APPENDIX A

Addresses of Organizations and Institutes Engaged in the Fields of Shipping and International Trade

Baltic and International Maritime Conference 19, Kristianiagade DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark

Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange St Mary Axe London EC3

British Overseas Trade Board (BOTB) 1, Victoria Street London SW1H OET

Charte red Institute of Transport 80, Portland Place London W1N 4DP

Council of European and Japanese National Shipowners' Associations (CENSA) 17/18, Bury Street London EC3A 5AH

Freight Transport Association (FrA) Hermes House 157, St John's Road Tunbridge Wells Kent TN4 9UZ

General Council of British Shipping (GCBS) 30/32, St Mary Axe London EC3A 8ET

Institute of Bankers 10, Lombard Street London EC3

Institute of Charte red Shipbrokers 25, Bury Street London EC3A 5BA

Institute of Export World Trade Centre London E1 9AA

Institute of Freight Forwarders Ltd Suffield House 9, Paradise Road Richmond Surrey TW9 1 SA

Institute of Marine Engineers 76, Mark Lane London EC3

Institute of Marketing Moor Hall Cookham Maidenhead Berks SL6 9QH

226

Appendix A 227

Institute of Road Transport Engineers 1, Cromwell Place Kensington London SW7 2JF

Institute of Transport Administration 32, Palmerston Road Southampton SO 1 1 LL

Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) 101-104, Piccadilly London WIV OAE

International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO) Radhusgaten 25 PO Box 1452-VIKA Oslo Norway

International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association (ICHCA) Abford House 15, Wilton Road London SW1 V 1LX

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 38, Cours Albert 1 er 75008 Paris France

International Labour Office (ILO) CH-1211 Geneve 22 Switzerland

International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington DC 20431 USA

Lloyd's Register of Shipping 71, Fenchurch Street London EC3M 4BS

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Maritime Transport Committee 2, Rue Andre Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16 France

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Obere Donaustrasse 93 1020 Vienna Austria

Royal Institute of Naval Architects 10, Upper Belgrave Street London SW1

Simplification of International Trade Procedures Board (SITPRO) Almack House 26-28 King Street London SW1

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations New York NY 10017 USA

228 Economics of Shipping Practice and Management

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneve 10 Switzerland

Further Recommended Textbook Reading

Branch, A.E. (1979), The Elements of Export Practice, 1st Edn, Chapman and Hall, London.

Branch, A.E. (1982), A Dictionary 0 f Shipping IIn te rn ational Trade Terms and Abbreviations (2600 entries), 2nd Edn, Witherby & Co. Ltd., London.

Branch, A.E. (1981 ), Elements of Shipping, 5th Edn, Chapman and Hall, London.

Packard, W.V. (1979), Voyage Estimating, 1st Edn, Fairplay Publications Ltd.

Packard, W.V. (1980), Laytime Calculating, 1st Edn, Fairplay Publications Ltd.

Schmitthoff, C.M. (1976), The Export Trade, 8th Edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London.

Watson, A. (1979), Finance of International Trade, Institute of Bankers, London.

APPENDIX B

Ship Diagrams Diagrams III to XI follow, illustrating many of the vessels referred to in the text.

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This type of vessel is built by Austin and Pickersgill of England. She has a crew of 30, a speed of 15 knots and a loaded mean draught of 8.84 m. Her length is 140 m and her beam 21 m. Her gross register tonnage is 9100 and her net register tonnage 6100. The total grain cubic capacity exceeds 764000 fta ; total cargo deadweight tonnage is 14 000. This vessel is very versatile in operation and is employed to carry traditional tramp bulk cargoes, viz. grain, timber, ore, coal etc. More than 50 ships have been built to this broad specification. Austin and Pickersgill have pioneered a number of general purpose-built vessels for the tramp market; others inc1ude the SO 18 (a multi-purpose general cargo vessel of 18 000 dwt), the SO 9 (a general cargo vessel of 9000 dwt) and the B 26 (a seven-hold bulk carrier of 26000 dwt with a service speed of 15 knots).

229

Accommodation

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Diagram IV Freedom-type ship with 'tween deck accommodation

This is a modern tramp vessel built in Japan. It combines the essential features of a single deck bulk cargo carrier with those of a closed shelter deck ship. It can operate efficiently in dry cargo tramp trades such as grain, coal, potash, phosphate rock, bauxite and iron ore, as weIl as general cargoes, palletized and container cargoes. The ship has a crew of 30, a speed of 14knots and an overallIengthof 145 m. Herbeam is21 m andherioaded mean draught about 9 m. Total grain capacity is 705 000 ft3 and cargo deadweighttonnage 15000. Incommon with the SD 14, the Freedom-type vessel is a multipurpose dry cargo carrier. More than 50 have been built to this broad specification.

