activity workbook - glencoe

Activity WorkbookStudent Edition

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted toreproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only forclassroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solelyin conjunction with The American Journey. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitedwithout written permission from the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240

ISBN 0-07-825208-3

Printed in the United States of America

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 08 07 06 05 04 03 02

The American Journey iii

Table of Contents

To the Teacher.................................................. ii

Activity Workbook

Local history activities ..................................... 1

Activity 1 ..................................................... 11

Activity 2 ..................................................... 13

Activity 3 ..................................................... 15

Activity 4 ..................................................... 17

Activity 5 ..................................................... 19

Activity 6 ..................................................... 21

Activity 7 ..................................................... 23

Activity 8 ..................................................... 25

Activity 9 ..................................................... 27

Activity 10 ..................................................... 29

Activity 11 ..................................................... 31

Activity 12 ..................................................... 33

Activity 13 ..................................................... 35

Activity 14 ..................................................... 37

Activity 15 ..................................................... 39

Activity 16 ..................................................... 41

Activity 17 ...................................................... 43

Activity 18 ..................................................... 45

Activity 19 ..................................................... 47

Activity 20 ..................................................... 49

Activity 21 ..................................................... 51

Activity 22 ..................................................... 53

Activity 23 ..................................................... 55

Activity 24 ..................................................... 57

Activity 25 ..................................................... 59

Activity 26 ..................................................... 61

Activity 27 ..................................................... 63

Activity 28 ..................................................... 65

Activity 29 ..................................................... 67

Activity 30 ..................................................... 69

Activity 31 ..................................................... 71

Activity 32 ..................................................... 73

this is a blank page

The American Journey 1

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DIRECTIONS: Before European set-tlers came to North America, NativeAmericans lived in groups through-out what would become the UnitedStates. Look in your local library orhistorical society to find out whatNative American nations lived clos-est to your community before settlersarrived. Then answer the questionsabout them below.

★

(continued)

1. What was the name of the NativeAmerican group or groups?

��

2. Describe their social organization. Who led the group? Who was the spiritual

leader? What role did women and children play? ��

��

��

��

��

3. What did the Native Americans in your area eat? How did they get their food?

��

��

4. What happened to the Native Americans when European settlers came into

the area? ��

��

5. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the typical home for theseNative Americans.

The First InhabitantsThe First InhabitantsPart 1

Name �� Date �� Class ��

★★ American History in Your Community ★ ★★ ★

2 The American Journey

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Part IIDifferent groups of non-native settlers came into different areas in North

America. Find out who the earliest non-native settlers in or near your communitywere. Then answer the questions about them below.

6. From where did the largest number of settlers come? ��

��

��

7. What were the settlers seeking when they arrived? ��

��

��

��

8. What sort of community did they establish? What religion or religions did

they practice? ��

��

��

9. How did the settlers get food and supplies? ��

��

10. Was this early community successful? Did it continue to grow? If not, why did

it fail? ��

��

��

��

��

Part IIIVisit the site of a local Native American settlement or museum, if possible, or

use the media center to find out more about local Native Americans. Find a cre-ative way to present what you learn to the class—in a play, a bulletin board, or apainting, for example.






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EARLY GOVERNMENT

DIRECTIONS: After the UnitedStates Constitution was ratified,each state sent senators and repre-sentatives to Congress. As stateswere admitted to the Union, theyalso sent representation to Congress.Research to find information aboutyour state’s senators and represen-tatives; then answer the questions.(Some places to search for the infor-mation you need include your locallibrary, the Internet, or the Leagueof Women Voters.)

★

1. Who were the first senators and representatives sent to Congress from your state?

��

2. To what political party did each official belong? ��

3. Who was president of the United States at the time? ��

��

4. Describe one issue on which your state’s first senators had to vote.

��

5. Who are your state representatives today? How are their backgrounds andexperiences similar to or different from your state’s first representatives?

��

��

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6. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the flag of the United States at the time your state sent its first officials to Congress.

EARLY GOVERNMENT


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L A B A C T I V I T Y R E P O R T


DIRECTIONS: In the early 1800s people began moving across the coun-try in covered wagons and on steamboats. Research an early method oftransportation used in your state. Draw a labeleddiagram of the vehicle on aseparate sheet of paper. Thenanswer the questions about itthat follow.

★

Method of Transportation: ��

1. When was this method of transportation used in your state?

��

2. How fast could the vehicle go? How many people could it carry?

��

3. What were the vehicle’s limitations? Were there places it could not go or things

it could not carry? ��

��

��

4. Imagine you are traveling on the vehicle you have drawn. Write a diary entry

describing a typical day of travel. ��

��

��

��

��

��

Moving Across America



DIRECTIONS: Educational reform was animportant issue in the mid-1800s. Whatwere early schools like in your commu-nity? Research the earliest schools in yourarea at your local library or historicalsociety. Then answer the questions below.

★


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Early SchoolsEarly Schools

1. What grades were taught in the earliest schools in your community?

��

2. Were all the grades taught together, or were there separate rooms for different

age groups? ��

3. What subjects did students study? ��

��

4. How were students disciplined? ��5. How was the classroom designed? How was it heated? If you can find the

information, draw an illustration on a separate sheet of paper.

��

6. What kind of training did teachers receive? ��

��

7. How long was the school year? What events or situations might have interrupted

the school year? ��

8. How did students travel to school? ��9. Compare your school to the earliest schools in your community. What aspects

are similar? How have schools changed? ��

��

��




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An Immigrant’s ExperienceAn Immigrant’s Experience

DIRECTIONS: The United States is a nationof immigrants. Most people who live herecame from another place. Interview some-one in your community who immigratedto the United States from another country or research the life of animmigrant to your state. Answerthe questions below.

★

1. From where did the person come? ��

2. What year did he or she come to the United States? ��

3. Why did the person leave his or her home country? ��

��

4. What was the person expecting to find in the United States? Did this country

meet those expectations? ��

5. What surprised him or her about the United States? ��

��

6. What in your community is most like his or her home country? What is the most

different from his or her home country? ��

��

7. Share your understanding of immigrants with classmates and learn about thepeople that they interviewed. How were their persons’ experiences similar to

yours? How were they different? ��

��

��





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DIRECTIONS: The Great Depression affected every com-munity in the United States. Research to learn moreabout the effects of the Great Depression on your com-munity. If possible, interview older residents or familymembers who remember what life was like in yourcommunity during the Great Depression. Then answerthe questions below.

★

1. What jobs were available in your community in 1928? Were people

factory workers, farmers, or ranchers? ��

��

2. How did the Depression affect workers in your community? ��

��

��

3. Describe a New Deal project in your state. What did government workers create?

��

��

4. How was family life during the Great Depression different from family life today?

��

��

��

��

5. Find the statistics on the number of workers in your state from 1928 to 1933.Create a line graph on a separate sheet of paper showing the information.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression


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World War II



World War II

DIRECTIONS: States made various contributions to the war effort duringWorld War II. Find out how your state helped. Then answer the questionsbelow.

★

1. How many soldiers from your state fought in World War II? ��

2. How many soldiers from your state died in World War II? ��

3. How did your state or community contribute to the war effort at home?

��

��

��

4. At your local library, find a microfilm or microfiche edition of alocal newspaper for August 15, 1945, V-J Day, or “Victory OverJapan” day. Copy the headline and first paragraph of a story aboutthe armistice below. Then create a second paragraph for the story,detailing the war’s effect on your area.

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

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��

��





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The 1960s

DIRECTIONS: Political events in the 1960saffected many people. Conduct interviewswith subjects whose lives were affected bythe civil rights movement or the war inVietnam during the 1960s. Use the questionsbelow to help you plan your interviews. Thenthink carefully about other questions you wouldlike to ask. Use the information from your interviewsto write a profile of one of your interview subjects andshare with your classmates. What did you find outabout the war in Vietnam or the civil rights movementthat surprised or shocked you?

★

Interview Subject: ��

• How did you first become aware of the civil rights movement?• Were you in agreement with your friends and neighbors about civil rights?

Why or why not?• In what ways do you think the civil rights movement changed the lives of

people in your community?

Interview Subject: ��

• How did the controversy about the Vietnam War affect your community?• Were you involved in either the military or the protests against the

war? What experiences did you have because of your involvement?• Was your life changed in any way by the war or the reaction to

it? In what way?




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★★ ★

DIRECTIONS: Technology touches every partof life. Think about the impact technologicaladvances such as the personal computer,Internet, VCR, satellite dish, and advances inmedicine and industry have had on you andyour community. Then answer the questionsbelow.

★

1. What technological advance has had the greatest impact on your life?

��

2. How has it changed your life? ��

��

3. What aspect of technology has most affected your community?

What was its effect? ��

��

4. How might technology have had a negative impact on your

community? ��

��

5. Make a prediction about the future. What new technological advances do yousee coming? How will it change your community and your life?

��

��

��

��

��

Technology and YouTechnology and You


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The First Americans

DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

�� 1. The Hohokam were experts at which of the following?A. building mounds C. hunting buffaloB. irrigating fields D. fishing for salmon

�� 2. The Anasazi lived in an area known as the Four Corners, the meeting place of the present-day states ofA. Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho.B. Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California.C. Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.D. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.

�� 3. The Great Serpent Mound, a huge burial mound, was built by theA. Natchez people. C. Mississippians.B. Hopewell people. D. Hohokam people.

�� 4. The city of Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, containedA. an apartment building with hundreds of rooms.B. dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs.C. a great pyramid-shaped mound, with a temple on its summit.D. square houses called hogans.

�� 5. What was the main food of the Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook peoples?A. salmon C. roots and berriesB. deer D. caribou

�� 6. The Pomo people, of the central valley of present-day California,A. fished for food. C. pounded acorns into flour.B. followed wandering herds. D. planted vegetables.

�� 7. Scientists think the Inuit, who live in North America’s Arctic region,A. crossed the land bridge from Asia first.B. crossed the land bridge from Asia last.C. always lived in North America.D. migrated north from Central America.

Workbook Activity 1★


B

D

B

C

A

C

B

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DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists early civilizations of theAmericas. Review the information about these peoples in your textbook andwrite the facts in the appropriate boxes on the chart.



Early Civilizations of the AmericasCivilization Location Dates Major Achievements

The Olmec Gulf coast of flourished between farming supported large cities;

Mexico, 1500 B.C. and 300 B.C. sculpted large stone monuments;

Guatemala, and built stone pavements and drainage

Honduras systems

The Maya rainforest areas of height of civilization built many large cities and a network

present-day from about A.D. 200 of roads in the jungle; built pyramids

Mexico, to A.D. 850 of stone; created a 365-day calendar

Guatemala, based on astronomical observations;

Honduras, and developed a complex vocabulary of

Belize hieroglyphics; engaged in long-

distance travel

The Aztec present-day central found a permanent built the great city of Tenochtitlán

and southern home in A.D. 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco

Mexico

The Inca western highlands established capital built 10,000 miles of stone-paved roads

of South America; city in A.D. 1200 over mountains, across deserts, and

empire stretched through jungles; built city of Machu

from present-day Picchu on a mountain top; developed

Colombia to a system of record keeping with string

northern Argentina called quipus; built stone-walled

and Chile terraces on steep slopes to plant crops


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Exploring the Americas

DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with an accomplish-ment in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.

Column A

�� 1. Henry the Navigator

�� 2. Bartholomeu Dias

�� 3. Vasco da Gama

�� 4. Christopher Columbus

�� 5. Vasco Núñez de Balboa

�� 6. Ferdinand Magellan

�� 7. Hernán Cortés

�� 8. Francisco Pizarro

�� 9. Juan Ponce de León

�� 10. Hernando de Soto

�� 11. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

�� 12. John Cabot

�� 13. Giovanni da Verrazano

�� 14. Henry Hudson



F

J

H

L

M

B

A

E

C

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K

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D

Column BA. landed in Mexico in 1519, completed conquest of

Aztec in 1521B. discovered strait around southern tip of South

America in 1520; some of crew completed firstcircumnavigation of globe

C. landed in Florida in 1513 hoping to find thelegendary “fountain of youth”

D. discovered and sailed up the Hudson River in 1609E. captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, in 1532, and

gained control of most of the Inca Empire within afew years

F. brought astronomers, geographers, andmathematicians to share their knowledge withPortuguese sailors and shipbuilders

G. led three-year expedition through southeasternUnited States; crossed the Mississippi River in 1541

H. sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean,reaching India in 1498

I. rediscovered Newfoundland for EnglandJ. sailed around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good

Hope) in 1487K. led expedition through northern Mexico, Arizona,

and New Mexico hoping to find the legendary“Seven Cities of Cibola”

L. reached the Bahamas in 1492; went ashore on a smallisland, named it San Salvador

M. crossed the mountains in Panama in 1513 anddiscovered the Pacific Ocean

N. explored coast of North America from present-dayNova Scotia to the Carolinas in 1524

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DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words thatbest complete the sentence.

lines of latitude conquistadors magnetic compasscircumnavigate stern rudder mercantilismimmunity astrolabe caravel

1. An �� is an instrument that measures the position of stars.

2. The �� was invented by the Chinese and then passed on to theEuropeans by the Arabs in the 1200s.

3. The �� and the triangular sail enabled ships to sail into the wind.

4. Distance north and south of the Equator is indicated on a map by �� .

5. The �� was a three-masted ship developed by the Portuguese inthe late 1400s.

6. Because they had no �� , entire communities of NativeAmericans were wiped out by diseases brought to the Americas by the Europeans.

