adil faqi ps-1 ,11041
TRANSCRIPT
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SCOE/MECH/HP/2015-16/15/142
A Project Stage I on
Experimental analysis of Domestic
refrigerator compatible with phasechange material, using R290 and
R600 blend as refrigerantBy
Mr !dil "a#i Momin
(ME Heat Power Engneerng!
E"a# $o% 11041
&'e
Mr M $ !ttal
)e*art#ent o+ Mec,anca Engneerng
Sn,ga Coege o+ Engneerng
P'ne 411041
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.2015-16%inhgad &echnical Education %ociety's
%inhgad (ollege of Engineering)une *++0*+
( E R & " ( ! & E
, to cert+y t,at Mr . Adil Faqi Momin ,a 'cce+'y co#*ete t,e Project Stage-
I Entte 3E"*er#enta anay o+ )o#etc re+rgerator co#*ate wt, *,ae c,ange
#atera 'ng 20 an 600 en a re+rgerant7 'ner #y '*er8on n t,e Parta
+'+#ent o+ Mater o+ Engneerng 9Mec,anca Engneerng (Heat Power Engneerng!
o+ :n8erty o+ P'ne%
)ate ;Pace ; P'ne
Pro+% M% H% Atta Pro+% ()r! <% P% ey
&'e Hea P& St'e =ce Prnc*a
E"terna E"a#ner Sea Pro+% ()r! S% )% >o?,ane
Prnc*a
(-.&E.&%
%erial .o Description )age .o
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Ac?noweg#ent
>t o+ @g're
>t o+ ae
$o#encat're
!/%&R!(& 8
1 .&R-D(&-. 1
1%1 Intro'cton to =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte# 1
1%2 ,er#a Energy Storage 2
1% P,ae C,ange Matera
1%4 e+rgerant Ar Contoner Heat P'#* an E++ect on
Oone >ayer )e*eton
1%5 &oa ar#ng @act Ca'e D E++ect on En8ron#ent 12
)'e to e+rgerant
1%6 Montrea Protoco D yoto Protoco 1
2 1&ER!&RE REE3 15
-/4E(&E -" )R-4E(& 3-R5 20
4 ME&$-D-1-7 21
4%1 E"*er#enta et'* 21
4%2 S#'aton 21
5 M-.&$ 3%E )1!. -" 3-R5 22
6 !.&& ($!R& 2
RE"ERE.(E%
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!(5.-31EDEME.&
I ta?e t, o**ort'nty to e"*re #y t,an? to #y g'e Pro+% M% H% Atta +or ,
n*raton an t#ey g'ance n t,e co#*eton o+ #y wor? 'cce+'y% I wo' ao
?e to e"*re #y ncere t,an? to o'r re*ecte Coornator Pro+% =% $% a*at?ar Hea
o+ P& t'e Pro+% )r% <% P% ey an Prnc*a Pro+% )r% S% )% >o?,ane +or g8ng
t,er 8ta ntr'cton neceary rect8e an 8a'ae a8ce n t,e 8aro' *,ae o+
t, e#nar wor?%
)ate ; / / 2015 A @aF Mo#n
Pace ; P'ne
1ist of "igure
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"igure .o "igure .ame )age .o
1 =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte# 2
2 P,ae C,ange Matera ca+caton 4
Cae o+ #atera t,at can e 'e a PCM an t,er G
ty*ca range o+ #etng te#*erat're an #etng ent,a*y
4 E#on re'cton *otenta 10
5 Brea?own o+ owng agent 'e y ty*e an co'ntry ty*e 11
6 Projecte growt, n owng agent n con'#*ton n rg +oa# 12
G ,e ayo't agra# o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, PCM 21
&ang C,art 2
1ist of &able
&able .o &able .ame )age .o
1 Mont, we *an o+ wor? 22
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.-ME.(1!&RE
%ymbol Meaning
At# at#o*,ere
C@C c,oro+'orocar4onCOP coe++cent o+ *er+or#ance
&P go4a war#ng *otenta
, ent,a*y2 ?g ?-1
,+g atent ,eat o+ conenaton2 ? ?g-1
HC@C ,yro c,oro+'orocar4on
HC ,yrocar4on
H@C ,yro +'orocar4onO)P oBone e*eton *otenta
P *re're2 MPa
PI Power n*'t (?!Pr Pre're rato
5E re+rgeratng e++ect2 ? ?g-1
S=@5 'cton 8a*o'r +ow *er ? o+ re+rgeraton2 > -1
0 te#*erat're2 JC or
=5C 8o'#etrc re+rgeratng ca*acty2 ? #-
=CC =o'#etrc coong ca*acty(?/#! entro*c co#*reon wor?2 ?$# ?g-1
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!/%&R!(&
In e8eo*ng co'ntre ?e Ina t,ere e"t a we*rea genera *roe# o+ +reF'ent
*ower c't w,c, g8e re to *oage o+ *er,ae te# 'c, a #ecne an +oo
t'++ 'e to ac? o+ a *a8e co retenton yte#%% Moreo8er t,ere e"t t,e *reng
nee o+ t,e ,o'r to ncor*orate eco+reny *ractce +ro# t,e gra root e8e w,e at
t,e a#e t#e coner8ng energy an ncreang e++cency%
,e a# o+ t,e *roject to tac?e t, *roe# y e8eo*ng a o#etc re+rgerator
yte# ca*ae o+ #antanng t,e coong e++ect +or #ore t,an 15 ,o'r wt,o't 'e o+
eectrca *ower an eng co#*act a we a cot-e++ect8e% Secon oject8e to
re'ce t,e goa war#ng *otenta ca'e y H@C re+rgerant 14a
(etra+'oroet,ane! eng 'e c'rrenty% ,e t,eoretca an e"*er#enta anay o+
certan tre ca*acty o#etc re+rgerator 'ng 20 (Pro*ane! an 600 (B'tane!
