adaptasi tumbuhan pada lingkungan habitat lahan kering bahan kajian mk. agroekologi...

29
Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E __________ Chapter 22 Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Upload: devon-stoughton

Post on 31-Mar-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada

Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering

Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi

Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Page 2: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Apakah Tumbuhan itu?

• Multicellular organism that performs photosynthesis and develops from an embryo

• Almost all live on land• Descendants of protists• Land invasion depended on evolution of

different structures

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 3: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Adaptasi Lahan-Darat

• Waxy cuticle — reduces water loss• Ability to absorb water from a variety of

sources• Enclosed reproductive organs, called

gametangia, in which gametes form• Enclosed sporangia in which spores form

Page 4: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Identifikasi beragam Tipe Tumbuhan

• Identify as many different plants as you can. How are they different from one another?

Page 5: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Vaskuler vs. Non-vaskuler

• Vascular or tracheophytes

• Have pipelike tissues that conduct water

• Grow large• Examples: fir trees,

ferns

• Nonvascular or bryophytes

• Lack a vascular system

• Much smaller• Less diverse

Page 6: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Divisio Tumbuhan

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 7: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Evolusi Tumbuhan

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 8: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

1. Evidence comes from fossils and comparisons with living species

2. First plants evolved from a common ancestor that resembled a green alga

3. Vascular plants predate nonvascular plants4. First seedless plants — Carboniferous Period

Evolusi Tumbuhan

Page 9: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Kingdom Plantae

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 10: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Evolusi Angiospermae

• Angiosperms — flowering plants• First fossils — about 125 million years ago• Evolved from gymnosperms — plants that have

no fruits or flowers• Many adaptations

Page 11: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts• Nonvascular Plants or

bryophytes• Depend on free

standing water for photosynthesis and fertilization

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 12: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Karakteristik Bryophyta

• All parts of their bodies are adapted to absorb water

• This gives them a spongy feel• Exhibit alternation of generations — a sexual

life cycle in which haploid and diploid phases are both multicellular

Page 13: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Siklus Hidup Lumut (Moss)

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 14: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Tumbuhan Berpembuluh (Vaskuler)

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 15: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

• Called tracheophytes• Have division of labor with separate transport

systems for water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)• Diploid Phase dominates the life of the plant• Seeds are protected by coat, and food is stored

inside for germination

Tumbuhan Berpembuluh (Vaskuler)

Page 16: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Seed-Lacking Tracheophytes

• 4 divisions that lack seeds:– Pterophytes (ferns)– Psilotophytes– Lycophytes– Equisetophytes

Page 17: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Siklus Hidup Paku-pakuan

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 18: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

• A fern releases haploid spores• Spores mature into haploid gametophytes• Gametophytes make sperm and egg• Fusion of sperm and egg• Zygotes grow right out of the gametophyte for

a new fern

Siklus Hidup Paku-pakuan

Page 19: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Lycophytes

• Have true roots, stems and simple leaves

• Also called lycopods

• Example: club mosses

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 20: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Equisetophytes

• Referred to as horsetails

• Have true roots, stems and complex leaves

• Stems are jointed• Outer cell walls are

reinforced with silica

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 21: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Reproduksi Tumbuhan Berbiji

• Manage fertilization without water• Use a form of internal fertilization• Sperm and ovum fused, and develop within

the female gametophyte• Seeds consist of a diploid zygote and a source

of food encased in a seed coat

Page 22: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Gymnosperms

1. Seed plants without flowers2. Evergreen3. Conifers produce male and female

gametophytes in cone-shaped strobili (the cones)

4. Male and female cones on same tree

Page 23: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Siklus Hidup Pinus

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 24: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Cycads

1. Large-leafed plants that look like palms

2. No flowers or fruits

3. Bear naked seeds

4. Produce male and female strobili

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 25: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Kegunaan Bunga dan Buah

• Flowers ensure distribution of pollen through a variety of methods

• Fruits are mature ovaries that enclose and protect seeds

• Fruits usually enhance dispersal of seeds

Page 26: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Siklus Hidup Tumbuhan Berbunga

Copyright 2005—Brooks/Cole—Thomson Learning

Page 27: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Reproduksi Angiospermae

• Flowers reproduce by means of double fertilization

• 2 sperm nuclei from the pollen grain fertilize 2 ova from the ovary

• A diploid zygote is formed and a triploid cell forms the endosperm

Page 28: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Bagian-bagian Bunga

• Stamen — anther and filament (male)• Carpel — style and ovary (female)• A corolla or petals and a calyx of sepals

surround stamens and carpels• Not all flowers have all parts

Page 29: Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Konsep-konsep Kunci

• A plant is a multicellular organism that photosynthesizes and develops an embryo

• Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissues• The vascular system enables plants to transport

water and nutrients, to grow large, and to diversify

• Seeds allow plant to withstand dry environments