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Diagram V Bulk carrier 30 000 dwt

This single deck vessel, buiIt by Austin and Pickersgill of England, is a 30 000 dwt bulk carrier with a draught of 10m and a speed of 15 knots. The crew totals 34, her overall length is 179 m and her beam 28 m. Each crane has a capacity of 12.5 tonnes and the vessel is ideal for grain and other bulk cargoes. The gross register tonnage is 18500.

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Tankers form a substantial proportion of the total world mercantile fleet. A vessel of 25 000 dwt would have an overalllength of 170 m, beam of 24 m and draught of 13 m. The gross register tonnage is 15000 with the net register tonnage 10 000. Her speed is 15 knots. Such avesseI would be called a parcels tanker.

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Diagram VIII Container ship

This vessel is a purpose-built container vessel engaged in ocean-going cargo liner services with a capacity of 500 20 ft ISO containers. Each hold of the cellular ship is fitted with aseries of vertical angle guides adequately cross-braced to accept the containers. Her overalllength is 120 m, her be am 17 m and her loaded draught 5 m. Accommodation is aft and she has a speed of 14 knots. Her gross register tonnage totals 4000 and her net register tonnage 2200. Her cargo deadweight tonnage is 3000. This type ofvessel is found in the short sea trade and can also act as a feeder to deep sea container ships of some 2500 TEU.

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Diagram X Omni carrier -roll on/roll off -lift onllift off and side-Ioading vessel (combi carrier)

This modern vessel, called a 'combi carrier', is operated by DFDS Nordana Line in the US Gulf-US East Coast-Mediterranean-Caribbean/Central America trade. It conveys general cargo in containers, trailers and other unitized consignments, break bulk cargo and heavy equipment up to 200 tons. The stern ramp of 200 tons' capacity can be used for the rapid loading and unloading of containers on trailers or heavy fork lift trucks. Side loading facilities permit simultaneous operation by two fork lift trucks handling palletized cargo. There are two derricks, one of 36 tons' capacity and one of 120 tons.

The vessel has an overalllength of 135 m, beam of 25 m and draught of 7 m;

234

her speed is 15 knots and she has a crew of about 20. Her gross register tonnage is 4500 and her net register tonnage 1750. Metric deadweight tonnage comes to 8000.

The ship can convey a total of 516 TEUs on the upper, main and lower hold decks. Bale capacity exceeds 18500 m3 , whilst lane capacity to accommodate trailers totals 1400 m. The combination of cargo facilities can be adjusted to reflect market demand for the carriage of containers, vehicles, heavy lifts, break bulk consignments, etc.

This type of vessel is very versatile in operation and cargo capacity mixture. It is likely to become very popular in cargo liner trades in the 1980s. The vessel is generously provided with lifting gear and cargo tran­shipment equipment, thereby aiding rapid turnround and helping to over­come any inadequacies in port facilities.

Diagram XI Ro/Ro vessel

Ro/Ro vessels represent one of the ship types that have shown the fastest growth in numbers in recent years; this trend is likely to continue through­out the 1980s. They operate in both the short sea and deep sea liner cargo services conveying vehicular traffic which, depending on the vessel design, may include road haulage vehicles, road trailers, coaches, trade vehicles, accompanied cars, containers on trailers, etc. Passenger accommodation is also provided in short sea trades.

The vessel illustrated is found in the short sea trade and has an overall length of 130 m and a beam of 22 m. Her deadweight tonnage is 2000, gross register tonnage 9000 and net register tonnage 3200; her speed is 20 knots. She can convey up to 60 Ro/Ro vehicles each 15 m in length. Bow and stern loading provide drive-through facilities. The vessel can load and discharge simultaneously on both decks, thereby speeding up turnround. A mezza­nine deck is available to convey cars and the upper garage deck can accom­modate 122 cars or 28 Ro/Ro vehicles. Clearance between the main and upper decks is 4.5 m.

The vessel design aids rapid turnround; most of the ships have main deck loading and discharge facilities at both bow and stern. Conversely, much space is wasted between the vehicle decks in comparison with a cellular container ship, as broken stowage obtains.

