecordedinIBAHRI’sreporting,thefollowinghavebeenselectedtodemonstrateprogress:

• 97%of theparticipantsexpresseda significant improvement in theirability to identifyobstacles (legal and procedural) to the application of ICL principles in the domesticcourts.

• Thisfigurewassupportedbyseveraltestimoniesanddiscussionsheldduringworkshops,inwhichobstacleswere identified,problematizedandmeans toovercome themwerediscussed.

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Outcome 2: ‘Dialogue (is) initiated on reform of Tunisia's domestic criminal legal frameworkwhereitfallsshortofinternationalcriminalstandards’.

Indicator1: ’Extentofincreaseinmutualrecognitionbetweenselectedjudgesandprosecutorsandotherkeyactors,suchasMinistryofJusticeandHighJudicialCouncil’

• TheMoJhasgenerallybeenveryresponsivetotheselectioncriteriaprovidedbytheIBAregardingtheneedforseniority(5+years’experience)andexpertiseinpenallawamongtheparticipantgroup.

Indicator2:Extentandqualityof inputfromselectedjudgesandprosecutorsintocriminal lawreforminitiatives,suchasconclusionsandrecommendationsmutuallyagreeduponbyMinistryofJusticeandHighJudicialCouncil’.

• Limitedprogressassomejudgesholdnationallawtobesufficientandclaimingthattheobstacles were purely practical (for example, evidence collection and lack of politicalwill) which belies the reality that national legislation does not yet fully implementinternationalcriminallegalprinciples.

• Lackofwidespreadrecognitionthatinternationallawcanbeinvokedwherenationallawfallsshort.Testimoniesincludedstatementssuchas,‘Tunisianlawisenough’;‘itisuptothelegislaturetoimplementinternationalstandardsintonationallaw’.

2.2.1.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedThedevelopmentsundercomponent2.06havebeen largelypositive,withsomeexternalandinternalcircumstanceshinderingprogress.Externalcircumstancesincludedtheterroristattacksduringthespringandautumnof2015forinstance,whichledtothepostponementoftrainingsaswell as themoot court activities that IBAHRIhadplanned. Internal circumstances involvedlimitationsfromlocalministriestoincludeprosecutorsandjudgesinreformactivities.The IBAHRI’s trainings have received a very positive response from participating judges andprosecutors, themajorityofwhompurportan increasedknowledgeandunderstandingoftheapplicationofinternationalcriminallawindomesticcases.Almostallparticipants(99%)statedanincreaseintheirabilitytoidentifyobstaclestoapplyingsaidinternational law.Theanalysisinherent to this identification is an important first step and contribution towards potential

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futurereviewsanddraftingoflegislationtoensurecompliancewithinternationalhumanrightsstandards. Nonetheless, work remains to be done in terms of supporting the judges andprosecutors intheirattemptstoavoidobstaclesto implementing internationalcriminal law indomestic cases (Outcome 1, Indicator 2). Although the judges and prosecutors are able tounderstand ICL, apply it to hypothetical cases, and identify obstacles to implementing ICLstandards, the Component has yet to record verifiable instances of the actors avoiding suchobstacles.ThisisanareaofresultsthatwillbeassessedandexaminedfurtherthroughoutthefinalyearoftheProgramme.Furthermore,therehasbeenlessprogresswithregardstoOutcome2,withonlyoneverifiableinstanceidentifiedperindicator.AlthoughtheMoJhasbeenpositivetothetrainings,andtotheinvolvement of judges and prosecutors, there have been no recorded instances of mutualrecognition between participants and other key actors regarding the need for reform. Thesecondindicatorconcernsinputbythejudgesandprosecutorstocriminallawreforminitiatives,and IBAHRI notes in their reporting that there have been no instances of systematicinvolvement in reform endeavours to this date. It should be recognised however, that theparticipants have discussed relevant issues in trainings, and expressed a commitment toparticipatinginrelatedlegalreforms.Expectationsplacedon judges tend to focus solely on their applicationof domestic statutorylaw;whiletheyarenotprohibitedfromapplyinginternationalnormssuchashumanrights,thelack of formal guidance, active encouragement, or positive incentives constitutes an implicitdiscouragement. Althoughsomedegreeofscepticismseemstoremainaboutthenecessityofdomesticizing international law, the fact that the issuehasbeenbrought to the foreandthatdialoguehasbeeninitiatedonthesubjectisastepintherightdirection.

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2.3GenericObjectiveB-IndependenceandEffectivenessoftheJudiciaryGenericobjective,Impactlevel:”Courts rule independently, providing equal access to justice for all in accordance with

internationalhumanrightsstandards.”

Genericobjectives,Outcomelevel:

§ Aneffective,independentadministrationofcourtsisinplaceoronitsway.§ Judicialinstitutes(trainingandcertifyingjudgesandprosecutors)areactivelyintegrating

humanrightsstandardsinthecurriculaandimprovingteachingmethodology.• Judgesandprosecutorsareincreasinglyapplyinginternationalhumanrightsstandards.• Courtshaveachievedasubstantiallyimprovednationaloperationalunityandcoherence

basedonenhancedcaseprocessing,monitoringmechanisms,andtheuseofstatisticaldata.

• Courtsareincreasinglyperceivedasindependent,effectiveandaccessible,basedonanexpectation that the experienceof those seeking court serviceswill essentially be thesameregardlessofthenatureoftheindividualandthecourtfacilitytheyvisit.

Thefollowingcomponentscontributetothegenericobjectivesabove:2.01,2.02,2.07.

2.3.1–Component2.01SupportingApplicationofHumanRightsStandardsbyArabCourtsImplemented by the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law(RWI)

Component2.01isaregionalcomponentimplementedbytheRaoulWallenbergInstitute(RWI)providing support to the Judicial Institutes and broader legal education in theMENA region,mainlyAlgeria, Iraq, Jordan,Lebanon,Morocco,PalestineandTunisia (andtoa limitedextentEgypt through the regional summer course). The negative developments in theMENA regioncontinuouslyaffectedtheimplementationofRWI’sregionalcomponentoftheILACprogrammethroughout2015.InLibyaandEgyptprojectimplementationremainednearimpossibleduetounconducivesecurityandpoliticalsituation.

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2.3.1.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome1:‘TheJudicialInstitutes(andpotentiallylawfaculties)areactivelyintegratinghumanrightsstandardsinthecurriculaandimprovingteachingmethodology.’

Indicator1:‘Institutesandpotentiallylawfacultieshavedevelopednewacademicmaterialthatintegrateshumanrightsstandards(includinggendersensitiveaspects)alongsidenationallaw.’

Thisoutcomeislargelycentredonthenationalactionplanscarriedoutbyeachofthejudicialinstitutesintheregiontowardsmainstreaminghumanrightswhenteachingnational law.RWIhave identified seven new verifiable instances indicating contribution towards the firstoutcome.Thefollowinginstanceisanexampleofprogress:

• Six out of seven Judicial Institutes have submitted several revised drafts of theirrespective national comparative research between an area of their national law andinternational human rights law. (Please see Annex 1 for more detailed accounts andverifiableinstances).

Indicator 2: ‘the extent of improvement in teaching staff’s knowledge and skills on teachinginternationalhumanrightsstandardsalongsidenationallaw.’

Thefollowinginstanceshavebeenselectedtoindicateprogressinthisarea:

• Through their continuous work on the national comparative research, 35 judges orteachersacrosstheregionhaveconsiderablyimprovedtheirknowledgeinthisarea.

• ManyhavealreadystartedusingthemethodologyofteachingrelevanttoHumanRightsstandards alongside the national law as well as using sections from the nationalcomparativeresearchwhileitwasstillunderdevelopment.

Indicator3:‘Currentandfuturejusticesectoractorshaveimprovedtheirknowledgeandskillstoapplyand/orsupporttheapplicationofhumanrightsstandardsincourts’.

The aim in this case was to hold one regional summer course and the regional moot courtcompetition, bothofwhichwereheld as planned. The following two instances exemplify theprogressmade:

• Feedback from participating teachers and students in the moot courts was largelypositiveand indicated improvedknowledgeofhowtoapplyhumanrightsstandards incourtsorelsewhere.

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• SeveralparticipantshighlightedthecontributionRWI’sprogrammeismakinginfillingagap in theexistingcurricula through their coverageof theapplicationofhuman rightsstandards.

Outcome 2: ‘The cooperation between the judicial institutes is strengthened’ (through theconstructiveparticipationoftheJudicialInstitutesintheregionalandsub-regionalactivitiesandtheexchangeofknowledgeandexperience)

Indicator 1: ‘Frequency and nature of Judicial Institutes’ exchange of knowledge, experience,lessonslearntandbestpracticestoimprovepracticalapplicabilityofHumanRightsstandards’.

The target of five verifiable instances of such occurrences wasmet. The following examplesindicatingsuchprogresshavebeenselected:

• The Jordanian National Working Group shared in February 2015 with the PalestinianNationalWorkingGrouptheirdraftcomparativeresearchonCriminalProcedureCodeasthelatteroptedtobenefitfromtheformer’sexperiencesinceatthetimetheJordaniansweremoreadvancedintheimplementationoftheiractionplan.

• CollaborationbetweenseveralinstitutesandRWIonthefinalisationofthetworegionaljudicialbooksthe“ArabJurisprudenceintheapplicationoftheInternationalTreatiesofHuman Rights” and the “Arab Jurisprudence in the Application of the InternationalTreatiesofHumanRightsofWomen”.Thetwobooksincorporatecollectionandanalysesof distinguished Arab case law from the seven partner countries, where the judgessucceeded inapplying internationalhumanrightsstandardsdespitechallengesofnon-conformities. The books have been sent to the publishing company in Arabic version,whiletheEnglishtranslatedversionsareplannedtobeavailableon-line.

Indicator2:‘Levelofcommitmentofthejudicialinstitutestotheprogramme’.

• Severalverifiableinstances,suchasregularreporting,andstaffworkinguncomfortablehours/days suggest a high level of commitment from the majority of the JudicialInstitutes.

2.3.1.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedComponent2.01hassawgoodprogressin2015,witharangeofpositiveresultsstemmingfromactivities. Significant to note about component 2.01 is that the Judicial Instituteswithwhom

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RWI partner conduct the comparative research and other work using their own staff andresources toaveryhighdegree,albeitwiththesupportofRWI.The fact that theprojecthasbeenrunningsince2010hasundeniablycontributedtothestrongandcollaborativerelationshipbetweenRWIandthejudicialinstitutes,andbetweentheinstitutesthemselves.

Apositiveresultofthecurrentcomponentonanoverarchinglevelstemsfromtheembeddedregional character of Component 2.01 – which is crucial in supporting the achievement ofcertainexpectedresults.Thereisahealthylevelofcompetitionorpeerpressurebetweenthenational partners through which the Judicial Institutes and National Working Groups inspireeachothertoputmoreeffortintotheirwork.Thecollaborativenatureoftheworkalsomeantnoonefeltsingledoutasallwerefacedwithsimilarhumanrightsconcernsandnoinstitutionwasdepictedas lacking in capacity. Theplan is to keep themomentumwith the vibrant andactive cooperation between the Judicial Institutes and the National Working Groups thussecuringtheownershipandinstitutionalisationofthework.

With regards to the first outcome,which refers to the integrationof human rights standardsintocurriculaandimprovingteachingmethodology,thejudicialinstituteshavemadesignificantprogress indevelopingtheirnationalcomparativestudies.Althoughnewpedagogicalmaterialtailored to the national contexts has not been completed until this point, these comparativestudieswillformaverygoodbasisfordoingso.Apositiveresultisalsothatteachingstaffhavealready begun integrating human rights standards into their teaching, referring to thecomparative researchwhilst itwas still underdevelopment. In termsofmoving forwardwiththiscomponent,thedecisionbyRWIandthejudicialinstitutestocollectivelydevelopamanualtohelpteachingstaffattemptingthesameendeavourofintegratingdomesticandinternationallawishighlyrelevant.Notonlyisitatestamenttothecommitmentbythejudicialinstitutestotheproject,butitalsoshowshowkeyresultsareinstitutionalisedinthefaculties.Thisindicatesanareainwhichfurtherprogresscanbemade.Arangeofverifiableinstancesweregatheredforthethirdindicatorforoutcomeone,regardingtheimprovedknowledgeofapplyingorsupportingtheapplicationofhumanrightsstandardsbycurrentandfuturejusticesectoractors.Participantsinthemootcourtandsummercoursewerevery positive to the contributionmade by RWI to their increased knowledge of how humanrights standards should be applied. However, it must be recognised that the increasedknowledgeofthese‘currentandfuturejusticesectoractors’cannotbeattributedtothemootcourtexercisesandteachinginthesummercoursealone.AnaimforILACandRWIinthefinalyearoftheprogrammewillbetobetterassessthe levelofcontributionoftheprogrammetothestatedoutcome.

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The strengthened cooperation between the judicial institutes is an outcome towards whichComponent2.01hassuccessfullycontributed.Severalverifiableinstancesofprogressrelatedtoexchanges of knowledge etc. were recorded and together with the ‘healthy competition’mentioned above indicate that a constructive dynamic has developed between the judicialinstitutes. ILACandRWIenvision this cooperationandcommunication intensifyingduring thefinalyearoftheprogrammeandaimtoidentifynewopportunitiesforcollaborationwithinthenetwork. Another concrete result was the finalisation of the two regional judicial booksmentioned.Themembersofthenationalteamsworkingtogether inthedevelopmentofthesebooks stated that these analytical and descriptive books are important in making thepedagogicalresourcesrelatedtotherulesandprinciplesofInternationalHumanRightslaw,andthoserelatedtowomen,moreaccessibleforprofessionalsinthejudiciary.Thetwobooks(andapreviousbookfrom2012)havealsobeenwidelydisseminatedthroughouttheMENAregion.ManyactorsbeyondthetargetgroupoftheprogrammehaveexpressedhowusefulthistypeofmaterialdevelopedbyArabjudgesandscholarsisinadvancingthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsintheregion.

2.3.2–Component2.02StrengtheningWomenJudges’CapacitytoProvideJudicialLeadershiponGenderandAccesstoJusticeImplementedbytheInternationalAssociationofWomenJudges

Component2.02,Strengtheningwomenjudges’capacitytoprovidejudicialleadershipongenderandaccesstojustice,involvesaregionalefforttobringtogetherwomenjudgesfromtheMENAregion, with an initial focus on four countries – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. It isadministered by the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ), an ILAC memberorganization,basedontheconvictionthatwomen judgesare inauniquepositiontoadvancetherightsofwomenthroughoutthejudicialsystem.

2.3.2.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome1: ‘Women judgeshavecollectively started to identifyobstacles thatwomen face inbeingselectedasjudicialprofessionals,workingasjudicialprofessionals,and/orbeingpromotedwithinthejudiciaryandtorecommendpossiblestepstowardsreducingthoseobstacles.’

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Inidicator1: ‘Theextentandnatureofformalandinformalobstaclescollectivelyidentified(i.e.“formal” meaning obstacle is encoded in written laws or regulations limiting women’sparticipation, “informal”meaningwomen judges identify theobstaclebutmaynotbeable todocumentit).’

Thefollowingverifiableinstanceshavebeenselectedtoillustrateprogressmade:

• JudgesinalloftheIAWJ’sfocuscountrieshaveidentifiedavarietyofobstacles(PleaseseeAnnex1formoredetailedaccountsandverifiableinstances).

• In Tunisia,Morocco and Jordan the obstacles identified are all informal, and includedstructural issues such as discriminatory attitudes towards female judgesby theirmalecounterparts

• Women judges in Egypt identified both formal and informal barriers. The informalbarrierswere the sameas those identifiedabove,but the formalbarriers identified inEgypt included passing a compulsory written and oral exam to be considered for apositionasajudge.Thisisnotarequirementfortheirmalecolleagues.

Indicator 2: ‘Quality andquantity of recommendedpossible steps towards reducingobstacleswomenjudgesface’.

The judges made recommendations for some, but not all, of the barriers that they havecollectivelyidentified.Someexamplesinclude:

• One recommendation relating to discriminatory attitudes towards women judgesinvolved further capacity building and training of the women to support them instrengtheningtheirpositionswithintheirrespectivejudicialsystems.

• A recommendation by the Tunisianwomen judgeswas that protection for courts andcourt personnel be improved through the installation of surveillance cameras, metaldetectors,andsecurityinparkinglots(anissueparticularlypertinentforwomenjudgesas certain extremist groups refuse to accept women judges having the power toadjudicatecasesinvolvingmen).

Outcome 2: ’Women judgeshave collectively started to identifybarriers that confront femalelitigantswhoseekaccesstojusticethroughthecourts,andrecommendpossiblestepstowardsreducingthesebarriers’.

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Indicator1: ‘Extentandnatureofbarriersconfrontingfemalelitigantsidentifiedcollectivelybywomenjudges.’

Thefollowingbulletpointsillustrateprogressmade:

• Commonobstaclesapplicableregionallywereidentified,aswellasonesspecifictoeachoftheinterventioncountries.

• For instance, theabsenceof/inadequacyofdomesticviolence legislationandfailureofjudges to consider alternative forms of evidence proving domestic violence wasidentifiedasanissuegeneraltotheMENAregion.

Indicator2: ‘Extentandnatureofrecommendedpossiblestepstowardsreducingbarriersthatconfrontfemalelitigantswhoseekaccesstojusticethroughthecourts.’

• Recommendationsweremade concerning inadequate domestic violence laws, namelythatjudgesshouldallowalternativesourcesofproofthatmayindirectlyprovedomesticviolence(PleaseseeAnnex1formoredetailedaccountsandverifiableinstances).

• Jordanianwomen Judges identifiedways how towork to reduce forcedmarriages byconsideringitaasaformofviolence.

