adenovirus: an eternal archetype a short history 1953: first adenovirus isolation by rowe et al.,...
TRANSCRIPT
U124
IRCL
JCD
U124
IRCL
JCD
Adenovirus: an eternal archetypeA short history
1953: first adenovirus isolation by Rowe et al., Proc. Soc. Exp.Biol. Med.
1962: oncogenic properties of HAdV species A (Ad12).
1953-1968: biochemical characterization
1970-1980: virion assembly
1978-1990: splicing and transcriptional control
1985-1995: viral oncogenes and association with tumor suppresseur
1995-200N: viral vector in gene therapy
Adenovirus
Replication Encapsidation
- DNA ds (~36 kb)
hexon
penton penton base
fibre
IX
IVa2 DNApol pTP
52K IIIa III pVII V pVI II 20K 100K pVIII E3 IV
72K E4
E1A E1B
[[
[
U124
IRCL
JCD
U124
IRCL
JCD
Adenoviruses uptake
1) Membrane attachment
RGD
hCAR
V integrins...2) Uptake
Modify adenovirus tropism :specific fiber modifications
U124
IRCL
JCD
U124
IRCL
JCD
Heparan sulfate
Caveolae
Non-caveolaenon-clathrinendocytosis
Clathrin-caoted pit endocytosis
Macropinocytosis
macropinosomeCCV
EE
LELY
4.5-5.0
6.5
5.5-6.0
Golgi
trans
Medial
Cis
ER
CaveosomeLysosomal degradation
A549HEK29HeLa
NL
S-m
achi
nery
hCARv3/5
NPC proteins
Central channel
Peripheral channel Nuclear basket
Outer membrane
Inner membraneNucleus
Cytoplasm
Viral DNA
Transgene expression
Endocytosis...
U124
IRC
L
JCD
U124
IRC
L
JCD
Structure of the fiber protein
Pentonbase
Shaft
-X--X-X-X-X-P--X--X-X-X-X--X-X-G-X-G--X--X-X-X
Tail Knob
IVa2IIIa
pVI pVIII
E4
ITR
Precursor RNA 1
DAdV-1Atadenovirus
Fiber
FAdV-1Aviadenovirus
Fiber 1 Fiber 2
HAdV2Mastadenovirus
E3Fiber
E4
E1AE1B
Adenoviridae
E3E4
Species Serotype % GC % homology species
Fiber length (nm)
oncogenicproperties
A 12, 18, 31 48 8-20 28-31 high
B 3, 7, 16 51 9-20 9-11 weak
C 1, 2, 5, 6 58 10-16 23-31 nul
D 8, 9, 10,13, 15, 19
58 4-17 12-13 nul (except Ad 9)
E 4 58 4-23 17 nul
F 40, 41 49 15 36 et 23 nul
Human adenoviruses
receptor
hCAR
hCAR
hCAR
hCAR
CD46
hCAR +X
Tropism modifications of adenovirus
• Association with antibodies
• Genetic modifications of the fiber
• Chimeric fiber
• transient expression• important immun response• wide tropism
Project and history
• 1984 cloning of the BAdV4 genome
• 1997 BAdV-4 based vector ?• no permissive cell line• bovine cell line obtaining …