235

Index

Acceptance credits, 107 Administrative pressures, 200 Ad valarem rates, 78 Advantages of containerization, 118,

119 Advantages of shipboard management,

154 Advertising, 143 Advertising agency, 144 AECS,117 Agency fees, 95 Agents, 20-22, 82, 145 Air waybill, 105 ALADI,25 Algerian cargo preference laws, 201 Algerian fleet, 7 Aligned documents, 188, 189 AMWAC,197 Anti-fouling systems, 70 Arab fleet, 5-12 Arab states, 13 Argentinian cargo preference laws, 201 Australian cargo preference laws, 201,

202

Back to back credits, 106 BACO, 33, 127, 128 Balance of payments, 2-5 Balance of trade, 2-5 Baltic Exchange, 17, 89,90, 226 Banker's draft, 100 Bank finance for exports, 108, 109 Benefits of international trade, 13, 14 Benelux customs union, 24 Berth, at a port, 74-76 Bilateral trade agreements, 71, 72, 200 Bills of exchange, 100-102 Bills of lading, 103, 104 BIMCO, 90-95, 224, 226 Bimcosale sundry form, 92 BOTB,226 Bow thruster, 32 Brazilian cargo preference laws, 202,

203 Break bulk, 85, 86 Bretton Woods, 173-177

Bridge control, 32 British Commonwealth, 24 British Shipping Federation, 158 Broker, 17, 18, 93, 94 Budgets, 133-143, 149, 151, 153 Building subsidies, 222, 223 Bulk carrier, 32, 46, 55, 56, 65, 130 Bunkering, 36, 40-43, 55, 68 Bunker rate subsidies, 223 Buying rate, 26-28

CACM,25 CAF, 30, 139 C&F, 103,104 Cameroon cargo preference laws, 203 Capital requirements for ships, 44, 45,

55 Cargo insurance, 83 Cargo preference laws, 201-218 CARICOM,26 CARIFfA,26 Cash with order, 102, 103 Catering, 141, 142 Catering department, 56-64 CENSA, 156, 157,226 CERI,182 Certificate of origin, 105 Certificates of competency, 60-63 Chamber of Shipping, 158 Changing methods of payment, 112,

113 Charterer's requirements, 88, 89 Chartering, 44, 45, 49, 77, 78, 87-97,

135, 141, 142 Chartering and ship agency procedures,

92-95 Charter Parties, 77, 78 Chief engineer, 57-64 Chief officer, 56-64 Chief petty officer (deck), 56-64 Chief petty officer (motorman), 57-64 Chilean cargo preference laws, 203, 204 Chinese fleet, 10-12 CIEC,187 CIF, 103, 104, 115,201-218 CIM, 80, 105, 125-127

238 Economics 0/ Shipping Practice and Management

CMEA,25 CMR,105 Clean bill, 102 Clearing banks, 107 Coal-fired propulsion, 42, 43 Coffee, 23 Collier, 43 Colombian cargo preference laws, 204,

205 Combi carriers, 63, 64, 234 Combination carriers, 7-9 Combined transport operation, 34, 66,

114-128 Combidoc sundry form, 92 COMECON, 5, 25 COMECON fleet, 5-12 Commercial freedom of the seas, 4,

10-12 Commercial institutions, 50 Commodity markets, 16-18 Commodity trades, 16-18 Competition, 84, 85, 134, 145 Computerization, 35, 36, 147, 148 Conlinebooking sundry form, 92 Consolidation, 20, 21 Consortia of shipping companies,

129-131 Constituents of freight rates, 82--84 Consumer services, 1 Containerization, 116-121, 133, 145,

148, 166, 232, 233 Container rates, 79, 80 Container routes, 117-119 Container vessels, 41, 46, 53 Continuous survey, 65 Cost construction and safety factors,

31-34 COWAC, 197 Crew cost, 55, 56, 141, 142,221 Cross trades, 4 Cubic measurement, 77--80 Currencies, 26-30 Current account, 3

Dangerous cargo, 78, 89 DCF,34 Deck department, 56~4 Demand for shipping, 1, 2 Demurrage, 83 Depreciation, 39, 44, 45, 53-56, 88,

