additional names for animals in the ugaritic t

HISTORIAE 4 (2007): 93-116

ADDITIONAL NAMES FOR ANIMALS IN THE UGARITIC TEXTS

WILFRED G. E. WATSON

Northumberland

Abstract: Here, a substantial number of animal names supplements a recent survey of such names in the texts from Ugarit under the following headings: ungulates, carnivores, rodents, birds, arthropods, reptiles, fish, molluscs and crustaceans. Some unclassified entries are followed by words for animals in syllabic spellings and Ugaritian Akkadian. To close, all the Ugaritic terms are then set out in two lists, one of common nouns and the other of proper nouns, each in alphabetical sequence.

The survey of animal names provided recently (Watson 2006)1 is supplemented by the additional entries here.2 As noted already, many of these identifications, especially in personal and place names, are only tentative and some are little more than possibilities3, while others still

1 For discussion of some animal names in Ugaritic see Vidal 2005: 81-93 and van Soldt 2005: 170-88. Unfortunately, Militarev–Kogan (eds) 2005 is unavailable to me. For the animal names inr and uzry see also Ribichini–Xella 1987: 11-12. 2 The new entries include the following: abbl(y), akl, illm, arbn, arspy, arš, aym, cbb, ckbr, bn h«pt, drm, Çrbtym, Çrdn, Çrn, Çs, Çzly, hrsn, h ≥mny, h «li, h«ps/śry, h «rpn, klb s ≥pr, kšy/kty, ldn, lt, mrnn, msrr, nnr, ply, prgn, rqn, s≥br, s≥ry, šlyt ≥, tmn(n), ttn, twyn, tiy, tlln, ts≥r, ybl and ymmt. Uncertain new entries include ittr, mnt, ray and tgmi. Several new identifications and/or etymologies are also provided for terms discussed in my previous article (e.g. grdn, šnct, tlln). Also, some of the identifications in the syllabic names are new. 3 For example, udm (TN: KTU 1.14 iv 47-48; 1.15 i 7; etc.) and udmy (GN: KTU 4.337:15; 4.394:5) could be explained by NA udūmu, “(kind of) ape” (CDA, 418b; cf. AHw, 1402a), but it is unlikely that a place name would be called after such a rare term.

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have been rejected.4 The broad classification of the previous article has been retained.5 For reference purposes, a complete list of the animal names identified in Ugaritic is also provided.6 1. UNGULATES ibr, “horse” (discussed in Watson 2006: 447): for the meaning “Bulle,

Zuchtstier” see Sanmartín 1978: 349. illm, “camel” (PN: KTU 4.93 iv 24): the syllabically spelled PN fi-la-la-

[a]m (PRU 6, 149 ii 6) is indicative that it may be equivalent to Akk. (OB) ilulaya, “a camel (?)” (CDA, 127b; cf. AHw, 1563a), but it only occurs in a lexical list.

ayl(t), “deer” (KTU 1.6 i 24; 1.5 i 17, etc.): besides the Semitic cognates, see also Proto-Indo-European *el-en, “fawn”, from Proto-Indo-European *al-, *ol-, “brown, red”.7

Çzly, “gazelle” (PN: KTU 4.617:7; 4.769:54), tentatively proposed by Grøndahl (PTU, 140), although the spelling is h«a-zi-lu (PRU 6, 86 i

4 For instance, udr (KTU 1.4 v 17) may mean “quarry” (cf. Watson 1999: 39), “barn” (Margalit 1980: 218) or “slope” (de Moor–Spronk 1982: 159 n. 55) rather than “(Bactrian) camel” (as in WUS, nr. 97; TOu 1, 208; Sanmartín 1978: 350 and n. 23). The meaning “bat” proposed for h«rp in KTU 1.82:18 by Caquot (1988: 39) is probably incorrect. The identification by Dijkstra (1986: 123 n. 16) of mbÇl (PN: KTU 6.71:1) with Arab. baÇl, “Maultier”, has been rejected by Dietrich–Loretz 1988: 218 n. 209. Similarly, the meaning “horse” proposed for Ug. prs in KTU 4.392:1 by Watson 1974: 497 (cf. also Dietrich–Loretz 1979: 189-91, 193-94; Loretz–Mayer 1980; Tropper 1995: 512) seems not to have been accepted (Tropper UG, 43, 103; but see Sima 2000: 71). It is unlikely that Ug. šmm means “schnelle (Schlange)” as proposed by Aartun (1967-67: 284-85). Also, Ug. tlc (KTU 1.2 iv 4) does not mean “maggot” or the like (Gibson CML2, 159) but “chest”, as proposed by Watson (1980: 9) from Akk. tu/ilû (see now CAD T, 467-69) and independently, from other cognates, by del Olmo Lete (1984: 56). Finally, trn may not denote a bird (Watson 2006: 451), as the syllabic spelling tu-ra-ni (PRU 6, 72:10’) seems to indicate Akk. turānu, “bearded” (CAD T, 484b). 5 For a different type of classification of animal names as personal names in Mari, see Millet Albà 2000: 478. 6 Several more Ugaritic terms for animals can now be inserted into the tables provided by Firmage (1992: 1152-56). 7 Gamkrelidze–Ivanov 1995 I 437 but with no reference to Ugaritic. Note that gml (KTU 1.104:22) cannot be explained by Akk. gimlu (cf. DUL, 300) since that word does not mean “extra ox” or the like, as shown by Stol 1995: 191 (“The only context reference for gimlum is extremely obscure”) and 207 (n. 106). For a possible explanation from Akk. gumālu, “a kind of tamarisk”, see Watson 2004: 137.