• 2001-200X vectors with chimeric fibers
Project: targeting vectors to B lymphocytes
• lost of hCAR interaction• add new target
HAdV2HAdV5HAdV4
SAdV25HAdV17HAdV9HAdV15
HAdV12HAdV31
BAdV10HAdV41-LHAdV40-L
HAdV41-SHAdV40-SHAdV3HAdV7HAdV16
HAdV35BAdV-3CAdV-2MAdV-1
DAdV-1FAdV-1-LBAdV-4
OAdV-287Odocoileus
FrAdV1FAdV1-STAdV-3PAdV-4
FAdV-1-L
BAdV10
PAdV-4
HAdV12HAdV31HAdV17
HAdV9
HAdV2HAdV5HAdV4
SAdV-25HAdV41-L
HAdV40-L
HAdV40-SHAdV41-SHAdV7
HAdV3HAdV16HAdV35
FAdV-1-S
BAdV-3
MAdV-1
FrAdV-1TAdV-3
BAdV-4odocoileusOAdV-287DAdV-1
Siadenovirus
Atadenovirus
Mastadenovirusnon-human
Aviadenovirus
Mastadenovirus
Fiber
KnobPhylogenic
tree
Penton base binding sequence of fiber proteins
HAdV2 (1) --------MKRARPSEDTFNPVYPYDTETGPPT--------HAdV5 (1) --------MKRARPSEDTFNPVYPYDTETGPPT--------HAdV12 (1) -MKRSRTQYAEETEENDDFNPVYPFDPFDTS-D-------- HAdV31 (1) -MKRSRTQYAEEPEENDDFNPVYPFDPYDTA-H--------HAdV3 (1) --------MAKRARLSTSFNPVYPYEDESSS----------HAdV7 (1) --------MAKRARLSTSFNPVYPYEDESNL-Q--------HAdV16 (1) --------MAKRARLSSSFNPVYPYEDESSS----------HAdV9 (1) --------MSKRLRVEDDFNPVYPYGYARNQ-N--------HAdV15 (1) --------MSKRLRVEDDFNPVYPYGYARNQ-N--------HAdV17 (1) --------MSKRLRVEDDFNPVYPYGYARNQ-N--------HAdV35 (1) --------MTKRVRLSDSFNPVYPYEDESTS-Q--------HAdV4 (1) -------MSKSARGWSDGFDPVYPYDADNDRPC-------- SAdV-25 (1) -------MSKKRVRVDDDFDPVYPYDADNAP----------HAdV40-L (1) ---------MKRARFEDDFNPVYPYEHYNPL-D--------HAdV41-L (1) ---------MKRARLEDDFNPVYPYEHYNPL-D--------HAdV40-S (1) ---------MKRTRIEDDFNPVYPYDTSSTP-S--------HAdV41-S (1) ---------MKRTRIEDDFNPVYPYDTFSTP-S--------BAdV-1(1) ----------MKRSIPSDFDPVYPYGKRP------------BAdV-3 (1) ----------MKRSVPQDFNLVYPYKAK-------------BAdV-10 (1) ----------MKRSAASIFAPVYYNTKRR------------CAdV-2 (1) -------MKRTRRALPANYDPVYPYDAPGSS----------MAdV-1 (1) --------------MVEALNAVYPYDLALLPEDYEKTTAP-PAdV-4 (1) ----------MKRSVPSDFNPVYPYDYQPIS----------FAdV-1-L (48) NADPQTLAFNNSGALEVNLDPDGPWSKTATGIDLRLDPTTLFAdV-1-S (10) DPDAEAPTGKMARAGPGELDLVYPFWYQVAA----------DAdV-1 (1) -----------MKRLRLDPDPVYPFGTSETIP---------BAdV-4 (1) -------------MKRARWDPVYPFTEERLIP---------OAdV-287 (1) -------------MKRARWDPVYPFSEER------------odocoileus (1) -------------MKRARWDPVYPFSEDKLIP---------FrAdV-1 (1) MAQSSKRLRRDAEAAKSDLNLVYPFFAPKIN----------TAdV-3 (11) EPDQQTLKKSKQSDQSQGLNLAYPFDKITEF---------- Consensus FNPVYPY
