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http://www.blackvault.com/

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DATA HANDLING PAGE)1ACCESSION NO . 99-DOCUMENT LOC ' I-TOPIC TAGSI TM9501521 aerodynamic fo-1ce, aerodynamic boundary09-TITLE layer, aerodynamic stability,PRACTICAL ARODYNAMICS aerodynamic control,OF THE An-2 AIRCRAFT aerodynamic drag/(U)AN2 transportaircraft47-SUBJECT AREA

oi, 2043,AUTHOR 10-DATE OF INFOSHIFRIN, M. N. -----.6843-SOURCEPRAKTICHESKAYA AERODINAMIKA SAMOLETA AN-2 FT DO&UMFT gN.(RUSSIAN) FTD-1T 419- 9 74-MONITORING AGENCY 69-PROJECT NO.2o0o663-SECURITY AN D DOWNGRADING INFORMATION 64-CONTROL MARKINGS 97-HEADER CLASN

UNCL, O NONE76-REEL/FRAME NO. 77-SUPERSEDES 78-CHANGES 40-GEOGRAPHICAL NO. OF PAGESAREA1890 0477 UR 232CONTRACT NO. FTD 'T' NO. PUBLISHING DATE TYPE PRODUCT REVISION FREQ

65- 94- TRANSLATIONACCESSION NO .02-UR/0000/6 8/000/000/000i/0! ?6., .

ABSTRACT

(U) The book discusses basic properties and laws of motion ofthe air, aerodynamic forces of the wing, peculiarities oflayout and aerodynamic properties of the aircraft, equilibrium,stability and controllability of the aircraft under differentflight conditions, and peculiarities of flight under conditionsof icing. The book is intended fo r students of colleges andschools of civil aviation and can be used by flying personnelof other departments operating the An-2 aircraft. There are6 tables and 105 figures.

AFSC pto.R Om, ,* .. ,

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AOSR 6 9 12 76 TR*g

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"UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO~iRTBAOT6N' UNIDE'NTIFIED FLYING OBJE.CTSBY- A

PANEL OF Tilt.' NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

iiILL

UM 1' lS69 ,

Copyright, National Academy of Sciences, 1969. This book.or any parts thereof, 06y hot he reproduced in any formwithout written permission fr6m the'publisher except thatreproduction in whole, or ih part, is" permitted for anyuse of the United States Government,IoIReproduced by theCLEARING H 0USEfor Federal Scientific & TechnicalInformation Springfield Va. 22151

1. This doctiment has been approved forpubl-cM'l.ase and sale; its distribution is Unlimited.

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!-

-3'The Panei beg=rn its review inmr.idjztcly- c'fter- the, 1"eportbecame available, on -Novcmber .5, 1968, by an initiala readbig ofthe Report by: each, member of the Panel durxing a tw0-week period.The 'PaneJ. convened on tdcember 2 for a dfiscussioh of members',-initial assessmentsq, fo r consi]deration .of the-Pane)' s charge(scope, methodolVogy, and findings in. the Report), and fob. de6-.Uineatibn 0f further steps in its review. Te iatter iiilued.,the study of other documents -pr senting views and fkid ing4o5% itechnit.aJ.y trained persons, (e.g., the documents eited- a)-",fuitheP cxamination of the Report's summark and findings, -ndfurher -directed 'study -of specialized chapters of -the Rebprt.7by:

appropriate members of the Pane,. Extensive dscLssion; ohby qorrespqodence and by, Aelcphon, occurred du.ing this perieod.The 'Panel met again -on January '6, 9G9, to conclude it"s -deliberatiohsand to ,prepare it s findings,, which are presented beJ7b!.wIeI. SCOPE

The- study by the University- of Colorado commenced in OctoberS196G and continued for about two, years,. Case studies of 59 reportsof UFOs are' 'presented n detail, with 68 plates; of these, tenreports predated the ,project, but were so well, documented 'thatthey were included.. A chapter is devoted to UFOs in history, on e~~toIFO study, ,programs in foreign countries, and one to UF~s reportedin the 20 yeais 'receding the study. Ten chapters are devoted toperceptual problems, 'processes of peFception,and reporting, psycho-.;..ogical, aspects of UFO reports, optids, radar, sonic boom, atosphericel'ectricity and plasrfa interpretations, 'balloons., instrumentationfor UFO searches,.," and statistical analyses. (T.Wenty-four appdndix&sadd' 1detailed ,teechnical backgroundct the" study. Volume 4 cohcludGeswith an index of 27 pages.)p In 6ur: bpinion the- scope. of the, tfdy was adequate to its