en a a re+rgerant w e carre o't y re*acng 14a% ,e *er+or#ance o+ t,e
re+rgerator 'ng 20 an 600 en a re+rgerant w e anaye an w e
co#*are wt, t,e *er+or#ance w,en 14a 'e a re+rgerant% ,e re+rgerator
*er+or#ance w e #'ate wt, CooPac? o+tware +or coong ca*acty an
re+rgerant c,arge%
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1% .&R-D(&-.
In nat're ,eat tran+er occ'r +ro# t,e regon o+ ,g,er te#*erat're to ower te#*erat're
wt,o't reF'rng any e"terna e8ce% ,e re8ere *roce cannot occ'r y te+% ,etran+er o+ ,eat +ro# ower te#*erat're to ,g,er te#*erat're reF're *eca e8ce
cae re+rgerator% e+rgerator wor? on =a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton Cyce%
=a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# a yte# w,c, 'e to tran+er ,eat +ro#
ow te#*erat're energy reer8or to t,e ,g, te#*erat're reer8or y t,e 'e o+ wor?ng
+' ?nown a a re+rgerant% It a yte# w,c, 'e t,e ,g, grae energy re't n t,e
ncreae o+ coe++cent o+ *er+or#ance% =a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# w,c,
cont o+ certan *art 'c, a Co#*reor E8a*orator an Conener an E"*anon
8a8e% It ,a #aer e +or t,e g8en ca*acty o+ re+rgeraton% , re+rgeraton
yte# can e e#*oye O8er a arge range o+ te#*erat're an t,e coe++cent o+
*er+or#ance o+ t, re+rgeraton yte# F'te ,g,% o +'rt,er ncreae t,e coe++cent
o+ *er+or#ance t,e PCM (P,ae c,ange #atera! can e 'e n t,e e8a*orator an to
get t,e owet te#*erat're o+ e8a*orator t,e PCM can ao e 'e% It ,a t,e #an
a8antage t,at t ,a t,e e r'nnng cot%
++ ntroduction to apour (ompression Refrigeration %ystem
=a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# t,e #ot co##ony 'e a#ong a
re+rgeraton yte#% In t, yte# t,e wor?ng +' #entone n t,e tate o+ F'
an 8a*o'r% It #'t reay e8a*orate an conene or c,ange aternatey etween t,e
8a*o'r an F' *,ae wt,o't ea8ng t,e yte#% @g're 1 'trate t,e #an
co#*onent o+ t,e 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# na#ey co#*reor
conener e"*anon e8ce an e8a*orator% ,e re+rgerant 8a*o'r at ow te#*erat're
an ow *re're enter t,e co#*reor (tate 1! w,ere t co#*ree entro*cay to,g, te#*erat're an ,g, *re're% ,e ,g, te#*erat're re+rgerant 8a*o'r t,en enter
t,e conener (tate 2! w,ere t conene to ,g, *re're F'%
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@g 1% =a*o'r Co#*reon e+rgeraton Syte#
,e ,g, *re're F' re+rgerant t,en enter nto e"*anon e8ce (tate ! w,ere t
*re're ecreae% :t#atey t,e F' re+rgerant w attan ower te#*erat're% ,
ow te#*erat're F' re+rgerant aor t,e atent ,eat +ro# t,e e8a*orator (tate 4!