2.3.2.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedAs has been discussed in past exchanges between ILAC, IAWJ and Sida, the IAWJ’s aims andexpectedoutcomesaremoreambitiousthanthoseoutlinedinthepresentresultsframework.Thus, it is important that it is kept in mind when examining the results achieved that thelimitations of the current results framework are considered. Although the outcomes andindicatorsfortheComponentrefertotheidentificationofobstaclesfacingwomenjudgesandfemalelitigants,aswellaspossiblerecommendationsofhowtoovercomesaidobstacles,IAWJoftengobeyondthisintheimplementationoftheiractivities.An example of a positive achievement was the participation of forensic doctors and socialworkersinaregionalworkshop.Attheworkshopjudgesweremadeawareofhowtheyshouldbetter formulate their requests formedical reports in cases of violence againstwomen (andchildren),sothatforensicdoctorscoulddeterminethe“natureandextent”ofvictims’injuries,insteadof justansweringto thequestionofwhether thepersonhasbeenrapedornot.Suchmedicalreportswouldbemoreuseful incourtproceedingsandwouldlikely leadtoincreasedaccesstojusticeforwomen.Thus,thewomenjudgesparticipatingintheProgrammeactivities

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notonly increased their knowledgeof specific issues andof how they can increase access tojustice,buttheyalsobecamemoreconfidentandsecureintakingpositionsontheissues.TheanalysisuponwhichIAwJ’sactivitiesisbasedwasthatbyprovidingthewomenwithaforuminwhich they could collectively share and highlight common experiences and challengeswhilstidentifyingpotentialsolutions,theywouldbeempoweredtoraisethemandbecomeagentsforchangeintheirowncountriesandprofessionalcontexts.Theactivitiesimplementeduntilthispointandsubsequentlyreportedonhaveprimarilytakenthe form of conferences, and regional, and national meetings between women judges. Theresponsefromtheparticipatingwomenjudgeshasbeenoverwhelminglypositiveandarangeofobstacles and relevant recommendations have been identified in the collaborative andempoweringenvironmentthatthemeetingsoffer.However,ILACandIAWJrecognisethatthereisaneedforamoresystematicapproachtoalsoaddressingtherecommendationsmadebythewomen judges, and elaborating plans for how to support the their implementation. Inmanycases theProgrammehasworkedwith the recommendations through implementing relevanttrainings on identified issues, facilitating collaboration between thewomen judges andotherrelevantactors,etc.However,therehasbeenalackofsystematicapproachguidinghowthisisdone,aswellas limiteddocumentationofthistypeofactivitiesandsubsequentresults.Onceagain, a results framework thatbetter reflects the level of ambition that theComponenthaswouldgosomewayinensuringtheimproveddocumentationofactivitiesandresults.Inpart,thesomewhatlimitedprogressisalsoduetotheslowstartoftheComponent,meaningfeweractivitieswereimplementedin2014.Thefruitsof2015’slabourarenowbeginningtobereaped,withmanypositiveresultsarisingin2016asaresult.Thismomentumwillbecapitalisedonmoving forward through the final year of the Programme, and ILAC and IAWJwill aim tocapturethepositiveresults thatareemerging fromactivities implemented inresponseto therecommendationsidentifiedduringtheconferencesin2015.

2.3.3–Component2.07TrainingofTunisianJudgesImplementedbytheInternationalBarAssociation(IBA)andtheCEELIInstitute

Duringthisreportingperiod,1January–31December2015,theInternationalBarAssociation’sHuman Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and the Central and Eastern European Law Initiative(CEELI)continued toprovide trainings toTunisianmagistrates inorder topromote the independence

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andtheeffectivenessofthejudiciarywherebycourtsruleindependently,providingequalaccessto justiceforall inaccordancewith internationalhumanrightsstandards.Thesessionsofferadeeperoverviewofinternationalconventionsandcovenantsthatprotecthumanrights.

2.3.3.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome 1: ‘Tunisian judges increasingly understand and apply international human rightsprinciplesintheirprofessionalduties’.

Indicator1:‘ExtentofincreaseinTunisianjudges'andprosecutors'levelofunderstandingofthelanguageandapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandards,andtheroleofthejudiciaryinpromotinghumanrightsintheexerciseoftheirprofessionalduties.’

Thefollowinginstancesillustrateprogress:

• 67%ofthejudgesparticipatingintheIBAtrainingsessions,expressedanimprovementoftheirunderstandingoftheapplicationofhumanrightsprinciplesprotectingfreedomof thought,conscienceandreligion inademocraticstateand28%keptahigh levelofknowledgeofthesetopics.(PleaseseeAnnex1formoredetailedaccountsandverifiableinstances).

• On 13 October 2015, judge Leila Hammami, president of the military tribunal, andparticipantintheIBAHRIjudicialtrainingsessionofJune2014,invokedarticle14oftheInternationalCovenantontheCivilandPoliticalRightsguaranteeingfairtrialrightsandconsidered that not informing the accused of the charges brought against him isconsideredtobeafundamentalbreachofhisrights.

Indicator 2: ‘Extent and quality of implementation of action plan strategies by judges andprosecutors toovercomeobstacles toapplying internationalhumanrightsprinciples, includingthoserestrictingaccesstojusticeforvulnerableandmarginalizedgroups,asexpressedinactionplans’.ILAC conducted visits to the Focus Courts of Beja, Nabeul and Sfax, during which verifiableinstancesofprogressonthisindicatorwerecollected.Forexample,

• In a testimony from a court president who had participated in IBAHRI’s April 2015workshop, itwas noted that courts need to adopt amore holistic approach for casesconcerningfamilymattersandthoseofvulnerablepersons:‘legalcounsellingshouldbe

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availableoracounsellorondutyatthepublicprosecutor’sofficeandfamilylawjudgesinparticularshouldreceivetraininginchildpsychology’.

• OnejudgeintheBejafocuscourthadidentifiedaneedformorepracticalaccessibilitytothecourtsforordinarycitizens.Thispromptedhertoproposetheplacementofclearersigns directing visitors to the correct chambers or offices, as well as updated lists ofcases in the courtbuilding. Thishadbeen successfully implementedand shewasnowworkingtoinstallspecialreceptionroomsforfamiliessothattheycouldwaitseparatelyfromothercourtvisitors.

Outcome2:‘TheTunisianjudiciaryisbetterabletoassertitsindependence’

Indicator 1: ‘Extent to which judges and prosecutors are able to identify threats to judicialindependenceandstrategizecollectivelyonhowtoasserttheirindependence’.

• 64% of the judges attending the IBA workshops expressed an increased knowledgeaboutidentifyingstepsthejudiciarycantaketoindependenceandhowthejudiciarycanassertitsindependence.

• ThejudgesduringtheIBAFebruarytrainingsessionexpressedgraveconcernregardingpolicereports(withinthepolicethereisaspecializedcellmonitoringjudges)onthejudges’whereaboutsandprivatelifeasthiscanconstitutearealthreattotheircareerandthereforetheirindependence.Judgesinsistthattheyshouldbeevaluatedonthemeritsoftheirjudgementsinordertopreservetheirindependence.

Indicator2:‘Extenttowhichjudgesandprosecutorspursueimplementationoftheiractionplanstrategiestoovercomeobstaclestoactingindependently’.

• JudgesinafocusgroupatdiscussionattheSfaxTribunalIinMay2015creditedtheILACcoursewithprovidingthemwiththetoolsforcontinuousevaluationofthecourt’swork.AsanexampletheymentionedtheundertakingbyJudgeFM,ChiefInvestigativeJudgeatSfax Tribunal I, in his PAP to improve effectiveness of investigations by improvingcommunication with and scheduling of meetings with parties in a more effectivemanner. The successful implementation of this system had inspired other judges toassess their own planning from the same perspective. The experience had promptedjudgestoevaluatetheirworktotrytofindwaystomakeproceedingsmorepredictableandaccessibletothepublic.

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2.3.3.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedExaminingcomponent2.07 fromastatisticalpointofview, theprogressmadeduring2015 isverypositivewithover1700judgestrained(since2012).Amajorityofparticipantsindicatedinthe surveys filled out following the trainings that they had increased their knowledge of andpotential to apply the human rights principles covered. International judges have also notedthat the approach of the Tunisian magistrates becomes more self-confident throughout thetraining. The magistrates at the trainings also seem to be increasingly able to collectivelycommunicateandstrategizeaboutkeyissuesofconcerntothewholejudiciarysuchasthelaworganizingtheHighJudicialCouncilandhowthepublicandmediaperceivethem.Theverifiableinstancesgatheredalsoindicatedthatthejudgesandprosecutorshavebeguntoapplyinternationalhumanrightsstandardsintheircases,indicatingattheveryleastastarttoprogressonthislevel.Apartfromthepositivefeedbackinthesurveys,oneanecdotalaccountofa judgeapplyingwhatshehad learnedatthetrainingswas identified.Althoughthis isagoodindicatorofprogressILAC,IBAHRIandCEELIwillaimtoidentifymoresuchexamplesinordertomoresolidlyclaimtheComponent’scontributiontowardsOutcome1.Theinformationgatheredthroughthefocuscourtvisitsisagoodfoundationforidentifyingwaysinwhichthejudgesandcourts can be supported in implementing their action plans. Subsequently, ILAC, IBAHRI andCEELIwillthenideallybeabletomoreconcretelymaximiseandassessthecontributionofthetrainingstotheabilityofthejudgestoimplementinternationalhumanrightsprinciplesintheirday-to-daywork.WithregardstoOutcome2, it is importantthat ILAC,CEELIandIBAHRIarerealisticabouttheextenttowhichtheComponentisabletocontribute.Theoutcomeissetataratherhighleveland it is important for that ILAC and its implementingmembers are aware of the extent towhichwe canbe accountable for its achievement. This awareness should be reflected in ourassessmentofthesecondoutcome.Althoughitisperfectlyachievabletosupportthejudgesinimprovingtheirknowledgeandstrategizingconcerninghowtheycanasserttheirindependence,wemustberealisticinconcludingtheextenttowhichthisactuallyimprovestheindependenceoftheTunisianjudiciaryasawhole’.Theexamplesofverifiableinstancesgatheredfromthefocuscourtsindicatethatsomeprogresshas been made towards courts increasingly being perceived as independent, effective andequallyaccessibletoallcourtvisitors.Thesereferredbothtopracticalaspectsofaccessibilityincourt facilities, and the identified need for judges and counsellors at family courts receivingtraininginchildpsychology.Thejudgesseemtohaveanincreasedcapabilitytoidentifythreatsto judicial independence, and strategize about how to assert their independence. Again it is

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importanttoberealisticaboutwhatresultsreallycanbedrawnfromtheProgramme,butsincethe start of IBA’s and CEELI’s work in 2012, the previous open conflict between the twocompetingjudgesassociationshave,ifnotbeensolved,atleastfoundwaystocooperateforthecommongood. It is tempting toassume thathaving spentan intensiveweek together,undertheILACProgramme(s),havecontributedtothisverypositiveresult.Theredoeshowever,seemtohavebeensomelimitationstotheactualimplementationoftheactionplansbyjudges.TheProgrammewillaimtobetterfollowupontheactionplanswiththejudgesgatheralargernumberofverifiableinstancesofhowtheyhavebeenabletoimplementwhattheyhavelearnedthroughthetrainings.

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2.4GenericObjectiveC–CapacityandroleofBarsIntroductionGenericobjective,Impactlevel:”Anindependentandself-sufficientbarisexercisingitsrightfulroleinthejudicialsystemand

insocietyatlarge.”

Genericobjectives,Outcomelevel:• The relationship between the bar and society is regulated in law according to

internationalstandards.• Internal democratic governance of the bar is in place according to international

standards.• Thebaroffersitsservicestothegeneralpublic,inparticulartomarginalisedgroups,and

proactivelypromoteshumanrightsissues.• Thebaractivelyprovidesprofessionaltrainingonapplicationofhumanrightsstandards

toitsmembers,andhaveanindependentroleinthelegaleducationofitslawyers.• Thebar takesanactive role in supportingeconomicgrowthaccording to international

practicesoftransparency&goodgovernance.• Barassociationssupportbusinesslawyers,withthesupportoftheirbarassociations,in

promoting sustainable and equitable economic development that benefits localcommunities and populations in the region. They do so by rooting their practice inprinciplesoftransparency,goodgovernanceandprinciplesofbusinessandhumanrights

TheMENAProgrammedoesnotincludeanyfundedcomponentsunderthisheading.

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2.5GenericObjectiveD–HumanRightsandNationalHumanRightsInstitutionsGenericobjective,Impactlevel:“NationalHumanRightsInstitutionsareeffectivelycarryingouttheirmandateincompliance

with theParisPrincipleswith theaim topromoteandprotecthuman rights forallwomen,

menandchildreninthesociety.”

Genericobjectives,Outcomelevel:• NHRIs provide high quality advice/recommendations/reports to the Government,

Parliament and other relevant state actors on issues related to legislation, policy andprogrammesbeingcompliantwithinternationalhumanrightsstandards.

• NHRIs implementhighqualityhuman rightseducation strategiesand shall increasinglycarry out activities to educate and promote the public and different relevantstakeholdersonhumanrights.

• NHRIspromptlyinvestigateindividualcomplaintsofviolationsofhumanrightsduetoaneffectivecomplainthandlingsysteminplace.

• NHRIs address systemic and widespread human rights violations through conductingnationalinquiriesatregularintervals.

• NHRIs have established amechanism for a co-operativeworking relationshipwith thejudiciaryinmattersofhumanrightsviolationsfunctioninginacomplimentaryroletothecourtstoensuretherightto‘accesstojustice’.

• NHRIs have established amechanism for cooperationwith international organizationssuchastheUnitedNations,otherrelevantinternationalorganizations,otherNHRIsandrelevantnationalorganizations

Thefollowingcomponentcontributestothegenericobjectivesabove:2.05.

2.5.1–Component2.05.StrengtheningtheCapacityoftheNationalCouncilforCivilLibertiesandHumanRightsinLibyaImplementedbyAmericanBarAssociationRuleofLawInitiative(ABAROLI)ThiscomponentwasoriginallydesignedtoassisttheLibyanNationalCouncil forCivilLibertiesand Human Rights (NCCLHR or Council) to strengthen its institutional capacity in order toeffectively fulfil its mandate. In response to the deteriorating security environment in Libya,withthesupportofSida,ABAROLIhasmadeadjustmentstotheprojectworkplaninorderto

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supportactivitiesthatarecriticaltotheadvancementofhumanrightsinLibyaandthecapacityof the NCCLHR. InMay-June 2015, ABA ROLI and the ILAC, after the consultations with theNCCLHR and other Libyan human rights legal professionals and civil society organisations,developed and proposed changes to the Component results framework. Sida approved theproposed revisions in November 2015. During the revision period, ABA ROLI continuedengagementwiththepartners-NCCLHRandotherLibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandcivil society organisations, throughmeetings in Tunis and Skype conferences, but suspendedproject activities until Sida formally approved the revised results framework. Following thisapprovalinNovember2015,ABAROLIrenewedimplementationofitsprojectactivities.TheCouncil’spremisesremainedclosedsinceitwasraidedandlockedbymilitiameninOctober2014.TheActingExecutiveDirectorrelocatedtoTunisiaandtheCouncil’schairmantoLibya’seast. Since January 2015, the NCCLHR staff members have not received salaries due to thefailureofthelegislaturetoapproveandallocatethebudgetfortheCouncil.TheNCCLHRistheonlystate-fundedinstitutionleftwithoutabudget.Despitethelackoffundingtopaysalaries,keymanagersandstaffoftheNCCLHRcontinuetoengageintheirdutiesfromhome.2.5.1.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome1:‘StaffmembersoftheNCCLHRhavethecapacity,technicalandfinancialmeanstodocumentandreportonthehumanrightssituationaswellastoengageinhumanrightspolicymakinginthecurrentcontext’.Indicator 1: ‘Extent to which the NCCLHR has capacity to perform the core functions ofdocumentingandreportingonhumanrightsandpromotinghumanrightsculture’Oneexampleofaverifiableinstanceis:

• The Executive Director of the NCCLHR, Mr. Ahmed Abugoba has stated that theassistanceprovided in2015wascritical for theCouncil tobeengaged indocumentingand reporting on human rights violations and developing working relations withinternational organizations, the UN in particular. Workshops held in February andMarch, aswell asABAROLI sponsoredparticipation at theUNUPR session inGenevagavehimandhiscolleaguesuniqueexperienceinmonitoringhumanrights in linewithinternational standards (Please see Annex 1 for a complete list of verifiable instancesandresults).

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Indicator2:‘ExtentofactivitiesrelatedtoreceivingandprocessinginformationonhumanrightsissuesinLibya,aswellascommunicationandinformation-sharingamongthestaffmembersoftheNCCLHR’

• The second indicator is newand thereforeno verifiable instances are available at thistime.

Indicator3:‘ExtentandqualityofreportingandstatementsonhumanrightsissuesinLibya’

• Thenumberofpublished statementshasexceeded the target setbyABAROLI. SevenstatementswerepublishedbytheNCCLHRinthereportingperiod.

• TheNCCLHRmadeawrittensubmissiontotheUNHRCsessionontheUniversalPeriodicReviewofHumanRightsSituationinLibya.

Outcome 2: ‘Human rights legalprofessionalsandCSO leadershave strengthened capacity ininternational human rights law and practices and their application in Libya, including inreportingonhumanrightsissuesincoordinationwiththeNCCLHR’.Both of the indicators for this outcome are new and thus no verifiable indicators have beenidentifiedatthisstage.Indicator1:‘ExtentofunderstandingbyLibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadersofapplicablehumanrightsnormsandpractice’.

• AlthoughABAROLIhaveyetto identifyverifiable instancesofthis,developmentshavebeenmade in that four Libyanhuman rights legalprofessionalsandCSO leaderswereselected as Human Rights Fellows by ABA ROLI. Their role will be to supportimplementation of the program activities, including capacity building of broadercommunityofLibyanhumanrightsadvocates.

Indicator 2: ‘The extent and quality of cooperation between human rights legal professionalsandCSOleadersandthestaffoftheNCCLHR’

• Animportantdevelopment,thoughnotaconcreteresultisthatinthereportingperiod,fourLibyanhumanrights legalprofessionalsandCSO leaderswereselectedasHumanRightsFellows.FourotherFellowsarestaffmembersoftheNCCLHR.TheHumanRights

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Fellows shall implement joint activities and cooperate in promoting human rights inLibya.

2.5.1.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearnedAs was clear through communication between ILAC, ABA ROLI and SIda throughout 2015,Component 2.05was severely impactedby the security situation in Libya,which complicatedthe implementation of activities. The revision of the results frameworkwas a significant andvitalchangetothecomponentin2015,andhasmeantthatABAROLIcancontinueworkingwithitsLibyanpartners.ThepresentprogramimplementedbytheABAROLI istheonly internationalcapacitybuildingsupporttheNCCLHRhasreceivedforthelasttwoyears.WithABAROLI’sassistance,thestaffoftheNCCLHRcontinuedtoperform itscore functionsofdocumentingandreportingonhumanrightssituationinLibyaandpromotinghumanrightscultureduringthereportingperiod.ConsideringthattheentireofficeinLibyahadtobeevacuatedandthattheNCCLHRstaffhavenot received salaries since January2015, the results achievedarequite significant.While thepoliticalandsecuritysituationweakenedtheNCCLHRasan institution, itsBoardandkeystaffcontinuetobecommittedtothecontinuityoftheCouncilandfulfilmentofitsmandatetotheextent possible under these changed circumstances, and pending the return of peace andstability.Notably,itisapositiveresultthattheNCCLHRhasbeenabletoreportonhumanrightsviolations and that they were able to make a contribution to the UNHRC session on theUniversalPeriodicReviewofHumanRightsSituation inLibya.ABAROLIhope tobuildon thiscommitmentand support theNCCLHR in theachievementof the statedoutcomesduring thefinalyearoftheProgramme.ILACandABAROLI recognise that therearenosignificant results to reportunderoutcome2,whichisprincipallyduetotherevisionoftheresultsframeworkattheendof2015.Assuch,theworkunderthisoutcomehadvery littletimetodevelopbeforetheendof2015.Workundersaidoutcomewill continueandbedeveloped in2016andprogresshasalreadybeenseenasthis report is written. ABA ROLI and ILAC will aim to report more thoroughly on the newindicatorsinthenextroundofreportingtoSida.