II. ME'rHOpOLOGYAs a) ule, fibel trips we.re made t6o investigate UFO reportsonly if they were less than a y,-ar o]ld,. The Report states -that"nearl/ all MO-sigtgtirL, are of short: duration, seldom last;j an"hour .2nd ',uually for a iew minuces. Thus most investigations co,.siste,] of intervi.ews with persons 'who ,made .fcports. Three teams,usually consi'sting of tw o persons each (a physical scientist rid

,a p;y,'hologi,;t-), c",,'re ,mployed in fjield in'vcstigations whe'e, tele- j.phoni,, co!1mIunio1t:J.or, v-,J:t h 1,O-..':.ghti ,r" individuals gaive hoie -ofgc,:i.ing added irnfo:.'ma-t:icn. The aim %%,as to get a tcam to the siteI'

elt ii .

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4Ias quickla-% as posslible aft-er- a reported, sighting. (-It was founidthaf near:Ly afl. cases cu d ilssified in such -categories as

- -~ pr nks, hoaxes., nav itrptations,. nd various typs of is-interpretatiobns. A few- vents; whic did-not fit these categories,aire lef t, unexplainied.-

iNat~rilals and conditions OrenabJle to laboratory ,approaclieswerea investig~ted c,, alleged` UFO parts by chemical: .4nalysis,,WUtomoliilei ignition f~,Are by simulation studids,j and -UtO photographyby ihotog anumet~ieic alyscs. (O 5potographic. cases investigated,,nine are said 'to givee'Vi.dence, of probable fabrication, seven areclas~ified a's niatur-alor;-M~an-'mddc pheriom na', twelve provided in-suif i'cit dat oraa*ssnd seven were considered to bepossible fabrications:nn.poe-ob"ra jctwihigstrangenes~s.1);rnepod-tberelobeswthigtechnibal-ly traine~d pers6nnel We're utilized by the Univer~ity.the Universi`ty :group- included' a s4ub-group on fibld inivestigations Iof UFO re'ports;, their' ai ration- and -interpretations.'of cas~bs 6re-reasonable and, adequate,. Leading, roups werCe engaged uncl&' contract

for specialized vibrk -- egS'vnfoitd Research Institute on radar,anomalies and a subsidiary. of the Raytheon Corporation for photo-granupbtric analyses. Divergent vi~ews of those few scientists-,who'have looked; into UFOs welod taken* into, account. -The, history of thesubject' was -also surveyed i including-the ex-periences in,ore otherthations. F~inallyj extensive, se was made of many specialists invarious public 'and private l'aboratories.-to- The Report makes cJleai thiat with the,-best means at our d s-pos~l p6sitivib cor~relation :of all UFO reports with identifiable, V-known~ phnomeM,is iot' poss"ible. No study, past, -curr~nt oi" ,future,-can provide the basis for statinfg categorically that a 'familiarphenomenhon wi-il 'nedessawiy be -linka&ble .to'e'very sighting.. 'The~Report is" free of dogmoatisrivo this"mdtter. It is also clear,

'as one goes through the descriptions of UFO sightings-, whether in-the, eport. r lin, Other lite'rature, that -while som~e incide'nts.,have jno psitive identification wit faIla pheniomena', they also have,;no Positive, idenittfication, ith extrater~restrial visitors or 'artif cts.We think the methodblogy and approa6h, weie we~ll chosen, in

III. 'FINDINGS'Th' Study concludes (a) that ab6ut 90 pe.rcent of al~l UFOr~ots 'prov to qiePl~aus ibly related to" ordinary plienomcnia,

,(b") th'atli'ttle -if nything has come from the study of UPOs in"hepast -21 ycaf-r-s that has added to scient~ific knowledge, and (c) hatfurth.-jr extansi~'o study of UFO si htings -is not. justi~fiedl in the