'nergoe *,ae c,ange to 8a*o'r tate% , ,g, te#*erat're 8a*o'r re+rgerant t,en
'c?e y t,e co#*reor an t,e cyce contn'e w,c, ?ee* t,e te#*erat're n t,e
e8a*orator #'c, eow t,e at#o*,erc te#*erat're% In o#e cae +a, c,a#er
'e a+ter t,e e"*anon e8ce w,c, e*arate t,e 8a*o'r re+rgerant +ro# t,e F'
an en t to co#*reor net%
+ 2 &hermal Energy %torage
In orer to ,yre a =CC yte# an a**ro*rate energy torage #e'# #'t e
ntro'ce% ,er#a energy torage (ES! t,e #e'# y w,c, energy tore
wt,n a =CC yte# an ,a een aee Kone o+ t,e #ot #*ortant a8ance energy
tec,nooge7% ES 'nt can e contr'cte 'ng a 8arety o+ ++erent ,a*e an can
tore ene or atent t,er#a energy% In genera atent ,eat ES 'nt tore greater
a#o'nt o+ t,er#a energy t,an ene 'nt 'e to t,e greater ca*acty ,eat torage
t,ro'g, *,ae c,ange #atera (PCM!% &oo re8ew o+ terat're concernng *oe
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o*ton +or PCM a we a o8er 8ew o+ #oeng #et,o an a**caton% Pre8o'
reearc, ,a een *er+or#e ,yrng =CC yte# +or 'ng a**caton% ,
reearc, ,a 'te *a8e atent ES 'nt w,c, *ea? ,a8e ,g, e#an *ero y
c,argng a arge PCM tan? 'rng *ero o+ ow energy e#an act8e ene ES
'nt w,c, act8ey #anage a arge tan? o+ c,e +' 'rng a 'ty cyce or act8e
atent ES c,arge y a ecate c,er n conj'ncton wt, *a8e 'ng
ca*actance ES% S#*e #oe are 'e to ecre t,ee yte# w,c, 'e et,er a
nge '#*e ca*actance a**roac, or a trat+e a**roac, w,c, e*arate a arge ES
tan? nto two te#*erat're regon wt, a 8ery arge graent n etween% >#te reearc,
,a een *er+or#e ,yrng re+rgerate tran*ortaton yte# at,o'g, t ,a een
ent+e a a *ro#ng c,oce +or re'cng energy con'#*ton n 'c, yte#% One
t'y e"*ore coong a cargo *ace e"*er#entay 'tng a arge onoar *a8e
ES tan? t,at c,arge w,e t,e 8e,ce at ret% ,e no8e It wo' e *oe to
re'ce t,e e o+ t, 'nt y nc'ng t,e re+rgeraton yte# onoar *owere y t,e
#an engne >o act8ey #anage t,e tate or c,arge% Atonay t,ere 8ery tte
#enton #oeng n t, or any re+rgerate tran*ort wor?% In orer to etter a t,e
egn o+ ot, tanaone ES 'nt an ,yre =CC yte# t,e c'rrent wor?
+oc'e on e8eo*ng generaae an etae t,er#a #oe o+ a ,yr =CC yte#
wt, an act8e ES 'nt% , wor? +oc'e *r#ary on a**caton to yte# wt,
,g,y tranent oang% A *r#e e"a#*e o+ 'c, an a**caton re+rgerate
tran*ortL ,owe8er t,e tratege an #oe can e a**e to ,yre any =CC
yte#%
+8 )hase (hange Material
Any ty*e o+ #atera to e 'e +or PCM n ES yte# ,o' ,a8e ,g, atent ,eat
an ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty% ,ey ,o' ,a8e a #etng/+reeng te#*erat're yng n
t,e *ractca range o+ o*eraton #et/+reee congr'enty wt,n #n#'# ' coong
an e c,e#cay tae non-to"c e coty an non-corro8e%.5
+8+ 3oring of )(M:
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,e e"terna ,eat '**e to a PCM 'e '* n rea?ng t,e nterna on o+ attce
an t,erey t aor a arge a#o'nt o+ atent ,eat at *,ae c,angng te#*erat're% $ow
w,en t,e PCM coo own te#*erat're goe eow *,ae c,ange te#*erat're (?nown a
'-coong or 'ner-coong! to o8erco#e t,e energy arrer reF're +or n'ceaton o+
econ *,ae% Once *,ae re8era tart te#*erat're o+ PCM re ('e to reeae o+
atent ,eat! an 'eF'ent *,ae re8era ta?e *ace at *,ae c,ange te#*erat're y
reeang ac? t,e atent ,eat to en8ron#ent% eF're#ent o+ '-coong or 'ner-
coong +or *,ae re8era an gn+cant *ro*erty o+ PCM go8ernng t a**caty n
*artc'ar a**caton% >atent ,eat o+ PCM #any orer ,g,er t,an t,e *ec+c ,eat o+
#atera% ,ere+ore PCM can tore 2- t#e #ore ,eat or co *er #a or y 8o'#e