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2.6GenericObjectiveE–Anti-CorruptionMechanismsIntroductionGenericobjective,Impactlevel:”Institutionalmechanismisinplacetoeffectivelyfightcorruption.”

Genericobjectives,Outcomelevel:• Qualified,credibleandaccessibleinstitutionswithprofessionalstaffhavestartedtofight

corruption.• TheAnti-CorruptionAgencydeliversprofessionallyinvestigatedandwellpreparedcases

totheNationalProsecutingAuthorityforprosecution• TheNationalProsecutingAuthority formulatesand submits indictments for corruption

tothecourts• Thecourtsdeliversolidandwellreasonedjudgementsontheindictments

Thefollowingcomponentcontributestothegenericobjectivesabove:2.09.

2.6.1–Component2.09StrengtheningtheDevelopmentofanInstitutionalFrameworktoCombatCorruptioninTunisia

ImplementedbyTheCEELIInstitute

TheoriginaltitleofthiscomponentintheMENAProgrammeproposalwas“StrengtheningthecapacityandeffectivenessofTunisianAnti-CorruptionAgency”.Inordertobetterdescribewhatthe component is now aiming to achieve, the title has been changed in early 2016 to:“Strengthening the development of an institutional framework to combat corruption inTunisia”.WiththisrevisedresultframeworktheemphasishasaccordinglyshiftedfromINLUCCinstitutionalcapacitybuildingtoinstitutionalframeworkdevelopmentbytargetingactorsfromvariousinstitutionsengagedindetectingandcombattingcorruption.The new Tunisian Constitution adopted in January 2014, states that several independentconstitutional bodies will be established, among them one on good governance and anti-corruption(INBOGLUCC).ItisnotclearatthismomentwhetherINLUCCwillmergeintothenewConstitutionalbodyorwhetheritwillbeanewinstitution.Thetimeframefortheestablishmentof thisnewbody is alsonot yet specified. In the lightof the changeson thegroundoutlinedabove, the CEELI Institute is confident that this program format (i.e. targeted trainings for a

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widearrayofstakeholdersundertheauspicesofINLUCCratherthantutoringINLUCCcorestaffindevelopingconcreteanti-corruption investigationcases) is anapproach thatmaximizes theimpactinthecurrentcircumstances,investinginexpertiseofalargergroupofstakeholdersandinbuildingtheirmutualtrustandcooperationintacklingcorruption.

2.6.1.1ResultsAchieved

Outcome 1: ‘Enhanced sensitizing among participants from Tunisian bodies engaged in anti-corruptioneffortsonapproachestodetectingandinvestigatingcorruption.’

Indicator 1: ‘Levelofawarenessandknowledgeamongparticipantsof the legal,politicalandsocialeffectsofcorruption.’

Anincreasedlevelofawarenessisindicatedbythefollowingverifiableinstance:

• AparticipantoftheJunetraininginTuniswhoobservedthat“weareonlynowrealizinghow widespread and established corruption and nepotism is in some industries. Butthesetoolssuchasforensicaccountingenableustogetawholenewinsightintowhatispossible to find and prove”. (Please see Annex 1 for more detailed accounts andverifiableinstances).

Indicator 2: ‘Level of understanding among participants on new approaches of detecting,investigatingandprosecutingcorruption.’

• Intheself-evaluationquestionnairesattheendoftheJune2015trainingsession,95%(20outof21submittedevaluations)participantsactiveinanti-corruptioneffortinvariousbodiesindicatedthatthetrainingwas“extremely”or“very”usefulfortheirwork.

Outcome2:’EnhancedcooperationbetweenkeyactorscombattingcorruptioninTunisia’

Indicator1:‘ExtentofexchangesbetweentheINLUCCandnon-agencyactors’

• Representatives of various institutions and organizations take part in the trainings,selectedand invitedby the INLUCC,whichenhances thestatusof INLUCCas themainhubforup-to-dateanti-corruptionexpertise.Despiteinitiallowlevelsoftrustbysomeof themore established elements of Tunisian institutions (e.g. prosecutors) INLUCC is

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succeeding in inviting participants of the various bodies to the trainings and keyprofessionalsfromtheinvitedinstitutionsparticipateinthetrainings.

• TheAgencyhascreatedchannelsofcommunicationwithministersanddirectorgeneralsintheministriestofacilitatecollaborationandtheparticipationoftheirstaffmembersinthetrainingsessions.Theagencycreatedandmaintainedexcellentrapportwithe.g.theGoodGovernanceAgency, theFinancialAnalysisUnitat theTunisianCentralBankandtheMinistryofFinance.TheagencyconsiderstheGoodGovernanceAgencyasstrategicallytofightcorruption.

Indicator 2: ‘Number of Tunisian institutions represented in trainings organised within theprogrambyinvitationsfromINLUCC’.

• Thetargetforthisindicatorwas15differentinstitutionsandinthetwotrainingscarriedoutin2015,representativesfrom13differentinstitutionsparticipated.

2.6.1.2ResultsAnalysisandLessonsLearned

Duetosecurityissuesandotherunforeseencomplicationsfourtrainingshadtobecancelledin2015 andonly two trainings have beendelivered. This has of course limited the exposure ofparticipants. Inaddition, ILACandCEELIacknowledgethecomplexityofthesituationwiththependingestablishmentofINBOGLUCC.TheProgramme’sresponseinwaitingfortheformationof INBOGLUCCwas the reformof the component that broadened the scope to includeotherrelevant actors involved in combatting corruption.Also, asofApril 2016, the INLUCCwith itsnew president is in a more dynamic state, and the development of concrete investigationswithin the life of this project is not excluded. If this is the case, CEELI Institute will aim toprioritizesupporttotheseeffortsin2016.

Despite the limited number of trainings and the institutional challenges faced by INLUCCthroughout2015, theprogramcomponenthascontributed to thegradualdevelopmentofaninstitutionalframeworkthroughcollaborationofdifferentstageagencies,tocombatcorruptioninTunisia.ThechieffactorinthiswastheaforementioneddecisiontoshiftfocusfromINLUCC’sown staff to a broad range of representatives of other government institutions, regulatorybodies, lawyers, judgesandcivil societyasprimarybeneficiariesof thetrainings.Thesessionsallowed, often for the first time, for these professionals to meet and brainstorm possibleapproachestotacklingcorruptiontogether.Whilethefinal institutionalmechanismtocombat

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corruptionisstillafutureinTunisia,thisprogramenabledtograduallystrengthenlinksamongactorswhowillbepartofwhatevershapethefuturesystemtakesandlaidthefoundationforaculture of collaboration.We have learned that if sector reform is politically delayed, a pathforward is to break barriers between institutions and connect professionals on the technicallevel.

Theresponsesfromparticipantstothetrainingshavebeenpositive,withseveralanecdotesandfeedback surveys attesting to an increased knowledge and awareness of corruption and thepossibilitiesforanti-corruptionwork.ThelimitedverifiableinstancesunderOutcome1Indicator2doesrequiresomereflectionconcerningtheextenttowhichtheComponentiscontributingtothe outcome. In the continuation of the Programme, more verifiable instances apart fromsurveystatisticswillbesoughtafterinordertostrengthenconclusionsconcerningComponent2.09’scontributiontotheparticipants’understandingofnewanti-corruptionmeasures.

2.7GenderMainstreamingandVulnerableGroupsILAC’s implementingmembers in theMENA Programme have allmade efforts to ensure theintegration of a gender dimension in their work, as well as a consideration for vulnerablegroups.Although thementionofensuringgendermainstreaming in thecontextof theMENAregion often implied a focus on the inclusion ofwomen in activities, themembers have alsoworked to include a gender perspective in trainings or in material produced. For example,IBAHRI trainings included sensitivity togender through the topics covered includinga specificsessiononwomen’srights.ThecasestudiesanddiscussionsbetweentheTunisianmagistratesand their international counterparts (speakers) broached how to bridge the gap betweeninternationalhumanrightsstandardsprotectingwomen’srights,suchastheConventionfortheEliminationofallFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen,anddomesticlaw.Someworkhasalsoaimedto integrateconcernforandtheperspectivesofvulnerablegroupssuch as women, IDPs and minorities like the Tavergha ethnic group. As one example, inimplementing program activities supporting the NCCLHR and broader Libyan human rightscommunity, ABA ROLI carefully assessed the needs of vulnerable groups. Some examplesinclude discussionswith theNCCLHRwhilst planningworkshops to identify the special needsand challengeswomenexperience in the current situationof instability in Libya.Accordingly,presentation on the documenting and reporting human rights violations in times of conflicts

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included information onwomen’s rights, howwar and conflicts affectwomen, andwhat theNCCLHR cando tobetter identify, document and report on genderbased violence andotherviolationsofwomen’srights.Severalmembers also enlisted the help of the International Association ofWomen Judges intheirworkwithgender.Forexample,RWIrequestedthehelpofIAWJintheirworktoidentifyprovisionsrelevanttogenderintheinternationalcriminalcodetoassistnationalteamsworkingon criminal procedures code in considering gender in their respective national comparativeresearch.AlsoworthhighlightingisthatoneofthejurisprudencebookproducedbytheJudicialInstitutesandRWIwasexplicitonhumanrightsifwomen.AsCEELI’scorruptionrelatedtrainingsfocuspredominantlyondetectinghigh-levelandofficialcorruption,theimpactonvulnerablegroupsinthesecasesusuallyremainssecondary,asthosegroups are typicallymoredirectly affectedbypetty corruptiondemandedbypolice and low-level civil servants and administrators. To sensitize participants on that level, CEELI enteredconsultationswiththeIAWJinfallandwinter2015aboutincludingacourseon‘sextortion’i.e.demandingsexualfavoursasabribe,amongtheremainingtrainings–nowlikelytotakeplaceaftersummer2016.Nonetheless, despite these efforts, a concern throughout the MENA Programme’simplementationisthattheambitionwithregardstogendermainstreamingandtheworkwithvulnerablegroups still hasbeen too low.Asmentioned, IAWJhave continued their efforts tosupporttheothermembersintheintegrationofgenderaspectsintheirprojects.However,wedo recognise that there needs to be a more systematic process through which ILAC and itsmembers continuouslyworkwith gendermainstreaming. Likewise, thereneeds tobeamoremethodicalefforttoguaranteetheinclusionofvulnerablegroups’perspectivesinprogrammingandimplementation.Someeffortshavealreadybeenmadetoensureanincreasedsensitivityamongstimplementingmembers to gender and conflict dynamics as well as vulnerable groups. The bi-annual RCMmeetingshaveincludedworkshopsonstakeholderparticipationaswellasconflictandgendersensitivity and ILAC will strive to coordinate such engagements as often as possible inconjunctionwithothergeneralmeetings.Inoneworkshopheldconcerningconflictandgendersensitivity we were able to identify positive contributions towards the integration of suchperspectives in thedifferentcomponents.Theseworkshopshavealso,andmore importantly,allowed us to identify areas for improvement and ideas of how to augment our ambitionsregarding conflict sensitive planning, design, implementation and monitoring of thecomponents. It may be unrealistic to fully establish a systematic process through which the

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mainstreamingoftheseperspectivesisachievedintheProgramme’sfinalyear.However,ILACand its members will aim to ensure that the planning and implementation of remainingactivities is sensitive to these issues. In addition, the assessment of the components prior tofinal reporting will examine the Programme’s progress towards gender mainstreaming andintegrationofvulnerablegroups’perspectives,aswellasgather lessons learnedandareasforimprovement.

3.ResourcesUsed

TheILACMenaProgrammeisdesignedtoallowmultiplecomponentstoberunsimultaneouslywithinaperiodof36months. ILACinitiallyagreedwithSIDAthatthesimplestwaytoarrangedisbursementswould be to divide the budget in three equal 12months periods. In practice,however,thesixcomponentsoftheProgrammeeachworkaccordingtotheirownactivityplanswithin this period, meaning that they vary in terms of cost-intensiveness. While somecomponentsaremorecost-intenseinthefirsthalfoftheprogramme,otherswillseethebulkoftheircostsincurredlaterduringthe36months.In 2015 SEK 21,072,863 of the available budget for 2015 of SEK, 27,925,48was used, whichcorrespondto75%oftheavailablebudget.Resources used in total by 31 December 2015 are SEK 40,678,316 of the total programmebudgetofSEK79,777,283,whichcorrespondsto51%ofthetotalbudget.Fundsareexpectedtoremainbytheendoftheprogramme.InJune2016,ILACinformedSidathatuptoSEK8millionmayremain.ILACplanstocommunicateamoreexactfiguretoSidainSeptember2016.Theuseoffundsforeachcomponentiscommentedoninthesectionbelow:Component1.01.In2015only64%oftheavailablebudgetfortheyearwasused.Thislowratewasmainlyduetothecarry-overamount from2014andcancelledactivities inMorocco.WithmoreprogrammemonitoringandimplementingsupportcarriedoutfromILACofficeinTunis,savinghasalsobeenmadeontheoveralltravelbudget.Somesavingswerefurthermoremadeonpersonalcost,duetooverestimatedperdiembudgetandunexpectedstaff turn-overduringtheyear.Finallythe

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budgetlineforRCMtravelhasandwillcontinuetocoverforthehighercostofexternalauditatILACheadquarterthanoriginallybudgetedfor.Component2.01From the revised budget for 2015 and 2016, 96% of the 2015 budget was used during thereporting periodwith all activities implemented except a few thatwere postponed for 2016.Withinthebudgetframeacoupleofadditionalactivitieswerealsocarriedoutinconnectiontomainactivitiestoreinforceresults.Savingsweremadeontravelduetocheaperhotelandflightcosts.Thebudgetlineforcontractualwasexceedsinceseveralteamscompletedtheirnationalcomparative research prior to the deadline and compensationswere consequently disbursedalreadyin2015.Component2.02Allplannedactivities,butaworkshopinEgyptthathadtobepostponed,wereimplementedasplanned.Butduetoalargecarry-overfrom2014,theoverallbudgetoutcomefor2015endedat53%ofthebudgetavailablefor2015.In2015twomorestaffmemberswerehoweverengagedto ensure the smooth implementation. It is expected that some funds will remain fromcomponent2.02andthemoreexactnumberwillbeavailableinSeptember2016.Component2.05OverallABAROLI’sspending isunderbudget (49%of2015budget)duetothe inactiveperiodduringwhichtheapprovaloftherevisedbudgetandresultframeworkwasawaitingapproval.Additionally,workwasalsointerruptedbytheinstabilityoftheLibyancontext.ABAROLIexpecttopickupactivitiesagainin2016,althoughitispredictedthatfundswillremainattheendof2016.Accordingly,Spendingontravel,suppliesandcontractualissignificantlyunderbudgetduetotheperiodofinactivity.Component2.06Thecomponentwasdesignedasatwo-yearprogrammesoactivitiesimplementedoverfirst24months meaning that personnel costs will be expended byMarch 2016. The overall budgetoutcomewas69%ofthebudgetavailablefor2015.Thecarry-overfrom2015willmostlikelybeusedwithintheremainingprogrammeperiod(sesectionsaboveaboutpostponedmootcourts).Thecontingencyhasandwillcover,amongotherthings,thecostoftheannualauditofwhichtherewillbeonein2016andonein2017meaningthatexpenditureagainstthisbudgetlineisnecessarilybelowtheannualallowance.Component2.07

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Thebulkoftrainingsessionswereexecutedduring2014-2015;hencethereareproportionallyhigher costs incurred by project activities for this component during 2014-2015. The overallcomponentoutcomefor2015is131%ofthe2015budget.Thebudgetishoweverinlinewiththetotal3-yearbudgetplan.ForCEELI thetravelcostsare lowerthanbudgetduetothefactthatsometrainingsweretentativelyscheduledforautumn2015,butwerepostponedto2016.Flight ticketswere also generally cheaper than budgeted. However the volume of translatedmaterialswas larger than expected and the office costswere higher than budgeted for theirpart of the Component. CEELI will cost-share their expected overspending with their otherprojects.Component2.09Theoverallcomponentoutcomefor2015is90%ofthe2015budget.Thecarry-overfrom2015willmostlikelybeusedwithintheremainingprogramperiod.Plannedtrainingswerepostponedduetothecomplicatedsecuritysituation inTunisia,therefore lessstafftimeandtravelswerespent. Overall the office running costs are in line with the budget. The reason for the overexpenditure forother direct costs is that one of the training had to be conducted in Prague,whichincreasedthecurriculumdevelopmentandlogisticscosts.

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ANNEX1–ComponentResultsFrameworks

Component2.01SupportingApplicationofHumanRightsStandards

byArabCourts

Outcome1Judicial institutes (and potentially Law Faculties) are actively integrating

humanrightsstandardsinthecurriculaandimprovingteachingmethodology

Indicator1Judicial Institutesandpotentially lawfaculties’havedevelopednewacademicmaterial integrating human rights standards (including gender sensitiveaspects)alongsidethenationallaw.

Baseline

MostoftheJudicial Institutes includereferencestoHumanRights;moreover,whenever Human Rights are referred to, reference is made to general andtheoreticalprinciplesand littlework isdoneonthepractical implicationsandapplicabilityofHumanRights;furthermore,modulesonhumanrightstendnottobecompulsoryandareadhoccourses,mainlyprovidedbydonors.In relation toHumanRights-relatedmaterials, themainweakness inmostoftheparticipant countries is the limitedavailabilityofmanuals, guidelinesandjurisprudencethatprovidesinterpretationofHumanRightsLawandprinciplesintheadministrationofJustice.Inthis,foranyfuturesupporttobeprovided,itisofcrucial importantthatallmaterialsproducedarewritten inArabic,sincethisistheworkinglanguageoftheJudiciaryintheArabworld.ReferenceintheHumanRightsmaterialtorelevantaspectsrelatedtoGenderEquality(Genderbaseddiscrimination,genderbasedviolence,accesstojusticeforwomenandgirls)tendtobeabsentormadeonlysuperficially.

Targets13-24months

At least five (5) new verifiable instances of the partnering Judicial Institutes(and potentially Law Faculties) developingHuman Rights andGender-relatedpedagogicaltoolsandmaterials.