141, 142 Determination of fixture rates, 87, 88 Diesel engine, 42, 43

Disadvantages of containerization, 119-121

Discount rate, 29, 30 Discriminatory customs/dues, 200 Documentary credits, 102-105 Dominican Republic cargo preference

laws, 205 DIP, 101, 102 Dry cargo tonnage, 5-12 Dry dock, 153, 154

Eastern bloc countries, 131, 223, 224 Eastern bloc fleets, 5-12, 56, 68,

197-199 ECAFE,187 ECGD, 29, 48, 49, 109-112 Economic factors influencing

development of multi-national corporations, 19,20

Economics of chartering, 87-97 Economics of international trade,

13-30 Economics of new and second-hand

tonnage, 44-51 Economics of ship design, 31-43 Economics of ship manning, 56~4 Economics of ship operations, 55-76 Economics of ship propulsion, 40-43 ECOSOC, 187 Ecuadorian cargo preference laws, 205 EEC, 16,24,25,86, 123, 179, 198 EFfA, 16, 24 Egyptian cargo preference laws, 206 Engineer's department, 56~4 Essentials of shipboard management,

149-151 Estuarial and short sea passenger

trades, 81, 82 Euro currency, 111 European Payments Union, 24 European recovery programme, 175 Exchange control, 200 Exchange rates, 26-30, 98-100 Exchange stabilization, 26-30 Expenditure budget, 140-143 Export and import prices, 98-100 Export houses, 15

Factoring, 107, 108 Factors determining crew levels, 61~4 Factors determining ship investment

criteria, 51-54 Factors determining passenger fares, 81,

82

Index 239

Factors influencing level of freight rates, 84-86

Factors to consider in planning sailing schedules, 64-70

FAO,163 Fares, 81, 82 FCL, 79, 80 Federal RepubIic of Germany cargo

preference laws, 207 FEWAC,197 Filler trafiic, 65 Finance by ECGD, 109-112 Finance of international trade, 98-113 Finance of ships, 47-51 Fixed forward contract, 28, 29 Fixture rates, 87, 88 Rag discrimination, 4, 52, 71, 199-218 Rags of convenience, 5, 10-12, 52, 68,

219-222 Reet composition, 47, 48 Roating exchange rates, 28, 29 Row of manufactured goods, 18 Ructuations in trade, 71-73 FOB,103 Foreign exchange markets, 27 Foreign loans, 48, 49 Forward exchange, 28, 29 Forward option, 29, 30 Forward rates, 29, 30 Freeboard, 36 Freedom type vessels, 230 :!'ree enterprise economy, 22, 23 Free trade areas, 71, 72 Freight forwarding, 20-22, 82, 226 Freight rates, 87, 88 French cargo preference laws, 205 French fleet, 5-12 FrA, 226 Fuel cost, 31, 68, 141, 142 Function of international trade, 13, 14 Function of shipping and its relationship

to international trade, 1, 2 Future, 224, 225 Futures contract, 17

Gabon cargo preference laws, 207 Gas carriers, 53, 231 Gas turbines, 43 GATI, 26, 173 GCBS, 57, 157-159, 188, 226 Ghanaian cargo preference laws, 207 Government grants, 48, 49 Great Lakes ships, 7-9 Greek cargo preference laws, 207

Greek fleet, 5-12, 221, 222 Group of 77, 192 Guatemalan cargo preference laws, 207

Haggling of the market, 77 Hague Rules, 193 Hamburg Rules, 193 Health certificate, 105 Hot money, 3 Hull maintenance, 55

IAEA,163 IATA, 20, 21 IBRD,184 ICC, 102, 114, 168, 169, 195,220,227 ICHCA, 165-167,227 ICS,159 IEA, 182, 184 ILO, 31, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 163,

169-173,184,224,227 Imbalance of trade, 69, 71-73, 119 IMCO, 31, 45, 46, 58, 59,61, 62,

159-163,165,172, 184,224,227 IMF, 173-181, 184, 227 Irnportance of speed, frequency,

reIiability and cost of sea transport, 73, 74

Import and export prices, 98-100 Import Iicences, 200 Indian cargo preference laws, 208 Indian fleet, 56 Indivisible loads, 79, 80 Indonesian cargo preference laws, 208 Industrial relations, 75, 76 Inland waterways, 127, 128 Inland waterways freight rates, 80, 81 Insurance, 55 Intank bill, 78, 165 Intascale index, 88 Interest payments, 28 International Bank for reconstruction

and development, 120 International exchange rates, 26-30 International Maritime Industry Forum,

50 Internationalorganizations, 156-193 International road haulage freight rates,

80,81 International seaborne trade, 7-9 International Tanker Nominal Freight

Scale Association, 95 International trade, economics of,

13-30 International trade, function of, 13, 14

240 Economics 01 Shipping Practice and Management

International trade scene, 194-199 International trade, survey of, 14-16 International train ferry rates, 80 INTERTANKO, 163-165,227 Investment budget, 143 Investment criteria of a ship, 40, 41,