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10) as against Akk. (h«)uzālu(m), “gazelle kid” (CDA, 123).8 Of course, Ug Çzly may simply be a different spelling of h«zli, “gazelle” (PN: KTU 4.75 iii 6; cf. DLU, 328).

h≥gln, “calf” (PN: KTU 4.7:6): the spelling ≠é-gi-li (PRU 6, 79:8) may reflect cgl, “calf”, although the PN cgl also occurs (see Watson 2006: 447).

h «rpn, “spring lamb” (PN: KTU 4.75 iv 6), based on Akk. h«arīpu and h«urāpu, “spring (lamb/kid)” (CAD H«, 245-46; cf. CDA, 121b), although the Ug. personal name may simply mean “Spring child”. See also Ug. h«prt, “ewe (lamb)” (KTU 1.4 vi 48).

kr, “ram” (KTU 1.4 vi 47): in addition to the Semitic cognates, note also Achaemenid Elamite *kar(r)-/*kur(r)-, “lamb”9 as well as Afro-Asiatic *kar-, “lamb” (HSED, 313 §1432).10

lt, “cow” (KTU 4.765:6), may correspond to Akk. lītu, littu, “cow” (CDA, 183b), but it occurs in a broken context.11

ph«d, “lamb” (KTU 1.17 v 17, 23): besides Afro-Asiatic *pVh«(V)d-, see Berber (Ahaggar) eifed, “ram” and Achaemenid Elamite putu, pitu, “kid”.12

pru, “wild ass” (PN: KTU 4.297:2; 4.350:7), is common Semitic, although it may be a Wanderwort.13

prgn, “meadow-sheep” (PN: KTU 4.115:13), Akk. pargānīu, “meadow-fed (sheep)” (CAD P, 184a; cf. CDA, 266b).14

s ≥pr, “goat” (PN: KTU 4.496:8), Heb. s ≥āpîr, “billy goat” (HALOT, 1048b)15, although it could mean “bird” (and see s≥br below, §4)16. For klb s≥pr, see §2 below.

8 Cf. Huehnergard 1987: 241. See also A[MA]R.MAŠ.[DÀ] ú-za-lu = ar-PI in Emar Vocabulary 551:55’ (Pentiuc 2001: 32) cited by Kogan 2004: 363 n. 1. 9 Blažek 1999: 64 §56. 10 See additionally Dolgopolsky 2004: 429-30 §19. 11 On the Akk. term littu, “cow”, see Stol 1995: 173. 12 Blažek 1999: 64-65 §58. 13 “The [Vedic] word párasvant could well be a Wanderswort [sic]; it recalls Akk. parûm, Hebr. pere’, Ar. fara’, all ‘wild ass’” (Watkins 2004: 68). 14 See Watson 1995: 227 (correct the reference in DLU, 681 under prgn). 15 Probably an Aramaic loanword. See also Pentiuc 2001: 164-65 (without reference to Ugaritic). 16 However, note the syllabic spellings s≥u-pa-ri (PRU 6, 99:23) and s≥u-pa-ra-ni (Ugar. V, 86:22).

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ttn, “buffalo” (PN: KTU 4.46:5; 4.155:11; 4.281:22; 4.612:5) could correspond to Akk. te/ušēnu, “eine Art Büffel” (AHw, 1352a; cf. CDA, 405a) or to Akk. tišānum, “(a wild animal)” (CDA, 407; CAD T, 373).17

tr, “bull” (KTU 1.1 iii 26, etc.) is “a Southwest Asian migratory word” (Gamkrelidze–Ivanov 1995 I: 439), although widely attested in Semitic.18

t§r, “gazelle” (KTU 1.20 ii 11): cf. Thamudic šs≥r, “young gazelle” (for which see Shatnawi 2002: 709-10).19

ybl, “ram (?)” (KTU 1.19 iv 61)20, a West Semitic word – Heb. yôbēl, “ram” (HALOT, 398b), Pun. ybl, “ram” (DNWSI, 433) – borrowed in NA as yābilu (CDA, 441a), although the Ugaritic text is difficult and other proposals have been made.21

2. CARNIVORES klb s≥pr, “hairy dog” (KTU 1.14 iii 19, 1.14 v 12), based on Akk. s ≥uppuru

“straggly, in strands”, used of sheep's fleece (CDA, 341b; cf. AHw, 1113a).

mrnn, “puppy” (PN: KTU 4.75 iii 13; 4.75 iv 7; 4.278:11); cf. mu-[r]a(?)-nu (PRU 3, 204 edge ii 2) and Akk. mī/ūrānu, “young dog, puppy, cub” (CAD M/2, 105b-106a).22

s ≥bc, “hyena”, in h«rs ≥bc, “lair of a hyena” (cf. Watson 2006: 449): note also Emar Akk. (W. Sem.) s ≥a-ba-ú, “bear, hyena” (Pentiuc 2001: 161-62).23

17 Is tgmi (PN: KTU 4.192:4) an allograph of škm, “donkey” (see Watson 2006: 446, following Sanmartín 1988: 271)? 18 See also Dolgopolsky 2004: 434 §26. 19 Instead of “artemisia” (see Watson 2004: 126 for references), but this is very uncertain. 20 Del Olmo Lete 1998: 240: “carnero”; cf. DUL, 950 [correct ‘1.19 VI 61’ to ‘1.19 IV 61’]. 21 See Wyatt RTU 312, n. 279. 22 Alternatively, see Arab. murinna, “songbird”. 23 Without reference to Ugaritic.


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3. RODENTS ck?br, “jerboa” (PN: KTU 4.617:29)24 � for the syllabic spelling see §10

below � corresponding to Heb. cakbār, “mouse” (HALOT, 823b), Akk. akbaru, “jerboa” (CDA, 9b; cf. AHw, 28), etc.25 Note also the Phoen. PN ckbr (Benz 1972: 171, 377 with discussion).

grdn, “beaver” (PN: KTU 4.93 iv 18; 4.422:3), also grdy (PN: KTU 4.309:28), Akk. garīdu, “beaver” (CDA, 90; cf. AHw, 282a, where Syr. gerādā; is cited; CAD G, 50-51).26

h«li, “shrew” (PN: KTU 4.282:6), Akk. h«ulû, h«ulium, “Spitzmaus” (AHw, 354; cf. CDA, 118b; CAD H«, 231b).27 Comparable are the Emar PNN H«ulā’u and H«ulû, “Spitzmaus” (cf. Pruzsinszky 2003: 82).28

h«ldy, “mole” (TN: KTU 4.636:10) discussed previously (Watson 2006: 449) is not a new identification. See already Sivan (1984: 230), who translates “mole, rat” and also van Soldt (2005: 174), with an alternative etymology.

h«psry, “mouse” (PN: KTU 4.129:2; also h«pśry KTU 4.124:2) if it corresponds to Akk. habas ≥īru (etc.), “mouse” (cf. CDA, 120, under h«ums ≥īru).