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'I ~The RL-ppoiV . iiig nde-lmiis tni11~ig 'ht1h uibber~,,. Drelkid Atsffist s6ctionji recjert'offiialscireicy, oh UFO,, -UFO-ts~.-a- Posiq ~nenzr tlfitu.re gover~mn~ahf~h go -d-c~gitly, cprts,2a;hd''jv N'.f6i ;them reljate to, thc. q'estiqn 6f, aw~t 2ifiy fbrtheV InmvcstigattOnsofOsapear .'&ratc dAn. t I of thetudy, 0We-paan-suimmarize theso jindin- C Jo~tin~CO pjedi~i~igv orcomm~ents', 072, Oh, secr~ecy~i. ts t6e, su)Lbie 1"thr~obded,>r'i bfficibl" IWe accept,,this fid"h f h ~uy

thn inv th-2 bndffie* ()j thietviemt. UF 'sJjh Ngs3n"h.OntdyuTure, IWo% -ihins'h quetio reuin a to- -wht,qvzin,1~ eer , sovernann Ojhculde so~ot-eudyrulort: 1potcitacs. "rmThehistoryo-l 'puh.i,,?" sTh rond no'es-bepasis y. ledrA~iriyTrbelate't u.! sigh6nNeprsi~inthe ex-Dpectat~j.6nhat -thcy are ~bingr onfiuetoVe,~ac _o e siebt-e thins o tepaoumetD 'foncudha ne thesefch etm l -.'Ofvei;-arce P :-operati n- s withut ri~ed afr uch!s)auf it as l- NN

9 "0We, co'n~ur, wi -he poltU - N~d'4we Orununhevnves57tj ignb ~Y~o.c 0heoIetzaol.reotsrccit ifrec std oir~ UFc!s"? The,~uyn ~ o~~fi~QCmi(:ldZ~in f hiskiidn (h 46a- Would Feurrt-f oxton no~\of ctatO sti]--itg thyntr~dhuteng o sc'itrn'o?' Ao V~hc'-o.aco!Ic u~of. -mbut th;it P~prith ehins norefo s andle hset).fin 4tswno51-VvO .1si 11ce. xidec1tiohs :tithout ve1 sruwcd' hun se~t(G)rnonAt Vsb~ upa majbr -'-how aytiy . s,' sphr'ie. opt::ie s, af(K' j -- -the, so " ontigic-tudyon f~doUbs1I,?, Ae studytbunde Lt'ic-:o :aiI. h- c'hII!,Ctl'rit ntkin.-`dghas quite lrin tli( 'tte'!- t jise t-JAIs01C, :w Os111111It 1;"; Ckld to Seyentie -hIzltcNi.'ifi

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6--attention in connection with -the iitcrpretation of some 1IFO reports,buit they are also of fundencintal scienti.fic interest, and they arcrelevant to prpcltical problcm. related to the improvement of safetyof military and civ:ilian flyi,.,. Researl.h efforts are being carriedS" ,4-,tit ii "teAreas by the Depax-tment of Defense, the EnvironmentalScience Services Administration, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, anid by universities and norprofit reseurch organi-zations such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research, whosework, ls , sponsored by-the National Science Foundation."

The Report also observes (7) that UFO reports and beliefsare also of interest to "the social scientist and the communicationsspecialist." In these areas particuilarly -- i.e., (6) and (7) --t e study suggests (8) that "scientists with adequa'ze training andcredentials who do come up with a clearly defined,.specific proposal"0ihoud -be supported, implying that normal. competitive procedures andassessments ,of prooposals* should be followed here as is customary.

"W e concur with these evaluations and recommendations.IV. PANEL CONCLUSION

The range. of topics in the Report is extensive and its variouschapters., dealing with many aspects of the subject, should prove ofvalue to scholars in many fields. Its analyses and findings arepertinent and useful in any fi,, re assessment of activity in 0.hisfield. We concur in the reboyioncltion suggesting that no high,bi6rity in UMO investigatio:'s is warranted by data of the pasttwo -decades.

We are unanimous in the opinion that this has been a very6editable effort to apply oj)jectivelp the relevant techniques ofscience to the solution of the UFO problem. The Report recognizes,iat there remain UFO sightings that are not easily explained. TheReport does suggest, however, so many reasonable and possible directionsin which an explanation may cventually be found, that there seems tobe n6o reason 'to attribute /them to an extraterrestrial source withoutevidence that is much more convincing. The Report also shows howdifficult it is to apply scientific methods to the occasionaltransient sightings with any chance of success. While further studyof particular aspects of the topic (e.g., atmospheric phenomena)may be usefu3, a stuidy of UFOs in general is not a promising wayto expand sc~en~tific undeo."standing of the phenomena. On the basisOf present know.ledge the .eIast likely exp.anation of UPOs is thehypothesis of extraterrestrial ,vksitatimns by intelligent beings.

