adaptive strategies for practical argument-based negotiation
TRANSCRIPT
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Adaptive Strategies for PracticalArgument-Based Negotiation
Michael RovatsosThe University of Edinburgh
Iyad RahwanThe British University in Dubai
Felix Fischer, Gerhard WeissTechnical University of Munich
ArgMAS Workshop, Utrecht, 26th July 2005
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
![Page 6: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
2. learning optimal argumentation strategies
![Page 7: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
2. learning optimal argumentation strategies
I Learning is necessitated by open systems view
![Page 8: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
2. learning optimal argumentation strategies
I Learning is necessitated by open systems view
I Agents have to find out
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
2. learning optimal argumentation strategies
I Learning is necessitated by open systems view
I Agents have to find outI which argumentation strategies are useful in a given social
context
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Introduction
I Work on argumentation frameworks is progressing rapidly . . .. . . but how about building agents that can use them?
I We concentrate on two aspects:
1. dealing with complex argumentation protocols from anagent’s point of view
2. learning optimal argumentation strategies
I Learning is necessitated by open systems view
I Agents have to find outI which argumentation strategies are useful in a given social
contextI whether and how other agents stick to the provided
argumentation mechanism (protocols, constraints)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Strategic Interaction – Agent View
I For an agent, communication protocols impose restrictions oncommunication while (hopefully) providing information toanticipate future (joint) action in return
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Strategic Interaction – Agent View
I For an agent, communication protocols impose restrictions oncommunication while (hopefully) providing information toanticipate future (joint) action in return
I Given (a set of) interaction protocol(s), i.e. restrictions onsurface structure of conversations + constraints regardingtheir use, how should an agent use them?
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Strategic Interaction – Agent View
I For an agent, communication protocols impose restrictions oncommunication while (hopefully) providing information toanticipate future (joint) action in return
I Given (a set of) interaction protocol(s), i.e. restrictions onsurface structure of conversations + constraints regardingtheir use, how should an agent use them?
I Ultimate goal: influence others’ actions while preserving one’sown autonomy
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Strategic Interaction – Agent View
I For an agent, communication protocols impose restrictions oncommunication while (hopefully) providing information toanticipate future (joint) action in return
I Given (a set of) interaction protocol(s), i.e. restrictions onsurface structure of conversations + constraints regardingtheir use, how should an agent use them?
I Ultimate goal: influence others’ actions while preserving one’sown autonomy
I The reactions of others depend on their previous experiencewith the agent (and vice versa) via expectations
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Strategic Interaction – Agent View
Social context
−goals
−beliefs
−intentions
−commitments
Internal reasoning
−intentions
−...
−goals
−beliefs
−commitments
Utterances/Public Action
Interaction outcome
Expectations
of other agents
Public identity:
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Argumentation-Based Negotiation
I In argumentation-based negotiation (ABN), agents exchangearguments to reach beneficial agreement
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Argumentation-Based Negotiation
I In argumentation-based negotiation (ABN), agents exchangearguments to reach beneficial agreement
I Agents exchange arguments concerning propositions aboutthe world (and corresponding proofs)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Argumentation-Based Negotiation
I In argumentation-based negotiation (ABN), agents exchangearguments to reach beneficial agreement
I Agents exchange arguments concerning propositions aboutthe world (and corresponding proofs)
I The “world” may thereby include social commitments, mentalstates of agents, etc.
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Argumentation-Based Negotiation
I In argumentation-based negotiation (ABN), agents exchangearguments to reach beneficial agreement
I Agents exchange arguments concerning propositions aboutthe world (and corresponding proofs)
I The “world” may thereby include social commitments, mentalstates of agents, etc.
I In contrast to proposal-based negotiation (PBN), ABN useshighly expressive content languages and complex protocols
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Argumentation-Based Negotiation
I In argumentation-based negotiation (ABN), agents exchangearguments to reach beneficial agreement
I Agents exchange arguments concerning propositions aboutthe world (and corresponding proofs)
I The “world” may thereby include social commitments, mentalstates of agents, etc.
I In contrast to proposal-based negotiation (PBN), ABN useshighly expressive content languages and complex protocols
I Allows for exploiting the reasoning capabilities ofknowledge-based agents with deductive reasoning capabilities
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Introduction
Research Question
Given a set of argumentation patterns tied to constraintsregarding (among other things) the participants’ostensible internal structure, how can we design an agentcapable of employing these patterns in order to optimiseher own long-term profit?