4. BIRDS29

arbn, “a water-fowl” (PN: KTU 4.33:1), if it corresponds to Akk.

aribānû (also arabānû), “an edible water-fowl” (CDA, 21b).30

24 Jirku 1969: 8. Although the reading may be cnbr (the cuneiform signs for k and n are very similar), see Gordon UT §19.1850; Grøndahl PTU, 424 and KTU (1st and 2nd editions). Even if cnbr (which is unintelligible), is the correct reading, the syllabic spelling provides independent evidence for the meaning “jerboa, mouse, etc.”. 25 For further cognates see HALOT, 823b. 26 Unless it is a kind of insect, for which see Watson 2006: 452. 27 Similarly, h «lan (KTU 4.391:17, etc.) and h«luy (KTU 4.75 v 13). It is uncertain to which of these the spelling h«al-a?-na (PRU 3, 199 B iii 15) corresponds. 28 With further references but no mention of Ugaritic. 29 Note also perhaps Ug. abbl (PN: KTU 4.309:3) and abbly (PN: KTU 4.431:7; 4.368:17; 4.377:20) which may correspond to Proto-Semitic *’VbbVl-, “kind of bird”, e.g. Arab. ’ab ābil-, “name of fabluous bird” and Akk. ibbiltu, “a bird” (CDA, 124a). For these and other references, with lengthy discussion, but without mention of Ugaritic, see Kogan–Militarev 2004: 148-49.

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Another cognate may be Akk. arrabu, “dormouse” (CDA, 24b; cf. AHw, 70 and CAD A/2, 302b-303).31 Alternatively, Ug. arbn may be a Hurrian name (cf. Grøndahl PTU, 220, 223).32

argb, arkbt and hrgb, “a bird” (Watson 2006: 450): see also Emar Akk. [a]r-ga-bu, a bird of some kind (Pentiuc 2001: 32).33

gn, “(bird)” (PN: KTU 4.75 v 17), besides the Sem. cognates cited previously (Watson 2006: 450), see Eg. gnw, “Goldamsel, Pirol” (GHWb, 901a), “oriole” (DLE II, 189).34

Çrbtym, “crow (?)” (GN: KTU 4.55:15): cf. Sem. Çrb, “crow” (Kogan 2001: 274-75 without reference to Ug.); HSED, 230 §1020 (see also §1015).

Çrdn, “a bird (?)” (PN: KTU 2.61:1): the Arab. verb Çarida, “to sing, twitter, warble (of bird)” (DMWA, 669), may indicate that Ug. Çrdn denotes a bird.

Çrn, “eagle” (PN: KTU 4.33:34; 4.50:15; 4.296:5; 4.609:14), Arab. Çaran, “eagle”, Akk. urinnu, “eagle” (CDA, 426a; cf. AHw, 1430b).35 Note also Hamito-Semitic *Çor, “crow” (HSED, 228-29 §1015).

Çs, “owl (?)” (PN: KTU 4.321:1), cf. perhaps Akk. h«usû, "a kind of owl" (CDA, 122; cf. CAD H«, 258a).

30 See Lambert 1970: 112 for an occurrence in the “Birdcall Text” from Sultantepe. The Akk. word may be a loan from Sumerian: cf. AHw, 62b-63a. However, in CAD A/2, 209, it is glossed as “the raven-like (bird)”, not connected with arabû, “a waterfowl”. 31 However, in West Semitic an initial ya- is expected (cf. Kogan 2004: 253, but with no reference to Ugaritic). Perhaps it is a direct loan from Akkadian here. 32It is possible that the PN urš [ ] (KTU 4.447:1; 4.639:1) may correspond to Akk. uršānu (also ursānu), “wild dove” (CDA, 427a; cf. AHw, 1434a), but the ending is missing. However, see below on hrsn. On cgrn (PN: KTU 4.106:22), discussed in Watson 2006: 450, see also Wyatt 1995: 67 (“crane?”). 33 With no reference to Ugaritic. For discussion and a possible etymology see Pentiuc 2001: 32. For a different etymology – Arab. hirÇāb-, hirÇab-, “groß (von Gestalt), groß gewachsen (auf Personen bezogen)” – see Aartun 1984: 16 (§19). 34 See Fox 1985: 76 n. l: “Most likely [Eg.] gnw is a type of bird”, either a bee-eater or an oriole. 35 Kogan 2001: 268-69, but without reference to Ugaritic. Note also Emar Akkadian h«u-ri-in-nu, discussed by Pentiuc (2001: 73) again without reference to Ugaritic. For other proposals on Ug. Çrn see DUL, 326.


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hrsn, “dove” (PN: KTU 4.711:6), is possible in view of Akk. urs/šānu, “dove” (CDA, 427a; cf. AHw, 1434a).36

krb, “a bird” (Watson 2006: 451): cf. also Emar Akk. QIR-ri-BU, “a bird; a type of dove” (Pentiuc 2001: 149).

krk, “goose” (PN: KTU 4.611:12), Akk. kurkû, “goose” (CDA, 168) or Akk. kurukku, “(a bird)” (CDA, 169); see also Indo-European *kherkh-, “rooster, etc.” (Gamkrelidze–Ivanov 1995 I, 515).