7. In order to �� the world, you would have to sail completely around it.

8. Early Spanish explorers in the Americas were known as �� .

9. The economic theory of �� describes how a nation’s power wasbased on its wealth.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.10. What was the Columbian Exchange?

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��



astrolabe

magnetic compass

stern rudder

lines of latitude

caravel

immunity

circumnavigate

conquistadors

mercantilism

Answers will vary but should indicate that the voyages of Christopher Columbus

and other explorers brought together the continents of the Americas with those of

Europe, Asia, and Africa. This contact led to an exchange of goods and ideas that

altered life on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.


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Colonial AmericaThe English defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the end of Spanish con-

trol of the seas and cleared the way for England and other European nationsto establish colonies in North America.

DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answerthe questions.

1. In what year did the Englishfirst attempt to settle on

Roanoke Island? ��

2. Approximately how manymiles from Roanoke Island was the colony of Jamestown?

��

3. Jamestown was built along the banks of which river?

��

4. What piece of land extends into the Atlantic Ocean nearPlymouth, Massachusetts?

��

5. How many Native Americannations are shown on this map?

��

6. If you were a member of theSusquehanna Nation and youwished to visit the Powhatans,in which direction would you

travel? ��

7. In which direction would you travel if you left Roanoke

Island for Plymouth?��



100 miles

James River

Cape Cod

seven

south

northeast

1585

1585, 15871607

1620

Susquehanna

WampanoagNarragansett

Leni-Lenape

WampanoagNarragansett

Leni-Lenape

Powhatan

Tuscarora

Massachusetts

Virginia

JamestownJamestown

PlymouthCapeCod

RoanokeIsland

APPA

LACH

IAN

MOUNTAINS

Nanticoke

Lake Ontario

Lake Erie

ATLANTICOCEAN

ChesapeakeBay

Huds

onRi

ver

Potomac River

James River

Roanoke River

Dela

war

eRi

ver

Native American Nation

0 100 miles50

100 kilometers500

N

E

S

W

Colonial arrivals

English settlement

The First English Settlements

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DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement.

�� 1. The colony of Jamestown survived because the settlersA. discovered gold and silver. C. began to grow tobacco.B. always had plenty of food. D. lived under strict military rule.

�� 2. Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims at Plymouth make a treaty withA. the Dutch. C. the French.B. the Wampanoag people. D. the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

�� 3. Roger Williams, who founded the colony of Rhode Island, believed thatA. people should be free to follow any religion.B. the church and the government should be completely separate.C. it was wrong for settlers to take land away from Native Americans.D. all of the above

�� 4. Conflicts often arose between settlers and Native Americans because A. settlers refused to learn Native American languages.B. settlers moved onto Native American lands without payment or

permission.C. settlers traded with the Native Americans.D. settlers refused to plant corn.

�� 5. The Dutch West India Company gave large estates to landowners calledA. patroons. C. platoons.B. patrons. D. dragoons.

�� 6. In 1682 William Penn sailed to America to supervise the building ofA. Baltimore. C. Boston.B. Pittsburgh. D. Philadelphia.

�� 7. Southern Carolina was settled mainly byA. poor farmers from Virginia. C. English colonists from Barbados.B. tobacco growers. D. Dutch colonists.

�� 8. The French had good relations with the Native Americans becauseA. Native Americans spoke French. C. they respected local customs.B. they rarely left Quebec. D. they paid high prices for furs.



C

B

D

B

A

D

C

C


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The Colonies Grow

DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read each paragraph and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be a validconclusion.

A. New England’s long winters and thin, rocky soil made large-scale farmingdifficult. Farmers in New England practiced subsistence farming, producingjust enough to meet the needs of their families. Everyone in the familyworked. Important farm jobs included spinning yarn, preserving fruit,milking cows, fencing in fields, and sowing and harvesting grain.

�� 1. New England farmers had little food left over to sell or exchange.

�� 2. New England farm families bought most of what they needed in town.

�� 3. Most farms in New England were very large.

�� 4. Children of New England farm families had to work.

�� 5. New England farmers were able to provide jobs for many of the people in town.

�� 6. Many jobs were done by New England farm families.

B. The warm climate and rich soil of the Southern Colonies enabled Southernfarmers to cultivate large areas of land and produce abundant harvests ofcash crops—mainly tobacco in Maryland and Virginia, and rice in SouthCarolina and Georgia. Southern plantation owners relied on enslavedAfricans to work in the fields. During the 1700s the population of AfricanAmericans in the colonies grew from 28,000 to more than 500,000. Manyplantation owners became extremely wealthy during this period.

�� 1. Southern farmers grew wealthy because every member of the family worked.

�� 2. Because of their profitable lifestyle based on agriculture, the Southern Colonieshad little need to develop other industries.

�� 3. During the 1700s Africans were eager to come to America.

�� 4. Most Southern farmers practiced subsistence farming.

�� 5. Southern farmers specialized in growing crops that they could sell at a profit.

�� 6. Slavery was legal in America during the 1700s.



V

V

V

V

V

V

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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.

Column A

�� 1. Tidewater

�� 2. Edward Braddock

�� 3. Royal colonies

�� 4. Iroquois Confederacy

�� 5. Middle Passage

�� 6. Treaty of Paris

�� 7. Fort Necessity

�� 8. Proclamation of 1763

�� 9. Albany Plan of Union

�� 10. Pontiac

�� 11. Plains of Abraham

�� 12. William Pitt

�� 13. Great Awakening

�� 14. Charter colonies

�� 15. Navigation Acts

�� 16. Proprietary colonies



H

E

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N

C

O

B

P

F

A

L

I

D

J

Column B

A. British secretary of state and then primeminister during French and Indian War

B. Benjamin Franklin’s plan for a single electedlegislature that would govern all the Americancolonies

C. a small post established in 1754 by GeorgeWashington near the site of present-dayPittsburgh

D. a series of laws regulating the flow of goodsbetween England and the colonies, passed byParliament between 1651 and 1673

E. commander in chief of British forces inAmerica in 1754

F. field outside Quebec where the British armydefeated the French

G. the shipping of enslaved Africans to the WestIndies

H. location of most of the large Southernplantations

I. Connecticut and Rhode IslandJ. Delaware, Maryland, and PennsylvaniaK. Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, and Virginia

L. a religious revival that swept through thecolonies from the 1720s through the 1740s

M. a group of five Native American nationsN. a treaty signed in 1763, marking the end of the

French and Indian WarO. King George III’s declaration that the

Appalachians were the western boundary forall the colonies

P. chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit whoput together an alliance of Native Americanpeoples to fight the British


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Road to Independence

DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or wordsfrom the box that best complete the sentence.

boycott Sugar Act Tea ActTownshend Acts Declaratory Act nonimportationwrits of assistance Coercive Acts Stamp Act

1. The �� of 1765 placed a tax on almost all printed material.

2. The �� of 1767 placed taxes on imported goods such as glass,tea, paper, and lead.

3. An effective method used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act was to

�� British and European goods.

4. The purpose of the �� of 1774 was to make colonists inMassachusetts pay for their resistance to British control.

5. The purpose of the �� of 1764 was to stop smuggling betweenthe colonies and the French West Indies.

6. Legal documents that allowed customs officers to search homes and warehouses

for smuggled goods were known as �� .

7. The �� of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax andmake decisions for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

8. In 1765 merchants, artisans, and farmers signed �� agreements,pledging not to buy or use goods imported from Great Britain.

9. The �� of 1773 gave the British East India Company the right toship tea to the colonies without paying the taxes colonial tea merchants had to pay.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.

10. Why did the colonists refer to the Coercive Acts as the “Intolerable Acts”?

��

��

��

��



Stamp Act

Townshend Acts

boycott

Coercive Acts

Sugar Act

writs of assistance

Declaratory Act

nonimportation

Tea Act

Answers should include that the Coercive Acts closed Boston Harbor; took away

many rights of Massachusetts colonists; prohibited most town meetings, an impor-

tant form of self-government in New England; and forced Bostonians to shelter

British soldiers in their own homes.

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DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether thestatements below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank next to each statement.

�� 1. James Otis, a young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not betaxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament.

�� 2. The Sons of Liberty acted courageously when they protested against theStamp Act.

�� 3. When Patrick Henry’s political opponents accused him of treason because of his opposition to the Stamp Act, he replied, “If this be treason, make themost of it!”

�� 4. When Parliament repealed all of the Townshend Acts taxes except the one on tea, the colonists should not have ended their boycott.

�� 5. Britain should have granted the colonies independence when the colonistsfirst asked to be free.

�� 6. On December 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Mohawks boardedthree tea ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.

�� 7. It would have been more appropriate for Patrick Henry to say “I am not aVirginian, but an American” after the American Revolution rather than before.

�� 8. By stating that “blows must decide” who would control the colonies, KingGeorge III showed that he was a powerful leader.

�� 9. With his forces at Bunker Hill low on ammunition, Colonel William Prescottreportedly shouted the order, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”

�� 10. The Declaration of Independence lists the many grievances Americans heldagainst King George III and Parliament.



F

O

F

O

O

F

O

O

F

F


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The American Revolution


�� 1. Loyalist strength was the greatest in which regions?A. New England and New York C. the Carolinas and GeorgiaB. Pennsylvania and New Jersey D. Virginia and Maryland

�� 2. Which one of the following women did not fight in the American Revolution?A. Deborah Sampson C. Molly PitcherB. Dolley Madison D. Margaret Corbin

�� 3. The Quakers would not participate in the war because theyA. supported the Loyalists. C. were allies of the Hessians.B. sympathized with Great Britain. D. opposed all armed conflict.

�� 4. At first, soldiers who enlisted in the Continental Army usually signed up for A. one year. C. five years.B. three years. D. the length of the war.

�� 5. “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” were theimmortal last words ofA. Thomas Paine. C. Benedict Arnold.B. John Burgoyne. D. Nathan Hale.

�� 6. African Americans joined the Patriots for all of these reasons except

A. belief in the Patriot cause. C. to earn their freedom.B. need for money. D. preserving the right to own slaves.

�� 7. Several European nations helped the American cause, mostly because theyA. believed in the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence.B. hated the British.C. were afraid the Americans might declare war on them.D. needed an excuse to declare war on Great Britain.

�� 8. British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered atA. Charleston, South Carolina. C. Yorktown, Virginia.B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D. Wilmington, North Carolina.



C

B

D

A

D

D

B

C

(continued)


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1. Which battle occurred first,Saratoga or Trenton?

��

2. General William Howe was acommander in which army?

��

3. In which state did the battle atBrandywine take place?

��

4. Which city was captured byGeneral Howe in 1777?

��

5. British Colonel Barry St. Legerled his troops from Montreal,down the St. Lawrence River,through Lake Ontario, to FortStanwix in New York. Mark hisroute on the map and estimatehow many miles his troops traveled.

��

��

6. If the British had been able tocapture Albany, they would havegained control of which river?

��

7. Which event shown on the mapoccurred first?

��

��



WASHINGTONWASHINGTON

Ft.Ontario

Ft.Stanwix

Ft. Ticonderoga

Bennington

Albany

New YorkNew YorkPrincetonPrinceton

Trenton

PhiladelphiaGermantown

PhiladelphiaGermantownBrandywine

Quebec

Montreal

Boston

Saratoga

OriskanyMass.

CANADA

N.H.

N.Y.

Pa.

R.I.

N. J.

Del.

Md.

Conn.

LongIsland

Morristown

LakeChamplain

.RecnerwaL.tS

.RkwahoM

.Rnos d u H

LakeOntario

3 Howe capturesPhiladelphia, 1777

1 British captureNew York, 1776

2 Americans takeTrenton andPrinceton, 1776

4 Burgoyne surrendersat Saratoga, 1777

N

E

S

W

American victory

British victory

0 100 miles50

100 kilometers500

The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777

Trenton

British

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

about 210 miles

Hudson River

British capture New York, 1776


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A More Perfect UnionWhile fighting for their independence, the Americans drew up plans for

creating governments at the state and national levels. Under the Articles ofConfederation, the states gave up little of their power to the central govern-ment. As the weaknesses of the new central government became clear, dele-gates drafted a new Constitution providing for a strong central government.

DIRECTIONS: Comparing and Contrasting Write an A in the blank next toeach statement that refers to the Articles of Confederation, a C next to eachstatement that refers to the United States Constitution, and a B if the statementrefers to both.

�� 1. The federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive,and judicial.

�� 2. The Congress is the one and only branch of the federal government.