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
I In m2InFFrA, each conversation pattern (interaction frame)
consists of
![Page 27: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
I In m2InFFrA, each conversation pattern (interaction frame)
consists ofI a sequence of message patterns (speech-act like, augmented
with variables)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
I In m2InFFrA, each conversation pattern (interaction frame)
consists ofI a sequence of message patterns (speech-act like, augmented
with variables)I pairs of logical conditions and variable substitutions
![Page 29: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
I In m2InFFrA, each conversation pattern (interaction frame)
consists ofI a sequence of message patterns (speech-act like, augmented
with variables)I pairs of logical conditions and variable substitutionsI occurrence counters representing previous enactments
![Page 30: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Interaction Frames Approach
I Goal: learn patterns of agent conversations from experienceand apply them strategically in one’s own interactions
I Abstract framework InFFrA (see AAMAS-02), notion ofempirical semantics (see AAMAS-03), here only m
2InFFrA as
an instance based on probabilistic models of conversations
I In m2InFFrA, each conversation pattern (interaction frame)
consists ofI a sequence of message patterns (speech-act like, augmented
with variables)I pairs of logical conditions and variable substitutionsI occurrence counters representing previous enactments
I The architecture combines hierarchical reinforcement learningmethods, case-based reasoning and clustering techniques tolearn “framing”, i.e. strategic use of frames
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
Example
F =⟨ ⟨ 5
−→ request(A1,A2,X )3−→ accept(A2,A1,X )
2−→ confirm(A1,A2,X )
2−→ do(A2,X )
⟩,
⟨{self (A1), other (A2), can(A1, do(A1,X )},
{agent(A1), agent(A2), action(X )}⟩,
⟨ 4−→ 〈[A1/agent 1], [A2/agent 2]〉,
1−→ 〈[A1/agent 3], [A2/agent 1], [X/deliver goods]〉
⟩⟩
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
Frame Semantics
I Given a conversation prefix w and a knowledge base KB , a setF = {F1, . . . ,Fn} of frames induces a continuation probability
P(w ′|w) =∑
F∈F
P(w ′|F ,w)P(F |w) =∑
F∈F ,ww ′=T (F )ϑ
P(ϑ|F ,w)P(F |w)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
Frame Semantics
I Given a conversation prefix w and a knowledge base KB , a setF = {F1, . . . ,Fn} of frames induces a continuation probability
P(w ′|w) =∑
F∈F
P(w ′|F ,w)P(F |w) =∑
F∈F ,ww ′=T (F )ϑ
P(ϑ|F ,w)P(F |w)
I Define probability of ϑ proportional to its similarity to F :
P(ϑ|F ,w) ∝ σ(ϑ,F ) =
|Θ(F )|∑
i=1
similarity︷ ︸︸ ︷
σ(T (F )ϑ,T (F )Θ(F )[i ])
frequency︷ ︸︸ ︷
hΘ(F )[i ]
relevance︷ ︸︸ ︷
ci (F , ϑ,KB)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Framing Process
I Frames represent classes of interactions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Framing Process
I Frames represent classes of interactions
I Proposed hierarchical decision-making approach:
1. Select the appropriate frame for a given situation(i.e. classify the situation)
2. Optimise within the selected frame while disregardingother frames
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Framing Process
I Frames represent classes of interactions
I Proposed hierarchical decision-making approach:
1. Select the appropriate frame for a given situation(i.e. classify the situation)
2. Optimise within the selected frame while disregardingother frames
I Apply hierarchical reinforcement learning methods to learnusefulness of frames in a given communication situation
I Start with an initial set of pre-defined frames (“social rules”)I Adapt frame models according to observed behaviour (or
oneself and of others)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
The Interaction Frames Approach
The Framing Process
I Frames represent classes of interactions
I Proposed hierarchical decision-making approach:
1. Select the appropriate frame for a given situation(i.e. classify the situation)
2. Optimise within the selected frame while disregardingother frames
I Apply hierarchical reinforcement learning methods to learnusefulness of frames in a given communication situation
I Start with an initial set of pre-defined frames (“social rules”)I Adapt frame models according to observed behaviour (or
oneself and of others)
I Important: Architecture allows deviation from existing frameson all sides
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
![Page 39: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
![Page 40: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Proposal-Based Negotiation Frames
F1 =D
˙ 0−→ request(A, B,X )
0−→ accept(B, A,X )
0−→ confirm(A, B,X )
0−→ do(B, X )
¸
,
˙
can(B, X )@3, effects(X )@4}¸
˙ 0−→ 〈〉
¸
E
F2 =D
˙ 0−→ request(A, B,X )
0−→ propose(B, A,Y )
0−→ accept(A, B, Y )
0−→ do(B, Y )
¸
,
˙
{can(B, Y )@3, effects(Y )@4}¸
˙ 0−→ 〈〉
¸
E
F3 =D
˙ 0−→ request(A, B,X )
0−→ propose−also(B, A,Y )
0−→ accept(A, B, Y )
0−→ do(B, X )
0−→ do(A,Y )
¸
,˙
{can(B, X )@3, effects(X )@4, can(A, Y )@4, effects(Y )@5}¸
˙ 0−→ 〈〉
¸
E
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents to
![Page 43: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goals
![Page 44: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goalsI point at others’ misconceptions
![Page 45: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goalsI point at others’ misconceptionsI identify/suggest alternatives
![Page 46: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goalsI point at others’ misconceptionsI identify/suggest alternatives
I Approach due to Rahwan et al.