ldn, “chick” (PN: KTU 4.222:14; 4.264:8); cf. Akk. līdānu, “chick, young bird” (of ducks, etc.), though it can also mean “child (of a slave girl)” (CDA, 182a).37

msrr, “bird” (KTU 1.14 ii 17; 1.14 iii 59): based on context, the meaning “turtle-dove” was first proposed by Ginsberg (1946: 37)38. De Moor–Spronk (1982: 161) comment: “Simply a participle D of SRR “to fly”, attested in Ethiopic”. If this is correct, some support may come from Eg. msrt, “e. Vogel” (Hannig GHWb, 364).39 The line lqh≥ msrr cs ≥r dbh≥ would then mean “he took a dove(?), a sacrificial bird”, but not all scholars accept this.40

nnr, “a bird” (PN: KTU 4.69 vi 2; 4.607:29), syllabically, nan-ni-ra-ya (PRU 3, 203 iv 2-4) may be explained by Akk. nannaru, “a bird”

36 This is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian (AHw, 1434a); for the initial h- in Ugaritic cf. Ug. hkl from Akk. ekallu, Sum. é.gal, “palace, temple”. The alternative meaning of Ug. hrsn is “groats” (cf. Watson 2004: 121 n. 109). Note also that h «rs≥n, h≥rz≥n, “goldfinch” (Watson 2006: 450), may explain Emar h «u-ri-ZI-tu4, which denotes a bird of some (cf. Pentiuc 2001: 76). 37 In KTU 1.4 vii 56 (|| 1.8:10), it cannot be excluded that Ug. mnt (in the expression ibr mnt) means “swallow”, Eg. mnt, “Schwalbe” (Hannig GHWb, 335a; cf. HSED, 388 §1793), although the context is broken. For a possible (but different) translation, see de Moor 1971: 164, with his comments, ibid. 172. For the meaning “flock (of birds)”, cf. DUL, 565, although there the meaning “destiny, fate” is preferred. 38 And accepted by Fensham (1975: 17-18), Gibson CML2, 85 and TOu 1, 514, which adds (ibid. 514 n. q): “Signalons qu’en éthiopien, sarara signifie «voler»”. Cf. also Tropper UG, 581-82, 678. For a completely different explanation see Aartun 1984: 49-50 §63. 39 See also DLE II, 205. 40 It is unlikely that Ug. msrr means “knife” (Aistleitner WUS, 224 §1954), but “entrails” is very plausible in view of their significance in Ugaritic ritual (cf. del Olmo Lete 1989), although msrr does not occur in the ritual texts. See also (with metathesis?) perhaps Akk. surummu, "(a part of the intestinal tract)" (CAD S, 416). For more detail on Ug. msrr see Wyatt RTU, 187 n. 47.

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(CAD N/1, 461, only once; cf. CDA, 237). However, according to Grøndahl (PTU, 285) the name nnr may be Luwian.

npr, “bird” (KTU 1.6 ii 37; PN: KTU 4.343:4) is probably related to Eg. pr, “a bird”, discussed in Takács EDE II, 459, but with no reference to Ugaritic.41

ns ∫, “falcon (?)” (PN: KTU 4.112 ii 1): for a close cognate see Heb. nis≥s ≥ānîm, “peregrine falcons”, as proposed by Stoop-van Paridon (2005: 126-27).42

s ≥br, “sparrow” (KTU 1.82:25), Akk. s ≥ibāru, “sparrow” (CDA, 337a; cf. CAD S≥, 155),43 but the context is broken.

šnct, “kind of bird (?)” (KTU 1.48:7),44 but the etymology is unknown; see perhaps Akk. šit’u, šītu, a bird (CAD Š/3, 142b; AHw, 1253a; CDA, 378), although the -n- would remain unexplained, unless assimilation is posited in Ugaritic.

tiy, “raptor” (PN: KTU 4.245 ii 6): the spelling ša-i-ya (PRU 3, 59:4, etc.) points to an allograph of Ug. šiy, “falcon” (see Watson 1991: 359-60).45

ymmt, “dove” (KTU 1.3 iii 12; as ybmt in KTU 1.3 ii 33), Arab. yamamat, “pigeon, dove”, as proposed by Obermann (1948: 35) and Løkkegaard (1953: 226)46; cf. also the Mari female PN yamâma, “dove”, as interpreted by Streck (2000 §5.2)47.

5. ARTHROPODS drm, “worm” (PN: KTU 2.3:19; 4.64 v 12; 4.69 iv 2; 4.635:53), perhaps

corresponding to Proto-Semitic *dr-, “kind of parasite worm/insect”

41 See also HSED, 424 §1981; 422 §1971. 42 Without reference to Ugaritic. This may explain Emar Akk. ma-s≥i-s≥i-ia-[nu/tu4], “a bird” (cf. Pentiuc 2001: 122). 43 See also Dolgopolsky 2004: 420-21 §7. 44 See DUL, 832 with further references. 45 For the corresponding term (ša-a-i, “falcon, hawk”) in Emar Akkadian, see Pentiuc 2001: 165, but with no reference to Ugaritic. 46 And accepted in TOu 1, 91 n. 1 and by Wyatt 1992: 418; see ibid. 417-19 for discussion and more details. Note also Eg. ym, “e. Vogel” and ymw, “Gans” (Hannig GHWb, 47a). 47 Cited by Millet Albà 2000: 486 n. 20; not discussed by Kogan 2003.


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(+ -m).48 However the presence of the final -m makes the identification very uncertain.49

h≥mny, “tick” (PN: KTU 4.108:3), Arab. h≥mn, “small tick” (cf. Shatnawi 2000: 678, but without reference to Ugaritic). For a different solution see Grøndahl PTU, 135.

prÇt, “flea” (PN: KTU 4.128:7; 4.317:1)50 –see also the comments by Kogan (2001: 276-77 and 2002: 189) and for Akkadian pirša’u, etc., see now CAD P, 414b.

twyn, “insect (?)” (PN: KTU 4.52:2), if it is equivalent to Aram. twy, “(winged) crop-consuming insect” (DNWSI, 1206).51 If correct, a cognate may be Akk. ta’û, “to graze” (CAD T, 300a), with the medial -w- indicated by its derivative tiwītu (etc.), “food” (CAD T, 398b-99a).52

tlln, “insect” (PN: KTU 4.63 i 16; 4.711:2)53: cf. perhaps Akk. šalālu, “(schlangenartig) schleichen” (AHw, 1142b-43a); “to crawl (of snake, worm, etc.)”, but only in the N and Ntn forms as našallulu, “to slither” (CAD N/2, 55b-56a). See also CDA, 350a.

z ≥z ≥n, “insect” (PN: KTU 4.63 ii 32; 4.108:2), if related to Hamito-Semitic zīz (see Kogan–Militarev 2004: 151)54 but other meanings are possible (see Watson 2006: 454).

