adam drewnowski - icd 2016 - can yogurt be part of sustainable food choices?

Yogurt, a sustainable food

Adam Drewnowski, PhDDirector

Center for Public Health Nutrition UW Center for Obesity Research

Nutritional Sciences Program Professor of Epidemiology. University of Washington, Seattle, WA

XVII International Congress of Dietetics, September 7-10, Granada, Spain

Toward sustainable dietary guidelines

What are sustainable diets?

• Sustainable diets are defined as "those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations”.

• “Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources."

• Definition developed by the FAO Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets

symposium, November 2010, Rome Italy.

Sustainability includes nutritional value!

• People think that sustainable diets are those with low environmental impact on land, water, and energy resources.

• Nutrition and health are an integral component of sustainable food systems.

• Sustainable diets need to be nutritionally adequate, affordable, culturally acceptable, and planet friendly.

Nutrition+

health

Society

Economics EnvironmentSustainability

The four domains of food sustainability

Nutrition+ health

Society


Empty calories are cheaperNutrient-rich foods cost more

Food shortages impact societyFood insecurity leads to ill health

Meat/dairy: high nutrient density; higher GHGEsSugar/some grains: Low GHGEs, few nutrients

Existing food patterns can cause climate changeClimate change can affect future dietsWhat will we eat in year 2050?

Assessing sustainability of yogurt

Sustainable foods Yogurt Metrics

Nutrient-dense Nutrient profiling

Affordable Affordability

Planet friendly GHGEs for dairy

Societal value Creating shared value CSV

How to measure nutrient density?

Nutrient profiling methods rate foods based on their nutrient content

relative to calories

We can also measure nutrient density of diets

0

10

20

30

40

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60

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Energy density of foods (kcal/100g)

Wat

er c

onte

nt o

f foo

ds (g

/100

g)Energy-dense versus nutrient-rich foods

Data for 1387 foods from USDA FNDDS 1.0

oilsugar

cheese

butter

vegetables

cakes

low-fat milk

chocolatecookies

cookies

potato chipssnacks

100% juices Yogurtberries

fruit

Choosing the right snacks for health

The recommended school snacks in Turkey

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50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Energy density (kcal/100g)

Kca

l per

ser

vng

kcal/serv

Energy density in relation to kcal per serving

walnuts

hazelnutsalmond

wafer

cake

cookies

biscuit

sausage

ice cream

chestnuts

dried apricot

yogurt

Flavored yogurt

plain milk

juice

tomato

carrot

peas

grapesyogurt

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Energy density (kcal/100g)

amou

nt p

er 1

00 k

cal

calcium

Energy density in relation to calcium/100kcal

walnuts

hazelnutsalmond

wafercake

cookies

biscuit

sausageice cream

chestnutsdried apricot

yogurt

yogurt

plain milk

juice

tomato

carrot

peas

grapes

cheese

cucumber

How to measure environmental impact?

We measure carbon footprint per calorie or per nutrient

15

New metrics of carbon footprintEnergy Density

Kcal/100g

Carbon cost

Nutrientdensity

Carbon CostGHGE/

1000 kcal

Dietary intake data

from INCA II

Carbon costWater, energy costBiodiversity cost Nutrient

composition data

ANSES CIQUAL database1500 foods

Carbon costFrench sources – 600 foods

The Casino project • Values for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE

expressed as g CO2 /100g) for 450 foods were provided by the Casino group in France.

• Nutrient composition was obtained from the CIQUAL database provided by the French Agency for Food, Environmental, Occupational and Health and Safety (ANSES).

• The foods were aggregated into 34 food groups. GHGE values were log transformed.

• Analyses of nutrient content of foods and their carbon footprint were conducted for individual foods and for 34 food groups.

Carbon cost (GHGE) per 100 kcal by food category

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100

200

300

400

500

600

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

candy

Hard cheese

SSBsMixed salads

Organ meatsProcessed cheese

Fish, fresh

Poultry Eggs

Milk

Juices

Fish, procesed

Sugar

Oils

Dairy desserts

PastaYogurt

RTE cereals

Chocolate

Cream Fruit

Cheese Meat dishes

Vegetables

Nutrient density NRF 9.3

CO

2 pe

r 100

kcal

The carbon cost of nutrient density (NRF index)