�� 3. The Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional.

�� 4. A president is elected to head the executive branch of the government.

�� 5. The federal government has the power to declare war or make peace.

�� 6. The federal government does not have the right to collect taxes.

�� 7. The Congress is made up of two houses, a Senate and a House ofRepresentatives.

�� 8. The federal government has the power to coin money.

�� 9. The federal government does not have the power to organize a court system.

�� 10. The Bill of Rights guarantees basic human freedoms.

�� 11. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the Electoral College.

�� 12. The federal government cannot regulate trade.



C

A

C

C

B

A

C

B

A

C

C

A

(continued)


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DIRECTIONS: Writing Essays Answer the questions below in the space provided.

1. Who were the Federalists? ��

��

2. Who wrote a book called The Federalist and what is it about? ��

��

��

3. Why did the Antifederalists oppose the Constitution? ��

��

��

4. Why were the Federalists in favor of a strong central government?��

��

��

5. What helped the state of New York to overcome its reluctance and ratify the

Constitution? ��

��

6. What famous Virginian gave fiery speeches against ratification of the Constitution?

��

7. What is the most distinctive feature of the United States government, as set forth in

the Constitution? ��

��

��

��

8. What important powers did the Constitution leave in the hands of the states?

��

��

��



The Federalists were Americans who were in favor of a

strong central government, and they supported the Constitution.

The Federalist was

written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It is a collection of

essays explaining and defending the Constitution.

They thought the Constitution

gave too much power to a central government and would take away too many

liberties from the states and individuals.

They felt that a

powerful government was necessary to prevent disorder, such as occurred during

Shays’s Rebellion.

New York City threatened to leave the state and join the Union on its

own.

Patrick Henry

The government is divided into three branches—the legislative,

executive, and judicial—and through a system of checks and balances, each branch

plays a role in limiting the power of the others so that no branch can dominate the

government.

The states could pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders;

establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of

their citizens; collect certain taxes; and build roads.


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A New Nation


�� 1. Some states had supported the Constitution on the condition thatA. no amendments be added. C. a bill of rights be added.B. a bill of goods be added. D. states could nullify amendments.

�� 2. As a Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson favoredA. a strong federal government, a national bank, and protective tariffs.B. strong state governments, state banks, and free trade.C. strong state governments, state banks, and protective tariffs.D. a weak federal government, a national bank, and no tariffs.

�� 3. Who did George Washington nominate as chief justice of the United States?A. Henry Knox C. James MadisonB. John Jay D. Edmund Randolph

�� 4. Alexander Hamilton proposed a tariff to encourage United States citizens toA. trade with other nations. C. buy British products.B. consume less. D. buy American products.

�� 5. Jefferson favored the French in the 1793 British-French War becauseA. he thought a French victory would drive the British out of North America.B. he was an admirer of the French Revolution.C. he hoped France and the United States would become strong allies.D. he wanted France to establish new colonies in North America.

�� 6. The Whiskey Rebellion of July 1794 was an armed protest by farmers inwestern Pennsylvania againstA. the use of whiskey. C. whiskey made from corn.B. the sale of imported whiskey. D. a special tax on whiskey.

�� 7. What did the Native Americans agree to do in the Treaty of Greenville?A. surrender land in present-day Ohio C. fight at the Battle of Fallen TimbersB. combine forces with the French D. move north of the Ohio River



C

B

B

D

A

D

A

(continued)


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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.

Column A

�� 1. Judiciary Act of 1789

�� 2. Treaty of Greenville

�� 3. Proclamation of Neutrality

�� 4. Jay’s Treaty

�� 5. Pinckney’s Treaty

�� 6. Federalists

�� 7. Democratic-Republicans

�� 8. XYZ Affair

�� 9. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

�� 10. Aliens

�� 11. Sedition

�� 12. Naturalization Act

�� 13. Edmund Randolph

�� 14. Henry Knox

�� 15. Report on the Public Credit



Column B

A. Political party in favor of a strong federalgovernment and a loose interpretation of theConstitution

B. French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrandsends agents to demand a bribe and a loan from theUnited States government (1797)

C. George Washington discourages United Statesinvolvement in war between Great Britain andFrance (1793)

D. Alexander Hamilton’s proposal to pay off thenational debt (1790)

E. Congress passes a law making it difficult forforeigners to become citizens

F. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson write tworesolutions on the rights of states (1798, 1799)

G. British agree to withdraw from American soil (1794)H. General Anthony Wayne forces 12 Native American

nations to sign treaty opening most of Ohio towhite settlement (1795)

I. Secretary of war appointed by President GeorgeWashington

J. Attorney general appointed by President GeorgeWashington

K. Immigrants living in a country who are not citizensL. Activities aimed at weakening established

governmentM. Political party favoring strong state governments

and a strict interpretation of the Constitution N. Law passed by Congress establishing a federal

court systemO. Spain gives the United States unrestricted access to

the Mississippi River and promises to dismantle allforts on United States territory (1795)

N

H

C

G

O

A

M

B

F

K

L

E

J

I

D

The Jefferson Era


Charles de Talleyrand Missouri River Zebulon Pike St. LouisNapoleon Bonaparte Mississippi River New Orleans William ClarkMeriwether Lewis Toussaint-Louverture

1. In 1800 the Louisiana Territory extended west from the �� to theRocky Mountains.

2. The Spanish allowed the Americans to sail on the lower Mississippi River and to

trade in �� .

3. �� was forced to abandon plans for an American empire becauseof a revolt in Santo Domingo in 1802.

4. �� was an ex-slave who led a revolt in Santo Domingo.

5. French Foreign Minister �� informed the American diplomatsthat the whole Louisiana Territory was for sale.

6. Thomas Jefferson chose �� and �� to lead theexploration of the Louisiana Territory.

7. The expedition left �� in the spring of 1804.

8. The expedition traveled along the �� and kept a journal of theirvoyage.

9. Lieutenant �� led two expeditions through the upper MississippiRiver valley and into the region now known as Colorado.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.10. Why were Lewis and Clark, Pike, and others sent to explore the wilderness?

��

��

��

��

��


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Mississippi River

Napoleon Bonaparte

New Orleans

Charles de Talleyrand

St. Louis

Missouri River

Zebulon Pike

Answers will vary but should include that Jefferson was interested in obtaining

scientific information about the plants and animals of the West. Congress was

interested in obtaining information about the commercial possibilities and in sites

for future forts.

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

(continued)

Toussaint-Louverture


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1. What area was blockaded bythe British in 1812?

��

��

2. Why do you think the Britishnavy set up and maintained

their blockade? ��

��

��

��

��

��

3. Who was commander of theLake Erie naval forces in

1813?��

��

��

4. Which American city wasburned by the British?

��

5. Through which body of waterdid the British sail in order to

reach Washington, D.C.? ��

6. What happened at New Orleans in 1815? ��

��

7. To which country did Florida belong in 1812? ��



Ind. Terr.

Kentucky

Tennessee

Fla.(Spain)

La.

Ga.

S.C.

N.C.

Virginia

Pa.

N.J.Oh.

N.Y.Conn.

Maryland

Mass.

N.H.Vt.

CANADA(British Territory)

Ft.Dearborn

Ft. Detroit

Ft. Niagara

Montreal

York(Toronto)

BaltimoreFt. McHenry

Washington

New Orleans

Pensacola

Horseshoe Bend

Lake Erie

ATLANTICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

Lake

Mic

higa

n

Lake OntarioLakeChamplain

ChesapeakeBay

LakeSuperior

Lake Huron

4 Americans win the Battleof Lake Champlain, 1814

3 The British torchWashington. Americansrecapture the city anddefeat the British atFt. McHenry, 1814

2 Perry defeats the Britishon Lake Erie, 1813

1 The British navy blockadesthe coast, 1812

5 General Jackson defeats theBritish at New Orleans, 1815

N

E

S

W

American forcesBritish forcesAmerican victoryBritish victory

0 200 miles

200 kilometers1000

100

The War of 1812

the East coast of the

United States

The British hoped to

strengthen their troops on

land by preventing supplies

from reaching the Americans.

Commander Perry

Washington, D.C.

Chesapeake Bay

Spain

General Andrew Jackson defeated the British.


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Growth and Expansion

DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read the paragraphs and write a V in the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be valid conclusions.

A. The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in New Englandaround 1800. Although New England’s soil was poor and farming wasdifficult, New England’s rushing rivers provided water power to runmachinery. New England was close to resources, such as coal and iron inPennsylvania, and had many seaports that allowed goods to be shipped.Most important, New England’s population included wealthy merchantseager to provide the money necessary to build industries.

�� 1. Because farming was difficult, people were willing to leave their farms andwork in the new factories.

�� 2. Machinery in New England’s factories ran on water power.

�� 3. Industry developed in New England because all New Englanders were wealthy.

�� 4. The Industrial Revolution in the United States occurred first in New Englandbecause of a combination of several important factors.

�� 5. Industry in the United States developed wherever there were wealthy peopleinterested in progress.

B. In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in Waltham,Massachusetts. Lowell’s mill was based on the factory system, which for the first time brought manufacturing steps together in one place toincrease efficiency. About 80 percent of Lowell’s workers were youngunmarried women who left their farms to work in the factories in towns.The “Lowell girls” endured difficult working conditions—long hours ofmonotonous work—for low pay. Most of them worked in the mills for afew years.

�� 1. Keeping all of the manufacturing steps of textile production together in oneplace was a more efficient method of production.

�� 2. The Lowell girls left their farms because factory work was more interestingthan farm work.

�� 3. The Lowell girls left their farms because at the textile mill they had anopportunity to earn a wage.

�� 4. At least 20 percent of Lowell’s workers were not young unmarried women.

�� 5. Lowell girls often left the mill to return to work on the farms.



V

V

V

V

V

V

(continued)


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DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Read the paragraphs and then answerthe questions in the space provided.

A. In 1790 the United States undertook the first official count of itspopulation. The census takers counted a population of nearly 4 million. Inthe next few decades land and water transportation improved, and thenumber of settlers heading west increased dramatically. Thirty years later,in 1820, the population of the United States had more than doubled toabout 10 million, with nearly 2 million people living west of theAppalachians.

1. In 1820 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived west of

the Appalachians? ��

2. How many more people lived in the United States in 1820 than in 1790? ��

��

3. About how many people in 1820 lived east of the Appalachians? ��

4. Why did the number of settlers west of the Appalachians increase? ��

��

B. The 363-mile-long Erie Canal across New York State, which connectedAlbany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie, was completed in1825. People could now travel on water all the way from Buffalo to NewYork City. In the early years, a two-horse team pulled a 100-ton barge about24 miles in one day.

1. About how long would it have taken to travel the length of the Erie Canal in 1825?

��

2. What two regions of the United States were connected by the Erie Canal?

��

3. What is the distance from Albany to Buffalo? ��

4. A two-horse team was capable of pulling how much weight? ��



20 percent

15 days

East and Midwest (or Great Lakes)

363 miles

100 tons

8 million

Land and water

transportation improved.

6 million


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The Jackson EraDemocracy in the United States expanded during Andrew Jackson’s two

terms as president. For the first time poor white males were allowed to vote,and by 1828 most states allowed the people, rather than state legislatures, tochoose presidential electors.


�� 1. From 1816 to 1824, the United States hadA. two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.B. only one political party, the Whigs.C. two political parties, the National Republicans and the Democratic-

Republicans.D. only one political party, the Jeffersonian Republicans.

�� 2. According to the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, when no presidentialcandidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the president is selected by theA. Supreme Court. C. attorney general.B. House of Representatives. D. secretary of state.

�� 3. In the election of 1828, Jackson received many votes in the South because heA. supported slavery. C. supported a strong federal bureaucracy.B. supported states’ rights. D. all of the above

�� 4. In 1832 South Carolina’s state legislature passed the Nullification Act,declaring it wouldA. nullify the Constitution. C. not pay the “illegal” tariffs.B. nullify the Bill of Rights. D. not pay any of its debts.

�� 5. The Force Bill of 1833 allowed the president toA. use the United States military to enforce acts of Congress.B. force Congress to pass legislation the president supported.C. use military force against his political opponents.D. force the Supreme Court to support his executive decisions.

�� 6. Who took William Henry Harrison’s place as president after his death in 1841?A. Martin Van Buren C. John TylerB. Henry Clay D. James Polk



D

B

B

C

A

C

(continued)


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DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with its description inColumn B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.