6. REPTILES apc, “viper” (KTU 1.19 i 13),55 has no clear Semitic etymology56 and

there seems to be no connection with Eg. f.t, “horned viper” (cf. Takács EDE II, 549).57

48 See Kogan–Militarev 2004: 150 §12 for a variety of cognates, e.g. Arab. darr- “tiny ants”, but no reference to Ugaritic. 49 It may well be Hurrian; cf. Grøndahl PTU, 250 and DUL, 289. 50 Note that prÇt is misspelt (as prÇt), in DLU, 354, DUL, 680, in Watson 2004: 452 and 455, as well as in Firmage 1992: 1155 and even in Jirku 1969: 9. 51 Tawil 1977: 59-60, based on Weinfeld 1965: 424 n. 2. However, for the equivalent Akk. dayye, the meaning given in CDA, 58a is “a plant” (but cf. CAD D, 27 under dajae or Ãajae). See also perhaps HSED, 136 §590 and 165 §721. 52 Cf. HSED, 493 §2343. For a different solution, see Grøndahl PTU, 295. 53 For a different explanation (“weak goat”), cf. Watson 2006: 448. 54 Without reference to Ugaritic. 55 Note that Eth. ’af cōt was misspelt in Watson 2006: 452.

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mr, “snake” (KTU 1.19 i 7, 12), as proposed by Del Olmo Lete (1984: 127 n. 285)58 on the basis of parallelism with apc (line 13; see previous entry). This may be supported by Hamito-Semitic *m[u]yir, “snake”, especially Agaw *mir-/*mur-, “snake” (cf. HSED, 391

§1808). nh∫š, “snake” (cf. Watson 2006: 453): besides Heb. nāh∫āš, “snake”

(HALOT, 690-91),59 cf. Eg. nh≥s, “to sting” (DLE I, 244), previously unnoticed.

rqn, “tortoise (?)” (PN: KTU 4.549:1), Akk. raqqu, “tortoise, turtle” (CAD R, 172b-73; CDA, 299a), although the meaning “slender” or the like is also probable (cf. Watson 1990a: 125).

s ≥ry, “snake” (PN: KTU 4.338:5; 4.778:4; 4.782:6, etc.), Akk. s ≥erru, s ≥ē/īru, “Schlange” (AHw, 1093; CDA, 336b; CAD S≥, 148-50, 115b).60 It occurs in a multilingual vocabulary from Ugarit.61

šlyt≥, “biting snake” (KTU 1.3 iii 42; 1.5 i 3, 29)62 as explained by Fronzaroli (1997: 289) based on Arab. slt≥ and Ge’ez sal(l)ata.63 His proposal seems to be confirmed by Akk. šalāt≥u, “to cut into” (CDA, 351a). In fact, this verb occurs in the following (broken) context: “(if a snake)” […]-it GÌR(šēp) amēli išlut ≥ma “pierces the […] of a man’s foot and enters the man’s house” (KAR 389b ii 52).64 An alternative

56 For cognates, see HALOT, 79a, but note that Coptic (Bohairic) efōt cited there is incorrect (it should be ephōt; p. c. G�bor Tak�cs). 57 Perhaps aym (PN: KTU 4.595:3) corresponds to Hamito-Semitic *ayVm-, “snake”, Arab. ’aym-, etc. (cf. HSED, 19 §68), although the identification is not certain. See also Dolgopolsky 2004: 418 §3. For another explanation of Ug. aym see Ribichini–Xella 1987: 7 (ay + ym, “dove è ym”, with would assume a “shared” -y-) 58 See brief discussion in Wyatt RTU, 292 n. 188. Note also Eg. mryt, “crocodile” (DLE II, 194). 59 Kogan (2003: 250) notes that whereas Ug. nh ∫š is very rare, in Hebrew it is the common word for snake. 60 See HSED, 116 §497. For other explanations see Grøndahl PTU, 190. 61 Ugar. V, 239:15, on which cf. Huehnergard 1987: 72. 62 For the noun formation see van Selms 1967. 63 As “celui qui pique”; see also ibid. n. 56. Whether the PN tlt≥ (KTU 4.63 iii 5; 4.96:11) is an allograph of this word is uncertain. Similar is Ug. ntk, “biter”, also denoting a snake (KTU 1.107:6, 35, 45). 64 Cited in CAD Š/1, 240b, but with no meaning suggested for the verb. See the various words for “snake” collected by Kogan 2004: 149-50 (§18).


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but less likely meaning of Ug. šlyt≥ is “encircler”65 and for other explanations see DUL, 822.

7. FISH arspy, “a fish (?)” (GN: KTU 4.52:11) based on Akk. arsuppu, ersuppu,

denoting a fish, possibly carp (cf. AHw, 71; CDA, 24b; CAD A/1, 307b-308). It seems to be a loanword in Akkadian. However, an alternative meaning of Ug. arspy may be a cereal (see Watson 2004: 120 n. 100).66

cby, “carp” (PN: KTU 4.371:16; 4.604:3) if it corresponds to Soqotri cāba, “carp-like fish”, Akk. abūtu, “fish” (Kogan 2001: 264).67

Another possibility is “lizard”, corresponding to Thamudic cb, “Eidechse” (cf. Shatnawi 2002: 717).68

dg, “fish” (KTU 1.23:63; 1.91:12; 1.92:38; 1.106:22; 1.124:15; 5.23:14): besides Heb. and Aram. dg, “fish” (DNWSI, 240), see also Indo-European *dh