44-54, 133-143 Invisible exports, 2-5, 53 Invoice, 103 In-water survey, 70 Iranian cargo preference laws, 209 Iraqi cargo preference laws, 209 Irrevocable credits, 102-105 ISF,159 Italian fleet, 5-12 Ivory Coast cargo preference laws, 209

Japanese cargo preference laws, 209, 210

J apanese fleet, 5-12

Kombiverkehr, 123 Kuwaiti cargo preference laws, 210

Lags (exchange rates), 27 Laid up tonnage, 10-12 LASH, 38, 80, 81, 127, 128 Latex, 17 Law of comparative cost, 13-15 Laydays,93 Leads (exchange rates), 27 Leasing, 49, 50 Lebanese fleet, 7 Less common forms of trade, 112 Liberian fleet, 5-12 Libyan fleet, 7 Liner and tramp market freight rates,

77,78 Liner company organization, 130 Liner conference code, 218, 219 Liner conferences, 63, 66, 67, 200, 218,

219 LNG,231 Load factor, 38, 65 Loan payments, 28, 47-51 London Metal Exchange, 17

Maintenance cost of ships, 46, 51, 55, 56, 70, 149-155

Major trading areas of the world, 22-26 Malaysia International Shipping

Corporation, 196 Manila Conference, 194, 218, 219

Manning levels, 31, 55, 61~4, 149-155, 221, 222

Marine engineer, 52, 149, 151, 152 Marine superintendent, 52, 149, 151,

152 Maritime canals, 33 Maritime container rates, 79, 80 Marketing, 143-146, 226 Marketing plan, 144 Market pricing, 73, 146, 147 Market rate, 26-28 Marshall Plan, 175 Master document, 149-155 Measurement ton, 77, 78 Mercantile fleet, 5-12 Merchant Navy Established Service

Scheme, 57, 58 Merchant Shipping Act 1894, 60 Merchant Shipping Act 1970, 57, 58 Merchant Shipping Act 1974, 199,200 Merchant Shipping Act 1979, 57, 58 Merchant Shipping (Certification of

Deck and Marine Engineer Officers) Regulations 1977, 58~4

Methods of finance of ships, 47-51 MEWAC, 197 Mexican cargo preference laws, 211 Mixed economy, 22, 23 Morpeth Committee, 54 MT,100 Multinational companies, 19, 20 Multi-purpose vessels, 33, 62, 66, 73

National flag carriers, 201-218 Nationalism, 32 National Shipowners Associations, 157 Nautical advisers, 152 Naval architect, 34-40 NEA,182 Net invisibles, 3-5 Nicaraguan cargo preference laws, 211 Nigerian cargo preference laws, 212 Nigerian National Shipping Line, 196,

197 NMB, 56-58, 62 Norwegian fleet, 5-12 NPV, 34 Nuc1ear propulsion, 67

OBO, 53, 54 Obsolescence, 44-46, 73 OCL,54 OECD, 51, 53, 181-185, 219, 227 Oil charter party, 93, 94

Index 241

Oil tanker, 232 Omni carrier, 63 OPEC, 185-187, 199, 224, 227 Open account, 100, 102, 108, 109 Operating expenses, 46 Operating subsidies, 223 Operation of shipboard management,

152-154 Organization of shipboard

management, 151, 152

P & I Clubs, 70 Packaging, 21 Pakistani cargo preference laws, 212 Panama canal, 69, 96 Panamanian fleet, 5-12 Par, 29 Parcels tanker, 37, 232 Passenger certificate, 63 Passenger fares, 81, 82 Payload,40 Payments on open account, 100 Personnel cheque, 100 Personnel department, 152 Peruvian cargo preference laws, 212 Philippine cargo preference laws, 213 Piggy back operation, 123, 124 Planned economy, 22, 23 Planning, 132-135 Plying limits, 66 Political factors, 134, 194-225 Port operation, 74-76 Portuguese cargo preference laws, 213 Post Office receipt, 105 Preferential trading groups, 23-26 Premium rate, 29 Pricing (market), 146, 147 Problems caused by fluctuations and

imbalances in trade, 71-73 Promotions, 143-146 Purchasing department, 152

Radio officers, 57-58 Rate of exchange, 26 Rates, 77-86 Rebates,84 Red clause credits, 107 Relationship between world seaborne

trade and world mercantile fleet, 3-12 Relationship of international trade to

function of shipping, 1, 2 Relative importance of speed,

frequency, reliability and cost of sea transport, 73, 74

Reservation system, 147 Revenue budget, 136-140 Revocable credit, 102-105 Revolving credits, 106, 107 Road haulage freight rates, 78, 79 Role of international organizations,