-- Gerad. M. Clemence, chairminn; H. R. Crane, David M. Dennison,Wallacc 0. Fenn, H. Keffer Hart.linc, E. R. Hilgard, Mark Kac,Francis W. Relche].derfer., Will:u ,mW. Rubey, C. D. Shane, Oswald G.Villard, Jr.Attachments:

- List of-Panel Members- Letter of Transmittal

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%.4

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCESorfFcI Or TwcpICSEONtRie604tt. '014?UIOV4.*PUCWASI~iNGON.0. C. 8 4:S

C,

January 8, 1969The 1ionorable Alexander H. FlaxAssistant Secretary of the Air ForceWashington, D. C. 20330Dear Dr. Flax:

Following your request of October 29, 1968, the jAcademy appointed a panel of its members to reviewtho report of the University of Colorado study groupon Unidentified Flying Objects.As you know, a final draft of this report wasmade available to the panel on November 15 , 1968.Under the chairmanship of Dr. Gerald Clemence thepanel has devoted substantial time and effort to acareful review of the scope, methodology arbd find-ings of the Colorado study group and has prevaredand unanimously approved the attached report, whichI am pleased to transmit on behalf of the panel.The Academy accepted this task because of itsbelief in the importance of making available to thegovernment and the public a careful assessment of thescientific significance of UFO phenomena which have '

been variously inirpreted both in this country and "abroad.Substantial questions have been raised as tothe adequacy of our research and investigation pro-grams to explain or to determine the nature of thesesometimes puzzling reports of observed phenomena.It is my hope that the Colorado report, together withour panel review, will be helpful to you and otherresponsible officials in determining the nature an dscope of any continuing research effort in this area.

K !

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The Honorable Alexander H. FlaxJanuary 8, 1969Page Two

Finally, may I add that the report of the re-viewing panel was prepared and is being made avail-able fo r the sole purpose of assisting the governientin reaching a decision on its future course of action.Its use in whole or part fo r any other purpose wouldbe incompatible with the purpose of che review andthe conditions under which it was conducted.

Sincerely yours,

F ederick ittzPresidentAttachment

it

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- DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R & D k %PW %JIV efol 0firrifo" of title, ?,nfft* e4 J%.rar. 1,! Itdx- . nn suiu~7 er eted ,.ilw "e overall report It. cl 4 astflShNational Academy of Sciences UNC"2101Constitutior Ave. N. 1 .1

Washington, D.C. 204183. F PO _ T,-_5

H9VMW OF THE UINIVERSITY OF COLO!.-)0 ?2?PORT 3N N41Di TIFIED MLY2G OBJi!cTr3B! A PANEL OF T}iiE NAY'IO::AL ACADE::Y 0. S :-'S4. DESCR:PT I . E ,Ij 7 ES '7' pe of repurt nsil liisvi' .ant

Scientific SpecialS. AU TlO R(S (Firet .rax. riddl, initial, last ,n:,.ra,,Gerald M. Clemence, chairman

6. REPORT =ATE ' AL NO 0 FC Tb. NO OF I.FFS8 January 1969 9

8S. CONTIRACT OR CRAN{T NO 9n,. ORG'INATORS REPORT %U%IBt(SIF18600-67-C-0071 and AFOSIK OA-b-(:-U(,$

h. PROJ EC ''I-) 9730C. 61102F O ,-FR REPORT %0(51 (Ant- other numbers thit miar be assigned

d. 681310 ____ AR-2b. ,,,,o69 -1 2 7 6 TRp_0 DISTRIqUoiO S-A-MENT1. This document has been approved for public release and sale;AWs distribution is unlimited. The copyright notation does no t prohibit the un-"MLRited distribution of this report by the U.S. Government by reasons of the pro-viions of contract F18600-67-C-0071 by and between the U.S. and the coovright holder

tI. SUPPLEI,'ENI AR - TES1 2 SP0'15ORING %.tLTARY A- T.VITY...% " / H AFSO (SCGS for AFOSR)"-. Andrews AFB

O - -" Washington, D.C. 2033113. ABSTRAC-"The ad hoc committee concurs 'with -he findings of the reporL of the University ofColorado entitled "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects," Dr. Edward U.Condon, Scieftific Director Panel agrees that a study of UFOs in general is nota promising way to expand scientific understaniing of the pheno-mena, and adds: "Onthe basis of present knoowledge th3 least likely explanation of UFOs is the hypo-thesis of extraterrestrial visita=ions bv intelligept beings."%provisions of the subject contract, the Government has acquired 1 necessary rightsin the forementioned report to per--t its unlimited reproduction and distributionfo r any and all Guvernment purposes, notwithstanding the report 's copyright notation:"'Copyright, Natioial Academy of Scienccs, 1969".)

14. Keywords:NAS reviewClemence reportUFOsCondon reportUniversity of Colorado report

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