Unpublished data: Casino project

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100

200

300

400

500

600

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Cheese, processed

Oils

Organ meats

Poultry Eggs

Milk

Biscuits

Biscuits, sweetPotatoes

Pasta

Juices

SSBs

Hard cheese

Cheese

Semihard cheeseProcessed meat

Meat dishes

Red meat

Sugar

Candy Cakes

Bread

RTE cereals

Fruit Soft cheese

Yogurt

Pasta

Rice

Salads

Desserts

Energy density kcal/100g

CO

2 pe

r 100

kcal

The carbon cost of calories (GHGEs/100 kcal)


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 10 20 30 40

Poultry

Processed cheese Organ meats

Fresh fish

Eggs

Fish products

MilkCheese

Pasta dishes

Yogurt Hard cheeseWhite cheese

Meat products

Soft cheesePizza

Sugar

Protein percent DV per 100 kcal

CO

2 pe

r 100

kcal

The carbon cost of protein (GHGEs/100 kcal)


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 50 100 150

Yogurt

Processed cheese

Soft cheese

White cheese

Organ meats

Poultry Eggs

Meat dishes

Pasta dishes

Red meatDairy dessersJuices

Cream

Pizza

Biscuits

Pasta

Oils

Fish

Salads

Milk

Calcium/100 kcal

CO

2 pe

r 100

kcal

The carbon cost of calcium (GHGEs/100 kcal)


How to measure affordability?

Nutrient profiling methods rate foods based on calories or nutrients per penny

23

We attach monetary cost to foodsEnergy Density

Kcal/100g

Nutrientcost

Nutrientdensity

Energy Cost

$/1000 kcal

Dietary intake data

from NHANES

Nutrient composition

DataFNDDS 2.0

Price dataNational food prices

from USDA CNPP

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.1 1 10 100Energy cost ($/1000 kcal)

Ener

gy d

ensi

ty (k

cal/1

00g)

Dairy Meat Grains Fruits Vegetables Fats Sugars

Log scale!

Energy density (kcal/100g) and energy cost ($/1000 kcal) Data from USDA FNDDS 1.0 and CNPP prices database

nuts

Salad greens

fruit

Low cost

Higher cost

beans

meat

yogurt

cheese

milk

pasta

cereals

oil

sugar

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0.1 1 10 100Energy cost ($/1000 kcal)

Nut

rient

den

sity

(NR

9.3

per 1

00 k

cal)

Dairy Meat Eggs Beans Grains Fruit Vegetables Fats Sugars

Higher cost

Lower cost

Nutrient rich foods can cost more per kcal ($/1000 kcal)

Data from USDA FNDDS 1.0 and CNPP prices database

Nutrient rich

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Mean cost per 100 kcal ($/100 kcal)

Nut

rient

con

tent

per

100

kca

l (N

RF

9.3)

Milk and milk productsMeat, poultry, fish

Vegetables

Fruit

Eggs

Sugars, sweets, beverages

Grains

Dry beans, legumes, nuts, seeds

Fats and oils

But lower-cost foods can be nutrient-poor Data for 1387 foods by USDA food group

High nutrient density – higher cost

Good nutrient density – much lower cost

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600

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800

1 10 100 1000

milk meat beans grains vegetables fruit fats sweets

Nutrient density NNR7 score

Ene

rgy

dens

ity k

cal/1

00g

butter

sodas

fatssweets

peanuts

vegetablesfruit

fish

skim milkyogurt

dried fruit cheese

beans

grains

fried potatoes

Nutrient density of foods in MexicoFood prices for 124 foods in ENSANUT from INEGi

Price calculations by Prof Alfonso Mendoza, Universidad Autonoma de Puebla

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.1 1 10 100

milk meat beans grains vegetables fruit fats sweets

Yogurt is a low cost nutrient dense foodPrices for 124 foods in ENSANUT from INEG

Energy cost $MXP per 100 kcal

Ene

rgy

dens

ity k

cal/1

00g

cereals

peanuts

fish

cerealRTE cereal

chorizo

poultry

milk

beans yogurt

butter

Tortillas tamales

desserts

meat

sodas

sweets

mariscos

lard

rice

Nutrient richsugar

Price calculations by Prof Alfonso Mendoza, Universidad Autonoma de Puebla

So what foods are:Nutrient dense

Affordable,Planet friendly (low environmental impact)

Create lasting shared value

Yogurt & behavioral economics• Diet modeling shows that fresh dairy products are

part of affordable diets (international review)

EU funding

2015

• Yogurt is part of diets with low carbon footprint, ie -36% GHGE

Yogurt in diets with low carbon foodprint

Yogurt, part of a sustainable diet

Nutrition+ health

Society


Thank you

www.cphn.org