Column A

�� 1. Daniel Webster

�� 2. Robert Hayne

�� 3. John C. Calhoun

�� 4. Baltimore, Maryland

�� 5. Nicholas Biddle

�� 6. Old Hickory

�� 7. Florida

�� 8. Indian Removal Act

�� 9. Indian Territory

�� 10. Winfield Scott

�� 11. Trail of Tears

�� 12. Osceola

�� 13. Black Hawk

�� 14. John Marshall



Column B

A. Seminole chief who led his people to waragainst the United States in 1835

B. President of the Bank of the United StatesC. United States army general who removed the

Cherokee from their homes and led them westD. United States senator who defended the

Constitution and the Union in a debate in 1830E. Chief justice who ruled that Georgia had no

right to interfere with the Cherokee in 1832F. Vice president during Jackson’s first term; a

Southerner who supported states’ rightsG. Forced march of the Cherokee into the Indian

TerritoryH. United States senator from South Carolina who

debated Daniel Webster in the SenateI. Sauk chieftain who led a force of Sauk and Fox

people back to their homeland in IllinoisJ. Area in present-day Oklahoma created by

Congress in 1834 for Native AmericansK. Site of the Democrats’ first national party

convention in 1832L. 1830 congressional act allowing the government

to pay Native Americans to move westM. Nickname given to Andrew JacksonN. Site of the Seminole rebellion

D

H

F

K

B

M

N

L

J

C

G

A

I

E


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Manifest DestinyFrom the early through mid-1800s, the United States pursued various

policies that expanded United States borders from coast to coast.

DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists various territoriesacquired by the United States in the 1800s. Review the information aboutthese territories in your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes in the chart.



(continued)

Territories Added to the United StatesYear How Territory Today’s States and Parts of

Territory Acquired Was Acquired States Included in the Territory

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

Oregon Country

Mexican Cession

LouisianaPurchase

TexasAnnexation

GadsdenPurchase

1846

1848

1803

1845

1853

Treaty with Great Britainafter negotiating territorialboundaries

After losing war with theUnited States, Mexico cededits provinces of Californiaand New Mexico to theUnited States for $15 million

Purchased from France for$15 million

Annexed nine years afterwinning its independencefrom Mexico

Narrow section of southernArizona and New Mexicopurchased from Mexico for$10 million

Washington, Oregon, Idaho,Montana, Wyoming

New Mexico, California, Arizona,Nevada, Colorado, Utah

Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri,Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota,South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming,Montana

Texas

Arizona, New Mexico


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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Who were the first Americans to reach the Oregon Country, and why did they go there?

��

��

2. In 1843 a thousand American pioneers traveled along the Oregon Trail to Oregon.

Why were so many people willing to embark on such a difficult journey? ��

��

��

3. Since colonial times Americans had believed that their nation’s mission was to serveas a model of freedom and democracy. How did that vision change in the 1800s?

��

��

4. What did the Mexican government do to attract new settlers to Texas? ��

��

5. What did the Mexican government expect from the settlers in return for the land?

��

6. Why did the United States government wait for nine years after Texas had declared its

independence from Mexico until agreeing to annex Texas as a state? ��

��

��

7. Why were many Americans, particularly Northerners, opposed to the Mexican War?

��

��

8. Thousands of people came to California during the Gold Rush of 1848 and 1849. What

was the result of their frantic search for gold? ��

��

��

��



Fur traders arrived first. They came to trap beaver, whose skins were in great demand

in the eastern United States and in Europe.

They had

heard about the fertile land in the Willamette Valley south of the Columbia River, and

they wanted to settle there.

Many Americans came to believe that their nation was destined to extend to the Pacific

coast, and that its mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.

It offered new

settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and no taxes for four years.

It expected the settlers to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law.

Northerners were

against adding another slave state to the Union, and President Martin Van Buren, like

Andrew Jackson, did not want to inflame the slavery issue or risk war with Mexico.

They were afraid that if the United States expanded into the West, the Southern states

would carry slavery into the new territories.

The world’s gold supply more than

doubled, but very few of the forty-niners achieved lasting wealth. However, California’s

economy expanded in the areas of agriculture, shipping, and trade, and California’s

population grew from about 20,000 in 1848 to more than 220,000 only four years later.


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North and South

DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Use the map to answer the questions.

1. Which Missouri River city has a rail connection to a Mississippi River city? ��

2. Which Great Lakes are near the New York Central Railroad lines? ��3. Which railroads could Midwestern shippers use to send goods to the East Coast?

��

4. Which direction does a train from Chattanooga to Lynchburg travel? ��

5. What is the fastest speed at which trains could travel in 1860? ��

6. How long would it take a train to go from Charleston to Hamburg? ��

7. If you wanted to travel from Buffalo to Boston, which rail line would you take?

��



(continued)

In 1833 the 136-mile Charlestonand Hamburg line was the longestrailroad in the world.

Trains clipped along at 20 to

30 miles per hour by 1860.

Americans loved their railroads

in spite of irregular schedules, frequent breakdowns, and being showered with sparks from the locomotives.

La Crosse

Madison

Chicago

DetroitBuffalo

Boston

New YorkPhiladelphia

Chattanooga

Baltimore

Washington, D.C.

Richmond

Charleston

WilmingtonHamburg

New Orleans

MemphisAtlanta

St. Joseph

St. Louis

Cairo

Lynchburg

Vicksburg

Quincy

Kansas City

Indianapolis

BALTIMORE AND OHIO

NEW

YORK CENTRAL

PENNSYLVANIA

ATLANTICOCEAN

Lake Ontario

Gulf ofMexico

Miss

issip

piR.

Missouri R.

Lake

Mic

higa

n

Lake Erie

Lake Huron

Ohio River

N

S

EW

200 kilometers0Albers Equal-Area projection

200 miles0

Railroad

Major Railroads, 1860

St. Joseph

Erie and Ontario

Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central

northeast

30 miles per hour

about 4 hours

New York Central


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DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Study the graph and then answer thequestions in the space provided.

1. Cotton was what percentage of United States exports in 1800? ��

In 1860? ��2. Between which two of the four dates listed on the graph was there the greatest

increase in cotton as a percentage of United States exports? ��

What was the increase? ��

3. How many more bales of cotton were produced in 1860 than in 1800? ��4. How does the size of the enslaved population of the United States in 1860 compare to

that in 1800? ��5. What might you infer about the relationship between the increase in production of

cotton and the increase in the numbers of enslaved Americans? ��

��

6. What information on the graph points to the increasing importance of slave labor over

the years in the growing of cotton? ��

��



7.1 percent

57.5 percent

between 1800 and 1820

24.9 percent

3,768,000

The number of enslaved Americans is five times as great in 1860 as in 1800.

Cotton growers relied on

increasing numbers of enslaved people to enable them to increase their output of cotton.

The estimated auction price per field slave

increased from $600 in 1800 to $1,800 in 1860.

Cotton Production in America, 1800–1860

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.

Total Cotton Production 73,000 balesEst. Auction Priceper field slave $ 600Total Crop Value $ 8,085,000

Total Cotton Production 3,841,000 balesEst. Auction Priceper field slave $ 1,800Total Crop Value $ 248,757,000

200,000 balesof cotton produced

200,000 slavesin the United States

Cotton as a percentageof U.S. exports

1800

1800

1820

1820

1840

1840

1860

1860

32.0 %

57.5 %51.6 %

7.1%


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The Age of ReformDuring the early and mid-1800s, idealistic men and women in the United

States wanted to improve society. They worked hard to bring about changes inpolitics, religion, and education. These reformers wanted the United States tolive up to the ideals and goals stated in the Declaration of Independence andthe Constitution.


Ashmun Institute Underground Railroad Horace Mann

Trancendentalists utopian Mount Holyoke

abolitionist temperance movement Thomas Gallaudet

1. In 1825 Robert Owen established New Harmony, Indiana, a ��community in which people cooperated instead of competed with one another.

2. The �� opposed the use of alcohol.

3. In 1839 �� , a Massachusetts educator, founded the nation’s firststate-supported teacher-training school.

4. �� , the first college for African Americans, opened inPennsylvania in 1854.

5. In 1837 in Massachusetts, Mary Lyon opened �� , the firstpermanent women’s college in America.

6. �� stressed the relationship between humans and nature aswell as the importance of the individual conscience.

7. The Hartford School for the Deaf was opened in Connecticut in 1817 by ��

�� .

8. Frederick Douglass was an African American �� who devotedhis life to speaking out against slavery.

9. Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and became a conductor on the ��

�� .



(continued)

utopian

temperance movement

Horace Mann

Ashmun Institute

Trancendentalists

Gallaudet

Railroad

Thomas

Mount Holyoke

abolitionist

Underground


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DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the statementsbelow are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank nextto each statement.

�� 1. If he was truly serious about improving education, Horace Mann should havelengthened the school year to ten months instead of six months.

�� 2. American artists explored American themes beginning in the 1820s.

�� 3. Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than obey laws he thought wereunjust.

�� 4. Emily Dickinson’s greatest poem is titled Hope.

�� 5. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the most successful best-sellerof the mid-1800s.

�� 6. Isabella Baumfree changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and began towork for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.

�� 7. Southerners who did not hold enslaved people should not have opposedabolitionism.

�� 8. The abolitionist sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimké engaged in unfeminineactivities, and men in the movement were right to criticize them.

�� 9. In July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and a few other womenorganized the first women’s rights convention.

�� 10. Although the women’s rights convention issued a declaration calling for anend to discrimination against women, the declaration did not go far enough.



O

F

F

O

F

F

O

O

F

O


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Road to Civil WarAs new Western territories were added to the United States, the tension

between the North and the South over slavery reached a dangerous level.


C 1. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the UnionA. as a slave state, provided that all enslaved people in Missouri be given their

freedom within 10 years.B. as a free state but allowed current slaveholders to keep their slaves.C. as a slave state and Maine as a free state.D. as a free state if all territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase were

admitted as slave states.D 2. Which political party nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848?

A. Democrats C. RepublicansB. Whigs D. Free-Soilers

D 3. According to the Compromise of 1850,A. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state.B. the New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery.C. the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia.D. all of the above

B 4. �� argued that the only way to save the Union was to protect slavery.A. Daniel Webster C. Henry ClayB. John C. Calhoun D. David Wilmot

B 5. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 A. was supported in the North. C. protected enslaved people.B. required citizens to catch runaways. D. punished slaveholders.

A 6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed �� to decide whether to allowslavery in those states.A. citizens of Kansas and Nebraska C. the presidentB. Congress D. the Underground Railroad

C 7. In his speech entitled �� , Charles Sumner lashed out against proslavery forces in Kansas.A. “Bleeding Kansas” C. “The Crime Against Kansas”B. “Marching to Kansas” D. “The Civil War in Kansas”



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D 8. Afraid that a Republican government would not protect Southern rights, SouthCarolina voted toA. disobey unpopular federal laws. C. recall its representatives in Congress.B. organize an armed civilian militia. D. secede from the Union.

C 9. The Wilmot Proviso specified that slavery should be A. prohibited in Missouri. C. banned in former Mexican lands.B. allowed in Missouri. D. allowed in former Mexican lands.

A 10. The Know-Nothing Party took its name from an organization that opposedA. immigration. C. slavery.B. public education. D. democracy.

D 11. In the Dred Scott case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled thatA. an enslaved person was not a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit.B. an enslaved person was property.C. living on free soil did not make an enslaved person free.D. all of the above

A 12. This act, in effect, repealed the Missouri Compromise. A. Kansas-Nebraska Act C. Fugitive Slave ActB. Compromise of 1850 D. Dred Scott Act

D 13. In their debates in 1858, �� and Abraham Lincoln argued mostlyabout the issue of slavery.A. John C. Calhoun C. Frederick DouglassB. Daniel Webster D. Stephen A. Douglas

B 14. Where did John Brown lead a raid on an arsenal to spark an uprising ofenslaved people?A. Fort Sumter, South Carolina C. Freeport, IllinoisB. Harpers Ferry, Virginia D. Richmond, Virginia

C 15. Mississippi Senator �� became president of the Confederacy.A. John C. Calhoun C. Jefferson DavisB. Robert E. Lee D. Francis Pickens

C 16. �� attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina, to start the Civil War.A. Union forces C. Confederate forcesB. National Guard troops D. the South Carolina militia




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The Civil WarDIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answerthe questions. (For questions 1–7, refer to the map for 1861–1863; for questions8–14, refer to the map for 1864–1865.)



Washington,D.C.

Richmond

Md.

Va.

Pa.

W. Va.Del.

Gettysburg(July 1-3, 1863)

Antietam(Sept. 1862)

Harpers Ferry(Sept. 1862)

Antietam(Sept. 1862)

Harpers Ferry(Sept. 1862)

Bull Run(July 1861& Aug. 1862)

Chancellorsville(May 1863) Fredericksburg

(Dec. 1862)

Seven Days(June 1862)

Monitorv. Merrimack(March 1862)

LEE

1863

LEE 1862

MEADE1863

McCLELLAN

1862

ATLANTICOCEAN

0 60 miles30

60 kilometers300

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the battle at Antietam.

The Battle of Antietam was thebloodiest day of the Civil War,with more than 20,000 Unionand Confederate casualties.

“Stonewall” Jackson was mortally wounded the night after the Battle of Chancellorsville.

N

E

S

W

Civil War Battles

Miss.Ala.

Ga.

S.C.

N.C.

Tenn.

Ill. Ky.

Va.W. Va.