ĝhū-, “fish”, lit. “underground (animal)”, derived from

the word for “earth”, e.g. Hitt. tekan, etc. (Gamkrelidze–Ivanov 1995 I, 453).69

8. MOLLUSCS, CRUSTACEANS kty, “crab (?)” (PN: KTU 4.7:2; 4.63 iii 39; 4.170:16; 4.617 ii 23; cf.

DLU, 232; DUL, 473); the spelling ku-šá-ya (PRU 6, 72:13') is matched by ku-ša-ia (AT 37:11), which may indicate that the name can be explained by Akk. kušû, “crab” (CDA, 171; cf. CAD K, 602),

65 As proposed by Margalit 1980: 90, followed by Wyatt RTU, 79 n. 49. 66 Note also the broken PN ittr[ ] (KTU 4.754:18), which is possibly cognate with Akk. aéturru, “gnat” (CDA, 30a; cf. AHw, 85b), although it only occurs in LB lexical texts. 67 Without reference to Ugaritic; Akk. abūtu means “a fish” (CAD A/1, 93), “ein Fisch” (AHw, 9b; cf. CDA, 4a); however, see Eg. h ≥b3, “Meerasche” (GHWb, 522a) and cf. HSED, 269 §1211. 68 Or else “bird”, see previously, Watson 2006 450 n. 48. On cqq see now Watson (forthcoming). For cs≥y, “gecko” (PN: KTU 4.367:6), to the previous references to Akk. es≥s≥û, “(small) gecko” (CDA, 82a; cf. AHw, 253) and Arab. cad≥/z≥āja (cited in AHw, 253) add Akk. is≥s≥û, “gecko” (CAD I/J, 206b-207a) and see the discussion in CAD I/J, 255b-56a under s≥urāru. Whether there is any connection at all with Eg. cš3, “gecko” (Hannig GHWb, 160a) is very uncertain. 69 G�bor Tak�cs was kind enough to discuss this and other animal names with me.

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although it is a Sumerian loanword (cf. AHw, 517a). See also kšy (PN: KTU 9.418:2).

9. UNCLASSIFIED akl, “glutton” (KTU 1.12 i 36, etc.) || cqq (see above) may denote an

animal,70 but this is uncertain. irn, “puppy-dog” (KTU 1.103+:33; PN: KTU 4.281:16) or possibly

“(wild) goat”.71 arš, “monster” (KTU 1.3 iii 43; 1.6 vi 51), variously identified as “many

headed”, a “whale”, “the venomous one”, etc. (see DUL, 108). cbb, “glutton” (KTU 1.92:14) in the expression bcl cbb which de Moor

(1985: 226-27) translates “the drinking beast”, commenting: “connected with Arabic cabāb, ‘the act of drinking’, which occurs in an Arabic proverb dealing specifically with gazelles. … So bcl cbb is a description of the z≥by [restored] of line 11”.72

bn h«pt, “young of loose (cattle)” (KTU 1.15 i 6; cf. 4.351:6), with a parallel in Nuzi Akkadian (cf. DUL, 401).73

brh≥, “squirmy (serpent)” (KTU 1.5 i 1; 1.82:38), based on the Hamito-Semitic root *barih«-, “to run, go” (cf. HSED, 58 §230; DUL, 236).74 In KTU 1.82:38, the adjective brh≥ seems to stand for the serpent itself.75

ply, “insect (?)” (PN: KTU 4.658:17), spelled pí-la-ya (PRU 4, 237:25; cf. DUL 673-74), possibly corresponding to Hamito-Semitic *faliy,

70 See, for instance, Akk. ākilu, lit. “eater”, which may denote an insect pest (CAD A/1, 266-67), perhaps a “caterpillar” (CDA, 10a). 71 For references see Watson 1990a: 116. 72 See also Dijkstra 1994: 119 and Wyatt RTU, 372 n. 19. For the Hamito-Semitic verb cb see HSED, 231 §1027. 73 Accepted by Tropper 2006: 391. The spellings ša-ta-na (PRU 3, 202 iii 58) and ša-t[e]-nu (PRU 6, 82:11) seem to exclude the meaning “bat” (Akk. s/šuttinnu, CAD S, 419-20a) for the PN štn (KTU 4.12:11; 4.701:8; 4.727:14), but it may still be an option; see Watson 1990b: 249. 74 For a survey of meanings see Wyatt RTU, 115 n. 3. 75 Whether tmn (PN: KTU 4.344:4) or tmnn (PN: KTU 4.374:12) can be explained by Akk. tumānû, “an animal” (CAD T, 470b); glossed “rodent frequenting beams?” (CDA, 409a), is very uncertain; one or both may correspond to the spelling ta-me-nu (RSO 7, 2:5’).


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“insect” (HSED, 176 §776), Arab. fāliya, “spotted dung beetle” (DMWA, 728).76 The identification is uncertain.77

tpn, “hyrax, rock badger (place)” (TN: KTU 4.89:3; 4.213:21; 4.348:8; 4.618:1, 23), discussed previously (Watson 2006: 454). As noted by van Soldt (2005: 187), both Mehri tōfen and Jibbāli tófun, “rock hyrax” (as against Heb. šāpān and Phoen. špn78), indicate the initial consonant to be /t/.79

10. SYLLABIC SPELLINGS AND UGARITIAN AKKADIAN From the personal names and other words written syllabically, the following may denote animals: akbaru, “jerboa, mouse” (PN written ak-ba-ru [PRU 6, 72:8’; 79:6]): for

a possible alphabetic equivalent see §3 above, under ckbr. h«innīs≥u, “piglet” in the quadrilingual vocabulary as [ŠAH«.TU]R? =

(Akk.) kur-ku-za-nu80 = (Hurr.) [missing] = (Ug.) h«e-en-ni-s≥u (Ugar. V, 137 ii 26’),81 probably from *h«annīs ≥u (with vowel assimilation).82

lippatu (as li-ip-pa-tu4 H«A.meš [RS 88.2158:50’ - RSO 14: 241]) seems to denote a type of fish, or perhaps baskets of dried fish.83 See Akk. lupû, “a fish” (CDA, 185b) as well as Ug. alpn, “anchovies, sardines” (see de Moor 1996).