Mastadenovirus
Aviadenovirus
Atadenovirus
Siadenovirus
Conserved the Nter of HAdV fiber protein
1HAdV2 (1) ---NDDKLTLWTTPDPSPNCRIHSDN----DCKFTLVLTKC-GSQVLATVAALAVS-HAdV3 (1) -------NTLWTGPKPEANCIIEYGKQNP-DSKLTLILVKN-GGIVNGYVTLMGASDHAdV4 (1) GNKDYDKLTLWTTPDPSPNCQILAEN----DAKLTLCLTMC-DSQILATVSVLVVRSHAdV5 (1) ---NDDKLTLWTTPDPSPNCRIHSDN----DCKFTLVLTKC-GSQVLATVAALAVS-HAdV7 (1) -------NTLWTGPKPEANCIIEYGKENP-DSKLTLILVKN-GGIVNGYVTLMGASDHAdV9 (1) ----EDKRTLWTTPDTSPNCKIDQDK----DSKLTLVLTKC-GSQILANVSLIVVDGHAdV12 (1) SNTPYDPLTLWTTPDPPPNCSLIQEL----DAKLTLCLTKN-GSIVNGIVSLVGVKGHAdV15 (1) --KKEDKRTLWTTPDTSPNCKIDQDK----DSKLTLVLTKC-GSQILANVSLIVVDGHAdV17 (1) --PKYDTRTLWTTPDTSPNCRIDKEK----DSKLTLVLTKC-GSQILANVSLIVVSGHAdV31 (1) IATPYDPLTLWTTPDPPPNCTLRQEL----DAKLTLCLTKN-ESIVNGIVSLIGVKGHAdV35 (1) ------INTLWTGINPPPNCQIVENTNTN-DGKLTLVLVKN-GGLVNGYVSLVGVSDHAdV40-L (1) QTRSVTSLTTIWSISPTPNCSIYETQ----DANLFLCLTKN-GAHVLGTITIKGLKGHAdV40-S (1) SPTTTTPTTLWTTADPSPNATFYESL----DAKVWLVLVKC-NGMVNGTISIKAQKGHAdV41-L (1) SPTTTTPTTLWTTADPSPNATFYESL----DAKVWLVLVKC-NGMVNGTISIKAQKGHAdV41-S (1) RTRSVPSLTTIWSISPTPNCSIYETQ----DANLFLCLTKN-GAHVLGTITIKGLKGBAdV-3 (1) TAPNMVTETLWTGTGSNANVTWRGYTAP--GSKLFLSLTRFSTGLVLGNMTIDSNASMAdV-1 (1) LQAPQYELTTNGMREITFSFNSTGGLEQPAPVTYWGALDPPPTAKAAEIENQKRVKKFAdV-1-L (1) -----------------------NTN---AAKVAAYCRLAAAGGVVSGTIQVTSYAGFAdV-1-S (1) -------TGNFVSSSNNPFNGSYFLQQINTMGMLTTSLYVKVDTTTMGTRPTGAVNEBAdV-4 (1) ----FEVLNDNLALGLNNSLTVESGK---LAVKTAGPIQSTEQGINLSVANPFSISSDAdV-1 (1) ----------------------PQNK---AAKVAGYVYLTSVGGLVHGTIQIKATAGFrAdV-1 (1) AVSPPFSSTGGLSLLLDPSLRLISGALGLKPSSASCIVSSP-AGVELKTGKGLGVTGTAdV-3 (1) --GIRLAPNSGLQITPNGLAVSVNAVQILSSPLITAASIGPPTTMVTGTVSPGRATN
Consensus (1) TLWTT DPSPNC I DAKLTLVLTK GSIVLGTVSLLGV G
A B C
Sequence homology of fibers knob domain
BAdV-4
HAdV5
HAdV3
HAdV4
HAdV15
HAdV12
DAdV-1
HAdV40-S
HAdV40-L
BAdV-3
FAdV-1-L
OAdV-287
CAdV-2
MAdV-1
FrAdV-1
FAdV-1-S
TAdV-3
PAdV-4
HAdV35
A B C D E F G H I J
Putative secondary structure of the fibers knob domain.
Construction of modified genomes
Homologous recombination in E.coli
Swa I (1)
HAdV5 WT fiber
ITR
Swa I (37523)CMV
ITR
lacZ
Chimeric fiber
Backbone plasmid
Shuttle plasmids
transgene
ClaI PacI
Production of recombinant vectors without hCAR interaction.