t,an ,eat can e tore a ene ,eat n water% A ,eat e"c,ange ta?e *ace n narrow
te#*erat're range t,e *,eno#enon can ao e 'e +or te#*erat're #oot,enng%
+82 )(M (lassification
@g're 2 ,ow t,e 8arete o+ *,ae c,ange ,eat torage #atera; 8e a organc
an norganc #atera% Organc #atera are +'rt,er ca+e a *ara++n an
non*ara++n% (+atty ac e'tectc an #"t're!% E"*er#ent (#etng an +reeng
cyce! 'ng t,ee #atera ,owe t,at t,ey crytae wt, tte or no ' coong an
are ''ay non-corro8e an 8ery tae%
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@g%2 P,ae C,ange Matera ca+caton .10
Inorganc #atera are +'rt,er ca+e a co#*o'n an e'tectc% Man norganc
#atera are at at ,yrate aF'eo' o'ton an water% Sat ,yrate #ay e
regare a aoy o+ norganc at an water +or#ng a ty*ca crytane o o+
genera +or#'a Mn%H2O% ,e o9F' tran+or#aton o+ at ,yrate act'ay a
e,yraton o+ ,yraton o+ t,e at at,o'g, t, *roce ree#e #etng or +reeng
t,er#oyna#cay% A at ,yrate ''ay #et to et,er to a at ,yrate wt, +ewer
#oe o+ water or to t an,yro' +or#% At t,e #etng *ont t,e ,yrate cryta rea?'*
nto an,yro' at an water or nto a ower ,yrate an water% One *roe# wt, #ot
at ,yrate t,at o+ ncongr'ent #etng ca'e y t,e +act t,at t,e reeae water o+
crytaaton not '++cent to o8e a t,e o *,ae *reent% )'e to enty
++erence t,e ower ,yrate (or an,yro' at! ette own at t,e otto# o+ t,e
contaner% ,e #ot attract8e *ro*erte o+ at ,yrate are; ,g, atent ,eat o+ +'on *er
'nt 8o'#e reat8ey ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty (a#ot o'e o+ t,e *ara++n! an
S#a 8o'#e c,ange on #etng% ,ey are not 8ery corro8e co#*ate wt, *atc
an ony g,ty to"c% Many at ,yrate are '++centy ne"*en8e +or t,e 'e n
torage% ,e rawac? o+ t,ee PCM are ncongr'ent #etng rre8ere #etng-
+reeng cyce *oor n'ceatng *ro*erte '*ercoong an *,ae egregaton%
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Metac nc'e t,e ow #etng #eta an #eta e'tectc% Beca'e o+ t arger
weg,t #etac are not o+ *r#e #*ortance Howe8er w,en 8o'#e a coneraton
t,ey are ?ey canate eca'e o+ t,e ,g, ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e% ,ey ,a8e
,g, t,er#a con'ct8te% A #ajor ++erence etween t,e #etac an ot,er PCM
t,er ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty% So#e o+ t,e +eat're o+ t,ee #atera are ow ,eat o+
+'on *er 'nt weg,t ,g, ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e ,g, t,er#a con'ct8ty
ow *ec+c ,eat an reat8ey ow 8a*or *re're%
A e'tectc a #n#'#-#etng co#*oton o+ two or #ore co#*onent eac, o+ w,c,
#et an +reee congr'enty +or#ng a #"t're o+ t,e co#*onent cryta 'rng
crytaaton% E'tectc away #et an +reee wt,o't egregaton nce t,ey +reee to
an nt#ate #"t're o+ cryta ea8ng tte o**ort'nty +or t,e co#*onent to e*arate%
On #etng ot, co#*onent F'e+y #'taneo'y agan wt, e*araton 'n?ey%
Organc #atera are categore a *ara++n an non-*ara++n #atera% ,ee #atera
nc'e congr'ent #etngL #ean #et an +reee re*eatey wt,o't *,ae egregaton
an coneF'ent egraaton o+ t,er atent ,eat o+ +'on%
Para++n are c,e#cay ?nown a ,yrocaron w,c, are generay +o'n to e a wa" at
roo# te#*erat're w,erea non-*ara++n enco#*ae +atty ac gyco eter an
aco,o etc% Para++n cont o+ a #"t're o+ #oty trag,t c,an n-a?ane CH9
(CH2!9CH% ,e crytaaton o+ t,e (CH! - c,an reeae a arge a#o'nt o+ atent
,eat% Bot, t,e #etng *ont an atent ,eat o+ +'on ncreae wt, c,an engt,%
Para++n F'a+e a ,eat o+ +'on torage #atera 'e to t,er a8aaty n a arge