156-193 Ro/Ro vessels, 37, 45, 52, 62, 82, 120,

133, 166, 235 Rubber, 23 Rubber Trading Association, 17

Safety, cost and construction factors, 31-34

Sailing schedules planning, 64-70 Saleback, 49, 50 Saleform sundry form, 92 Sales conferences, 144 Saudi Arabian cargo preference laws,

214 Saudi Arabian fleet, 5 SEABEE,127 SD, 14,229 SDRs, 178-181 Seasonal traffic, 66, 67 Seasonal traffic fluctuations, 71, 72 Sea Transport Account, 5 Selling rate, 26-28 Services offered by freight forwarders,

21, 22 Services of train ferries, 125, 126 Ship agency and charte ring procedures,

92-95 Shipboard management, 70, 149-155 Shipbroker, 21, 22 Shipbuilding nations, 10-12 Ship capital requirement, 44, 45 Ship design, 31-42, 75, 147 Ship finance, 47-51 Ship investment criteria, 44-54 Ship management, 47, 48, 129-148 Ship management companies, 131, 132 Ship manning, 56-64 Ship operation, 55-76 Shipper councils, 72, 86 Shipping company, 129 Shipping company consortia, 129-131 Shipping Finance Study Group, 50 Ship propulsion, 32 Ship registry, 46 Ship's agent, 94, 95 Ship stability, 36 Shipyards, 34-40, 52, 53, 70 Shipyard subsidies, 223

242 Economics 01 Shipping Practice and Management

Short sea and estuarial passenger trades, 81,82

SITPRO, 187-190,227 South Korean cargo preference laws,

214 Spanish cargo preference laws, 215 Spot rate, 27 Sri Lankan cargo preference laws, 215 St Lawrence Seaway, 67 State run fleets, 10-12 Steam turbine, 42, 43 Stock Exchange, 27 Stores control, 147 Subject open, 93 Subject stern, 93 Subject unfixed, 93 Subsidies, 48, 49, 56, 222-224 Sudanese fleet, 5 Suez canal, 69, 96 Survey,46, 51,55, 69, 70,148 Survey of international trade, 14-16 SWIFT,113

Taiwan cargo preference laws, 215 Tanker tonnage, 5-12, 45, 53 Tanzanian cargo preference laws, 215 Taxation, 135 Tax incentives, 49 TEU,63 Thailand cargo preference laws, 215 Thermal efficiency, 43 Timber,23 Time Charter, 77, 78, 94 TIR,21 Tonne, 77-79 Trade associations, 51 Trade cars, 133, 140 Trade protectionism, 32 Trading areas of the world, 22-26 Trading patterns, 22, 23 Trading results, 133-143 Trailers, 78, 79 Train ferries, 85, 124-127 Train ferry rates, 80 Tramp and liner freight rates, 77, 78 Tramp market, 71 Transferable credits, 105, 106

Trans-Siberian Railway, 52, 120, 121 Travel agents, 82 Treaty of Rome, 24 TI, 100 Turkish cargo preference laws, 215

UK balance of payments, 2-5 UKWAL,197 ULCC, 6, 32, 33, 37, 66, 70, 97 Unaccompanied trailers, 78, 79 UNCITRAL, 163, 193, 224, 227 UNCTAD, 51,114,157,184,190,195,

218-222, 224, 228 UNCTAD VConference, Manila 1979,

5, 194, 201-218, 219 Uniform customs and practice for

documentary credits, 104 Unüorm rules for the colJection of

commercial paper, 102 Uraguayan cargo preference laws, 215 US fleet, 5-12 USSR cargo preference laws, 215 USSR fleet, 197-199

VAT,83 Vegetable oils, 23 Venezuelan cargo preference laws, 217 Visconbooking sale form, 92 Visible exports, 2-4 YLCC, 6, 32, 33, 37,66,68, 70,97 Voyage charter, 77, 78 Voyage estimate, 55, 56, 69

Wagons, 80, 124-127 Waterway freight rates, 80, 81 Wheat,23 W/M, 77, 78 WMO,163 WooI,23 Wool Exchange, 17 World mercantile fleet, and relationship

with world seaborne trade, 5-12 Worldscale index, 88, 95-97

Yugoslavian cargo preference laws, 217

Zairoise cargo preference laws, 217