ITR lacZ ITR
modified fiber gene
transfection amplification
wt fiberHEK-293
wt fiber
Virus with modified
fiber
Modified fiber
HEK-293
HEK-293 cells expressing HAdV2 fiber
- Modification of the sequence around AUG
- 5’ UTR: TPL exons 1/2/3
HEK-293
- non modified : GCC AUG AAA- consensus : GCC AUG GNG (Kozak) - modified : ACC AUG GCG AAA
in vitro transcription/translation
G418 selectionnorthern blot
western blot
HEK-293-247E
pOM2477208 bp
polyA / intron
polyA- intron
SV40 promoter
CMV
ColE1
neo
AmpR
Fibre Ad2
TPL 2/3
EcoR I (2079)
Hind III (663)
SalI (2600)
NotI (831)
MluI (2)
MluI (991)
NcoI (384)
NcoI (840)
NcoI (3601)
NcoI (4336)
pC3Fb
modified ATG - - + - + -
TPL exons - 1/2/3 1/2/3 2/3 2/3 1/2/3(wt)
62 kDa
6 LSIATKGP ITVSDGK7 LALQTSAP LSGSDSDT
FAdV-1-L GK21 LEVNTDP SGPLTSGNNG22 LSLAAVTP LAVSSAG
DAdV-1-14 IVLNLQDP LGVIDGK5 LGVKLGPG VHINGEGA
DAdV-1-213 LGLTEPAKP LKLADGK14 LGVNVGLG LAVSNGS
FAdV-1-S GK 9 VAAFTSGT IGLSSPTGN10 FVSSSNNP FNGSYF L
HAdV2/BAdV-4
HAdV2
HAdV2/FAdV-1-L
HAdV2/FAdV-1-S
HAdV2/DAdV-1-1/2
7 LVITSPELP LSTTPEGK8 LFIQLSNCF ATDNGK
Chimeric fiber proteins
K LAAR CTNAAG CTT
HindIII
in vitro trimerization
DD N NHAdV2 HAdV2/BAdV-4
trimer
in vivo trimerization
HAdV
2
HAdV
2/FA
dV-1
-L
HAdV
2/FA
dV-1
-S
HAdV
2/D
AdV
-1-1
HAdV
2/D
AdV
-1-2
HAdV
2/BAdV
-4
trimer
Chimeric fibers trimerization
MluI HindIII SalI
pFIB/HAdV2/XXX
31041 32788
PacI
NotI XhoI
HAdV5 Fiber
lITR rITR
SwaI
BstBI
SwaI
AscI
p5Shut/HAdV2/XXX
pRECad
KpnI
PacIlacZ
Viral genome with chimeric fiber gene
Homologous recombination in E. coli Top10F’
Production of recombinant vectors with chimeric fibers.
ITR lacZ ITR
Chimeric fiber gene
transfection amplification
wt fiberHEK-293-247E
wt fiber
HEK-293
Virus with modified
fiber
Modified fiber
HAdV2
-ß-G
alHAd
V2/D
AdV-
1-1
HAdV2
/DAd
V-1-
2
HAdV2
/BAd
V-4
62kDa
Patent N° B0151WOHAdV2/XXX : 2x1012PP/ml
Vectors with knob domain of L- or S- FAdV-1 fiber
In vitro trimerization analysisA549
20
60
100
0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0
10-3 PP/cell
HAdV2
FAdV-1-L% p
osi
tive
cells
HAdV2/FAdV-1-S
HAdV2/FAdV-1-L No virus
HAdV2
FAdV-1
-S
Tropism of the HAdV2/DAdV-1 and HAdV2/BAdV-4 vectors
A549 cells
0
30
60
90
0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
103 PP/cell
% p
osi
tive c
ells
HAdV2 62.0 kDa
HAdV2/BAdV-4 58.2 kDa
HAdV2/DAdV-1-1 73.0 kDa
HAdV2/DAdV-1-2 56.5 kDa
HAdV2/DAdV-1-2
HAdV2/DAdV-1-1
Shaft repeats
30
21
HAdV2/BAdV-4 is the best prototype
Tropism of the HAdV2/BAdV-4 vector
HepG2
0
800
1600
2400
1 3
HAdV2
HAdV2/BAdV-4RFI
X 103 PP/cell
1 3X 103 PP/cell
0
40
100
% p
osi
tive c
ells
HEK
0
40
% p
osi
tive c
ells
Daudi Jurkat
5.0
1.103 PP/cell
100 101 102 103 104
Relative Fluorescence Intensity
Cel
l Num
ber
HAdV2
84
21
0.50
84
21
0.50
HeLa cells
PP
(10
3 )
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
PP
(10
3 )
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0HAdV2/BAdV-4
Reduction in cell binding of the HAdV2/BAdV-4 vector
0
50
100
% IF
Infection (ß-galactosidase)
HAdV2 HAdV2/BAdV-4
Uptake
HAdV2
HAdV2/BAdV-4
A549 cells
hCAR receptor and HAdV2/BAdV-4 infection
• no competition between HAdV2 fiber and HAdV2/BAdV-4 vector.