te#*erat're range% Syte#-'ng *ara++n ''ay ,a 8ery ong +reee9#et cyce% A*art
+ro# o#e e8era +a8orae c,aractertc o+ *ara++n 'c, a congr'ent #etng an
goo n'ceatng *ro*erte t,ey ,ow o#e 'nerae *ro*erte 'c, a ow t,er#a
con'ct8ty non- co#*ate wt, t,e *atc contaner an #oeratey +a##ae% A
t,ee 'nerae e++ect can e *arty e#nate y g,ty #o+yng t,e wa" an t,e
torage 'nt% $on-*ara++n #atera are +a##ae an ,o' not e e"*oe to
e"ce8ey ,g, te#*erat're +a#e or o"ng agent%
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So#e o+ t,e +eat're o+ t,ee organc #atera are ,g, ,eat o+ +'on n+a##aty
ow t,er#a con'ct8ty ow +a, *ont 8aryng e8e o+ to"cty an ntaty at
,g, te#*erat're%
@atty ac ,a8e ,g, ,eat o+ +'on 8a'e co#*arae to t,at o+ *ara++n% @atty ac
ao ,ow re*ro'ce #etng an +reeng e,a8or an +reee wt, no '*ercoong%
,e genera +or#'a ecrng a t,e +atty ac g8en y CH(CH2!2n COOH ,er
#ajor rawac? ,owe8er t,er cot w,c, are 292%5 t#e greater t,an t,at o+
tec,nca grae *ara++n% ,ey are ao # corro8e% So#e +atty ac are o+ nteret
to ow te#*erat're atent ,eat t,er#a energy torage a**caton%
By +ar t,e et-?nown PCM water% It ,a een 'e +or co torage +or #ore t,an 2000
year% oay co torage wt, ce tate o+ t,e art an e8en coong wt, nat'ra ce an
now 'e agan% @or te#*erat're eow 0 JC ''ay water-at o'ton wt, a
e'tectc co#*oton are 'e%
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@g%% Cae o+ #atera t,at can e 'e a PCM an t,er ty*ca range o+ #etng
te#*erat're an #etng ent,a*y .10
Se8era #atera cae co8er t,e te#*erat're range +ro# -100 JC to ao't 10 JC%
Para++n +atty ac an 'gar aco,o are organc #atera% Sat ,yrate are at
wt, a arge an e+ne a#o'nt o+ cryta water% Cat,rate are crytane tr'ct're n
w,c, #oec'e o+ one ty*e are encoe n t,e cryta attce o+ anot,er% Cat,rate
ao recogne a a ga ,yrate w,en t,e encoe #oec'e +ro# a ga an t,e
'rro'nng cryta tr'ct're water% ,ey co8er a te#*erat're range +ro# ao't 0 JC to
0 JC% At te#*erat're ao8e 150 JC ++erent at an t,er #"t're can e a**e%
E'tectc water-at o'ton ,a8e #etng te#*erat're eow 0 NC eca'e t,e ang
'* o+ t,e at ecreae t,e #etng te#*erat're an ''ay goo torage enty%
E'tectc co#*oton o+y #'taneo'y o't o+ t,e F' at t,e +reeng *ont%
,ere+ore none o+ t,e *,ae can e e*arate an n? own 'e to enty ++erence%
Ao t,e e'tectc co#*oton ,ow a #etng te#*erat're an goo torage enty% ,e
t,er#a con'ct8ty o+ e'tectc water-at o'ton #ar to t,at o+ water an t,ey
can 'coo ?e water% Et,yene gyco an *ro*yene gyco ret +reeng% ,en
o8e n water gyco r'*t ,yrogen onng w,en o8e n water% P're
gyco +reee at ao't 12 JC 't w,en #"e wt, water #oec'e t,ey +or# a ocryta tr'ct're an t,ere+ore t,e +reeng *ont o+ t,e #"t're e*ree coneray%
,e #n#'# +reeng *ont oer8e w,en t,e et,yene gyco *ercent n water
ao't 60%
+88 Desirable )roperties of )(M
,e erae *ro*erte o+ PCM +or t a**caton n re+rgeraton yte# are a
+oow%
1% Hg, atent ,eat o+ +'on *er 'nt 8o'#e o t,at a eer a#o'nt o+ #atera
tore a g8en a#o'nt o+ energy%
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2% Hg, *ec+c ,eat t,at *ro8e atona ene ,eat torage e++ect an ao
a8o '-coong%
% Hg, t,er#a con'ct8ty o t,at t,e te#*erat're graent reF're +or c,argng
t,e torage #atera #a%
4% Hg, enty o t,at a #aer contaner 8o'#e ,o t,e #atera%
5% A #etng *ont ere o*eratng te#*erat're range%
6% ,e PCM ,o' e non-*oono' non-+a##ae an non-e"*o8e
G% e*ro'ce *,ae c,ange ao cae cycng taty to 'e t,e torage