Ohio

Chattanooga

Richmond

AppomattoxCourt House

Charleston

SavannahSavannah

Bentonville(Mar. 1865)

Cold Harbor(June 1864)

Petersburg siege(June 1864–April 1865)

Atlanta(Sept. 1864)

Kennesaw Mountain(June 1864)

Nashville(Dec. 1864)

Franklin(Nov. 1864) Wilmington

(Feb. 1865)

Ind.

SHERMAN

MARCH TO THE SEA 1864

SHER

MAN

1865

HOOD

L EE

GRANTGRANT

LEE

GRANT

THOMAS

ATLANTICOCEAN

Washington, D.C.Lee surrendered to Grant onApril 9, 1865.

Sherman ordered Atlanta to be destroyed in November 1864.

Sherman marched his troops through South Carolina swamps at a rate of 10 miles per day for 45 days.

Md.Del.

N

E

SW

The Wilderness(May 1864)

1864–1865

1861–1863

0 100 miles50

100 kilometers500

Union troops

Confederate troops

Union victory

Confederate victory

Indecisive battle

Union naval blockade

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1. The Monitor and the Merrimack fought a battle in March 1862 off the coast of which

state? Virginia

2. What were the dates for the two battles at Bull Run? July 1861 and August 1862

3. In which state was “Stonewall” Jackson mortally wounded? Virginia

4. According to the map, how many soldiers died at Antietam?��more than 20,000

5. Which battle on the map was fought in the state of Pennsylvania? Gettysburg

6. In which direction did Union General George McClellan lead his troops on the way

to the Seven Days battles? south and then northwest

7. The Confederacy chose the city of Richmond, Virginia, as its capital. About how

far is this city from Washington, D.C., the Union capital?100 miles

8. Which side won a victory at Atlanta? the Union

9. How many miles did William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops travel on their

march from Atlanta to Bentonville? about 500

10. Why do you think the Union organized a blockade off the Atlantic coast?

The Union organized the blockade to prevent supplies of food, manufactured

goods, and firearms and ammunition from getting through to the Confederates.

11. The siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, by General Ulysses S. Grant’s forces,

began in June 1864. When did the siege end? April 1865

12. Before General Sherman’s historic “March to the Sea,” what happened to Atlanta?

Sherman captured Atlanta and ordered it to be destroyed.

13. In which state did the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Cold Harbor take

place? Virginia

14. What happened at Appomattox Court House? Robert E. Lee surrendered to

Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.




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Reconstruction and Its AftermathDIRECTIONS: Using Graphic Organizers Write the features of each Reconstructionplan in the spaces provided. Then answer the questions that follow.



(continued)

Punishing Southserves no useful purpose

State constitutionsmust ban slavery

African Americanswho were educated or had

served in the Union army to be given the right to vote

When 10%of voters swear loyaltyto the Union, state can

form government

Southerners(except Confederate leaders)

get amnesty if they swearloyalty to the Union

Southern states wouldnot have to give AfricanAmericans equal rights

LINCOLN’S PLAN

Former Confederates do not have right to hold public office

Only white males whoswore they never took uparms against the Union couldvote for convention delegates

State constitution mustabolish slavery beforestate can be readmittedto the Union

50% of white males mustswear loyalty to the Union

RADICALREPUBLICANS’

PLAN


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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.

1. At the end of the Civil War, why was it only the South that faced the enormous prob-

lems of Reconstruction? Most of the fighting and destruction took place in the South.

2. What was the Ten Percent Plan? The Ten Percent Plan was Lincoln’s first plan, offered

in December 1863. When 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty

to the Union, the state could form a new government.

3. What was the main difference between the way Abraham Lincoln and Congress felt about

rebuilding the South? Congress wanted to punish the Southern states, but Lincoln

disagreed. Lincoln’s goal was to heal the nation’s wounds as soon as possible.

4. When Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, why did Lincoln refuse to

sign it into law? Lincoln believed the plan, which required 50 percent of the white

males in a state to swear loyalty to the Union and banned former Confederates from

holding public office, would prevent order from quickly being restored.

5. President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction, which he called “Restoration,” re-quired that a state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment before it could be readmitted to the

Union. Why was this important? The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which

Congress had passed in January 1865, abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.

6. What were the black codes? A series of laws passed by the new legislatures of

Southern states in 1865 and 1866 that were designed to control the lives of freed men

and women and to enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers.

7. When Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in June 1866, whydid 10 of the 11 Southern states hesitate to ratify it, so that its adoption was delayed until

1868? The Fourteenth Amendment, which granted full citizenship to all people born in

the United States, would entitle freed African Americans to “equal protection of the laws.”

8. What major piece of Reconstruction legislation did Congress pass in February 1869 that theRepublicans believed would enable African Americans to protect themselves? Congress

passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave African American

men the right to vote. The amendment was ratified and became law in February 1870.




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The Western FrontierDuring the mid- to late 1800s, the frontier kept being pushed westward by

waves of settlers. By 1890 the frontier had ceased to exist. Railroads crossedthe country from coast to coast, and hundreds of new towns, many of themboomtowns, seemed to have sprung up almost overnight.

DIRECTIONS: In the space provided, write the word or words that best com-plete the sentence.

Exodusters George A. Custer Geronimo

stampede reservations sodbusters

William Cody vaqueros Sitting Bull

1. Hispanic ranch hands in the Spanish Southwest were called .

2. One of the greatest dangers faced by cowhands was the ,when thousands of cattle ran in panic.

3. were African Americans who migrated from theSouthern states into Kansas in the late 1870s.

4. Plains farmers, known as , needed new tools, suchas lightweight steel plows, to penetrate the tough, dry soil.

5. , hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to kill buffalo,became known as Buffalo Bill.

6. In 1867 the federal government’s Indian Peace Commission recommended moving

the Native Americans to a few large .

7. , a leader of the Lakota Sioux, refused to sell land inthe Black Hills to the federal government.

8. General and all of his troops were killed in the battle at the Little Bighorn River.

9. The Apache leader led raids against settlers and thearmy in Arizona in the 1880s.

Geronimo

George A. Custer

Sitting Bull

reservations

William Cody

sodbusters

Exodusters

stampede

vaqueros



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DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. The pioneers who settled the Great Plains were faced with numerous challenges to

their survival as they attempted to build new lives in the vast open spaces of theprairie. What were the main problems the settlers were up against?Because traditional building materials were usually unavailable, the settlers had to build houses out of sod; the dry soil required new methods of farming; the climatefeatured extremes of heat and cold; crops would periodically be destroyed bydroughts, floods, and occasionally by plagues of grasshoppers; brushfires duringdrought years would destroy everything in their paths; and careful planning wasrequired in order to survive winter blizzards.

2. Why was the disappearance of the buffalo a catastrophe for the Plains Native Americans?The Plains Native Americans depended on the buffalo for most of the essentials of life—food, clothing, and shelter. They used buffalo skin to make tepees, clothes, and bags for carrying food; they dried the meat into jerky for winter food; they shaped the bones into tools such as hoes, knives, and fishhooks; and they used dried manure, called buffalo chips, for fuel. When the buffalo were no longer available, the traditional lifestyle of the Plains Native Americans was no longer possible.

3. Why did boomtowns develop in the West, and what eventually happened to them?When prospectors discovered gold or silver in various places in the West, the news traveled quickly and attracted many other people eager to try their luck at striking it rich. Investors financed large-scale mining operations to extract most of the ore,which was buried deep underground. Mining required many workers. New townsarose around all of the businesses that provided the services needed by the minersand prospectors. The boomtowns thrived as long as men continued to seek preciousmetals, but once the mines no longer yielded ore, the booms were followed by busts.The populations of the boomtowns dwindled until many of them became emptyghost towns.

4. How did the government help expand the nation’s railroad network?The federal government agreed with the railroad companies that the railroad network would benefit the entire nation, therefore the railroad companies shouldreceive free public land on which to lay railroad track and financial aid and landgrants. The government gave the railroad companies more than 130 million acres of land, which included land for the tracks plus 20- to 80-mile-wide strips of land along the railway. State and local governments gave the railroad companies cashsubsidies to make sure the railroad came to their communities.




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The Growth of Industry

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Why did many businesses that were looking to expand form corporations?

By forming corporations, companies could raise the capital they needed to buy raw

materials and equipment, pay workers, and cover shipping and advertising costs.

2. How did John D. Rockefeller create a monopoly in the oil industry through his

Standard Oil Company? He lowered prices to drive his competitors out of business;

he pressured his customers not to deal with competitors; he combined competing firms

into one organization; and he formed a trust.

3. What method did Andrew Carnegie use to build the nation’s largest steel company?

He used vertical integration, buying other companies that provided the equipment and

services he needed, such as iron and coal mines, warehouses, ore ships, and railroads.

4. How did the government respond to public pressure to prohibit trusts and monopolies?

During the 1880s, 15 states passed laws restricting business combinations that limited

competition.

5. Describe typical working conditions for industrial workers in the late 1800s.

Factories and mines were noisy, unhealthy, and unsafe. Laborers worked 10 or 12 hours a

day, 6 days a week. Dim, crowded sweatshops were filled with flammable materials;

airborne lint damaged textile workers’ lungs; cave-ins and gas and coal dust killed mine-

workers; and spills of hot steel burned steelworkers.

6. How did the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, differ from other labor organizations?

The Knights of Labor recruited workers who had been kept out of trade unions,

including women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers.

7. What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL), under the leadership of Samuel

Gompers, hope to accomplish? The organization pressed for higher wages, shorter

hours, better working conditions, and the right to engage in collective bargaining.



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8. What event at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory led the International Ladies’Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to organize the women there?

Nearly 150 workers were killed in a fire when the crowded sweatshop where young

immigrant women were locked in to prevent them from leaving early.

9. Why did antilabor feelings in the United States grow stronger after the strike by

workers from the McCormick Harvester Company in 1886? A bloody clash took

place between strikers and police in Chicago’s Haymarket Square where workers had

gathered to protest the killings of four strikers the previous day. When the police

ordered the crowd to break up, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer.

Americans began to associate the labor movement with terrorism and disorder.

10. Why did the 1892 steelworkers’ strike at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in

Homestead, Pennsylvania, fail? Homestead managers hired nonunion workers.

In a battle between the strikers and 300 armed guards, 10 people died, and

Pennsylvania’s governor sent the state’s militia to protect nonunion workers.

11. How did George Pullman end the strike by the employees at his railway-car plant?

Pullman and the railroad owners persuaded the United States attorney general to

obtain an injunction against the strike. They said that striking workers interfered with

the delivery of the mail. Union leader, Eugene V. Debs, was jailed, and President

Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike.

12. How did Henry Ford’s manufacturing method revolutionize the automobile industry?

Ford developed the assembly line process in which each worker does the same task over

and over. The assembly line made producing large numbers of cars quicker and cheaper,

so millions of Americans could afford automobiles.

13. How did George Westinghouse improve upon Thomas Edison’s electric power plant?

Edison’s power plant in New York City in 1882 provided electricity to light up

85 buildings. Westinghouse developed and built transformers to send electric power

more cheaply over longer distances so whole cities had electric power.




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Toward an Urban AmericaBetween 1860 and 1910, America’s urban

population grew from a little over 6 millionpeople to more than 40 million. By 1914, thenumber of Americans living in the citieswas the same as those living in rural areas.People left the farms and flocked to thecities to find new manufacturing and indus-trial jobs. Also fueling the explosive growthin urban population were waves of immigrants.

DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blankat the left, write the letter of the choice thatbest completes the statement. To answerquestions 9–14, refer to the graph.

A 1. In the mid-1880s large groups of “new” immigrants arrived from A. eastern and southern Europe. C. northern Europe.B. southeast Asia. D. Mexico.

C 2. Among the immigrants from eastern and southern Europe wereA. Jews, Germans, and Dutch. C. Greeks, Russians, and Italians.B. Italians, Poles, and Scotch. D. Greeks, Italians, and Germans.

C 3. Many Jews who came to the United States in the 1880sA. planned to homestead on the Great Plains.B. planned to return to Russia at a later date.C. fled persecution in Russia.D. intended to eventually settle in Israel.

D 4. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States usually tookA. 60 days. C. 12 weeks.B. 6 months. D. 12 days.

B 5. After 1892, immigrants in the East were processed at A. Castle Garden. C. Angel Island.B. Ellis Island. D. Staten Island.

C 6. Many immigrants spent long hours in sweatshops, which wereA. health clubs. C. crowded garment workshops.B. sauna rooms. D. steam baths.



(continued)

Urban and Rural PopulationGrowth, 1860–1900

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.

0

10

20

30

40

50

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900

Popu

lati

on (

in m

illio

ns) Urban Rural

Year


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B 7. The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882, A. prohibited Chinese workers from ever entering the United States.B. prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for 10 years.C. prohibited Chinese immigrants from leaving the United States.D. ordered Chinese immigrants to return to China.

A 8. The new immigrants enriched communities with theirA. customs and culture.B. expensive jewelry.C. knowledge of farming.D. quick assimilation into American culture.