Listofverifiableinstances

AclearindicatorofthewillingnessandcommitmentoftheJudicialInstitutesindevelopinghighqualityHumanRightsmaterialistheirpromptinteractionwithRWIandtheconsultantsandtheirconstantreadinessinreviewingandrevisingmultipletimestheirworkbasedonRWI’sfeedbackandsuggestionsasshownintheverifiableInstance2.01-01to2.01-05:

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2.01-01. ThePalestinian Judicial Institute has submitted on 25 June 2015 itsfirst draft of the national comparative research on Fair Trial guarantees inCriminal Procedure Code. With close follow-up and support of RWI, thePalestinian National Working Group presented seven revisions before theresearchwasfinalizedbyDecember2015.2.01-02.TheAlgerianJudicialInstitutehassubmittedon22June2015itsfirstdraftofthenationalcomparativeresearchonChildRightsinparticulara)ThebestInterestoftheChild,b)Filiationandc)TheChildDeprivedofLiberty.TheAlgerian National Working Group made seven revisions before the researchwasreadyinDecember2015.2.01-03.TheJordanJudicialInstitutehassubmittedon26March2015itsfirstdraft of the national comparative research between the Jordan criminalprocedure code and international human rights law. A second draft wassubmittedpriortothecriminalprocedureworkshopheldonApril23-24,2015followedbyfiverevisionsbeforeitwasfinalizedinDecember2015.2.01-04.TheIraqNationalWorkingGrouphassubmittedon21March2015apreliminarypaperontherightsofthedefendantpriortotrial.Thepreliminarypaper was followed on 12 April 2015 by the first draft of the comparativeresearchbetween the Iraq criminal procedure code and international humanrights law. A second draft was submitted prior to the criminal procedureworkshopheldonApril23-24,2015followedbytwomorerevisionsbeforetheendof2015.2.01-05. Turnover at themanagerial level at the judicial institutes ofTunisiaandMorocco hampered the implementationof their respective actionplans.However, once properly created the National Working Groups made extraefforts to catch upwith their peers from the other countries. ByDecember2015, Tunisia has submitted three revisions of their national comparativeresearchontheProtectionofChild-Victims’Rights inCriminal Justicesystem;while Morocco has submitted two revisions on Labour law pertaining to a)Women's rights; b) Migrant and refugee rights; c) Rights of persons withdisabilitiesandd)Rightsofthechild.2.01-06. During the criminal procedure workshop held on April 23-24, theJordanian National Working Group presented the analysis they used toovercomechallengesofnon-compliancewithinternationalstandards. Theyreferred to Jordanian Bar Association law for 2014 for the right to have alawyer, theHumanRightsCharterandthe ICCPR for recommending therightto a remedy, the civil law and the general guidelines for the unlawful long

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duration of detention and relied on the general practise of providing thesuspect with translators during all trial stages.According to the expert Prof.JohnCerone,theJordaniancase-studiesclearlyshowedcreativeinterpretationofexistingprovisionsofdomesticlaws.2.01-07.InadditiontosupportingtheAlgerianteam,JudgeYacineMazouzihasbeen requested by RWI to collect some case-law to be used for thecomparativeresearch.However,beyondourexpectations,theexpertprepareda70-pagedocumentwherehenotonlyenlisted20case-law,butalsomadeadetailed analysis of each case,mentioning the challenge faced by the judge,theinternationalconventionthatthejudgereferredto,specifyingthejudicialparty that issued the decision, and ending by adding his own remarks andcomments on the decision. RWI decided to publish this booklet in 2016alongsidetheAlgeriannationalcomparativestudy.

Indicator2Judicial Institutes and potentially law faculties’ teaching staff have improvedtheir knowledge and skills on teaching international human rights standardsalongsidethenationallaw(includinggendersensitiveaspects).

Baseline

NoneoftheJudicial Institutes(targetedbytheprogramme)applytheHumanRights-basedapproachoranyotherHumanRights-integratedmethodologies;furthermore,noteachersatthejudicialinstitutesandselectedfacultiesoflawhavebeentargetedwithtrainingonknowledgeandskillstoteachinternationalhumanrightsstandardsalongsidethenationallaw.

Targets13-24months

Trainings for 40 teachers selected from Judicial Institutes and law facultiesorganizedincooperationwiththerespectiveJudicialInstitutes.

Listofverifiableinstances

Throughtheircontinuousworkonthenationalcomparativeresearch,35judgeor teacher have considerably improved their knowledge on teachinginternational human rights standards alongside the national law.Many havealready started using themethodology of teaching relevant toHumanRightsstandards alongside the national law as well as using sections from thenationalcomparativeresearchwhileitwasstillunderdevelopment.Moreover,through their continuous support to their respectiveNationalWorkingGroupmembers, the directors of the Judicial Institutes have reinforced teachinginternationalhumanrightsstandardsalongsidethenationallaw.2.01-08. Excerpt from an interview with Judge Thuraya Judi Alwazir thenDirectorGeneralofthePalestinianJudicialInstitute“…togetherwithRWI,wewill publish a training manual, based on the study, for judges and public

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prosecutors in line with the international standards of human rights. TheJudicial Institutewillholdageneralworkshop to introduce themanual. Thenwewilltraintrainerswhowill, intheirturn,trainthedifferentjudgesandthebodyofpublicprosecutorsonthismatter…Wehaveparticularlyclarifiedthatthe studywill not be limited to the Palestinian Judicial Institutebutwillbepublished and distributed to all participants alongwith any other party thatwishestoviewandbenefitfromthestudy…”http://rwi.lu.se/2015/07/how-we-work-with-the-palestinian-judicial-institute/2.01-09.ExcerptfromalettersentbyDollyHamadNajjar,LecturingprofessorattheJudicialInstituteinTunisiaandMemberoftheNationalWorkingGrouponhowsheisusingthematerialproducedbytheprogrammeinherdailyworkattheJudicialInstituteofTunisia:“…Thecomparativestudyonthe‘ProtectionofChild-Victims’RightsinCriminalJusticesystem’contributedtoentrenchingasystem based on implementing international standards in all that relates tohuman rights in general and victim child rights in particular. Through thetrainingcourses,theJudicialInstitutereferstotheinternationalstandardsandcomparesthemwithnationallegislation.Personally,inmycontributionsIurgethe implementation of international standards as international agreements

supersede national laws in accordance with Article 20 of the Constitution.Moreover, in my lectures on international humanitarian law at the JudicialInstitute - these are lectures that were added for the first time to theInstitute’scurricula-Iaddressallissuesfromaninternationallawstandpoint,

and encourage the trainee judges to implement international standards. ItcanbestressedthattheJudicialInstituteisattemptingtochangethementalityof Tunisian judges by urging them to implement the international standardsincluded in the agreements that were ratified, whenever they may find aloopholeorambiguityinthenationalprovisions”. 2.01-10. Excerpt from an interview with Judge Fatine Seif, Court of FirstInstance in Ramallah, Palestine andmember of PalestinianNationalWorkingGrouponhowhenowperceivesandteachesthesupremacyofInternational

Human Rights Law “…The judiciary in many countries implements theinternational agreements, which constitute part of the state system whenratified.ThePalestinianBasicLaw,thesupremelaw,thoughitdidnotspecifythe place of international treaties vis-à-vis national laws, indicated thenecessity and obligation to respect and ratify these treaties. The PalestinianAuthority is working on ratifying and acceding to these treaties, withoutdelay…Thisentails thataPalestinian judgemayderive fromtheirprovisions,andmayreferandbuildontheminordertofindsolutionstotheconflictsathand.Itmaybedoneeitherbythejudgedirectlyreferencingtothesetextsandtheirprovisions,orderiving fromthespiritsof theseprinciplesandstandards

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as contained in international human rights treaties, or using them forinspirationwhenreadingandimplementingthenationaltexts.”

Andonwhatheaimstoachieveintheprogramme“…developingeducationalmaterial or curriculum for the Palestinian Judicial Institute to be used as aguideandcurriculumtoeducateandestablisha legalandpracticalculturetobuild theknowledge in theapplicationhumanrightsstandardsandprinciplesincourtroomproceedingsandjudicialrulings.Thesaidcurriculumwillfocusonexplaining the level of coherence between the national legislation andinternational texts; on identifying the provisions that are missing, vague orunclearinthenationallegislation.Thejudgeisthusawareofthemandcapableof interpreting them inaccordancewith international standards.The judge isable to read them correctly, in line with these interpretations, andconsequently to apply them as appropriate, in accordance with theseinternationalhumanitarianprinciples.”http://rwi.lu.se/2015/06/the-judiciary-is-the-foremost-guardian-of-human-rights/2.01-11. Letter sent by Samia Bourouba, Associate Professor at the HighJudicial Institute in Algeria:” The cooperation program between the RWI andthe Arab judicial institutes led to a host of positive results that personallybenefitedmeinseveralrespectsasanAssociateProfessorattheHighJudicialInstituteinAlgeria.Theprogram led toanexchangeof expertiseamong the judicial institutesbybenefiting fromtherichcomparative judicialpractices thathighlight theArabjudiciary’s resorting to implementing international human rights standardsdrawnfromtheagreementsthattheycommittedto,andinsomecasesdrawnfromcustomaryrules.Ipersonallyusedvariousdecisionsandrulingstosupport the lecturesthat Igive for the benefit of the student judges. This caught their particularattention since they learnedabout theArab judicialpractices,mechanismsofimplementinginternationalandregionalagreementsonhumanrights,andthemeansofgivingthemprecedenceoverinternallaws.No doubt, this cooperation will enhance respect for human rights by raisingawarenessamongjudgesontheimportanceoftheseapplicationsandtheneedfortheircontributionstoenrichingjudicialprecedence”.2.01-12. Jordanian judgeDrNaserSalamat,memberof theNationalWorkingGroup, informedRWIthathe isusinghisacquiredknowledge in teachingthejudges in training of the judicial institute about methods of application ofinternationalhumanrights standards indomestic law.He taskedeachoneofthem to research for the international conventions related to criminal

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procedurethatguaranteetheapplicationofafairtrialduringtheprimarystageof investigation.He further assigned them to explorehow the judge canusethe international text when the domestic one is absent. (Criminal ProcedureCodeWorkshopheldonApril23-24,2015)

Indicator3Current and future justice sector actors have improved their knowledge andskills to apply and/or support the application of human rights standards incourts(includinggendersensitiveaspects).

Baseline

Based on the collected questionnaires in the baseline study, justice sectoractorsintheparticipatingcountrieshavemerelyatheoreticalnotionofHumanRights and no practical understanding of their direct applicability in theirrespectivenationalcontext.

Targets13-24months

One regional summer course and one regional moot court targeting 50-60younglawyersand/orlawstudents.

Listofverifiableinstances

The Regional Human Rights Summer Course and the Regional Moot CourtCompetitiontargetingfuture justicesectoractorswereheldasplanned(2.01-13, 2.01-14). We also collected Verifiable Instances from current Judicialpractitioners(2.01-15)andtheJudicialInstitutes(2.01-16).2.01-13.SamirHamdoushaparticipantintheregionalmootcourtcompetitionsentRWIAmmanthefollowingletterin2015:"IwillwriteaboutanexperiencethatIhadaboutayearagowhichchangedmylifeingeneralandmyinterestsandacademicdirectioninparticular.Iappliedtoparticipateinamootcourtthatwastobeheldontopicsofpublicinternational law and the international human rights law as a branch of it,whichIknewverylittleaboutasmyspecializationintheBAdegreewasprivatelaw.ThismeansthatIwasfacedwithachallenge.However,aftermakinganeffort and spending allmy time on solving that case in cooperationwithmyteammates,Ifoundthatthematteronlyneedswill.Withthepassingoftime,and after participating in the competition,whichwasmy first,my interest inhumanrightsandpublicinternationallawincreased.Thispromptedmetogoto the faculty's administration to change my specialization, which wasinsurancelaw.Everyonethoughtmystepwassuicidal,butthisonlyfueledmydeterminationtoproceedandachievemygoalwhichIconsidereddifficultbutinnowayimpossible.NowbecauseofmyexperiencewithRWI,Ireceivedgoodgradesinmychosenpathofstudy.Italsoallowedmetoparticipateinacourseonapplyinghumanrightsagreements innational systems,organizedbyRWI.One of the conditions that the applicant must meet to participate is to be

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specialized in public international law, which increased my chances ofparticipating in that course and increased my enthusiasm to study humanrights."2.01-14. The results of the pre and post assessment questionnaires of 35participantsintheregionalHumanRightsSummerCourseshowsanincreaseofknowledge and understanding of 32.8 %. The pre-assessment ranked theparticipants on 18.5 points of out of 50 points i.e. 37 % whereas the post-assessmentrankedthemat34.9out50i.e.69.8%.

a. Ibtisam a LMM student in International Law from Morocco: “…Thecourse inspiredme to lectureBA student on the samemethodology,which I found very beneficial to maintain a just rule of law in ourcountries… (It) provided the participants with the methodology tomainstream human rights conventions within the application andinterpretationofthenational legislation. Inaddition, Ialsobenefittedfrom interactingwith students from different countries in theMENAregionto learnwhichcountriesratifiedthehumanrightsconventionsinordertocompareandassociatethisamongthenationallegislations,andanalyzethedifferencesandtheirimpacts.”

b. Jumanah from Palestine: “…My favorite thing about the course waslearning the methods of applying international conventions becausethisisanareathatweinonewayoranotherlackintheregion…”

c. Israa from Egypt: “… I think the course provided an introduction forfutureregionalnetworkingamongtheparticipantswhorepresenttheMENA region to develop future coordination in the application ofhumanrightsconceptsandconventionsinourcountries…”

http://rwi.lu.se/2015/08/in-depth-human-rights-summer-course-held-in-lebanon/2.01-15. Judge Ossama Al Dabbas, Coordinator of the Palestinian NationalWorking Group “This program provided me with additional expertise to theextent that I nowapplyhuman rights standards inmy judicial decisions. Thispioneering experience transformed me from a mere legal researcher andreaderwith a cultureon these standards intoanempowered judgewith theability touseand integratethemindecisions. Inordertoensurea fair trial, Itook into account implementing human rights standards in judicialapplication”.AnexcerptofJudgeOssamaAlDabbas’decision:

“… The international agreements regulating human rights, especially the

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Outcome2 Thecooperationbetweenthejudicialinstitutesisstrengthened

Indicator1Frequencyandnatureof Judicial Institutes’ exchangeof knowledge, experience,lessons learnt and best practices to improve practical applicability of HumanRightsstandards

Baseline

The judicial cooperation component within RWI previous programme hascontributed to enhancing the relationships with and between the JudicialInstitutes. However, the cooperation without RWI's leadership would remainsporadic.

UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsof1948andtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,recognized,specifically inArticle6oftheaforementionedInternationalCovenanttherighttowork“whichincludesthe right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living byworkwhich hefreely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard thisright” in addition to Article 7 which stipulates “the right of everyone to theenjoyment of just and favorable conditions of work which ensure safe andhealthy working conditions”.As these provisions are international customs

that must be respected especially since the Basic Law referred to this in

Article10,stipulatingthathumanrightsandbasicfreedomsarebindingand

must be respected, crowned by the State of Palestine joining them on

1/4/2014. Thus they have become binding. It is therefore inaccurate to saythat thecompensation isnota right incasesofarbitrarydismissalwhenoneyearhasnotpassedatworkwithoutreasonsjustifyingthedismissal...”2.01-16.ExcerptfromaninterviewwithJudgeMohammadAlTaherAlHamdiDirectorGeneraloftheHigherJudiciaryInstituteinTunisia“…ItisnosurprisethattheconstitutionoftheSecondRepublicinTunisia,passedinJanuary2014,wasunprecedentedinentrenchingthesystemofhumanrights,byholdingthestate responsible for guaranteeing these rights, and mandating judges toprotecttheserightsandfreedomsfromviolation.ThiswasstipulatedinArticle49ofthenewconstitution.Inviewofthisnewrightsclimateinourcountriesand our firm belief that judges must stand firmly and capably in service ofhumanrights,theHigherJudiciaryInstitutesoughttodirectstudentstowardsaddressingtheserightsintheirresearchpapers,inordertoachievetwogoals.First, to train judges on interacting with these rights academically andconsciously so that they may defend them later. And second, to enrich theInstitute’slibrarywithresearchthatconstitutesareferenceforitsvisitors.Asaresult,46researchpapersoutofatotalof121coveredconstitutionalhuman

rights…”http://rwi.lu.se/2015/11/demanding-basic-human-rights/

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Targets For 2015:At least fivenewverifiable instancesof Judicial Institutes' exchangingknowledgeandbestpractices.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.01-17.TheJordanianNationalWorkingGroupsharedinFebruary2015withthePalestinianNationalWorkingGrouptheirdraftcomparativeresearchonCriminalProcedureCodeasthelatteroptedtobenefitfromtheformer’sexperiencesinceat the time the Jordaniansweremore advanced in the implementation of theiractionplan.2.01-18.ThroughRWI’sproject,thePalestinianHighJudicialCouncilsharedonitswebsite seven Lebanese cases containing direct application of Human Rightsconventions.This indicates thePalestinian Judiciary’s commitment topromotinggood practise and encouraging Palestinian judges on referring to Human Rightsconventions.http://www.courts.gov.ps/details_ar.aspx?id=p4mwxKa8632399710ap4mwxK2.01-19.Thetwosub-regionalmeetingsdedicatedtodiscussingthetworegionaljurisprudence books on the application of Human Rights and Human Rights ofwomen constituted an ideal platform to exchange enlighted case-law and bestpractices. The members of the national teams working together in thedevelopmentofthesebooksstatedthattheseanalyticalanddescriptivebooksarealso important in making the resources related to the rules and principles ofInternationalHumanRightslaw,andthoserelatedtowomen,moreaccessibleforworkersinthejudiciary.2.01-20. As requested by RWI prior to the criminal procedure workshop, theparticipants from Iraq, Palestine and Jordan had prepared presentation on realcasesfromtheirrespectivecountrieswherethejudgesusedinternationalhumanrightstreatiesintheirdecisions.Eightcasesintotalwerediscussedandanalysed.2.01-21. The Palestinian National Working Group shared the pre-final draft oftheir comparative research on Fair Trial guarantees in Criminal Procedure Codebetween September andDecember 2015with the Lebanese, the Jordanian andtheIraqi,aswellastheMoroccantheAlgerianandtheTunisian.Itisworthnotingthat thePalestinianteamwereoriginallydelayed in the implementationof theiraction plan because they changed the topic of the research but then madeexceptional efforts andmanaged to be the first team to finalized their nationalcomparativeresearch.

Indicator2 LevelofcommitmentoftheJudicialInstitutestotheprogramme

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Baseline

The Judicial Institutes participating in the previous RWI regional programmewould generally always participate in the meetings and workshops. However,they would share progress information on the programme’s implementationmostlyuponrequestasopposedtosystematicallyandregularly.