#atera a #any t#e +or torage an reeae o+ ,eat a reF're y an
a**caton%
% $o corro8ene%
% Ao t ,o' e econo#cay 8ae to #a?e t,e yte# cot e++ect8e%
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+* Refrigerant, !ir (onditioner, $eat )ump and Effect on -;one 1ayer Depletion
e+rgeraton ar contonng an ,eat *'#* a**caton re*reent t,e ector w,c,
t,e arget con'#er o+ re+rgerant c,e#ca% Et#ate are ++c't to g8e 't a an
a8erage +or t,e e8eo*e co'ntre ,are n eectrcty 'e t,o'g,t to e etween 10-20%t,e econo#c #*act o+ re+rgeraton tec,noogy #'c, #ore gn+cant t,an
generay ee8eL 00 #on tone or goo are contn'o'y re+rgerate% ,e t,e
yeary con'#*ton o+ eectrcty #ay e ,'ge an w,ere t,e n8et#ent n #ac,nery
an eF'*#ent #ay a**roac, 100000 #on oar% ,e 8a'e o+ t,e *ro'ct treate y
re+rgeraton et,er aone w e +o'r t#e t, a#o'nt% , one o+ t,e reaon t,at
econo#c #*act o+ t,e *,ae-o't o+ re+rgerant c,e#ca ('c, a C@C n t,e *at an
HC@C n t,e +oreeeae +'t're! ,a8e een an t are ++c't to et#ate%
e+rgeraton an ar contonng a**caton 8ary enor#o'y n e an te#*erat're
e8e% A o#etc re+rgerator ,a an eectrca n*'t etween 60-140 an contan e
t,an 100-150 g o+ re+rgerant w,erea n'tra re+rgeraton an co torage
c,aractere y te#*erat're etween -10 0 C an -40 JC wt, eectrca n*'t '* to
e8era M an re+rgerant content o+ #any ,'nre ?ogra#% Ar contonng an
,eat *'#* #ay ,ow e8a*oraton te#*erat're etween 0J C an 10 JC gn+canty
++erent +ro# re+rgeraton a**caton an 8ary enor#o'y n e an n*'t%
It cear t,at to ate any tec,noogy 'ng C@C goay o't o+ ateL ,owe8er
n8et#ent n HC@C tec,noogy t 'ject to trategc coneraton on t,e
a8aaty o+ HC@C on t,e a8aaty o+ re*ace#ent c,e#ca on coneraton on
green,o'e ga e#on +ro# re*ace#ent an ao8e a on econo#c a*ect o+
n8et#ent n certan eF'*#ent an on a*ect o+ eF'*#ent o*eraton% It o8o'L
,owe8er t,at one w oer8e ++erence etween e8eo*e an e8eo*ng co'ntre%
It t,ere+ore #ay e not 'r*rng to note t,at n t,e :SA t,e #ajorty o+ t,e C@Cc,er ,a not een retro+tte an t n o*eraton 'ng recyce or #ay e
toc?*e C@C #atera% ,e *roce o+ eectng a re+rgerant +or t,e 8a*o'r
co#*reon cyce rat,er co#*e" nce a arge n'#er o+ *ara#eter nee to e
n8etgate concernng t,er 'taty +or certan egn nc'ng;
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,er#oyna#c an tran*ort *ro*erte (*er+or#ance!
e#*erat're range
Pre're an *re're rato
Co#*reor reF're#ent
Matera an o co#*atty
Heat, a+ety an +a##aty a*ect
En8ron#enta *ara#eter ?e O)P &P an At#o*,erc +e t#e%
@g% 4 E#on re'cton *otenta .1
In re+rgeraton a**caton rect &H& e#on can e re'ce y 10 to 0% @or
t,e re+rgeraton ector a a w,oe t,e Mtgaton Scenaro ,ow an o8era rect
e#on re'cton o+ ao't 40 MtCO2-eF *er year y 2015 wt, ao't 400 MtCO 2-eF
*er year *recte%
,e +rt re+rgerant 'e wa et,er e#*oye y Par?n n , ,an o*erate 8a*o'r co#*reon #ac,ne% Et,y C,ore (C2H5C! ga8e way to a##ona a eary a n 1G5%
At ao't t,e a#e t#e '*,er o"e (SO2! n 1G4 #et,y c,ore (CHCI! n 1G
an caron o"e (C02! n 11 +o'n a**caton a re+rgerant% )'rng 110-0
#any new re+rgerant 'c, a $20 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 an CH are e#*oye +or
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#e'# an ow te#*erat're re+rgeraton% Hyrocaron are ,owe8er +o'n e"tre#ey
n+a##ae -c,oro#et,ane (CH2C2! c,oroet,yene (C2H2C12! an
#onoro#o#et,ane (CHBr! are ao 'e a re+rgerant +or centr+'ga #ac,ne% A
grate rea?t,ro'g, occ'rre n t,e +e o+ re+rgeraton wt, t,e e8eo*#ent o+ @reon