D 9. There were three times as many urban dwellers in �� than in 1870.A. 1860 C. 1890B. 1880 D. 1900

C 10. About �� people lived in rural areas in 1860.A. 7 million C. 26 millionB. 20 million D. 30 million

A 11. About �� more people lived in rural areas in 1900 than in 1860.A. 18 million C. 26 millionB. 23 million D. 44 million

C 12. The year with the biggest numerical difference between urban and ruraldwellers wasA. 1860. C. 1880.B. 1870. D. 1890.

B 13. In 1900 there were about �� more rural dwellers than urbandwellers in America.A. 6 million C. 30 millionB. 14 million D. 44 million

B 14. According to the graph, urban population was growing �� ruralpopulation.A. at about the same rate as C. more slowly thanB. faster than D. three times slower than




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Progressive ReformsDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States experienced a

period of rapid growth that resulted in major economic and social changes.


1. Journalists who wrote about corruption in society were called .

2. brought about significant reforms—raising taxes for corpo-rations and improving civil service—while governor of Wisconsin.

3. , writing for McClure’s Magazine, warned about the unfairpractices of the oil trust.

4. One of the most successful civic reformers was , mayor ofCleveland, Ohio, from 1901 to 1909.

5. helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898.

6. and a ring of corrupt city officials controlled the police, thecourts, and some newspapers in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s.

7. In 1912 formed the Progressive Party.

8. People who fought for women’s right to vote were called .

9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and founded the National WomanSuffrage Association.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.

10. What did Upton Sinclair write about in his 1906 novel The Jungle, and how did

Americans react to the book? In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the horrors of

the meatpacking industry in Chicago, hoping to arouse sympathy for the workers.

But Americans were mainly upset by his vivid descriptions. Public outrage led to

congressional passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.

Susan B. Anthony

suffragists

Theodore Roosevelt

Boss Tweed

Eugene V. Debs

Tom Johnson

Ida Tarbell

Robert La Follette

muckrakers



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11. What was La Follette’s great accomplishment that led to other states’ reformers

copying this “Wisconsin idea”? LaFollette reformed Wisconsin’s electoral system.

He introduced a direct primary election in which the state’s voters could choose

their party’s candidates.

12. How did the state of Oregon reform its political process? Oregon gave voters more

power and limited the influence of political parties through a series of reforms

known as the Oregon System. The reforms included a direct primary election and

the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. The initiative allowed citizens to place

a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election. The referendum gave voters the

opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted. The recall

enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.

13. What progressive actions did Theodore Roosevelt take during his presidency to earn

the nickname “trustbuster”? He directed the Justice Department to act against

several trusts, including a railroad monopoly, the beef trust, the tobacco trust, and

Standard Oil—a petroleum trust. He wanted to prove that the federal government

had authority over big business.

14. Why did progressives support theSixteenth Amendment, which gaveCongress the power to tax people’s

income? Progressives hoped that the

revenue generated by the income tax

would enable the government to lower

tariffs. This, in turn, would lead to lower

prices for goods. Lower prices would

be especially beneficial to the poor.




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Overseas ExpansionBy 1890 the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific

Ocean, and the frontier was gone. Americans, for whom the frontier hadalways symbolized growth and opportunity, were eager to find new frontiersto replace the one that was lost.

DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of thechoice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 6–11, refer tothe map.

B 1. In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaskafrom Russia forA. $700,000. C. $72 million.B. $7.2 million. D. $720 million.

A 2. In 1889 United States Secretary of State �� invited Latin Americannations to attend a Pan-American Conference in Washington, D.C.A. James G. Blaine C. William H. SewardB. Alfred Thayer Mahan D. Theodore Roosevelt

D 3. In 1893 American planters overthrew the Hawaiian rulerA. King Kamehameha I. C. King Kalakaua.B. King Kamehameha II. D. Queen Liliuokalani.



(continued)

DEWEY

CERVERA(FROM SPAIN)

TampaTampa

CUBA

DOMINICANREPUBLIC

PHILIPPINES

HAITI

San JuanHill

e Cuba

MindanaoIsland

Tampa

San Juan

Hong Kong(Brit.)

Taiwan

ManilaManila

Bay

Havana

GuánicaSantoDomingo

CUBA

DOMINICANREPUBLIC

CHINA

PHILIPPINES

JAMAICA

PUERTORICO

HAITI

San JuanHill

El Caney

Santiago de Cuba

Fla.

MindoroIsland

LuzonIsland

MindanaoIsland

BBaahhaammaa IIssllaannddss ((BBrriitt..))Bahama Islands (Brit.)

KeyWest

Gulf ofMexico

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

CaribbeanSea

SouthChinaSea

Stra

itsof

Flor

ida

The Caribbean

The Philippines

0 300 miles150

300 kilometers1500

0 400 miles200

400 kilometers2000

N

E

S

W

N

E

S

W

U.S. forcesSpanish forcesU.S. naval blockadeBattle

The Spanish-American War


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B 4. United States Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policyregarding China so thatA. Americans could settle in China.B. the United States could trade with China.C. Chinese could immigrate to the United States.D. none of the above

C 5. The Panama Canal reduced shipping costs by cutting more than ��off the voyage from New York to San Francisco.A. 700 miles C. 7,000 milesB. 1,700 miles D. 70,000 miles

B 6. American troops bound for the south coast of Cuba set sail from the city ofA. Havana. C. Santo Domingo.B. Tampa. D. San Juan.

D 7. In order to reach Santiago de Cuba, the Americans had to sailA. south of Haiti. C. north of the Bahama Islands.B. around the western tip of Cuba. D. around the eastern tip of Cuba.

C 8. Spanish forces approached Santiago de Cuba from theA. north. C. south.B. east. D. west.

B 9. The United States maintained a naval blockade of Cuba toA. help the United States fleet navigate in the Caribbean.B. prevent supplies from reaching the Spanish forces.C. force Cubans to buy products made in Cuba.D. help American companies supply American forces.

A 10. Commodore George Dewey sailed in a �� direction across the SouthChina Sea to reach Manila Bay.A. southeasterly C. northwesterlyB. northeasterly D. southwesterly

C 11. Manila is located on the island ofA. Mindanao. C. Luzon.B. Mindoro. D. none of the above




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World War IDuring the early 1900s European powers competed with one another for

colonies and markets around the world. To protect their interests, they estab-lished a complicated system of alliances. By 1914 Europe had become a pow-der keg.

DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists the major participantsin World War I. Use your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes.Then answer the questions that follow.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. World War I involved a struggle between two great alliances—the Allied Powers and

the Central Powers. Identify the countries in each alliance. The Allied Powers

at first consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Then Japan joined in

August 1914, Italy joined in 1915, and the United States joined in 1917. The Central

Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire).



(continued)

World War IDate of Entry

Country Into War Reason for Entering War

Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914 Declares war on Serbia, blaming it for assassination of Austrian archduke

August 6, 1914 Declares war on Russia, Serbia’s ally

Russia July 30, 1914 Obliged by treaty to protect Serbia, its ally; begins to mobilize armed forces in preparation for war

Germany August 1, 1914 Declares war on Russia in order to help its ally, Austria-Hungary

August 3, 1914 Declares war on France because of France’s alliancewith Russia, and begins invasion of Belgium

Great Britain August 4, 1914 Declares war on Germany because of treaty obligationto protect Belgium

August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally

France August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany’s ally

Turkey October 1914 Joins war as ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary(Ottoman Empire)

United States April 6, 1917 Declares war on Germany because German U-boats attacked and sank American merchant ships


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2. Why did Italy refuse to honor its alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary?

Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised territory in Austria after the war.

3. What happened at the Battle of the Marne? The British and the French stopped the

advance of the German army just a few miles east of Paris, but it became clear that

neither side would be able to win the war quickly or easily.

4. What new weapons were used in World War I that helped contribute to the extremely

high numbers of casualties on both sides? Armored tanks, airplanes, the zeppelin,

U-boats, submarines, poison gas, and new improved cannons and machine guns.

5. Although the United States was neutral at first and traded with both sides in the war,

why did it end up trading exclusively with Great Britain? The British navy blockaded

Germany, stopping and searching American ships and sometimes seizing their

cargoes.

6. What was the Zimmermann telegram, and why did Americans react angrily to it?

In February 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to

the Mexican government offering to help Mexico take back its lost territory in Texas,

New Mexico, and Arizona, if Mexico would agree to help Germany in its war

against the Allies. This set off a new wave of anti-German feelings.

7. How much did World War I cost the United States, and how did the United States pay

for the war? World War I cost the United States about $32 billion. The government

raised two-thirds of the money by selling Liberty Bonds to the American people.

The government also raised money by increasing taxes and requiring more people

to pay income taxes. The government also imposed high taxes on business profits.

8. What terms did Germany agree to under the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war, pay billions of dollars in

reparations to the Allies, disarm completely, and give up all of its overseas colonies

and some territory in Europe.




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The Jazz AgeThe 1920s was an exciting time of change—in lifestyles, fashion, and music

and the other arts. But the decade also showed intolerance of immigrants,minorities, and radical or foreign political ideas.

DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.

1. What caused Americans’ growing fear of radical political ideas? When the Bolsheviks

took over Russia in November 1917 and established a Communist state, they also

supported the overthrow of capitalism in other countries. Americans felt that their

own government and institutions were threatened by bolshevism. In 1919 a series

of anarchist bombings occurred in the United States, contributing to antiradical

hysteria.

2. What were the effects of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920? Attorney General A.

Mitchell Palmer and his deputy J. Edgar Hoover ordered the arrest of people

suspected of being Communists and anarchists. Government agents raided the

headquarters of various groups, ransacked homes and offices, seized records,

arrested more than 4,000 people, and deported about 500 foreigners.

3. What was the cause of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti’s arrest, trial, conviction,

and eventual execution? Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with robbing a shoe

factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, and shooting and killing a guard and pay-

master. Although both men claimed to be innocent, many Americans demanded their

execution.

4. When 350,000 steelworkers went on strike in September 1919, the steel companiesaccused the strikers of being communists. What effect did this have on the strikers?

It cost the strikers public support and helped force them to end the strike.

5. What caused a sharp drop in union membership during the 1920s? Antiunion

feelings grew because many Americans connected unions with radicalism and

bolshevism. Employers and the government pressured workers not to join unions.



(continued)


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6. What led to rising racial tensions and outbreaks of racial violence in the North in 1919?

During World War I, more than 500,000 African Americans left the South and

migrated to the North in search of jobs. Many Northern whites resented African

American competition for jobs.

7. What caused Warren G. Harding to promise Americans a return to “normalcy”

during his campaign for the presidency? He sensed Americans’ longing for calm

and stability after decades of progressive reforms and world war.

8. What kind of foreign policy was responsible for the United States’s refusal to join the

League of Nations? Isolationism, favored by presidents Harding and Coolidge and

many Americans, discouraged involvement in international disagreements.

9. What effects were caused by the increasing availability of electricity in the 1920s?

Consumers eagerly bought electric appliances, which reduced the time spent on

household chores and gave people more leisure time. They also bought radios

to enjoy during their leisure time.

10. What effect did the automobile have on other industries? The automobile led to

the development of new roads, gas stations, rest stops, and roadside businesses;

growth in the steel, rubber, and glass industries; and a shift in the oil industry,

from producing lubricants to refining gasoline.

11. Why did writers during the 1920s leave the United States? Some American writers

were disappointed with American values, so they left the country in search of

inspiration; many, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, settled in Europe.

12. The prohibition of alcohol ended in failure. What were some of the negative effects

of Prohibition? A continuing demand for alcohol led to widespread lawbreaking, as

people made wine or “bathtub gin” at home and went to illegal bars. It sparked the rise

of organized crime, as gangsters profited from the making and selling of illegal alcohol.




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The Depression and FDR

DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice thatbest completes the statement. To answer questions 8–13, refer to the chart.

D 1. Before the 1929 stock market crash, many investors bought stocks on margin,or they paid only a fraction of the stock price and A. never had to pay the rest. C. paid the rest if stock prices rose.B. borrowed the rest from banks. D. borrowed the rest from brokers.

B 2. The Great Depression was caused byA. the stock market crash of 1929. C. widespread unhappiness.B. a combination of economic problems. D. people’s refusal to work hard.

C 3. When 9,000 banks closed between 1930 and 1933, millions of depositorsA. continued to collect interest. C. lost their money.B. got their deposits back. D. shifted deposits to other banks.