• hCAR independent infection of CHO cells.
CHO cells CHO-hCAR cells
% p
osit
ive
cell
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 1 3 x 103 PP/cell
Chinese Hamster Ovaries: hamster and/or ovarian cell receptor(s) ?
HAdV2
HAdV2/BAdV-4
Ovarian cell tropism of HAdV2/BAdV-4 vector
0
40
100
0 0.5 1 2 4 8
% p
osi
tive c
ells
SKOV3
HAdV2
HAdV2/BAdV-4
A549 cells
0
30
60
90
0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
103 PP/cell
% p
osi
tive c
ells
103 PP/cell
20
60
100
HELA CHO OVCAR3 IGROV1
% p
osi
tive c
ells
SKOV3
B-CLL specific receptor ?B-CLL specific receptor ?
EDPGFFNVEEDPGFFNVE
Epstein-Barr virus: Binding to CD21 receptor Epstein-Barr virus: Binding to CD21 receptor on B lymphocytes surface using GP 350/220on B lymphocytes surface using GP 350/220
(Nemerow (Nemerow et al.,et al., Cell, 1989 ) Cell, 1989 )
0
40
80
Raji Daudi HSB2 Jurkat% o
f po
siti
ve c
ells Isotype
CD21
Daudi
Jurkat
Raji
HSB2
[K]7EDPGFFNVE [K]7EDGGFFNVE
Daudi
Jurkat
Targeting of CD21 on B-lymphocytes
Endosomolysis
CC
V
6.5
Clathrin-caoted pit endocytosis
Non-modified HAdV
EE
LE
CC
V
6.5
Fiber-modified HAdVs ??
Clathrin-caoted pit endocytosis
LY
HAdVCD21 conserved its membrane lysis ability
Early endosomes
0
20
40
5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5
% 3 H
rel
ease
pH
HAd5Vfiber wt
HAdV3HAdVCD21
1) Membrane attachment
X0.5
0
100
HAdV5-FAM
HAdV-CD21HI-FAM
A549 HSB2 Raji Daudi
X5.3X3.7
X0.3
% o
f po
siti
ve c
ells
50
Targeting of CD21 on B-lymphocytes
Copies of viral genome per cell
A549
HeLa
Jurkat
HSB2
HAdV5 HAdV5 CD21HI
80 11
18 1
80 3
81 2
2) Infection (-galactosidase)
0
40
80
120
A549 Daudi Raji
% o
f po
siti
ve c
ells
HAdV5
HAdV-CD21HI
X5.5X10.4
X0.3
MOI : 300
Enhance positive cells
weak-gal level
Altered intracellulartrafficking ?
Interaction betweenHAdVs and
hematopoïetic cells: New therapeutic ways ??