y E% I% Pont e $e#o'r D co% @reon are a ere o+ t,e orna ,yrocaron
generay ?nown a +'orocaron er8e +ro# #et,ane et,ane etc% A a ae wt,
t,rornne c,orne o#et#e ro#ne n t,er #oec'e t,ee +or# a ere o+
re+rgerant wt, a we range o+ nor#a ong *ont to at+y t,e 8are reF're#ent
o+ ++erent re+rgeratng #ac,ne% ,e *reence o+ +'orne n t,e #oec'e #a?e t,e
co#*o'n non-to"c an #*art ot,er erae *,yca an *,yoogca
c,aractertc% Pane ,a g8en n8'a #ot co##on norganc re+rgerant a
a##ona ($H! water (H20! an caron o"e (CO2!% A##ona 'e wt,
rec*rocatng an crew co#*reor n co torage ce *ant +oo re+rgeraton etc%
ater 'e n water-t,'# ro#e aor*ton yte# an tee njector yte# ony
+or ar contonng% Caron o"e 'e a ry ce n tran*ort re+rgeraton%
Preenty t,e #ot co##ony 'e organc re+rgerant are c,oro+'oro er8at8e o+
CH4 an C2H6% ,e @'y ,aogenate one wt, c,orne n t,er #oec'e c,oro+'oro
caron are re+erre to a C@C% ,e +8e C@C egnate n t,e Montrea Protoco a
controe 'tance are C@C 11 12 11% 114 an 115% ,ee are 'e a re+rgerant
n 8a*o'r co#*reon yte#% C@C 11 12 an 114 are 'e a aeroo *ro*eant
C@C 11 12% 11 an 114 are 'e a *,yca owng agent n t,e *ro'cton o+ *atc
+oa# an C@C 11 wey 'e a a o8ent n t,e eectronc n'try%
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@g% 5 Brea?own o+ owng agent 'e y ty*e an co'ntry ty*e .1
At t,e *ont o+ co8ery o+ t,e oone ,oe n t,e eary 10 8rt'ay a o+ t,e
a**caton an *ro'ct ty*e te ao8e 'e C@C a et,er a *r#ary owng agent
(rg +oa#! or a'"ary owng agent ( +e"e +oa#!% ,e tota con'#*ton o+
C@C y t,e +oa# ector n 16 wa a**ro"#atey 250 ?tonne (165 ?tonne rgL 5
?tonne +e"e!% Bowng-agent 'e o8era grew y a +'rt,er 0 o8er t,e ne"t 15
year e*te #*ro8e owng e++cence an re'ce oe% In t,e #eant#e
,owe8er a 8arety o+ aternat8e owng-agent ,a8e een e8a'ate an ao*te% ,ee
nc'e HC@C (a trantona 'tance! ,yrocaron H@C #et,yene c,ore (+or
+e"e +oa#! an 8aro' +or# o+ CO2%
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@g% 6 Projecte growt, n owng agent n con'#*ton n rg +oa# .1
,e reg'ate re+rgerant an t,er oone e*etng *otenta (O)P! are -11 (1% 0! -
12 (1% 0! -11 (0% ! -114(1% 0! an -115 (0% 6!% C'rrenty a8aae re+rgerant t,at
are not retrcte y t,e *rotoco nc'e -22 ee t,e ow te#*erat're re+rgerant
'c, a -14a an -50 an t,e +a##ae co#*o'n ?e -142 -152 an
an,yro' a##ona G1G% O+ t,e organc re+rgerant c'rrenty -50 o#nate t,e
#ar?et an toget,er re*reent #ore t,an o+ t,e +'orocaron re+rgerant o a
o8er t,e wor%
,e awarene to *rotect t,e en8ron#ent +ro# t,e ,ar#+' e++ect o+ C@C ,a
#ot8ate t,e re+rgeraton centt an engneer to t'y aternat8e re+rgerant to
re*ace t,e C@C e8en n e"tng 'nt% Attenton w nee to e *a #ore coey to
Montrea Protoco an t,e c,oro+'orocaron re+rgerant t,at e*ete t,e oone ayer%
&rowng 'e o+ -22 a a re*ace#ent +or -12 an -502 co' ,a8e 'n+oreeen
#*caton +or co#*reor o*eraton% ane &arto8e an St'art >awon o+ t,e Co*ean
e+rgeraton A8ce &ro'* ,g,g,te a *otenta o'rce o+ tro'e a -22 ,a
gn+canty ,g,er atent ,eat t,an t,e re+rgerant t eng 'e to re*ace% ,ere+ore
gn+cance o+ t,e *ro*oe reearc, wor? to ee ,ow et t co' e re*ace y eco-
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+reny re+rgerant en -410A% ,e #ot ntrg'ng c,aenge t,e re+rgeraton ar
contonng an ,eat *'#* n'try now +acng to en're an eay tranton +ro# t,e
oone e*etng wor?ng +' 'c, a -11 -12 12B -11 an -114 to
en8ron#entay +reny wor?ng +'%
+< lobal 3arming "acts, (auses = Effect on En>ironment Due &o Refrigerant