Targets13-24months

Ongoing through the participation in the meetings and workshops as well asthroughregularelectronicandphonecommunication.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.01-22. The Judicial Institutes of Jordan, Iraq and Palestine as well as Algeria,MoroccoandTunisia submitted regular reportson theirmeetingsandactivitiespertaining to their respective action plans and on the progress of theircomparative research as well as steps taken to include national partners.Countless emails andphone calls took place on a regular basis for a consistentsupport and follow-up from RWI side and for continuous reporting from theJudicialInstitutes’side.2.01-23. Judge Thuraya- General Director of the Palestinian Judicial Instituteshowed her full dedication and commitment in the program by taking theinitiativeofgrantingtheNationalWorkingGroupmemberstwodaysoffduringavery busymonth for the institute, to enable them towork outside their busyscheduleonthenationalcomparativeresearchwithRWI.2.01-24.TunisiaJudicialInstitutesolelybasedontheirowninitiativesolicitedthesupportofanexpertonChildRightsfromoutsidetheJudiciarysector.Reachingouttotheacademicandthecivilsocietysectorsisnotacommonoccurrence;thisindicates the willingness of the Judicial Institute to develop serious andprofessionaleducationalmaterialandtools.2.01-25.Despite the fact thatofficially itwasthe judicialvacation,mostof theTunisia National Working Group members availed themselves for a bilateralworkshop. Someof them travelleda longdistance soasnot tomiss it.Othershad to leave to theairport rightafter themeetingwasconcluded.Onanotheroccasion,despitetheirbusyscheduletheteammembersdecidedtomeetwithRWI after working hours. The meeting took place at 4 pm and lasted threehours.2.01-26.ThedirectoroftheJordanJudicialInstituterequestedthedevelopmentofasummercourseforthejudgesintrainingsimilartotheregionalcourseRWIorganizeswiththefacultiesoflaw.(MeetingwithRWIAmmanHeadofOffice8March 2015).Using the summer break for further trainings indicates serious

commitment to developing Human rights mainstreamed modules for the

JudicialInstitute.2.01-27.ThedirectoroftheJordanJudicialInstituteproposedadevelopmentofa project in which the Judicial Institute train the Islamic courts judges theprincipalsoftheproceduralcode. (MeetingwithRWIgeneraldirectorandRWI

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Amman Head of Office 10 June 2015). Taking the initiative to extend thebenefitsoftheprojectstothereligiouscourtsjudgesisaclearindicatorofthe

valueoftheworkforthejudicialinstituteandtheircommitmenttodeveloping

Humanrightsmainstreamedmodules.

2.01-22.Anoveralltotalofsevenversionshavebeenmadeofthetworegionaljurisprudencebookson theapplicationofhumanRights andHumanRightsofwomen;aclearindicationofthecommitmentofthejudicialinstitutesfromthesevencountriesinproducingahighqualitybooks.

Component2.02StrengtheningWomenJudges’CapacitytoProvideJudicialLeadershiponGenderandAccesstoJustice

Outcome1

Womenjudgeshavecollectivelystartedtoidentifyobstaclesthatwomenface

inbeingselectedasjudicialprofessionals,workingasjudicialprofessionals,

and/orbeingpromotedwithinthejudiciaryandtorecommendpossiblestepstowardsreducingthoseobstacles.

Indicator1 Theextentandnatureofformalandinformalobstaclescollectivelyidentified(i.e.“formal”meaningobstacleisencodedinwrittenlawsorregulationslimitingwomen’sparticipation,“informal”meaningwomenjudgesidentifytheobstaclebutmaynotbeabletodocumentit).

Baseline Womenareunderrepresentedinthejudiciariesofallfourcountriesincludedinthecomponent,particularlyinhigher-levelpositions.Alotofthose[judges]whomanagedtobreakthroughtheglassceilingbyservinginajudicialpositioncontinuetoencounteramyriadofsetbacksintheirjudicialcareers,includingdiscriminationwithinthejudiciaryduetosocialattitudes,andprevailingculturalvalues,amongotherreasons.Inmostofthesecountries,womenjudgeshavelimitedforumswheretheycouldcollectivelyshareanddiscusstheiraccountsofthechallengeswomenface,workingasjudgesand/orbeingpromotedinamaledominatedjudiciary.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewverifiableinstancesofwomenjudgescollectivelyidentifyingformalandinformalobstaclesthatwomenfacewithinthejudiciaryintargetedcountries.

Listofverifiableinstances

[2.02-031]Tunisia:InTunisia,thereislackoffemalerepresentationinthehighestleadershippositionswithinthejudiciary.Analysis:InTunisia,womenjudgesreportedthatwomenhadneverheldanyofthetoppositionsinthejudiciary.ThewomenjudgesreportedthatthefirstwomanjudgeinTunisiawasappointedin1969.Theyreportedthatthereare

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approximately607womenjudgesoutofatotalof1875asofDecember2012.Noneofthe607womenjudgesinTunisiaholdanyofthetoppositionsinthejudiciary.ThetoppositionsintheTunisianjudiciaryasreportedbythewomenjudgesareChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt,StateAttorney,andHeadoftheJudiciary,RealEstateCourt,AppealsCourt,andStateAttorneyfortheAppealsCourt.)ChangingthecompositionoftheTunisianjudiciary’stopleadershippositionstoensurethefullandequalparticipationofwomenwillrequirecommitment.TheTunisianwomenjudgesidentifiedno“formal”barriersencodedinlaw,however,andsawthebarriersasmoreinformal/customary.ThefollowingaretheinformalbarriersjudgesfromTunisiahaveidentified:

[2.02-032]Discriminatoryattitudesbymalejudgesremainabarriertowomenjudges’advancement.Analysis:SomeTunisianjudgesexpressedtheviewthatsomemalejudgeswhoareinchargeofcourtsorofsupervisingwomenjudgesholddiscriminatoryattitudesagainstthem.Hence,womenhavetoworkharderthanmentoprovethemselves.Thislimitswomenjudges’abilitytoberewardedwitharaiseorapromotionsincetheyhavetoworkmuchharderthanmenforthesamekindofwork.Onejudgesaidthattheheadoftheadministrativecourthadcharacterizedwomenaseitherincompetentorundisciplined.Forexample,onejudgerecountedastorythatbefore1987,shehadhadafemalecolleaguewhowasgoingtobemadetheheadofhercourt,butamalejudgerefusedtositonthepanelwithher.Themalejudgesaidthatitwasnotamatterofnottrustingthefemalejudge--rather,hewonderedwhatpeoplewouldsayabouthim,ifhesatonapanelheadedbyawoman.Thejudgewhotoldthisstoryaddedthatthe(male)presidentofhercourthadapracticeofcallingtogetherallthemalejudges,andquestioningherinfrontofthemall.[2.02-033]Lackofsupportfromotherwomenjudgesisabarriertowomen’sadvancementwithintheTunisianjudiciary.Analysis:Insteadofbeingsupportive,somewomenjudges,whohaveinternalizednegativestereotypesofwomen,engagein“negativecompetition,”withfellowfemalejudgescreatingobstaclesforthemselvesandholdingotherwomenback.Hence,manyjudgesreportedthatfellowwomenjudgesposeasignificantbarriertotheircareeradvancement.[2.02-034]Malejudges’fearofwomenleadsthemtomarginalizeagainstwomenjudges,therebylimitingtheircareeradvancement.Analysis:Womenareseenasbeinglesscorrupt,moreserious,andmoredevotedtotheirwork.Fearingthiscompetition,malejudgeswouldliketomarginalizewomen.

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[2.02-035]Timidityamongwomenjudgesleadstolimitedcareeradvancement.Analysis:Womenjudgesdon’tputthemselvesforwardforopenings,andincorrectlyassumethattheyarelessqualifiedthanmalecandidates,evenwhentheyarenot.Thisobviouslylimitstheirabilitytogetapromotionoraraise.[2.02-036]Womenjudges’childcareresponsibilities.Analysis:WomeninTunisia(includingwomenjudges)aretheprimarycaretakersofchildren.Theyarereluctanttoholddemandingpositionsduringtheirchildrearingyears.Thisobviouslystiflestheirabilitytoadvanceprofessionally.[2.02-037]Culturallegacy/genderstereotypesagainstwomenjudgesledtodeferentialassignments–andviceversaAnalysis:SomewomenjudgesinTunisiawerewillingtoanddidtakeworkthattookthemoutatnight,oralonewithmen.However,othersdidnot.Forexample:Onejudgedescribedacomplaintshehadheardtheweekbeforeourmeetingfromamalecolleagueabouthavingtoworkextendedshiftsforfourdays,becauseawomancouldn’tdothenecessaryworkonacase,asitwouldhaverequiredhertobeoutatnightinapolicecar.Althoughtheredonotappeartobeformalrulesagainstwomenbeingoutatnightinapolicecar,thereseemstobesomestereotypinginassignments.Thesestereotypedassignmentsinturncancreatethreedistinctbutoverlappingbarriers:

a. Ifwomenarelimitedto“safe”orprotectedroles,theyarelikelytobeperceivedasnotaggressiveenough,notleaders,notgo-getters,nothighprofile,nottested,etc.,andthereforepassedoverforpromotions(i.e.,rulesdesignedtoprotectwomenendupharmingthem,becausetheyleadto/reinforcenegativestereotypesofwomen);

b. Ifwomenarelimitedto“safe”orprotectedroles,theirsupervisorsperceivethemasmorecostly,lessdesirablecolleagues,whocannotbeassignedwithasmuchflexibilityonthepartofthesupervisorastheirmalecounterpartscan;and

c. Ifmengettheideathattheyhavetoworkharderbecausewomenhave‘special’protections,theycanbecomeatworstresentfulofandatbestunsympathetictothecareeraspirationsoffemalecolleaguesforpromotion.

[2.02-038]Securityasagenderedobstacleforwomenjudgeswithinthejudiciary.Analysis:AttheregionalconsultationthattookplaceinMarch2015(afterterroristsattackedtheBardoMuseumbutbeforetheattackonaresorthotel),thejudgesexpressedconcerns(whichtheyhadalsoexpressedin2014)thatthecourtsareinadequatelyprotected–notenoughguards,notenoughsurveillance

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video,andnotenoughpersonalprotectionforjudges,especiallywhenworkinglate.Atthe2015meeting,however,theyconnectedthesesecurityconcernstogender.InterpretationsofIslamiclawinTunisiahavebeensupportiveofwomen’srights(e.g.,theeliminationofpolygamywasjustifiedbyafatwah).Theterroristscannotacceptthestate’sfailuretoapplytheirparticularbrandofIslam,norcantheyaccepttheconceptofanindependentjudiciary–letalonetheconceptofwomenjudgeswithpowertoadjudicatecasesinvolvingmen.Toquotefromonejudge(throughatranslator):

InTunisia,afterthefallofthegovernment,Iwassittinginmyofficewithtwocolleagues,thechairwoman,andtheguard.Acarstoppedinfrontofthecourt–theguyspreadkeroseneonthedoors,pushedthechairwoman,wasabouttolighttheplaceonfire–thankgodwesawhim.Iwasinthecriminalcourt,sawmanyterrorismcourts,weusedtopronounceverdictslateatnight,oneinthemorning–andthefamilieswerethere.Ican’tdescribethefearandterrorIfeltwhenIhadtogotothecar.

Jordan:InJordanhejudgesreportedthattheywere“stillfighting”toallowwomenaccesstoalldecision-makingpositions.Thefirstwomanjudgewasappointedinthatcountryin1996;asofMarchthejudgesreportedthattherewere135(nototalgiven).HerearetheinformalbarrierswomenjudgesfromJordanhavecollectivelyidentified:

[2.02-039]InJordan,womenhavebeenentirelyexcludedfromservingasjudgesontheshariaorreligiouscourts.Analysis:EachmajorreligiousgroupinJordanadministersitsownreligiouslawsrelatedtopersonalmatterssuchasmarriage,divorce,childcustody,adoption,andinheritancematters(e.g.theShariacourtsystemisusedforMuslims,whileChristianshavereligiouscouncils/courtsthatserveasimilarpurpose.)Withnarrowexceptions(e.g.,aMuslimmanmarriedtoaChristianwomanwhoisunwillingtoacceptresorttotheShariacourts),theShariacourtsandreligiouscouncilshavejurisdictionoverdivorce,childcustodyandsupportdecisions.WomenjudgesinJordanreportedthattheyareexcludedfromservingasjudgesintheseShariaorreligiouscourts.However,theytreatedthisexclusionasimmutable.[2.02-040]DiscriminatoryattitudesbyJordanianmalejudgesremainabarriertowomenjudges’advancement.Analysis:WhileJordanianwomenjudgeshaveheldmostcategoriesofpositionsinthejudiciary,theyhavestillnotyetservedoneithertheCourtofCassationortheHighJudicialCouncil.Thejudgesbelievethatovertimethesebarrierswill

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fall,butascribedthemtopervasive,persistentbeliefofwomen’sinferiorityonthepartofsomeoftheirmalecolleagueswithinthehierarchy.

[2.02-041]Lackofsupportfromotherwomenjudgesisabarriertowomenjudges’advancement.TheJordanianjudgesraisedthisasaconcern,however,notallwomenjudgessharedthisconcern.

Morocco:AccordingtotheMoroccanwomenjudges,thefirstwomanjoinedthejudiciaryinthatcountryin1961,andasof2015therewere1040womenjudges,about1/3ofthetotal.TheConstitutionof2011guaranteesequalityofmenandwomenintheprofession,butinformalbarriersremain.HerearetheinformalbarrierstheMoroccanwomenjudgeshaveidentified:[2.02-042]LackofsupportfromotherwomenjudgesinMoroccoisabarriertowomenjudges’careeradvancement.Analysis:TheMoroccanjudgeswereabletobringspecificitytothisconcern,describingrecentelectionstojudicialcouncils.Thiswasanelectioninwhichjudgesthemselvesdeterminedwhowouldserveonthecouncils.Womenwereencouragedtoapply,andinprinciplewantedwomentobenamed.Whenthevoteswerecast,however,mostofthemwenttomen.Asanexample,oneofthejudgesdescribedafemalecandidateinCasablancawhohadonlyreceived35votesoutofover1000ballotscast.

[2.02-043]Discriminatoryattitudesbymalejudgesremainabarriertowomenjudges’advancementAnalysis:LiketheirJordanianandTunisiancounterparts,theMoroccanjudgesemphasizeddiscriminatoryattitudesasabarriertowomen’scareeradvancement.Theyreportedthatwomenjudgeswerenotauthorizedtodealwithmarriagecontracts,describingsuchcontractsasa“monopoly”formalejudges.TheMoroccanjudgespresenttheirobstaclesasculturalbarriersratherthanlegalones–theybelievemalejudgesreservetothemselvesbroadswathsofcasesinvolvingterrorism,crimesandfinancialmatter.Theyexpressedtheviewthatbothmaleandfemalejudgesworrythatwomen’shouseholdandchildcareresponsibilitieswillrenderthemlesscapableofcarryingoutresponsibilitiesassignedtothem.

Egypt:TheEgyptianjudgesreportedthatthefirstwomanjudgeinEgyptwastheGoddessofJusticewhoreignedapproximately7000yearsago.Morerecently,thefirstwomanjoinedtheEgyptianbenchin2003.In2015therewere42womenjudges,andtheEgyptianwomenjudgesidentifiedbothformal

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5Aformalbarrierisonethatisencodedinlaw,regulationorpolicy.ThejudgeswhospoketoIAWJontheseissuesunderstoodthemtobeformal,officialpolicies,notsimplycustomarypractice.

andinformalbarrierstotheirprofessionaladvancement.Egyptianwomenjudgesidentifiedthefollowingformalbarriers5:

[2.02-044]Differententryrequirementsformenandwomenposesabarriertowomen’sabilitytobeappointedintheEgyptianjudiciaryandtocareeradvancementwithinthejudiciary.Analysis:WomeninEgyptmusttakeawrittenexamandanoralexamtobeconsideredforapositionasajudge.Theseexamsarenotofferedonaregularlyscheduledbasis.Therewasoneinitialexam,offeredonanexperimentalbasistoseeifwomenwerequalified.Manywomentookthisexam,and28becamejudges.Asecondexamwasoffered,and12morewomenbecamejudges.Thenitstopped:“Now,nothingishappening.Wecan'tgetanyonetolistentous.”Saidthewomenjudges.Mendonothavetotakethis(veryrigorous)exam.“Nomatterhowwetry,nomatterwhattheConstitutionsays[aboutwomen'srights],wecan'tenforce.”[2.02-045]Womenarenotallowedtositincaseswherereligiousmattersarediscussed.Analysis:WomenjudgesinEgyptarenotassignedcasesthatdealwithreligiousmatters.Allsuchcasesareexclusivelyassignedtoandhandledbymalejudges.Thisisaclearformofdiscriminationagainstwomenjudges.[2.02-046]Womenarenotallowedtositonfamilycourts.Analysis:FamilymattersinEgyptarethepurviewofmen.TheEgyptianwomenjudgesunderstandthisasofficialpolicy,ratherthanjustatradition.Thepolicyisvariouslyjustified,however,sometimesonthegroundsthatwomenare“emotionallybiased,”andsometimesonputativereligiousgrounds.[2.02-047]Sometimeswomenarenotallowedtotakecasesinremoteareas.Analysis:TheEgyptianwomenjudgesreportedthatwomenjudgesarenotallowedtohandlecasesinremoteareas.Othertimestheyareallowed,butarenotgivensecurityorfundsforahotelwhereasmalejudgesareputupin“safehouses”maintainedbythejudiciary.Themalejudgesaregivensecurityaswellasfoodandlodging,butthewomenareexpectedtocovertheirownexpenses,andeitherpayforahotelordrivelongdistanceshomeeverynightbecauseitisnotallowedand“notproper”forthemtostayintheprovidedhouseswithmen.

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Indicator2 Qualityandquantityofrecommendedpossiblestepstowardsreducingobstacleswomenjudgesfaceinbeingselectedasjudicialprofessionals,workingasjudicialprofessionals,and/orbeingpromotedwithinthejudiciary

Baseline Womenjudgesinthetargetedcountrieshaveinadequateopportunitiestoexchangeideas,andcollectivelyproposepossiblestepstheycantaketoremovetheobstaclestheyface.Opportunitiesforwomenjudgestoopenlydiscusssuchstepsarescarce.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewrecommendationsmadebywomenjudgesforpossiblestepstowardsreducingobstacleswomenjudgesfaceinbeingselectedasjudicialprofessionals,workingasjudicialprofessionals,and/orbeingpromotedwithinthejudiciary.

