A D D I T I O N A L C O N T E N T

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• What 4 functional groups are added to HL?• Amine, amide, ester, and nitrile groups.• You need to be able to draw and recognize these

groups.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• How do you name each of the “new” groups?• Amine ends in anamine with n or N,N to

suggest any secondary or tertiary functional groups.• Amide ends in anamide with N or N,N to list any

secondary or tertiary functional groups.• Ester names the carbon chain without the

ketone named as a functional group and the other chain ends in anoate.• Nitriles end in annitrile.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• What happens in nucleophilic substitution reactions?• Nucleophiles attack the nucleus of molecules.• They have extra electron pairs.• They are attracted to electron deficient areas.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• How do the rates of neucleophilic reactions differ?• It depends on the mechanism and the halogen,

(the polarity of the bond, and the strength of the carbon-halogen bond depend on the halogen).

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• How does the mechanism change speed?• SN1 of tertiary halogenalkanes is more quick

than SN2 of primary halogenalkanes.• Secondary halogenalkanes have a mixture of

both, so they are in the middle.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

•How does the halogen effect the speed?• The lower the electronegativity, the less

electron deficient the carbon is.• The stronger the bond (electron

shielding) the slower the reaction.• Iodine>bromine>chlorine>flourine

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Neucleophilic reactions are important in formation of:• Alcohols• Amines• Nitriles

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

•What is an elimination reaction?• These reactions remove a small molecule from

a larger molecule.• There are E2 and E1 mechanisms.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• What are condensation reactions?• This is an estrification-elimination reaction that

takes H2O out of larger molecules.

• The addition is the combination of the 2 large molecules.• The elimination is the release of water and

bringing together of the larger molecules.

HL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• What specific condensation reactions are important?• Carboxylic acids and alcohols condense to form

esters.• Carboxylic acids and amines condense to form

amides.