![Page 47: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goalsI point at others’ misconceptionsI identify/suggest alternatives
I Approach due to Rahwan et al.
I Our goal: not performance improvement, but coping withmore complex communication “regime”
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Interest-Based Negotiation (IBN)
I A specific framework for ABN
I As opposed to PBN, IBN allows agents toI obtain information about others’ beliefs and goalsI point at others’ misconceptionsI identify/suggest alternatives
I Approach due to Rahwan et al.
I Our goal: not performance improvement, but coping withmore complex communication “regime”
I In experiments, to complicate things further we disallow“breaking” frames
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
IBN – Dialogue Model
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
IBN Frames – Example
FAGM =D
˙ 0−→ request(A, B, X )
0−→ ask-reason(B, A, request(X ))
0−→
inform- goal(A, B, G)0−→
attack- goal(B, A, alternative-action(Y ))
0−→ concede(A, B, Y )
0−→ do(B, Y )
¸
,
˙
{can(B, X ), goal(A, G), achieves(X , G), achieves(Y , G),
X 6= Y , can(B, Y )@5, effects(Y )@6}¸
,
˙ 0−→ 〈〉
¸
E
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
![Page 52: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
I Interaction frames allow for instant modification and empiricalevaluation of argumentation mechanism
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
I Interaction frames allow for instant modification and empiricalevaluation of argumentation mechanism
I Single-shot vs. iterative case (via planning-like concatenationof frames)
![Page 54: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
I Interaction frames allow for instant modification and empiricalevaluation of argumentation mechanism
I Single-shot vs. iterative case (via planning-like concatenationof frames)
I Trade-off between generality and specificity of frames
![Page 55: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
I Interaction frames allow for instant modification and empiricalevaluation of argumentation mechanism
I Single-shot vs. iterative case (via planning-like concatenationof frames)
I Trade-off between generality and specificity of framesI having only a few very general frames increases search space at
level of utterance generation (many substitutions)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Argumentation with Frames
Engineering IBN Frames
I A total of 11 frames, domain-independent
I Interaction frames allow for instant modification and empiricalevaluation of argumentation mechanism
I Single-shot vs. iterative case (via planning-like concatenationof frames)
I Trade-off between generality and specificity of framesI having only a few very general frames increases search space at
level of utterance generation (many substitutions)I having many specific ones is not elegant and space-consuming
![Page 57: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
![Page 59: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
![Page 60: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
I Goal of each Web site owner (and his agent): Maximaldissemination of one’s own opinion
![Page 62: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
I Goal of each Web site owner (and his agent): Maximaldissemination of one’s own opinion
I This can be achieved by:
![Page 63: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
I Goal of each Web site owner (and his agent): Maximaldissemination of one’s own opinion
I This can be achieved by:I Maximising the popularity of one’s own site
![Page 64: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
I Goal of each Web site owner (and his agent): Maximaldissemination of one’s own opinion
I This can be achieved by:I Maximising the popularity of one’s own siteI Increasing the popularity of sites that express similar opinions
![Page 65: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Imagine agents representing Web sites are able to conductinference about the content of other pages (e.g. usingSemantic Web methods)
I Automated inspection of other sites + Knowledge about ownpreferences (i.e. those of one’s owner) = Assessment of ownstance of opinions expressed in other sites
I Goal of each Web site owner (and his agent): Maximaldissemination of one’s own opinion
I This can be achieved by:I Maximising the popularity of one’s own siteI Increasing the popularity of sites that express similar opinionsI Decrease the popularity of sites with unfavourable opinions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
I Links are weighted with numerical “ratings” expressingopinion source site has of target site
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
I Links are weighted with numerical “ratings” expressingopinion source site has of target site
I In a more advanced system, these would correspond tocomments such as “Click here for my favourite site on topic X”
![Page 69: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
I Links are weighted with numerical “ratings” expressingopinion source site has of target site
I In a more advanced system, these would correspond tocomments such as “Click here for my favourite site on topic X”
I Of course, the displayed ratings (actual link weights) candiffer from the (private) actual ratings
![Page 70: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
I Links are weighted with numerical “ratings” expressingopinion source site has of target site
I In a more advanced system, these would correspond tocomments such as “Click here for my favourite site on topic X”
I Of course, the displayed ratings (actual link weights) candiffer from the (private) actual ratings
I Agent goal: maximise opinion dissemination (in terms of someutility measure) through negotiation with other agents aboutlink exchange