Listofverifiableinstances

In2015,thejudgesmaderecommendationsforsome,butnotall,ofthebarriersthattheyhavecollectivelyidentified.SomeofthesearewithintheabilityoftheIAWJand/orILACtoimplementandothersarenot.Usingthesamenumbersusedabove,theirrecommendationsare:Tunisia:[2.02-031]Recommendation:Totackletheproblemoflackofsecurityfor

womenjudges,thejudgesrecommendgreaterprotectionsforcourtsand

courtpersonnel.Specifically,theyrecommend:

a) Surveillancecamerasinstalledthroughoutthecourts.b) Metaldetectorsandsecuredentrancesandexitsatthecourts.c) Securityforjudgestransitioningtoandfromtheircars.

Analysis:AsexplainedaboveTunisianwomenjudgesconnectthesesecurityconcernsasagenderissuesincetheviewofsomeextremistgroupsputswomenjudgesatahighersecurityrisk.Jordan:[2.02-039]Recommendation:SinceinJordanthereisoverlappingjurisdictionbetweentheshariacourtsandtheregularcourts(e.g.,incasesinvolvinga

MuslimhusbandandaChristianwife,thefamilymatterwouldbeheardinthe

regularcourts),judgesshouldworkinthosecasesthatcometothesecular

courtstointerpretthelawinwaysthatprotecthumanrights.TheyuseHanafi

jurisprudence(oneoftheSunnischoolsofIslamicjurisprudence),whichallows

themsomemarginofinterpretationtointerpretthelawincorporatinghuman

rightsprecepts.

Analysis:Asstatedabove,womeninJordanhavebeenentirelyexcludedfromservingasjudgesontheshariaorreligiouscourts.TheJordanianjudgesattheMarch2015regionalmeetingtreatedtheexclusionofwomenfromthesharia

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courtasimmutable;theirrecommendation,therefore,insteadofexpresslychallengingthatexclusionlookedatwaysthatsharialawcouldbecomemoreresponsivetotheneedsofwomenwhocamebeforethesecularcourts.In2016,theIAWJwillbemeetingwithalargergroupofJordanianjudgesatanationalworkshopinJordan.IAWJwilluseaportionofthetimewiththeselargergroupstoascertainwhetherthereisinterestamongwomenjudgesinjoiningtheshariacourtsthemselves.AwomanjudgeservesonthefederalshariacourtinPakistan,andthatcourthasexpresslyruledthatnothinginQuranbarsawomanfromservinginashariacourt.[2.02-040]Recommendation:Theissueofdiscriminatoryattitudesbymale

judgeshasbeenraisedbyjudgesacrosstheregion,buttherecommendations

havediverged.Somejudgeshaverecommendedtrainingformalecolleagues.

Othershaveexpressedskepticismabouttheconceptofjudicialtraining,

arguingthattherehavebeenmanytrainings,butself-selectionrendersthese

trainingslessusefulthantheywouldbeiftheywererequiredoftheentire

judiciary.Thesejudgesexpressedtheviewthatjudicialtrainingpreachesto

thosewhohavealreadyconverted.Thesejudgestendedtorecommend,in

lieuofgeneraltrainingforjudgesonwomen’srights,trainingspecifically

gearedtowardscreatingandstrengtheningthecapacityofwomenjudges,

individuallyandcollectively.

Analysis:Thedesireforstrengtheningofwomenjudges’capacitytoorganizeandworktogethertoadvancewomenintheprofessioncutacrossmostofthecountriesrepresented.Accordingly,IAWJmadethiskindofcapacitybuildingapriorityintheregionalmeetingthatwasheldinOctober2015inJordan.Morocco:[2.02-041]Recommendation:Trainingspecificallygearedtowardscreatingandstrengtheningthecapacityofwomenjudges,individuallyandcollectively.

Analysis:SameasaboveandaccordinglyIAWJmadethiskindofcapacitybuildingapriorityintheregionalmeetingthatwasheldinOctober2015inJordan.[2.02-043]Discriminatoryattitudesbymalejudgesremainabarriertowomen

judges’advancement

Recommendation:Asyet,norecommendationbecausetheMoroccanjudgeswerenotinagreementabouttheextentoftheproblem.Analysis:TheMoroccanjudgesaredividedastotheextentofthisproblem,with

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Outcome2

Womenjudgeshavecollectivelystartedtoidentifybarriersthatconfront

femalelitigantswhoseekaccesstojusticethroughthecourts,and

recommendpossiblestepstowardsreducingthesebarriers

Indicator1 Extentandnatureofbarriersconfrontingfemalelitigantsidentifiedcollectivelybywomenjudges.

Baseline Priortothisprojecttherehasbeennosystematicandcollectiveeffortbywomenjudgestoidentifyanddocumentbarriersfacedbyfemalelitigantsinthetargetedcountries.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewverifiableinstancesofwomenjudgescollectivelyidentifyingbarriersthatconfrontfemalelitigantsseekingaccesstojusticeinthetargetedcountries.

Listofverifiableinstances

[2.02-031]Poverty,lackofknowledgeoftheirownrights,andculturalpressurestonotassertrightsagainsthusbandspreventwomenfromaccessing

justice.

Analysis:VictimsofviolenceagainstwomenintheMENAregionarepredominantlywomenandgirls.Manyvictimsareoftenunawareoftheirlegalrights.Manydonotknowthatthelawprovidesthemwithprotectionandremediesintheeventtheirrightsareinfringed.Thesearecompoundedbypoverty,andculturalpressurestonotassertrightsagainsthusbandstherebypreventingwomenfromaccessingjustice.Whiletheseissuestranscendnational,geographic,andreligiousboundariesintheregion,theyaregenerallyofgreatestconcerninruralareas.

[2.02-032]Absenceof/inadequacyofdomesticviolencestatutesandfailureof

judgestoconsideralternativeformsofevidenceprovingdomesticviolence.

Analysis:Notallcountrieshavestatutesspecificallydealingwithdomesticviolence,andforthosethatdo,theyarearelativelyarecentphenomenon.Thishinderswomen’sabilitytoaccessjusticethroughthecourtsintheregion.Furthermore,mostvictimsofdomesticviolenceintheMENAregionarewomenandjudgesinvolvedinadjudicatingdomesticviolencecasesoftenrelyondirectevidenceofdomesticviolence(e.g.bruises,brokenteethetc)totheexclusionofotheralternativemeansofprovingdomesticviolence,therebyallowingperpetratorsofdomesticviolencetogoscotfree.Thispresentsabarriertodomesticviolencevictimswhocomebeforethecourtsseekingaccesstojustice.

[2.02-033]Genderstereotypingre-victimizesvictimsingenderbasedviolence

somenotsurethatitisaproblematall,andothersconvincedthatitisbothapervasiveandseriousobstacle.Discussionsleadingtorecommendationsareongoing,andwillcontinuebeyondtheperiodcoveredinthisreport.

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cases

Analysis:Acrosstheregion,womenandgirlsseekingaccesstojusticearere-victimized.Fore.g.avictimofrapewholodgesacomplaintwiththepolicemaybeasked“whatdidyouexpectdressedlikethat/beingonthestreetafterdark/travelingalone?”ThereareprevailingdiscriminatorysocialnormsandnegativegenderstereotypesandbiasesagainstwomenacrosstheMENAregion,therebypreventingwomenandgirlsfromenforcingtheirrighttojustice.[2.02-034]Genderbasedviolencevictimswhotrytoaccessjusticethroughthe

courtsareoftensubjectedtoadditionaltraumainthecourts.

Analysis:Children’scasesareoftenheardinprivateinspecializedcourts(juvenilecourts)dealingspecificallywithchildren’srights.However,therearenospecializedcourtsdealingwithwomen’srightsandadultfemalevictimsofgenderbasedviolenceareoftenforcedtosufferadditionaltraumaiftheycomebeforethecourtsseekingaccesstojustice.Testifyinginopencourtcanbeparticularlytraumaticforsexualassault/rape/domesticviolencevictims.Beingforcedtofacetheperpetratorofviolenceinanopencourtandtalkingpubliclyaboutthepersonalandhorrifyingdetailsofthesexualassaultforcesvictimsofgenderbasedviolencetorelivetheviolencetheysuffered.

BARRIERSRAISEDBYWOMENJUDGESFROMPARTICULARCOUNTRIES

Jordan:

[2.02-035]Femalevictimsand/ortheirmothersarenotconsultedinwhether

tosettleacriminalmatteroutsideofthecourts,orontheappropriate

sentenceinsettlingcriminalcasesaffectingthemselvesortheirchildren.

Analysis:Theformalcourtsareworkingattheinterfacebetweentraditionaldisputeresolutionandtheformalcourts,becauseifthefamilyinvolvedinadisputebeforethecourtsdoesnotacceptthecourt’sdecision,itresortstobloodvengeance.Thejudgesreportedthatjudgestrytoget“buy-in”onlyfrommalemembersofthefamily–mothersarenotconsultedabouttheirviewsontheappropriatesentence,e.g.,forsomeonewhokillstheirchild.

Tunisia:

[2.02-036]Interpretationsoffamilylawthatdisfavourwomen’sproperty

rightsondivorce

Analysis:Typically,husbandsholdtitletorealestate.Womenusetheirresourcestobuyfurnitureandothermoveableproperty.Theseassetscanhavesubstantialvalue,butunlessthewifehasretainedreceiptssherisksbeinggiven

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nothinginpropertymatterswhenshetriestoaccessjusticethroughthecourts.

Morocco:

[2.02-037]Slownessofcourtproceedings,whileburdensomeforalllitigants,

fallsespeciallyhardonwomeninfamilydisputesAnalysis:Slowcourtproceedingsburdenalllitigants,butawomanwhoisseekingdivorcebecauseherhusbandisbeatingherisaffecteddifferently–andmoredrastically--thanacommercialenterpriseseekingenforcementofasupplier’scontract.Ifherfinancialsituationisprecarious,andherspouseistryingtoavoidresponsibilityforthebeating(andescapealimonyandchildsupportobligations),hehaseveryincentivetodelay,anduseherfinancialweaknessasleveragetominimizehisfinancialobligationspost-divorce.

[2.02-038]Thereareveryfewwomenjudgesinremoteareas.

Analysis:Becauseoftheirchildcareandhouseholdresponsibilities,womenjudgesareexemptfrommosttransferstoremoteareas.Thiscameupinthediscussionofwomenjudges’careers,wheretheexemptionswereviewedbysomejudgesas“positivediscrimination,”thatremovedbarriersforwomeninthejudiciarybyprotectingthemagainstunwantedand“family-unfriendly”transfers.However,inthediscussionofobstaclesfacedbylitigants,theMoroccanjudgesidentifiedthenear-totalabsenceofwomenjudgesinruralareasasabarriertofemalelitigants’accesstojustice.Womenjudgescanbemoresensitiveandlessbiasedagainstvictimsofgenderbasedviolence.[2.02-039]ThenewFamilyLaw(TheMouduwana)prohibitingchildmarriages

inMoroccoisnotbeingappliedasintended.Analysis:TheFamilylawinMoroccopermitsjudgestoapprovemarriagesifitisintheminor(girl’s)bestinterests.TheMoroccanjudgesexpressedconcernthatthevastmajorityoftheirmalecolleagueswereapprovingthemajorityofchildmarriageapplicationssubmittedtothem.Asaresult,thenumberofchildmarriagesapprovedundertheMouduwanahavebeenontherise.

Egypt:

[2.02-040]EgyptianLawdoesnotpenalizestalkingorharassingwomen

Analysis:TheEgyptianjudgesreportedthattheyhavenotfoundabasisinEgyptianlawtopreventamanwhocannotaccepttheendofarelationship,fromfollowinghisex-wifephysically,orharassingherwithe-mails,textsandphonecalls.Egyptdoesnothaveananti-stalkinglaw.Hence,womenandgirlswhoseekaccesstojusticeforbeingstalkedorharassedareunabletodoso.

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Indicator2 Extentandnatureofrecommendedpossiblestepstowardsreducingbarriersthatconfrontfemalelitigantswhoseekaccesstojusticethroughthecourts.

Baseline Priortothisprojectthereisnosystematicgatheringofrecommendationsonreducingbarriersconfrontingfemalelitigantsdonecollectivelybywomenjudges.Womenjudgesinthetargetedcountrieshaveinadequateopportunitiestocollectivelyproposepossiblestepstoremovethebarriersthatconfrontfemalelitigantswhoseekaccesstojusticethroughthecourts.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewrecommendationsmadebywomenjudgesforpossiblestepstowardsremovingobstaclesandbarriersconfrontingfemalelitigantsseekingaccesstojustice.

Listofverifiableinstances

(insertlistwithcomponentid+number,e.g:2.02-031,2.02-032,etc)

In2015,womenjudgesmaderecommendationsformost,butnotallofthebarriersthattheyhaveidentified.Usingthesamenumbersusedabove,theirrecommendationsarethefollowing:

[2.02-031(a)]Recommendation:Inordertoempowerwomenandgirlswho

sufferedfromviolenceagainstwomen,itisimportanttoraisetheawareness

oftheirlegalrightsandprotections.

Analysis:Toreducethelackofawareness,thejudgesrecommendedtosensitizewomenandgirlssotheycanbeawareoftheirlegalrightandtheproceduresforseekingreliefthroughthecourts.

[2.02-031(b)]Recommendation:Womenandgirlswhoseekaccesstojustice

needtobegivenpsychologicalsupportsotheycanovercomethestigmaand

shame.Analysis:Womenandgirlswhogotocourttogetaremedyfortheirrighttobefreefromviolenceareoftenstigmatizedbecausetheyareseenashavingchallengedthesocialandculturalnorms.Inadditiontohavingbeensubjectedtoviolence,thesewomenoftenhavetoendureanextraburdenofbeingstigmatizedandshamedforhavinglodgedacomplaintagainsttheirabuser.Onewaytoovercomethestigmaistogetcounselling.

[2.02-032]Recommendation:Judgesshouldallowalternativesourcesofproofthatmayindirectlyprovedomesticviolence.

Analysis:Incasesofdomesticviolence,thejudgesreportedthatitisoftendifficulttofinddirectevidenceprovingdomesticviolence.Hence,theyagreedthattheyneedtorelyonindirectevidencethatwouldallowjudgestorelyon

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otherinformationthatwouldhelpfemalevictimstoprovetheysufferedfromdomesticviolence.[2.02-033and034]Recommendation:Trainingofjusticesectoractorsto

changetheirnegativeattitudesaboutwomenandgirlsandtoensurethey

dealcasesofgenderbasedviolencewiththesensitivitytheydeserve.

Analysis:Womenandgirlsseekingaccesstojusticefacediscriminationintheadministrationofjusticeasaresultoflackofunderstandingonthepartofthepolice,prosecutors,lawyersandjudgesofthesensitivitiessurroundingcertainviolationsofwomen’srightsand/orbecauseofprevailingdiscriminatorysocialnormsandnegativegenderstereotypesandbiasesagainstwomen.Thisdiscriminationpreventswomenandgirlsfromenforcingtheirrighttojustice.[2.02-034]Recommendation:Casesinvolvingaccesstojusticeissuesfacing

womenandgirlsneedtobeheldinprivate.Thiswouldallowthefemale

victimstoopenlytestifywithoutfearofadditionaltraumaandfurther

embarrassment.

Analysis:Thejudgesrecognizedthatthereisacompellingneedtoreducethetraumaexperiencedbyadultsexualassaultvictimsbyallowingthefemaleadultvictimstotelltheirstoriesandtestifyinprivate.Recommendationsfromparticularcountriesforpossiblestepstowards

reducingobstaclesthatconfrontwomenandgirlsseekingaccesstojustice

Jordan:

[2.02-035]Recommendation:Judgesneedtomakesurethatwomenareheard

andaregivenanopportunitywhenitcomestosettlingcasesofaccessto

justicethataffectthemselvesortheirchildren.

Tunisia:

[2.02-036]Recommendation:Judgesneedtousetheflexibilitythatthelawaffordsthemtodojusticetowomeninfamilylawmattersinvolvingproperty

rights.

Morocco:

[2.02-037]Recommendation:Judgesneedtobeawareofthesensitivitiesinvolvedinadministeringjusticeingenderbasedviolencecasesandneedto

realizetheimpactofdelayscanimpactthecase.Somejudgessuggestedthat

itisimportanttocreatespecializedcourtsdealingwithgenderbasedviolence

casestoensurespeedytrialsinsuchcases.

[2.02-039]Recommendation:TheMoroccanjudgesaskedtheIAWJtotrain

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themastrainersontheissueofchildmarriageinMorocco,international

humanrightslawandtherolejudgescanplayinreducingthesame.

Component2.05StrengtheningtheCapacityoftheNationalCouncilforCivilLibertiesandHumanRightsinLibya

Outcome1

StaffmembersoftheNCCLHRhavethecapacity,technicalandfinancialmeans

todocumentandreportonthehumanrightssituationaswellastoengagein

humanrightspolicymakinginthecurrentcontext

Indicator1 ExtenttowhichtheNCCLHRhascapacitytoperformthecorefunctionsofdocumentingandreportingonhumanrightsandpromotinghumanrightsculture

Baseline ThesecuritysituationinLibyalargelypreventstheNCCLHR,asaninstitution,fromoperatingeffectivelyandimplementingthecorefunctionsofdocumentingandreportingonhumanrightsandpromotinghumanrightscultureinLibya.Despitethechallenges,theactingchairman,actingexecutivedirectorandafewcommittedstaffmemberscontinuetheworkfromdifferentlocationsandmaintaintheCouncil’sfunctions.