C 4. By 1932, �� of American workers were out of work.A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 35 percent



(continued)

Program Purpose

Established minimum wages and maximum hours for allbusinesses engaged in interstate commerce

Lent money to sharecroppers; set up camps for migrantworkers

Set up a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and people with disabilities

Employed men and women to build hospitals, schools,parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians

Loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas

Insured savings accounts in banks approved by the government

Built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers

Paid farmers not to grow certain crops

Gave relief to unemployed and needy

Built dams to provide cheap electric power to sevenSouthern states; set up schools and health centers

Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridgesand parks, and set up flood control projects

Initials Begun

1938

1937

1935

1935

1935

1933

1933

Helped devise standards for production, prices, and wages

CCC

TVA

FERA

AAA

PWA

FDIC

REA

WPA

SSA

FSA

FLSA

NRA 1933

1933

1933

1933

1933

Fair Labor Standards Act

Farm Security Administration

Social Security Act

Works Progress Administration

Rural ElectrificationAdministration

Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation

Public Works Administration

National Recovery Administation

Agricultural AdjustmentAdministration

Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration

Tennessee Valley Authority

Civilian Conservation Corps

The New Deal


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B 5. In June 1932 the Bonus Army marched on Washington, D.C., to demand theA. annual bonuses promised by their bosses.B. early payment of the bonuses that Congress had agreed to give them in 1945.C. bonuses promised for their community volunteer work.D. bonuses promised by President Herbert Hoover.

D 6. In the 1930s the southern Great Plains suffered an environmental disaster. Thearea, known as the Dust Bowl, included parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, A. Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska. C. Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa.B. Texas, Missouri, and Nebraska. D. Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.

A 7. Thousands of Dust Bowl farmers went bankrupt and had toA. give up their farms. C. get jobs on neighboring farms.B. take out more bank loans. D. get jobs in town.

D 8. The Civilian Conservation Corps, set up in 1933, provided jobs for young men toA. plant trees. C. set up flood control projects.B. build bridges and parks. D. all of the above

A 9. Most of the New Deal programs on the chart on page 59 were begun inA. 1933. B. 1935. C. 1937. D. 1938.

C 10. The �� set up pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.A. Federal Emergency Relief AdministrationB. Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationC. Social Security ActD. Fair Labor Standards Act

C 11. The �� employed artists, writers, and musicians. A. Public Works Administration C. Works Progress AdministrationB. Fair Labor Standards Act D. Civilian Conservation Corps

B 12. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmersA. for their work. C. to grow certain crops.B. not to grow certain crops. D. for the use of their land.

D 13. The �� built dams to provide cheap electric power to sevenSouthern states.A. Rural Electrification AdministrationB. Civilian Conservation CorpsC. Public Works AdministrationD. Tennessee Valley Authority




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World War IIDIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answerthe questions.

1. The British beatthe German tank division at El Alamein. Inwhich countrydid this battletake place?

Egypt

2. On July 10, 1943,Allied forces leftTunisia, crossed the

,and landed onthe shores of

.

3. Supply shipsfrom the UnitedStates reachedthe northerncoast of theSoviet Unionafter sailingaround thenorthern tips of whichScandinaviancountries?

.Finland

Sweden,

Norway,

Sicily

Sea

Mediterranean



(continued)

1944

1944–451945

1942

–43

1942

SOVIETUNION

CHINA

MONGOLIAMANCHUKUOMANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)(MANCHURIA)

BURMABURMA

THAILAND

FRENCHINDOCHINA

KOREA JAPAN

NagasakiNagasaki

HiroshimaHiroshima

ManilaManila

MANCHUKUO(MANCHURIA)

NEPAL

INDIA

BURMA

THAILAND

MALAYA

FRENCHINDOCHINA

KOREA JAPAN

BORNEO

NEWGUINEA

SingaporeSingapore

SUMATRASUMATRA

NEWGUINEA

Guadalcanal

Solomon Is.

Caroline IslandsCaroline Islands

Mariana Is.Mariana Is.

SaipanSaipan

BismarckBismarckArch.Arch.

FormosaFormosa

KyushuKyushu

PhilippinePhilippineIs.Is.

Caroline Islands

EniwetokKwajalein

Marshall Is.

Wake Island Wake Island Wake IslandMariana Is.

GilbertIs.

Saipan

Guam

BismarckArch. Tarawa

Iwo JimaHongKong(Br.)

Singapore

Chungking TokyoNagasaki

Hiroshima

Manila

LuzonFormosa

OkinawaKyushu

Kurile Is.Kurile Is.

SakhalinSakhalin

KiskaKiska

AttuAttuAleutianAleutianIslandsIslands

HawaiianHawaiianIslandsIslands

Kurile Is.

Sakhalin

Kiska

AttuAleutianIslands

PhilippineIs.

MidwayIsland

HawaiianIslands

ElliceIslands

SUMATRA

AUSTRALIA

NNEETTHHEERRLLAANNDDSS EEAASSTT IINNDDIIEESS

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

PACIFICOCEAN

INDIANINDIANOCEANOCEANINDIANOCEAN

BeringSea

CoralSea

160160°°EE

180180°°EE

100100°°EE 160°E

180 °E

100°E

N

40°N40°N

20°N

00°°0°

2020°°SS20°S

40

MidwayJune 3-6, 1942 Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941

Coral SeaMay 7-8, 1942

Leyte GulfOct 23-24, 1944

Japanese Empire, 1936

Extent of Japanese control, 1942

Allied troop movements

Major battles

Atomic bomb explosions

World War II in the Pacific

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TO SOVIETUNION

Aug. 15, 1944

July 10, 1943

Nov. 8, 1942

FINAL SOVIET DRIVEJuly-August, 1944

D-DAYJune 6, 1944

Supply linesfrom U.S.

1942 The British beat the German tank division at El Alamein

GERMANYGERMANY

FRANCEFRANCE

LUX.LUX.

SWITZ.SWITZ.

ESTONIAESTONIA

LATVIALATVIA

LITHUANIALITHUANIASOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

FINLANDFINLAND

ICELANDICELAND

ITALYITALY

SPANISHSPANISHMOROCCOMOROCCO

FRENCHFRENCHMOROCCOMOROCCO ALGERIAALGERIA

(France)TUNISIATUNISIA(France)

LIBYALIBYA(Italy)

ROMANIAROMANIA

BULGARIABULGARIAYUGOSLAVIAYUGOSLAVIA

GREECEGREECE

EGYPTEGYPT SAUDISAUDIARABIAARABIA

TRANSJORDANTRANSJORDAN

IRAQIRAQ

IRANIRAN

KUWAITKUWAIT

SYRIASYRIA

TURKEYTURKEY

AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

ALBANIAALBANIA

BELG.BELG.

Moscow

London

Rome

Stalingrad

Cairo

Paris

Dunkirk

Leningrad

Vienna

WarsawBerlin

HUNGARYHUNGARY

CZECH.CZECH.

POLANDPOLAND

NORW

AY

Normandy

GERMANY

FRANCE

NETH.

LUX.

SWITZ.

UNITEDKINGDOMIRELAND

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIASOVIET UNION

FINLAND

ICELAND

ITALY

SPAIN

SPANISHMOROCCO

FRENCHMOROCCO ALGERIA

(France)TUNISIA(France)

LIBYA(Italy)

PORTUGAL

ROMANIA

BULGARIAYUGOSLAVIA

GREECESicily

EGYPT

PALESTINE

SAUDIARABIA

LEBANON

TRANSJORDAN

IRAQ

IRAN

KUWAIT

SYRIA

TURKEY

AUSTRIA

ALBANIA

BELG.

Moscow

London

RomeNaples

Stalingrad

CairoEl Alamein

Paris

Dunkirk

Leningrad

Vienna

WarsawBerlin

HUNGARY

CZECH.

POLAND

SWED

EN

NORW

AY

Normandy

ATLANTICOCEAN

NorthSea

Black Sea

Caspian Sea

Balti

cSe

a

AralSea

MediterraneanSea

N

E

SW

Allied forcesSupply lines

0 500 miles250

500 kilometers2500

Neutral nations

Greatest extent of Axis control

�Major Axis Powers�Allied or Ally-controlled�y

World War ll in Europe and Africa


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4. In the summer of 1944, Allied forces converged on Berlin from which directions?

from the west and from the east

5. After crossing the English Channel, Allied forces taking part in the D-Day invasion

of June 6, 1944, landed on the French coast at .

6. Which Soviet city on this map is closest to the Caspian Sea? Stalingrad

7. On their final drive of July–August 1944, Soviet forces had to cross the countries of

in order to reach Germany.

8. What event occurred on December 7, 1941? The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor

in Hawaii.

9. Where did the battle of the Coral Sea take place? the Solomon Islands

10. When the Japanese took over the northern part of China known as Manchuria, they

changed its name to Manchukuo .

11. The battle of Leyte Gulf took place in

which country? the Philippine Islands

12. Allied forces sailing from Australia toGuadalcanal traveled in which direction?

northeast

13. What is the closest island to Hawaii onwhich a major battle took place?

Midway Island

14. What happened to the Japanese cities of

Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The United

States dropped atomic bombs on

both cities.

Poland and Czechoslovakia

Normandy



SOURCE: Culver Pictures


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The Cold War EraAs soon as World War II ended, the wartime cooperation between the

United States and the Soviet Union turned to mutual distrust. The two formerallies became enemies almost overnight, with each nation viewing the other asan evil force striving for world domination. As a climate of fear and intoler-ance took hold in the United States, certain politicians took advantage of thesituation by persecuting those who held different political ideas, in this wayruining the lives of many innocent Americans.


Warsaw Pact United Nations Fair Deal Winston Churchill

Taft-Hartley Chiang Kai-shek George F. Kennan Douglas MacArthur

Berlin Yalta Marshall Plan Mao Zedong

Joseph McCarthy Truman Doctrine demilitarized zone NATO

1. The contributed nearly $13 billion to the rebuilding of thecountries of Western Europe after World War II.

2. In 1949 led Communist forces to victory in a long civil warin China.

3. The agreement of July 27, 1953, ending the Korean War, created a

between North and South Korea.

4. In 1946 declared that an “iron curtain” haddescended on Europe.

5. was established in April 1949 by the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations to defend against a possible Soviet invasion ofWestern Europe.

6. On April 11, 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General of his command because the general was opposed to negotiating an end to theKorean War.

Douglas MacArthur

NATO

Winston Churchill

demilitarized zone

Mao Zedong

Marshall Plan



(continued)


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7. From June 1948 until May 1949, the Soviets maintained a blockade of .

8. believed that the United States should follow a policy ofcontainment regarding the Soviet Union.

9. President Harry S Truman’s legislation raised the minimumwage, expanded Social Security benefits for senior citizens, and provided funds forhousing for low-income families.

10. In February 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met at

, a Soviet port on the Black Sea.

11. The was a commitment to help nations threatened by com-munism and Soviet expansion.

12. On June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, 50 nations signed the charter creating the

.

13. The Soviet Union and the Communist governments of Eastern Europe established a

military alliance in 1955, known as the .

14. Republican Senator of Wisconsin publicly attacked manypeople alleged to be Communists.

15. In 1949 retreated with his forces to the islandof Taiwan after being defeated in thecivil war in China.

16. In 1947 Congress introduced the

bill, whichlimited the actions workers could takeagainst their employers.

Taft-Hartley

Chiang Kai-shek

Joseph McCarthy

Warsaw Pact

United Nations

Truman Doctrine

Yalta

Fair Deal

George F. Kennan

Berlin




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America in the 1950sAlthough the 1950s was a period of international cold war tensions,

it was also a time of prosperity for many Americans. Economic growth meant more jobs, higher salaries, and greater educational opportunities.


B 1. In November 1952, Americans elected Dwight D. Eisenhower to thepresidency, the first Republican to win the White House sinceA. 1918. B. 1928. C. 1938. D. 1948.

A 2. �� ran against Eisenhower in 1952 on the Democratic ticket.A. Adlai Stevenson C. Richard M. NixonB. John J. Sparkman D. none of the above

C 3. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of more than

�� miles of highway.A. 4,000 B. 14,000 C. 40,000 D. 400,000

C 4. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Oveta Culp Hobby as the firstsecretary of the �� of the United States.A. Treasury C. Department of Health, Education, and WelfareB. Department of Energy D. Women’s Air Corps

D 5. Alaska and Hawaii, which entered the Union in 1959, were the only statesA. without highway systems. C. with rainforests.B. with volcanoes. D. not bordering on other states.

B 6. When the first American space satellite was launched in December 1957, itA. orbited the earth. C. crashed into the Atlantic Ocean.B. exploded. D. linked up with the Soviet Sputnik.

A 7. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles believed that the best foreign policy forthe United States regarding the Soviet Union was a policy ofA. brinkmanship. C. isolationism.B. peaceful coexistence. D. massive nuclear attack.

C 8. When fighting broke out in the Middle East in 1956, the United Statessponsored a United Nations resolution calling forA. Israeli control of the Suez Canal.B. British and French control of Egypt.C. British and French withdrawal from Egypt.D. none of the above



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C 9. When Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian revolt in 1956, Dwight EisenhowerA. called for a military intervention by NATO forces.B. advised the Hungarians to cooperate with the Soviets.C. condemned the Soviet crackdown.D. threatened an American nuclear attack on the Soviets.