![Page 71: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
Link Exchange Negotiations
I Traffic provides a measure for popularity, and is affected bylinks between sites
I Links are weighted with numerical “ratings” expressingopinion source site has of target site
I In a more advanced system, these would correspond tocomments such as “Click here for my favourite site on topic X”
I Of course, the displayed ratings (actual link weights) candiffer from the (private) actual ratings
I Agent goal: maximise opinion dissemination (in terms of someutility measure) through negotiation with other agents aboutlink exchange
I System goal: increase linkage transparency on the WWW
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
The LIESON System
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
IBN – Goal graphs
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Application Scenario
IBN – Goal graph (detail)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Experimental Results
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Experimental Results
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
![Page 77: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Experimental Results
Proposal-Based Negotiation
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Experimental Results
Interest-Based Negotiation
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Age
nt u
tility
Simulation rounds
Agent performance
averageminimummaximum
lower benchmarkupper benchmark
standard deviationstd. dev. upper benchmarkstd. dev. lower benchmark
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outline
Introduction
The Interaction Frames Approach
Argumentation with Frames
Application Scenario
Experimental Results
Conclusions
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Conclusions
I An exercise in the development of adaptive strategies forargument-based negotiation
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Conclusions
I An exercise in the development of adaptive strategies forargument-based negotiation
I First attempt to apply learning to complex and expressiveargumentation protocols
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Conclusions
I An exercise in the development of adaptive strategies forargument-based negotiation
I First attempt to apply learning to complex and expressiveargumentation protocols
I Approach computationally tractable (for simple subset of IBNtheory), focus on realism
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Conclusions
I An exercise in the development of adaptive strategies forargument-based negotiation
I First attempt to apply learning to complex and expressiveargumentation protocols
I Approach computationally tractable (for simple subset of IBNtheory), focus on realism
I Combination of argumentation frameworks with practicalagent architectures crucial for wider acceptance of ABN
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Conclusions
I An exercise in the development of adaptive strategies forargument-based negotiation
I First attempt to apply learning to complex and expressiveargumentation protocols
I Approach computationally tractable (for simple subset of IBNtheory), focus on realism
I Combination of argumentation frameworks with practicalagent architectures crucial for wider acceptance of ABN
I Multiagent learning perspective: our approach avoidsopponent modelling (which is hardly tractable in large-scale,open multiagent societies)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outlook
I Optimisation still heuristic, no convergence results
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outlook
I Optimisation still heuristic, no convergence results
I Currently attempting to develop game-theoretic model forargumentation protocols with propositional content to deriveprovably optimal strategies
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outlook
I Optimisation still heuristic, no convergence results
I Currently attempting to develop game-theoretic model forargumentation protocols with propositional content to deriveprovably optimal strategies
I Particularly interesting: wise choice of “logical commitments”,otherwise future (potentially optimal) statements might beruled out
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outlook
I Optimisation still heuristic, no convergence results
I Currently attempting to develop game-theoretic model forargumentation protocols with propositional content to deriveprovably optimal strategies
I Particularly interesting: wise choice of “logical commitments”,otherwise future (potentially optimal) statements might beruled out
I More principled comparison between ABN and PBN necessary,does it pay to introduce added complexity of argumentation?
![Page 90: Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613c0d0022e01a42d40e6778/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Outlook
I Optimisation still heuristic, no convergence results
I Currently attempting to develop game-theoretic model forargumentation protocols with propositional content to deriveprovably optimal strategies
I Particularly interesting: wise choice of “logical commitments”,otherwise future (potentially optimal) statements might beruled out
I More principled comparison between ABN and PBN necessary,does it pay to introduce added complexity of argumentation?
I Long-term goal: mechanism design for argumentation (?)
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
The End
Thank you for your attention!
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
Without Frame Learning
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Adaptive Strategies for Practical Argument-Based Negotiation
Conclusions
With Frame Learning