Targets13-24months

Atleast3verifiableinstancesthatNCCLHRstaffhasthecapacitytocontinueperformingthecorefunctionsofdocumentingandreportingonhumanrightsandpromotinghumanrightsculture.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.05-001:TheExecutiveDirectoroftheNCCLHR,Mr.AhmedAbugoba,reportedinJanuary2016thatABAROLI’sassistanceprovidedin2015wascriticalfortheCounciltobeengagedindocumentingandreportingonhumanrightsanddevelopingworkingrelationswithinternationalorganizations,theUNinparticular.WorkshopsheldinFebruaryandMarch,aswellasABAROLIsponsoredparticipationattheUNUPRsessioninGenevagavehimandhiscolleaguesuniqueexperienceinmonitoringhumanrightsinlinewithinternationalstandards.ThisexperienceencouragedtheexecutivedirectorandsomeofhiscolleaguestoacceptthecalloftheUNHRCandassisttheFactFindingMissionoftheOHCHRtogather,verifyanddocumenthumanrightsviolationscommittedinLibyasinceJanuary2014.Mr.AAbelievesthatinthecurrentsituationwhenstateinstitutionsareparticularlyweakinLibya,UN’sinvolvementiscriticalforprotectionandpromotionofhumanrightsandaccountability.Therefore,heandhiscolleaguesplantoformallyrequestUNHRCtobroadenthemandateoftheFactFindingMission.TheNCCLHRisnow

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confidentandempoweredtoprovidevaluableassistancetointernationalhumanrightsorganisationsandmissions.2.05-002:Ms.MarwaSalem,headofadepartmentattheNCCLHRsaidthatABAROLI’ssupportundertheprogramhasbeendecisiveforthestaffoftheCounciltoperformtheirdutiesinaverydifficulttimeforhumanrightsadvocatesinLibya.Infact,thesupporthasbeenencouraging.“IbelieveinthefutureofLibyawhererightsandlibertiesofeveryLibyanarerespectedandtheNCCLHRcanplayadecisiveroleinbuildingsuchafuture,”saysMarwa.“ABAROLIhelpedustomaintaintheCouncil,thefirsteverNHRIinLibyaandevengetthecategoryBratingfromtheICC.Iwasencouragedtodosomethingonmyowntoprotecttheachievement”,MarwatoldABAinDecember2015.Asaresult,Ms.SalemdevelopedahumanrightscourseforschoolpupilsinTripoliintheSummerof2015andattractedmorethan100studentsintheperiodofabout4months.Toavoidundueattractionofradicalgroups,Ms.Salemcalledthecourse“EnglishLanguageforChildren.”Infact,shedesignedthecourseforthreedifferentagegroupsusingUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,ConventionontheRightsofChildaswellasteachingmaterialsdevelopedbytheUN.“Theresultswereamazing”,saysMarwa,“childrenofallagesnotonlyenjoyedthefriendlyatmosphereandchild-orientedcurriculum,butalsobecamebetterinformedabouthumanrightsandmanyofthemadmittedtheyrealizedhumanrightsdidnotcontradicttheirreligion.”MarwaplanstorenewthecourseandfurtherimprovethecurriculumwithABAROLI’ssupport.

Indicator2 Extentofactivitiesrelatedtoreceivingandprocessinginformationonhuman

rightsissuesinLibya,aswellascommunicationandinformation-sharingamongthestaffmembersoftheNCCLHR

Baseline CurrentlythemanagersandstaffoftheNCCLHRoperatefromdifferentlocationsinandoutsideLibya,theycommunicatewithoutsecuredtechnicalmeansandonsporadicoccasions;receivinginformationandcomplaintsonhumanrightsviolationsandprocessingthemisrandomandnotsystematized.

Targets13-24months

Atleast5verifiableinstancesofreceiving,processingandcommunicatinghumanrightsinformationandcomplaints

Listofverifiableinstances

This is a new indicator. No verifiable instances are available. However, in thereportingperiodABAROLIstartedpreparation,helddiscussionswiththestaffoftheNCCLHRandotherLibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleaderson which secured means of communication would be most appropriate and

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Outcome2

HumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadershavestrengthenedcapacityin

internationalhumanrightslawandpracticesandtheirapplicationinLibya,

includinginreportingonhumanrightsissuesincoordinationwiththeNCCLHR

effective. An informal vibor group was established in the transition period tofacilitatethecommunication,receivingandprocessingofinformation.Morespecificactivitiesareplannedin2016.

Indicator3 ExtentandqualityofreportingandstatementsonhumanrightsissuesinLibya

Baseline TheNCCLHRstafflackscapacitytodocumentandreportonhumanrightssituationintimesofconflict.TheNCCLHRhassuspendedpreparationandpublicationofbi-annualreportsonthehumanrightssituationinLibyasinceJune2014;statementsonspecificissuesarepublishedrarely.

Targets13-24months

Atleastonenewreportand2statementsonhumanrightssituationinLibyameetingbasicstandardsestablishedbyUNGAResolution48/134prepared.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.05-004:NCCLHRmadewrittensubmissiontotheUNHRCsessionontheUniversalPeriodicReviewofHumanRightsSituationinLibya.2.05-005:7statementspublishedbytheNCCLHRinthereportingperiod:

§ 17Jan,2015statementonwelcomingtheresultsoftheUNsponsoredNationalDialogueinGeneva,callinguponallpartiedtorespecttheagreement,callingupontherelevantpartiestoimmediatelyreleaseallprisonerswhoaredetainedinviolationofthelaw,investigatethecasesofforceddisappearanceandlettingthedisplacedLibyansreturntotheirhomes.

§ 15Feb,2015statementcondemningthebeheadingof21ChristianEgyptianworkersinSirte,committedbyISIS.

§ 19August,2015statementregardinghumanrightsviolationsforprisonersanddetaineesinLibya.

§ 28August,2015statementregardingillegalimmigration.§ 23Oct,2015statementcondemningtargetingcivilianswhoparticipated

inthedemonstrationsinBenghazi.§ 27Oct,2015statementcondemningtheairplanecrashinMaiaareaof

Tripoli.§ 5Nov,2015statementcondemningthekidnappingofthechairmanof

theLibyancenterforpressliberty.

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Indicator1 ExtentofunderstandingbyLibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadersofapplicablehumanrightsnormsandpractice

Baseline LibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleaderslackknowledgeofinternationallawandbestpracticesandhowthosecanbeappliedinLibya.Therehavebeennocomprehensivecapacitybuildinginitiativesinthisregard.

Targets13-24months

AtleastfiveverifiableinstancesofhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadersdemonstratingimprovedunderstandingofapplicablehumanrightsnormsandpractices.

Listofverifiableinstances

Itisanewindicator(Outcome2isaddedaftertherevisionoftheprogramresultsframework)andnoverifiableinstancesareavailable.However,inthereportingperiod,4LibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleaderswereselectedasHumanRightsFellowswhoshallsupportimplementationoftheprogramactivities,includingcapacitybuildingofbroadercommunityofLibyanhumanrightsadvocates.

Indicator2 Theextentandqualityofcooperationbetweenhumanrightslegalprofessionals

andCSOleadersandthestaffoftheNCCLHR

Baseline ThelevelofinteractionandcooperationbetweenhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadersandthestaffoftheNCCLHRissporadic,uncoordinatedandweak.

Targets13-24months

AtleastoneverifiableinstanceofcooperationbetweenhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleadersandthestaffoftheNCCLHR

Listofverifiableinstances

Itisanewindicator(Outcome2isaddedaftertherevisionoftheprogramresultsframework)andnoverifiableinstancesareavailable.Inthereportingperiod,fourLibyanhumanrightslegalprofessionalsandCSOleaderswereselectedasHumanRightsFellows.FourotherFellowsarestaffmembersoftheNCCLHR.TheHumanRightsFellowsshallimplementjointactivitiesandcooperateinpromotinghumanrightsinLibya.

Component2.06StrengtheningtheapplicationofinternationalofhumanrightsstandardsinTunisiathroughsupportingunderstandingofinternationalcriminallaw

Outcome1

Tunisianjudgesandprosecutorscaneffectivelyfightimpunitybyapplying

internationalcriminallawprinciplesintheirdailyprofessionalactivities.

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6ThisfeedbackwasprovidedbyJudgeMisaMagic,speakerattheFebruary,2015ICLworkshop.Judgemagicstatedinhisemailthat“attheendofthesession,allofthemwereawareofmaininternationalcriminallawconceptsandstandards.Duringthecasestudies,therewereabletodistinguishdifferentcrimesandgroundsforcriminalresponsibility.”7Ibid.

Indicator1 Extentofincreaseintheability,byselectedTunisianjudgesandprosecutors,toapplyeffectivelyinternationalcriminallawstandardstohypotheticalviolationsofinternationalcriminallaw.

Baseline Effectivelyzero.Forexample,only23%oftheparticipantstotheBaselineStudymentionedminorityrightsortherightsofvulnerablegroupsasbeingissuespertainingtoICL.

Targets13-24months

Atleasttennewverifiableinstancesofincreasedabilityamongstselectedjudgesandprosecutorstoapplyeffectivelyinternationalcriminallawstandards

Listofverifiableinstances

2.06-1:Basedontheself-assessmentquestionnairefilledoutbytheparticipantsbeforeandafterthetraining,86%oftherespondentsexpressedanimprovedknowledgeinICL.2.06-2:Speakerfeedback6confirmedthat,followingtheworkshops,participatingprosecutorswereabletosuccessfullyidentifythemainlegalissuesarisingfromhypotheticalscenariosinvolvingcommandresponsibilityandfairtrialrights.2.06-3:Speakerfeedback7confirmedthatparticipatingprosecutorswereabletocorrectlydistinguishdifferentICLcrimesandthegroundsforcriminalresponsibility.Anareaofparticularinterestwasthedoctrineof‘commandresponsibility’,whereasuperiorcanbefoundcriminallyliableforafailuretopreventorpunishcrimes.ThismodeofcriminalliabilitywasfelttobehighlyrelevanttothesituationincrimesrelatingtotherevolutioninTunisia.2.06-4:Basedonthejudgesandprosecutors’self-assessment,96%haveexpressedanimprovementintheirabilitytoapplyICLstandardstocasesundertheirsight(Question3oftheself-assessmentquestionnaire).2.06-5:Duringthetrainingsessionandfollowingthespeakers’presentations,theparticipantsweremoreabletocharacterizethecrimescommittedinthehypotheticalcasestudiesandidentifythedifferentmodesofcriminalliabilitywhenaninternationalcrimeiscommitted.Priortothecasestudies,theparticipantsexpressedlimitedknowledgeofthesematters.

Indicator2 Extentofincreaseinabilitytoidentifyandavoidlegalobstaclesto

implementinginternationalcriminallawstandards,byselectedTunisianjudgesandprosecutors

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8Question2:YourabilitytoidentifyobstaclestotheapplicationofICLprinciplesinthedomesticcourts

Baseline Effectivelyzero.TheBaselinestudyfoundthat33%ofrespondentsidentifiedanobstacle-politicalwill-totheimplementationofICL,buttheywerenotabletoidentifylegalorinstitutionalobstacles.

Targets13-24months

Atleasttennewverifiableinstancesofincreasedabilitytoidentifyandaddresslegalobstaclestoimplementinginternationalcriminallawstandards.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.06-1:InresponsetoQuestion2oftheself-assessmentquestionnaire,97%oftheparticipants(asatotalofbothsessions)expressedanimprovementintheirabilitytoidentifyobstacles(legalandprocedural)totheapplicationofICLprinciplesinthedomesticcourts.2.06-2:InresponsetoQuestion2oftheself-assessmentquestionnaire897%oftheparticipantsexpressedanincreasedknowledgeintheirabilitytoidentifylegalandpracticalobstaclestotheapplicationofICLprinciplesinthedomesticcourts.2.06-3:InresponsetoaquestionposedbyaspeakerduringtheFebruarytraining2015session(howtoapplytheRomeStatuteintheTunisiancourtsgiventhelackofsentencingguidelinesforICLcrimes)judgesrespondedthatitispossibletoapplythesentencesforordinarycrimesprovidedforintheTunisianpenalcode,forinstanceincasesofrapeorunlawfulkilling,asaninternationalcrime.Byapplyingsentencesalreadyexistinginthedomesticpenallaw,thejudiciarymaybeabletoovercomethelegalobstaclepertainingtotheabsenceofdomesticlawsimplementingtheRomeStatute.However,thegroupalsoobservedthatlegislativereformisneededtoensurethattheRomeStatutecanbeappliedatthedomesticcourtlevelandthatthesentencesreflecttheseverityofICLcrimes.2.06-4:ParticipantsinApriltrainingsessionidentifiedtheabsenceofthelegalrighttoalawyerduringinterrogationasanimpedimenttoupholdingfairtrialrightsasprotectedintheRomeStatute,aswellasotherinternationalinstruments.Theparticipantsarguedthatthepresenceofalawyerduringtheinterrogationphasewillprovideasafeguardfortheaccused’srightsandreducetheriskoftortureandilltreatment.Theynoteditsparticularimportanceincasesofinternationalcrimeswhichmaybeseentojustifyviolationsoftherightsoftheaccused.2.06-5:SpeakersengagedparticipantsindiscussionontheapplicationoftheprincipleofuniversaljurisdictionforthecrimeoftortureandbroachedthequestionofwhetherTunisiancourtscouldbeseizedofICLcrimescommittedinothercountries.ThiswasimportantdiscussiongiventhepotentialforcrimescommittedinLibyaandSyriatobefiledinTunisiancourts.

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Outcome2

DialogueinitiatedonreformofTunisia'sdomesticcriminallegalframework

whereitfallsshortofinternationalcriminalstandards

Indicator1 Extentofincreaseinmutualrecognitionbetweenselectedjudgesandprosecutorsandotherkeyactors,suchasMinistryofJusticeandHighJudicialCouncil.

Baseline Zero.TherehavebeennoorverylimitedopportunitiesinTunisiaforjudgesandprosecutorstobeengagedindialoguewithotherkeyactors.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewverifiableinstancesofmutualrecognitionbetweenselectedjudgesandprosecutorsandotherkeyactors.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.06-1:TheMoJhasgenerallybeenveryresponsivetotheselectioncriteriaprovidedbytheIBAregardingtheneedforseniority(5+years’experience)andexpertiseinpenallawamongtheparticipantgroup.However,theMoJhasnotbeenabletomaintainanadequateparticipationoffemalejudgeswhichisoneofthemaincriteriaofselectionprovidedbytheIBA.

Indicator2 Extentandqualityofinputfromselectedjudgesandprosecutorsintocriminal

lawreforminitiatives,suchasconclusionsandrecommendationsmutuallyagreeduponbyMinistryofJusticeandHighJudicialCouncil.

Baseline Zero.IBAhasbeeninformedduringtrainingsessionsformingpartofthecomponent2.07programmethatonlyafewindividualjudgesandtheLegalandJudicialInstitutehavebeenconsultedandinvolvedindraftingnewprovisions.

Targets13-24months

Atleastfivenewverifiableinstancesofjudges'inputs.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.06-1:ParticipantsinthetrainingsessionsdiscussedinternationalfairtrialsafeguardsprovidedforundertheRomeStatuteRuleofProcedureandEvidence,suchastherighttocounselandwitnessprotection.Participatingjudgesandprosecutorsagreedthatdomesticlawshouldbereinforcedtoprovidesuchrightsandexpressedtheirinterestincontributingtolegalreform.Judgeshavenot,however,beenincludedinasystematicmannerinreformendeavourstodate.

Component2.07TrainingofTunisianJudges

Outcome1

Tunisianjudgesincreasinglyunderstandandapplyinternationalhumanrights

principlesintheirprofessionalduties

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9Question7oftheIBAself-assessmentquestionnaire10Question9oftheIBAself-assessmentquestionnaire

Indicator1 ExtentofincreaseinTunisianjudges'andprosecutors'levelofunderstandingofthelanguageandapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandards,andtheroleofthejudiciaryinpromotinghumanrightsintheexerciseoftheirprofessionalduties.

Baseline BasedonfocusgroupsinterviewthatformedthebasisfortheMidtermreviewsomesixverifiableinstancesofjudgesandprosecutorsexpressinganincreasedlevelofunderstandingwereidentified

Targets13-24months

Atleasttennewverifiableinstances,basedoninterviewsandfeedback,ofjudges'andprosecutors'infocusnodesreportingasignificantincreaseintheirabilitytoidentifyregionalandinternationalhumanrightstreatiesrelevanttoTunisia

Listofverifiableinstances

2.07-1:Onthe1-5scale(1beingleastinformed,5most),judgesattheCEELIInstitutesessionsexpresseda3.2averageabilitytoidentifyregionalandinternationalhumanrightstreatiespriortothetraining,andanaverageof4,2after.2.07-2:BasedontheIBAself-assessmentquestionnaire,judgesdemonstratedanincreasedunderstandingofinternationalhumanrightsstandards.Thus,65%expressedanincreasedknowledgeaboutthetopicscoveredand30%keptahighlevelknowledge.2.07-3:67%ofthejudgesparticipatingintheIBAtrainingsessions,expressedanimprovementoftheirunderstandingoftheapplicationofhumanrightsprinciplesprotectingfreedomofthought,conscienceandreligioninademocraticstateand28%keptahighlevelofknowledgeofthesetopics.2.07-4:78%oftheparticipatingmagistratesintheIBAtrainingsessionsexpressedanincreasedunderstandingoftheapplicationofinternationalhumanrightsstandardsrelatingtoarrestanddetention9.2.07-5:Question8oftheIBAself-assessmentquestionnairerevealedthat60%oftheparticipantsexperiencedanincreasedknowledgeonhowtosafeguardanaccusedperson’shumanrightsindomesticcriminalproceedings.37%ofthemagistratesremainedatahighlevelofknowledge.2.07-6:65%ofthemagistratestakingpartintheIBAtrainingsessionsexpressedanincreasedunderstandingoftheroleofthejudiciaryinprotectingandpromotinghumanrightsstandards,while35%remainedatahighknowledgelevel10.2.07-7:Onthe1-5scale(1beingleastinformed,5most),judgesattheCEELIInstitutesessionsexpresseda3.3averageunderstandingoftheroleofthe

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judiciaryinpromotingaccesstojusticeforvulnerablegroupspriortothetraining,andanaverageof4.4thereafter.2.07-8:Inhersentenceon13October2015,judgeLeilaHammami,presidentofthemilitarytribunalandparticipantintheIBAHRIjudicialtrainingsessionofJune2014invokedarticle14oftheInternationalCovenantontheCivilandPoliticalRightsguaranteeingfairtrialrightsandconsideredthatnotinformingtheaccusedofthechargesbroughtagainsthimisconsideredtobeafundamentalbreachofhisrights.

Indicator2 Extentandqualityofimplementationofactionplanstrategiesbyjudgesand

prosecutorstoovercomeobstaclestoapplyinginternationalhumanrightsprinciples,includingthoserestrictingaccesstojusticeforvulnerableandmarginalizedgroups(duetoage,gender,nationality,ethnicity,religion,socio-economicstatus,etc.),asexpressedinactionplans

Baseline Thepersonalactionplanwasintroducedduringthe2012/13‘TrainingofTunisianJudges’programmebytheCEELIInstitute.Previously,therehasnotbeenastrategicmethodologytofollow-uponimplementationoftheactionplan

Targets13-24months

Atleastsixnewverifiableinstance,basedprimarilyoninterviewswithjudges'andprosecutors'infocusnodes,ofdisseminationofqualityactionplansstrategiesonhowtoovercomeobstaclestoapplyinginternationalhumanrightsprinciplesobservedatthefocusnodes.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.07-9:InafollowupinterviewtothatinOctober2014,OB,ajudgeattheBejaTribunalsaidthatthesystemofusingclearersignsdodirectthepublicthatsheintroducedasapartofherPAPwasworkingverywellandhadledtoasignificantimprovementintheworkingenvironmentforclerksandjudgesaswellasabetterunderstandingofthecourtforordinarycitizens.Ithadenabledpartiestofindtherightchambermorequicklyandhelpedreducedelaysinproceedingsandspeeduptrials.OBhadbeenworkingactivelytodisseminatehersystemtoothercourts.IthadnowbeensuccessfullybeenadoptedatSousseIIandJendouba.2.07-10:Thesamejudgeisaimingtoinstallspecialwaitingroomsforfamiliestoensurethattheygetanappropriatereceptionandkeepthemseparatefromothervisitorstothecourt.Underthecurrentsystem,thefirstthingyouseewhenyouenteristhechamber,whichmakespeopleafraid.Allvisitorsarrivingatthecourtaremixedinoneroomandthendistributedthroughoutthebuilding.Theabsenceofanyspecialisedreceptionmeansallvisitorsgodirectlytofindaclerk,oftenintheirpersonaloffices.Thisdisturbstheirworkandthepresenceofthepublicintheclerkpremisesmeansariskthatfilescandisappear.OBwouldlikeaspecialisedreceptionwithspecialisedclerksforeachchamberanddesignatedwaitingroomsforthedifferenttypesofcasesheardatthecourt.