76 See also Arab. filw, “colt, foal” (DMWA, 727). The PN ray (KTU 4.705:5) looks Semitic but is unexplained; cf. perhaps Eg. r3, “Schlange” (GHWb 456a) and HSED, 451 §2127. Still obscure is bnt s≥cs≥ (KTU 1.82:18, 41), possibly “cheeper, squawker”, Arab. s≥cs≥c (Caquot 1988: 39; cf. TOu 2, 67 n. 93); cf. also Akk s≥is≥s≥u, zizzum, “hiss” (of snake or bird, CDA, 449). 77 For other explanations see Grøndahl PTU, 172, 288. 78 Not mentioned by van Soldt 2005: 187. 79 As has already been noted, the identification was first made by Jirku (1969: 9). Note that Akk. *šapnu (AHw, 1175a) has been read incorrectly (see CAD Š/1, 477a). See also Firmage 1972: 1157 n. 51. 80 Akk. kurkizanni, kurkuzannu, kukkuzānu, “piglet, young pig” (CAD K, 561b; cf. AHw, 511a; CDA, 168b). 81 Huehnergard 1987: 40-41 (#186a), 85, 129. Cf. Ugar. V, pp. 242-43. 82 Huehnergard 1987: 85, 241, 261; as he notes, Blau–Greenfield (1976: 17) compare Arab. h «innaws≥ and Syriac h ≥annus≥ā. Note also the Akk. verb h «anās≥u, “to bare teeth, grimace (of animals)” (cf. CDA, 105b) and see HSED, 300-301 §1374, esp. West Chadic *hunz-. “wild boar”. 83 Lackenbacher 2001: 246.

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nimaliya, “ant” (PN written ni-ma-la-ya [PTU 6, 83 iv 4]), corresponding to Heb. nemālāh, “ant” (HALOT, 701b), a loanword in Akk. as namālu(m), namlu, “ant” (CAD N/1, 208a; CDA, 235a). The identification is uncertain.84

ta’asi, “buck, ram” (?) (PN written t[a]-’a-si [PRU 6, 80:2]),85 cf. Arab. tais, Heb. and Aram. tayiš (HALOT, 1729a), Akk. d/taššu (CAD D, 120; AHw, 165b).

tarpašu, “otter” (a fem. PN written tar?-pa-š[u]?-? [PRU 6, 86:1]), Akk. tarpašu, “otter” (CAD T, 239b-40a; CDA, 400b).86

urû, “stallion” (PN written [ ]ú-ru-ú [PRU 6, 91:6’]), Akk. urûm, urrû, “stallion” (CDA, 427a; cf. AHw, 1435a). However, the PN may not be complete.

Note also the PN ah«ilabu (a-h«i-la-bu [PRU 6, 72:12]), which contains the element labu (Ug. lbu), “lion”.87

ALPHABETIC LIST OF TERMS FOR ANIMALS These are listed in two sets: (1) common nouns, with over 100 entries and (2) names88 (personal names, toponyms and gentilics), with 130 entries. The second set, of course, is very much less certain as regards meaning.89 There is also some overlap (e.g. imr(t), irn, ayl, cglt, kdn(t)). In addition, there are several names identified from syllabic spellings (see §10). Evidently, there is quite a range of terms for animals in the Ugaritic documents90 but it is curious that so few words for creatures from the sea have been found in texts from a town right on the Mediterranean coast.

84 See also Ug. qunnanu, Akk. qannunu, “coiled (serpent?)” (cf. Huehnergard 1987: 46) and cf. Ug. qnn, “to coil” (KTU 9.435:5, 7) predicated of a scorpion. 85 Cf. also ta-a-zi (PRU 6, 8:2). 86 This identification of Ug. tarpašu is new. 87 Similarly, in the PN cmlbu (KTU 4.165:7, etc.) 88 Ignoring endings such as -n, -y or yn. 89 See van Soldt’s comments on the etymology of toponyms (van Soldt 2005: 168), which are also apposite here. However, Belmonte-Marín (2006: 43-44) notes that place-names do supply information pertinent to Ugaritic. 90 Reference to bees is only indirect, i.e. nbt, “honey” (KTU 4.14:2, etc.).


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(1) Common nouns ibr, “horse/bull” klb, “dog” al, “ram” klbt, “bitch” il, “ram” kr, “ram” alp, “cattle, bullock, calf” lbu, “lion” alpn, “anchovies” llu, “kid, lamb” imr, “lamb” lt, “cow” anhb, “sea-snail” ltn, “serpent” anh«r, “dolphin/sperm whale” mr, “cub/snake” inr, “dog” mrÇt, “suckling (lamb)” apc, “viper” msrr, “bird” arbh «, “4-year-old animal” nh∫š, “snake” irby, “locust” npr, “bird” irn, “puppy/goat” ns∫, “falcon” arw, “lion” nšr, “raptor” arš, “monster” ntk, “biting (snake)” atn, “she-ass” ph∫l, “ass, stallion” itm, “firm-fleshed (cattle)” ph∫lt, “mare” ayl, “deer” ph«d, “lamb” aylt, “hind” pr, “young bull” uz, “goose, gander” prd, “mule/bird/carp” cbb, “glutton” prt, “heifer” cglt, “heifer” qs∫m, “grasshopper” cp, “bird” rum, “buffalo, wild bull” cqltn, “serpent” rs≥m, “goat” cqq, “tearer” slh «, “lamb” cqrb, “scorpion” snnt, “swallow” cqšr, “serpent” śśw, “horse” cr, “donkey” sswt, “mare” cs≥r, “bird” s∫in, “ewe; flock” ctk, “monster” s≥br, “sparrow” cÃ, “fish/mollusc” s∫p, “white ewe” cz, “goat, kid” s∫pr, “bird/goat” bhmt, “cattle” š, “ram, sheep” bqr, “cattle” éiy, “falcon” brh ≥, “squirmy (serpent)” šgr, “calf” btn, “serpent, dragon” šh «t∫, “raptor” diy, “kite, hawk” škm, “donkey” db, “bear” šlyÃ, “biting snake” dbb, “fly” šnct, “kind of bird”