B 10. When 13,000 French troops were trapped by Vietminh forces in Vietnam,Eisenhower refused to send American military aid because he believed thatA. every nation should fight its own battles.B. it would be tragic if the United States became involved in a war

in Indochina.C. the French had no business being there in the first place.D. it was always wrong to try to solve political problems with military force.

B 11. When Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and formed anew government in January 1959, the United StatesA. cut diplomatic ties with Cuba. C. set up a naval blockade of Cuba.B. supported Castro at first. D. planned an invasion of Cuba.

D 12. American and Soviet hopes for peaceful coexistence ended in 1960 whenA. the Soviets invaded Hungary.B. Fidel Castro invited Soviet officials to Cuba.C. President Eisenhower insulted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.D. the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union.

C 13. In the mid-1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk developed an effective vaccine againstA. diphtheria. C. polio.B. influenza. D. typhoid fever.

D 14. The suburbs appealed to many Americans because they offeredA. affordable homes. C. isolation from urban problems.B. privacy. D. all of the above

A 15. Developers of the United States’ postwar suburbsA. often refused to sell homes to minorities.B. were eager to sell homes to minorities.C. reduced the prices of their homes for minorities.D. refused to use precut and preassembled building materials.

C 16. Between 1940 and 1960, more than three million African Americans movedfrom the rural South to cities in the North and the Midwest becauseA. they liked city life. C. they were looking for work.B. they liked snowy winters. D. all of the above




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The Civil Rights EraMinority groups who did not share in the general prosperity of the 1950s organized mass

protest movements. African Americans, women, Hispanics, and Native Americans wereamong those who took part in the struggle for civil rights.

DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. Why did the Supreme Court rule in favor of Brown in the case of Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka, Kansas? Linda Brown, an African American student, had been

prevented from attending an all-white elementary school near her home. Thurgood

Marshall argued that segregated schools were not as good as white schools, and

therefore segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

2. What happened in 1957 when a federal judge ordered all-white Central High School

in Little Rock, Arkansas, to admit African American students? Arkansas Governor

Orval Faubus called out the state’s National Guard to prevent the students from

entering the school. A federal judge ruled that Faubus had violated federal law, and

President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students.

3. What event led to the bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama,

and what was the result of the boycott? When African American Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat on a bus and move to the rear, she was arrested. Martin

Luther King, Jr., and other leaders boycotted the buses for more than a year, and the

bus company lost thousands of dollars. The boycott ended when the Supreme Court

ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

4. Why did Martin Luther King, Jr., admire Mohandas Gandhi? Gandhi had used

nonviolent protest to help India gain independence from Great Britain. King

hoped to use Gandhi’s methods to win equality for African Americans.

5. How did the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) prepare African

Americans for the struggle for equal rights? SCLC taught people how to react to

taunts and jeers, how to protect themselves from violent attacks, how to identify

targets for protest, and how to organize people for support.



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6. Who were the Freedom Riders, and why did they travel through the South?

The Freedom Riders were members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

who traveled through the South by bus to see whether the 1960 Supreme Court

ruling against segregated bus facilities was being enforced.

7. What did President Lyndon B. Johnson do to bring about progress in civil rights?

President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which

prohibited discrimination in employment, voting, and public accommodations, and

the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited poll taxes, literacy tests, and other

methods of reducing minority voter registration.

8. What did Malcolm X believe was the best way for African Americans to achieve

justice, and how did his ideas change in the early 1960s? At first Malcolm X thought

African Americans would be better off separated from whites. He later came to

believe that a society of true brotherhood between African Americans and whites

would be the best way to achieve justice for all.

9. What was the meaning of “Black Power,” as advocated by Stokely Carmichael?

Black Power was a philosophy of racial pride that said African Americans should

create their own culture and political institutions.

10. How did President John F. Kennedy help women in the United States in their struggle

to achieve equal rights? President Kennedy created the Commission on the Status of

Women in 1961, and convinced Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963, prohibiting

employers from paying women less than men for the same work.

11. What did César Chávez do to try to improve the lives of Mexican American migrant

farmworkers? César Chávez organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to fight for

better wages and working conditions.

12. How did the federal government respond to the demand by Native Americans for

greater political power? Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which

recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their reservations.




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The Vietnam EraThroughout the 1960s and early 1970s, the continuing rivalry between the United States

and the Soviet Union led to confrontations in Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam. The Vietnam Warcaused many Americans to question the foreign policy goals of the United States. As casu-alties mounted, opposition to the war led to antiwar protests.

DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.1. What were the results of the failed invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed Cuban exiles

at the Bay of Pigs in 1961? President John Kennedy lost confidence in his military

and intelligence advisers; other Latin American nations lost trust in Kennedy; and

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy could be bullied.

2. What caused the Soviets and East Germans, in August 1961, to build a wall along the

border between East and West Berlin? A large number of East Germans had fled to

the West during the summer of 1961, and the Soviets wanted to prevent more people

from escaping.

3. What discovery caused President John F. Kennedy to become alarmed about Soviet

activities in Cuba? Photographs from an American spy plane showed that the Soviets

were secretly building launching sites for nuclear missiles in Cuba.

4. What effect did coming close to nuclear war have on relations between the United

States and the Soviet Union? The United States and the Soviet Union worked to

establish better relations. They set up a hot line, a direct telephone link between

Moscow and Washington, and they signed a nuclear test ban treaty.

5. What effect did Soviet achievements in space have on the United States?

Soviet and United States rivalry on Earth extended into space. The United States

started a major effort to land men on the moon by the end of the 1960s.

6. According to the domino theory, what would happen to the rest of Southeast Asia

if the Communists took South Vietnam? According to this view, if the Communists

took control of South Vietnam, the other countries of Southeast Asia would also

fall to communism, one by one, like a row of dominoes.



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7. What caused a group of South Vietnamese army officers to overthrow the government

of South Vietnam and assassinate its leader, Ngo Dinh Diem? The Kennedy

administration had ended its support of Diem because Buddhist monks protested by

setting themselves on fire when Diem took away their rights. When the army officers

realized that Diem had lost the support of Washington, as well as losing the support

of many of the people of South Vietnam, they acted.

8. What caused Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President

Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to use American forces in Vietnam? In August

1964 North Vietnamese patrol boats allegedly attacked American destroyers in the

Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam.

9. What effect did the Vietnam War have on Americans at home, as the fighting

continued in Vietnam? The war caused a deep division, with mounting anger on

both sides, between antiwar protesters and supporters of the war who called the

protesters “traitors.” Opposition to the war increased as the war dragged on.

10. What was the effect of draft boards giving military deferments to full-time college

students, who were mainly from the middle class? An increasing percentage of

soldiers came from poor or working-class families.

11. What effect did the Vietnam War have on President Lyndon B. Johnson’s popularity?

As anger and frustration over the war mounted, Lyndon B. Johnson’s approval

rating declined dramatically, and on March 31, 1968, he announced that he would

not accept the nomination for another term as president.

12. In May 1970 what caused a wave of antiwar protests on college campuses thatresulted in 4 students being shot to death and at least 9 others wounded by theNational Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and 2 students being killed

by the police at Jackson State in Mississippi? On April 30, 1970, President Richard

Nixon announced that he had authorized a United States attack on Cambodia,

a Southeast Asian nation that had been neutral up to that point.



FACT BANK★

1. shuttle diplomacy2. the National Energy Plan3. a presidential pardon4. Middle East peace negotiations5. Iran hostage crisis6. progress on détente7. the Watergate scandal8. emphasis on human rights

9. arms reduction talks10. New Federalism11. energy problems and conservation12. resignation of a president13. Panama Canal agreement14. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan15. inflation


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Search for StabilityTwo Republicans and a Democrat served as president between 1968 and 1980.

Certain issues challenged all three presidents; other issues arose only during theperiod that one party or the other controlled the White House. The three presi-dents sometimes pursued similar policies; at other times, the approach taken bythe president differed depending on which party was in office.

DIRECTIONS: Completing and Analyzing a Venn Diagram The Venn diagrambelow includes the Republican and Democratic presidents who held officebetween 1968 and 1980. Examine the setup of the diagram and study the listof issues/policies beneath the diagram. Review this period in your textbookand write the numbers of the correct information in the appropriate spaces inthe diagram. Use what you learn to answer the essay questions that follow.

SEARCH FOR STABILITY



(continued)

Republicans(Nixon/Ford)

Democrat(Carter)

Both

1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 4, 9, 11, 15

2, 5, 8, 13, 14


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1. Why did Richard Nixon believe that reestablishing trade and diplomatic relations

with China was important to détente? Answers may vary. One possible

response: Nixon knew the Soviet Union would fear a Chinese-American alliance.

He hoped that improving relations with China would make the Soviet Union more

willing to cooperate with the United States to reduce cold war tensions.

2. How did New Federalism fulfill one of Nixon’s campaign promises? Answers may

vary. One possible response: Nixon promised to reduce the role of the federal

government in people’s lives. New Federalism tried to reverse the flow of resources

by giving some of the revenue from federal taxes back to the states for use at the state

and local levels.

3. What revelation on secret White House tapes led directly to Nixon’s resignation?A conversation on one tape revealed that the president had ordered a cover-up of the

Watergate break-in just a few days after it happened.

4. How was the effect of Gerald Ford’s presidential pardon different from what he intended? Answers may vary. One possible response: Ford hoped that the pardon would help

heal the wounds of Watergate. Instead it stirred controversy, and he never fully

regained the trust he enjoyed in his first weeks in office.

5. Why did Jimmy Carter’s approach to dealing with the recession make him seem

indecisive? Answers may vary. One possible response: At first he increased federal

spending and proposed a tax cut to spur growth. When inflation rose, he reversed his

policies by proposing spending cuts and delaying the tax cut.

6. In what ways did Carter demonstrate his belief in human rights as the basis for

foreign policy? Answers may vary. Students can draw from any or all of the

following in their responses: He withdrew economic and military aid from countries

that violated human rights. He condemned apartheid in South Africa. He allowed

Cubans expelled by Fidel Castro to enter the United States. He halted American grain

shipments to the Soviet Union after the invasion of Afghanistan.

7. Which two domestic concerns plagued all three administrations between 1968 and 1980?Energy problems and inflation plagued all three administrations between 1968

and 1980.




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New ChallengesNew challenges, both foreign and domestic, faced the United States in the

years between 1981 and the present.

DIRECTIONS: Completing and Interpreting a Chart Study the chart and thelist of events that follow, and review the period 1981–present in your textbookto write the information in the appropriate boxes on the chart. Use what youhave learned to answer the questions on the next page.



(continued)

Toward a New Century Terms of Office President Party Affiliation Major Issues/Events

1981–1985 Ronald Reagan Republican taxes lowered; defense spendingincreased

1985–1989 Ronald Reagan Republican perestroika begins; Iran-Contra scan-dal; Intermediate-Range NuclearForces Treaty

1989–1993 George Bush Republican end of the Soviet Union; StrategicArms Reduction Treaty; Persian GulfWar; Americans with Disabilities Act

1993–1997 Bill Clinton Democrat North American Free Trade AgreementMiddle East Peace Accords; ContractWith America; attempts at health-care reform

1997–2001 Bill Clinton Democrat NATO bombing of Serbia; Articles ofImpeachment go to Senate

2001– George W. Bush Republican inauguration of 43rd president; first African American as Secretary of State

FACT BANK★

• taxes lowered • Iran-Contra scandal• Middle East Peace Accords • NATO bombing of Serbia• perestroika begins • defense spending increased• Persian Gulf War • inauguration of 43rd president• attempts at health-care reform • end of the Soviet Union• Contract With America • North American Free Trade Agreement• Americans with Disabilities Act • Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty• first African-American U.S. Secretary • Articles of Impeachment go to Senate

of State


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D 1. During Ronald Reagan’s first term, A. taxes were lowered and the government shut down.B. taxes were lowered and perestroika began.C. taxes were raised and defense spending increased.D. taxes were lowered, but defense spending increased.

C 2. Ronald Reagan’s second term was marred by a secret arms deal known asA. the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. C. the Iran-Contra scandal.B. perestroika. D. the Intermediate-Range Nuclear

Forces Treaty.

D 3. One domestic high point of George Bush’s administration was theA. Persian Gulf War. C. end of the Soviet Union.B. banking crisis. D. Americans with Disabilities Act.

C 4. George Bush’s popularity soared after the 1990A. banking crisis. C. Persian Gulf War.B. Iran-Contra scandal. D. Contract With America.

B 5. Bill Clinton achieved domestic successes, but support was lacking for theA. Brady Bill (gun control). C. Family Medical Leave Act.B. health-care reform plan. D. North American Free Trade

Agreement.

A 6. Bill Clinton sounded a hopeful note in hisA. second Inaugural Address. C. Contract With America.B. Middle East Peace Accords. D. government shutdown.

B 7. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was ratified during thepresidential term ofA. George Bush. C. Ronald Reagan.B. Bill Clinton. D. none of the above

B 8. Bush and Gore needed �� electoral votes in order to win the 2000presidential election.A. California’s C. New York’sB. Florida’s D. Texas’s




Notes★

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