0
40
80
100
0 15 30 60 150 300 600
% o
f po
siti
ve c
ells
HAdV5gal
HAdV5-CD21HIgal
0
60
120
0 15 30 60 150 300 600
Flu
ores
cenc
e In
tens
ity
A549 : MOI 30FI : 4000
Targeting of CD21 on B-lymphocytes
MOI MOI
ND: not determined
Cell type
Binding
hCAR
CD18(2)
CD11a(L)
Uptake
HEK293
A549 HeLaReh Daudi Raji B C U266HSB2JurkatK562
ND ND ND ND
ND
Epithelial cells B cell lineages T cells
-gal
0 50 100 150 200 250
HEK293
A549
Reh
Daudi
Raji
B
C
U266
HSB2
K562
%/HEK293
B lineage
- trypsin
+trypsin
Attach. Upt.. Upt. Eff.
HEK293
K562
HSB2
U266
C
B
Raji
Daudi
Reh
A549
19
246
100
59
27.5
73
147
20.4
140
93.4
18.3
152
100
9.3
1.3
25.6
47
1.5
126
53
96
62
100
16
535
32
790
57
Deficiency of HAdV2 uptake into B-lymphocytes
Deficiency of Clathrin coated pit endocytosis...
HE
K
HeLa
A549
Reh
Raji
Daudi
Jurk
at
K562
HS
B2
U266
C D
Clathrin192 kDa
Epithelial cells Hematopoietic cells
Total cell extract
Clathrin192 kDa
HE
K
HeLa
A549
Reh
Raji
Daudi
Jurk
at
K562
HS
B2
U266
C D
Epithelial cells Hematopoietic cells
Membrane Fraction
0
4
8
12
16
A549 RehDaudi Raji C D U266HSB2 Jurkat
Rela
tive F
luore
scen
ce In
ten
sity
Weak Transferin uptake
Control
Transferin
Clathrin coated pit endocytosis of transferin
A549
U266
Raji
Is Caveolae endocytosis an alternative
to clathrin coated pit endocytosis deficiency ?
Associated- membrane receptors
Transmembrane receptors
Caveolin
CAVEOLAE
Lipid rafts
A-
B-
0
50
100
A549 HEK293 HeLa U266
% p
osit
ive
cell
s
mU
nits
-g
al/m
g of
pro
tein
(x10
3 )
0
2
4
6
8
2 5 10200
ethylcyclodextrine (mM)
A549
HeLa
U266
2 5 10200 2 5 10200
0
50
150
250
A549 HeLa HEK293
Chlorpromazine (g/ml)
Upt
ake
(% o
f no
n tr
eate
d)
0 20
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0 1 2 3 4
Chlorpromazine (g/ml)
U266
mU
nits
-g
al/m
g of
pro
tein
(x10
3 )
0 2 5 10
ethylcyclodextrin (mM)
20
0 20
U266 (up to 90 %) A549
Colocalization caveolin-1/ HAdV5
Is Caveolae endocytosis an alternative to clathrin coated pit endocytosis deficiency ?
Non-caveolaenon-clathrinendocytosis
Clathrin-caoted pit endocytosis
Macropinocytosis
macropinosomeCCV
EE
LELY
4.5-5.0
6.5
5.5-6.0
Golgi
trans
Medial
Cis
ER
CaveosomeLysosomal degradation
A549HEK29HeLa
NL
S-m
achi
nery
hCARv3/5
NPC proteins
Central channel
Peripheral channel Nuclear basket
Outer membrane
Inner membraneNucleus
Cytoplasm
Viral DNA
Transgene expression
Endocytosis...?
Plasmocyte?
Caveolae
Conclusion: targeting vectorsto B lymphocytes and ovarian cells
Noreceptor
Lost of hCAR interaction Add new target
XOvarian cell
specific receptor andreduction of
hCAR interaction
In vitro
- CD21+ Lineage
CD21 targeting
- Interaction hCAR
- Primary B-LLC cells
Other receptors ?
New therapeutic ways
Caveolae/phagocytose ?(Primary plasmocytes)
In vivoEx vivo
- Primary B-LLCcells
ex vivo assays...
doses cytotoxicity/immunogenicity
Non-specificdissemination
Biodistribution
transgene
HSV-tk, CD154 ?
Immune response
Cellular antibody
Conclusion