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Analysis:Itisafundamentalrequirementoftheruleoflawthatjusticenotonlybedonebutthatitshouldalsobeseentobedone.Obscureproceduresandconfusionaboutwhatishappeningatthecourthousepreventsthepublicfromunderstandingtheworkofthecourtandcouldamounttoaviolationtotherighttoafairtrialeveniftheproceedingsassuchhavebeenfair.Understandingwhenandwhereproceedingstakeplaceisanessentialelementtoaccesstojustice2.07-11:AjudgeattheBejaTribunal,sattheILACcourseinMarch2014anddevelopedapersonalactionplaninvolvingcomputerizingthedatabaseofformsandcasestospeedupdecision-makingandlightentheadministrativeburdenonjudges.Inafollowupinterviewin2015,BTsaidshestillusesaprivatecomputertowriteherjudgements.ShethensavesthemontoaUSBstickandhandsittotheclerksforprinting.Thisprocedure,whichhasnowspreadtobecomecommonpracticeamongjudgesatthecourt,hascompletelyremovedtheneedtohaveclerkstypeouthandwrittenjudgements,aprocessthatpreviouslywouldtaketwomonths.JudgesregularlyexchangestandardtemplatesforcertainfrequentlyoccurringdocumentsonUSBandlatelyalsoviaemail.Shestatedthatthishassavedtimeindraftingandenabledamorestandardisedformat.Italsohelpsinensuringcontinuityintheapplicationofthelawasitcreatesadditionalopportunitiestoexchangeopinionsonrelevantlegalissuesandhasfreeduptimeforsuchdiscussions.2.07-12:MrFM,generalprosecutoratthetribunalinNabeul,haddevelopedasystemtominimiseabuseinpolicecustody,whichhesaidhadcomeaboutasadirectresultofhisexperienceofparticipatingintheILACtraining.Underthenewprocedure,henowdemandstoseeeachsuspectbeforegrantinganyapplicationtoholdthemindetention.Heasksallsuspectsiftheyhavebeensubjectedtoanyformofviolenceinconnectionwiththearrestorduringdetention.Ifhegetsanyindicationthatsomethingiswrongthesuspectisremovedfromthecustodyofthepersonsinvolved.Hethenroutinelysecureslistsofotherdetaineesinthesamedetentioncentreandquestionsthemtogetindependentevidencefromthepolice.Whenthesystemwasfirstimplementedsuspectswouldoftenraiseissuesofmistreatmentbutasthepolicehavegotusedtothenewsystemandadjustedtotherules,thenumberofsuchinstanceshasdroppedsignificantlyandnowitisveryrare.Hebelievedthiswasbecausetheyhavechangedhowtheybehavetowardssuspectsandstoppedusingviolence.FMisnowplanningtotaketheprojectonestepfurtherbymakingsurprisevisitstothejailstoseehowthedetaineesaredoingandtomakesurethattherecordsofdetaineesarecorrectandkeptuptodate.Hehasinformedthedistrict’schiefofpolicebutnooneelseinthepoliceisawareheisplanningthis.

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Outcome2

TheTunisianjudiciaryisbetterabletoassertitsindependence.

Indicator1 Extenttowhichjudgesandprosecutorsareabletoidentifythreatstojudicialindependenceandstrategizecollectivelyonhowtoasserttheirindependence

Baseline Effectivelyzero.Theassessmentfoundthatthereissomeabilityamongthejudgesandprosecutorstoidentifythreatstojudicialindependenceandstrategizecollectivelyonhowtoasserttheirindependence.Collective,unifiedactionishowevernascent,notleastowingtothelimitedopportunitiesforjudgesfromdifferentcourtstoconvene.

Targets13-24months

Atleastsixnewverifiableinstances,basedoninterviewsandfeedback,wherejudgesandprosecutorsareabletoidentifythreatstojudicialindependenceandstrategizecollectivelyonhowtoasserttheirindependence

Listofverifiableinstances

2.07-1:64%ofthejudgesexpressedanincreasedknowledgeaboutidentifyingstepsthejudiciarycantaketoindependenceandhowthejudiciarycanassertitsindependenceand34%remainedatahighlevelofknowledge.2.07-2:ParticipantsduringtheIBAFebruary2015trainingsessionidentifiedtheneedforcollaborationbetweentheministry,thejudges,thejudgesassociationandCivilSocietyOrganizationasasafeguardtotheindependenceofthejudiciarywhileenactinglawsinsteadofexercisingastrictmonopoleondraftinglaws.Judgesexpressedconcernsabouttheabsoluteprerogativeofthegovernmentinregulatingthejudiciarywithoutameaningfulconsultationwiththejudiciary.2.07-3:ThejudgesduringtheIBAFebruarytrainingsessionexpressedgraveconcernregardingpolicereports(withinthepolicethereisaspecializedcellmonitoringjudges)onthejudges’whereaboutsandprivatelifeasthiscanconstitutearealthreattotheircareerandthereforetheirindependence.Judgesinsistthattheyshouldbeevaluatedonthemeritsoftheirjudgementsinordertopreservetheirindependence.2.07-4:ParticipantsintheIBAtrainingsessionsreiteratedthatinordertoupholdtheirindependence,judgesneedtoandcontinuethelearningprocessthroughouttheircareerespeciallyinrelationwithhumanrightsandindependenceofthejudiciary.Throughtheinteractionwiththeinternationalspeakers,judgesdeepenedtheirawarenessthatthesplitbetweentheTunisianMagistratesAssociationandtheTunisianMagistratesSyndicate,addtothatthenewlycreatedAssociationofYoungJudges,ishinderingtheirunityandadvancementtowardsaanindependentjudiciary.ThisweaknesscameobviousinthedraftlawcreatingtheHighJudicialCouncilwherethedifferingorganizationsfailedtoprovideaunitedvoiceexpressingthewholebody’sdemandsandconcerns.

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Indicator2 Extenttowhichjudgesandprosecutorspursueimplementationoftheiractionplanstrategiestoovercomeobstaclestoactingindependently

Baseline Thepersonalactionplanwasintroducedduringthe2012/13‘TrainingofTunisianJudges’programmebytheCEELIInstitute.Previously,therehasnotbeenastrategicmethodologytofollow-uponimplementationoftheactionplan.

Targets13-24months

Atleastsixnewverifiableinstances,basedprimarilyoninterviewswithjudges'andprosecutors'infocusnodes,ofdisseminationofqualityactionplansstrategiestoovercomeobstaclestoapplyinginternationalhumanrightsprinciplesobservedatthefocusnodes.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.07-5:AjudgeattheBejaTribunal,sattheILACcourseinMarch2014anddevelopedapersonalactionplaninvolvingcomputerizingthedatabaseofformsandcasestospeedupdecision-makingandlightentheadministrativeburdenonjudges.Inafollowupinterviewin2015,BTsaidshestillusesaprivatecomputertowriteherjudgements.ShethensavesthemontoaUSBstickandhandsittotheclerksforprinting.Thisprocedure,whichhasnowspreadtobecomecommonpracticeamongjudgesatthecourt,hascompletelyremovedtheneedtohaveclerkstypeouthandwrittenjudgements,aprocessthatpreviouslywouldtaketwomonths.JudgesregularlyexchangestandardtemplatesforcertainfrequentlyoccurringdocumentsonUSBandlatelyalsoviaemail.Shestatedthatthishassavedtimeindraftingandenabledamorestandardisedformat.Italsohelpsinensuringcontinuityintheapplicationofthelawasitcreatesadditionalopportunitiestoexchangeopinionsonrelevantlegalissuesandhasfreeduptimeforsuchdiscussions.Analysis:OneofthemostbasicobstaclesfacedbyjudgesinTunisiainvolvesthecombinationofnearlyunmanageablecaseloadswithlackofsufficientmaterialandadministrativesupport.Judgesarenotroutinelyprovidedwithworkcomputers,donothaveofficialemailaddressesanddonotenjoygeneralaccesstoacentralizeddatabaseofcasesandforms.Thesefactorsleadtolongdelaysinprocessingcasesandconstituteadefactobarriertojudgesorganizingthemselves,giventhattheysimplydonothavetimeformeetingswiththeircolleagues.Byspeedingupprocessingofcases,judgesfulfilacoreconditionforrespectfortherighttoafairtrial,namelytimeliness.Bydoingsoontheirowninitiative,judgesdemonstrateindependenceandprogressivelytakeawayanyexcusesonthepartoftheMinistryofJusticenottoprovideadequatesupport,includingafullcomputerizationprogramundertakeninconsultationwiththejudges.InitscontactswiththeMinistry,ILACroutinelyunderscoresthispoint.2.07-6:JudgesinafocusgroupatdiscussionattheSfaxTribunalIinMay2015creditedtheILACcoursewithprovidingthemwiththetoolsforcontinuousevaluationofthecourt’swork.AsanexampletheymentionedtheundertakingbyJudgeFM,ChiefInvestigativeJudgeatSfaxTribunalI,inhisPAPtoimproveeffectivenessofinvestigationsbyimprovingcommunicationwithandschedulingofmeetingswithpartiesinamoreeffectivemanner.Thesuccessful

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implementationofthissystemhadinspiredotherjudgestoassesstheirownplanningfromthesameperspective.WhiletheroleofFMasinvestigativejudgeallowedhimtocontrolhisscheduletoagreatextentbysimplyorderingpartiestobepresentatspecifictimes,thesamewasnotnecessarilytrueforotherjudgesandothertypesofcases.Nevertheless,theexperiencehadpromptedjudgestoevaluatetheirworktotrytofindwaystomakeproceedingsmorepredictableandaccessibletothepublic.2.07-7:AchiefjudgeintheFamilysectionofBejaCourtsaidthattheprogrammehadinspiredhimtotrytoimproveplanninginhischambertominimisetheamountoftimethatpartieshadtowait.Hefoundthatalthoughthegreatvariationinhowlongfamilycasestakepreventedhimfromschedulingexacttimesforeachmeeting,simplylettingpartiesknowiftheircasewastobeheardinthefirstorsecondhalfofthedayhadallowedhimtoeffectivelycuttheirwaitingtimeinhalf.Theshortercuesoutsidehisdoormeantreducedstressandallowedhimtotakesufficienttimetoallowtheaimsofthemeetingstobeachieved.Toenablethis,hewouldnowschedulemeetingswellinadvanceandtakestepstoensurethatpartiesshowedup.

Component2.09StrengtheningthedevelopmentofaninstitutionalframeworktocombatcorruptioninTunisia

Outcome1

EnhancedsensitizingamongparticipantsfromTunisianbodiesengagedin

anti-corruptioneffortsonapproachestodetectingandinvestigating

corruption.

Indicator1 Levelofawarenessandknowledgeamongparticipantsofthelegal,politicalandsocialeffectsofcorruption.

Baseline Participantshavesometechnicalcapacitiestoundertakeinvestigationaboutcorruptactivitiesbutverylittleexperienceinstudyingordiscussingcorruptionasasocialorlegalchallenge.

Target Atleastfiveverifiableinstancespereach2015and2016ofshowingparticipants’increasedawarenessandknowledgeoflegalandsocialeffectsofcorruption.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.09-1:OneoftheparticipantsoftheMaytrainingcommentedthat“thetrainingmadeusrealizethatwearenottheonlycountryinthissituation[combattingentrenchedcorruption].Ithelpedusunderstandthemethodologybetter,andbroughtusopportunitiesforinternationalcooperation,whichencouragesustocontinuecombattingcorruptiondespitetherealitybeing

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Outcome2

EnhancedcooperationbetweenkeyactorscombattingcorruptioninTunisia

Indicator1 ExtentofexchangesbetweentheINLUCCandnon-agencyactors

Baseline Atthebeginningoftheprojecttherehasbeenlittleinteractionbetweengovernmentbodiesintermsofacoordinatedanti-corruptioneffort.Cooperationbetweengovernmentalbodiesandnon-governmentalbodieshasbeenverylimitedinthefieldofanti-corruption.

11StatementcollectedduringanevaluationmeetingsbetweenCEELIinstitute’son-groundconsultantandMr.SamirAnnabiinSeptember2015.

sometimesdemoralizing”2.09-2:AparticipantoftheJunetraininginTunisobservedthat“weareonlynowrealizinghowwidespreadandestablishedcorruptionandnepotismisinsomeindustries.Butthesetoolssuchasforensicaccountingenableustogetawholenewinsightintowhatispossibletofindandprove”.2.09-3:TheAgencyusesitscapacitytosensitizeothernon-agencygovernmentactorstocombattingcorruption.AccordingtoMr.Annabi“thisisnotaneasyendeavorinacountrywhereitwasnotpossibletotalkaboutcorruptionandnowwearetalkingaboutcombattingcorruptionwhichisalevelevenhigher11”.Theagencyusestheseinformalsensitizationmeetingstoidentifytheircounterparts’needs.

Indicator2 Levelofunderstandingamongparticipantsonnewapproachesofdetecting,

investigatingandprosecutingcorruption.

Baseline TherehasbeenvirtuallynodiscussionpriortotheTunisianrevolutionaboutcorruption,includingamongprofessionalsandrepresentativesofbodiesthatwouldnormallycarryoutanti-corruptioninvestigationsandprosecutions.Virtuallynoanti-corruptiontrainingshavebeenorganizedpreviously.

Target 80%ofparticipantsshowincreasedunderstandingofeffectiveapproachesofdetecting,investigatingandprosecutingcorruptionthroughpre-andpost-self-assessmenttests.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.09-4:Intheself-evaluationquestionnairesattheendoftheJune2015trainingsession,95%(20outof21submittedevaluations)participantsactiveinanti-corruptioneffortinvariousbodiesindicatedthatthetrainingwas“extremely”or“very”usefulfortheirwork.

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Target Atleastfiveverifiableinstancespereach2015and2016ofsuchexchanges.

Listofverifiableinstances

2.09-5:INLUCChasidentifiedneedsthroughobservingnon-governmentagencybehaviorandthroughmonitoringmediatoidentifycorruptionissuesandidentifywaystocombatthem.InanevaluationmeetingwithMr.Annabihestatedthat“mediaisourallyandwearemonitoringinvestigativemediareportsthathelpusidentifythegapsinourcapacitytofightcorruption12”.2.09-6:TheAgencyhascreatedchannelsofcommunicationwithministersanddirectorsgeneralintheministriestofacilitatecollaborationandtheparticipationoftheirstaffmembersinthetrainingsessions.Theagencycreatedandmaintainedexcellentrapportwithe.g.theGoodGovernanceAgency,theFinancialAnalysisUnitattheTunisianCentralBankandtheMinistryofFinance.TheagencyconsiderstheGoodGovernanceAgencyasstrategicallytofightcorruption13.2.09-7:Theagencyhasadoptedanon-traditionalapproachbynotonlyinvolvingthecontrolbodieswithinthegovernmentinstitutionstraditionallyentrustedwithcombattingcorruption,butalsootherbodiessuchasforensicpoliceandtheNationalGuard’sForensicUnit14.2.09-8:Theagency’scorestaffhasalsoparticipatedinatrainingsessionorganizedbytheFrenchHighJudicialInstituteinordertocomplementtheirexpertise.TheAgencyalsoinitiatedcollaborationwiththeArabOrganizationtoFightCorruptionintermsoftrainingsandinformationexchange.2.09-9:TheCEELIInstitutehasprovidedcontactbetweentheOECDAnti-CorruptionDivisionandMr.AnnabiinordertosecureINLUCCrepresentationatthe“GlobalNetworkofLawEnforcementPractitionersagainstCorruption”,organizedbytheOECDinParisinDecember20152.09-10Asdescribedbyoneoftheparticipants(INLUCCCouncilmember)oftheMaytraining,“theinternationalcooperationsofINLUCC,includingtheonewiththeSIDA,UNDP,Europol,CouncilofEurope,EuropeanCommissionandothers,enabledusnotonlytotrainourexperts,introduceeducationscheduleandactionplans,butalsotowithstandseveralpoliticalattemptstodissolvetheAgency”.2.09-11ParticipantsofthePraguetrainingwereabletomeetandbrainstormwiththeircounterparts,includingmembersofanti-corruptionpoliceunitsandNGOsfromanumberofothercountries,includingMoldova,UkraineandLiberia.

12StatementscollectedduringanevaluationmeetingbetweenCEELIinstitute’songroundconsultantandMr.SamirAnnabiinSeptember2015.13idlib14idlib

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Indicator2 NumberofTunisianinstitutionsrepresentedintrainingsorganizedwithintheprogrambyinvitationsfromINLUCC.

Baseline Platformsforinter-sectoralexchangesonant-corruptionwereveryscare,andINLUCChadn’tbeenpreviouslyorganizinganti-corruptiontrainingsessionsthatotherstakeholderswouldparticipatein.

Targets Atleast15differentTunisianinstitutionsandorganisationsparticipateinthetrainings.

Numberofparticipants

Inthetwotrainingscarriedoutin2015,representativesofthefollowinginstitutionsparticipated:

- 1/INLUCC- 2/Publicprocurementandinvestigationcommittee(Comitédesuiviet

d´enquêtesurlesmarchéspublic)- 3/CGF-CompagnieGestionetFinance- 4/SupremeAdministrativeControlCommittee(HautComitédu

ContrôleAdministratifetFinancier,HCCAF)- 5/COMARInsurance(Auditor)- 6/Competitioncouncil(ConseildelaConcurrence)- 7/DirectionGénéraledesServicesSpécialisés(Ministèredel'Intérieur)- 8/TunisAdministrativeCourt(Judge)- 9/B.C.C.E.- 10/TruthandDignityCommission(l’Instancevéritéetdignité)- 11/TunisianFinancialAnalysisCommittee(CTAF,withtheTunisian

CentralBank)- 12/PresidencyoftheGovernmentofTunisia- 13/FacultyofLegalSciences,Tunis(Professor)