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dg, “fish” št≥p, “kind of bird” dkr, “male animal” tnn, “dragon” drh «, “chamois” tr, “turtle-dove” gd(y), “(goat-)kid” tat, “ewe” Çlp, “murex, sea-snail” tpš, “kind of bird” h ≥by, “scorpion” tr, “bull/bird” hgb, “locust” tsr, “gazelle” h ≥lm, “mature animal” ycl, “mountain goat” h ∫mr, “donkey” ygb, “bird/fish” h ∫sn, “grasshopper, locust” yh ∫mr, “roebuck” h «li, “shrew” (PN) ymmt, “dove” h «lmz∫, “snake” ynt, “dove” h «prt, “ewe (lamb)” ypt, “heifer” kdnt, “she-mule” z≥by, “gazelle” (2) Proper nouns abbl(y), “bird” (PN) h «rpn, “spring lamb” (PN) ibln, “camel” (PN) h «rs≥/z≥n, “goldfinch” (PN) abyy, “water bird” (PN) h «tm, “a bird” (PN) udr(n), “type of horse” (PN) h «zli, “gazelle” (PN) aky, “owl” (PN) kdn, “mule” (PN) illm, “camel” (PN) kdrn, “wren” (PN) imrt, “ewe” (PN) kkbn, “a bird” (PN) apn, “a bird” (PN) klby(n), “bitch” (PN) apt, “snake” (PN) kmy, “a waterfowl” (PN) arbn, “water-fowl/dormouse” (PN) kny, “gnat” (PN) irbn, “locust” (TN/PN) kpyn, “eel” (PN) ardn, “a bird” (PN) krb, “a bird” (PN) argb, “a bird” (PN) krk, “goose” (PN) arkbt, “a bird” (PN) krmt, “butterfly” (PN) irn, “puppy/goat” (PN) kšy, “crab” (PN) urn, “puppy/snake” (PN) ktln, “a broad-necked bird” (PN) arnbt, “hare, doe” (PN) kty, “crab” (PN) arspy, “a fish” (GN) lbiy, “lioness” (PN) isg, “a bird” (PN) ldn, “chick” (PN) ittr, “goat” (PN) lh ≥r, “ewe” (PN) ayh«, “caterpillar” (PN) lkn, “breed of sheep” (PN) ayln, “deer” (PN) llit, “female lamb” (PN) ayly, “hind” (TN) mrnn, “puppy” (PN) aym, “snake” (PN) ms≥rn, “frog” (PN)


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cby, “bird” (PN) nbzn, “goat/lamb” (PN) cgl, “calf” (PN) nggn, “donkey/goose” (PN) cgltn, “heifer” (PN) nmš, “mongoose” (PN) cgrn, “thrush” (PN) nnr, “bird” (PN) ckbr(?), “jerboa” (PN) npl, “caterpillar” (PN) cnqt, “female kid” (PN) npr, “bird” (PN) cqy, “magpie” (PN) npršn, “flyer” (PN) cs≥y, “gecko” (PN) nqq, “frog” (PN) bbru, “bird” (PN) ply, “insect (?)” (PN) bdn, “camel” (PN) ppn, “mouse” (PN) bgrt, “pigeon” (PN) pru, “wild ass” (PN) bl, “a bird” (PN) prÇt, “flea” (PN) bs≥y, “a bird” (PN) prgn, “meadow-sheep” (PN) dby, “bear” (PN) ptpt, “bedbug” (PN) dll, “frog” (PN) py(n), “seabird” (PN) dt/dn, “bison” (PN) qrr(n), “snake/frog” (PN) dwn, “type of horse” (PN) ray, “snake” (PN) dmr(n)/(y), “sheep” (PN) rny, “bullock” (PN) drm, “worm” (PN) rqn, “tortoise” (PN) gdrn, “worm” (PN) rwy, “lion” (PN) gg, “water-bird/insect, etc.” (PN) s/śdy, “an animal” (PN) gmú(n)∫, “bull” (PN) sh «r, “young animal” (PN) gmz, “type of horse” (PN) ss(n), “moth” (PN) gn, “partridge” (PN) ssg, “raptor” (PN) grdn/y, “insect/beaver” (PN) ssl, “sheep/cattle” (PN) gzl, “young bird” (PN) s≥bc, “hyena” (TN) Çrbtym, “crow” (GN) s∫ml, “raptor” (PN) Çrdn, “a bird” (PN) s≥ry, “snake” (PN) Çrn, “eagle” (PN) s∫s∫n, “bird of prey” (PN) Çs, “owl” (PN) šcrt, “goat” (TN) Çzly, “gazelle” (PN) tan, “spider” (PN) hrgb, “eagle” (PN) tkn, “insect” (TN/PN) hrsn, “dove” (PN) tmn(n), “animal” (PN) h ≥gln, “calf” (PN) trzy, “butterfly” (TN) h ≥lt, “phoenix” (MN) ttn, “buffalo” (PN) h ≥rr, “snake” (PN / TN) twyn, “insect” (PN) h «by, “gazelle” (PN) tiy, “raptor” (PN) h «dl, “gazelle” (PN) tcl(n/y), “fox” (PN) h «ldy, “mole” (GN / TN) tclb, “fox” (PN) h «lln/y, “a bird” (PN) tgmi, “donkey” (PN) h «lp(n), “kind of bird” (PN) tlln, “weak goat/insect” (PN)

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h «pn, “tadpole” (PN) tpn, “hyrax, rock badger” (TN) h «ps/śry, “mouse” (PN) ys≥u, “weasel” (PN) h «qn, “water bird” (PN) z≥z≥n, “sprat/insect” (PN) BIBLIOGRAPHY

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additional names for animals in the ugaritic t

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