&oa ar#ng t,e ncreae o+ Eart,Q a8erage 'r+ace te#*erat're 'e to e++ect o+
green,o'e gae 'c, a caron o"e e#on +ro# 'rnng +o +'e or +ro#
e+oretaton w,c, tra* ,eat t,at wo' ot,erwe eca*e +ro# Eart,% , a ty*e o+
green,o'e e++ect%
,e #ot gn+cant green,o'e ga act'ay water 8a*or not o#et,ng *ro'cerecty y ,'#an?n n gn+cant a#o'nt% Howe8er% E8en g,t ncreae n
at#o*,erc e8e o+ caron o"e (C02! can ca'e a 'tanta ncreae n
te#*erat're%
A##ona wa t,e +rt re+rgerant to e 'e on a arge cae% It e++cent 't t ao
8ery to"c an +a##ae% ,at w,y a+er 'tt'te ,a8e o+ten een *re+erre an
a##ona now generay retrcte to 'e wt, '*er8on y ?e *eronne (+or
e"a#*e co tore are% an rewere!% Howe8er t,e yte# to en're a+ety
n8o8e a 0 to 40 cot *re#'# co#*are to 'ng e angero' +'%
HC@C were e8eo*e n *arae wt, C@C (c,oro+'orocaron! an toget,er t,ey
*ro8e t,e *ectac'ar oca e8eo*#ent o+ a+e c,ea* an e++ect8e re+rgeraton%
HC@C ,a8e a #a e++ect on t,e oone ayer% ,ey were aee 3trantona
'tance7 n 10 an t,er *ro'cton an 'e w e *,ae o't% In 10 t,er
contr'ton to green,o'e ga e#on wa ony 0% 5 o+ t,e tota t,at year%
H@C arc *ractcay non-to"c an non+a##ae ,ey can e 'e n a arge n'#er o+
a**caton an eF'*#ent can ,e er8ce an #antane y t,e arge e"tng trane
ae o+ ntaer% H@C *reent #n#'# r? e8en n t,e cae o+ an accenta ea?%
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,ey ao o++er 8ery goo energy *er+or#ance% Howe8er w,t t,ey ,a8e no e++ect on
trato*,erc or tro*o*,erc oone% ,ey are green,o'e gae%
Hyrocaron (>P&! are ao e++cent re+rgeraton +'% Howe8er t,ey are 8ery
+a##ae *otentay e"*o8e% An t,' angero'% In o#e co'ntre t,er 'e
retrcte or anne n *'c *ace an ta 'ng% Hyrocaron ao contr'te to
'ran *o'ton a t,ey trgger t,e generaton o+ tro*o*,erc oone n t,e ower
at#o*,ere% ,er goa war#ng *otenta ow 't a+ety reF're#ent can ncreae
energy con'#*ton an C02 e#on%
+ 6 Montreal )rotocol = 5yoto )rotocol
,e Montrea Protoco w,c, wa orgnay eta,e n 1G wa create a a re'to+ t,e +nng o+ t,e oone ,oe o8er Antarctca y owan an Mona% ,ey
co8ere t,at c,oro+'orocaron (C@C! were t,e c'*rt o+ t,e oone e*eton% ,e
Montrea Protoco wa to en t,e *ro'cton o+ 'tance t,at e*ete oone w,c,
nc'e t,e *,ang o't o+ C@C% In 10 a#ot a e8eo*e an e8eo*ng co'ntre
ca#e toget,er to jon t,e goa treaty o+ t,e Montrea Protoco ?nown +or#ay a t,e
>onon A#en#ent to t,e Montrea Protoco%
, treaty ,a een 8ery e++ect8e e*ecay 'e to t,e +act t,at t ,a ntate a
ten year *,ae o't o+ C@C y e8eo*ng co'ntre #ae *oe t,ro'g, t,e
M'tatera @'n y t,e e8eo*e co'ntre wt, n'++cent +'n +or tranton% ,e
Montrea Protoco ao tryng to *,ae o't an c'r #ore c,e#ca t,at are e*etng
t,e oone ayer o+ o'r at#o*,ere% )'e to a o+ t,ee en+orce#ent o+ t,e Montrea
Protoco an t,e +act t,at t wa agree to y o #any co'ntre aro'n t,e wor y
200 C@C e#on were a#ot ero% C@C an H@C t,o'g, t,ey e*ete t,e oone
are ao ,eat tra**ng *o'tant% ,e *,ang o't o+ t,ee c,e#ca ,a e to a greater
owng o+ c#ate c,ange%
On t,e ot,er ,an we ,a8e t,e yoto Protoco% ,e t,e Montrea Protoco wa
eta,e to *,ae o't 'tance t,at e*ete oone t,e yoto Protoco wa et n
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*ace to re'ce t,e e#on o+ green,o'e gae wt, t,e e"ce*ton to oone e*etng
'tance% ,e yoto Protoco% Eta,e ater t,an t,e Montrea Protoco +or t,e
goa re'cton o+ caron o"e (C02! e#on w,c, ,a een ,eg,tene greaty
y car e",a't t,ro'g,o't t,e year% ,e re'cton o+ C02 ,a een gn+canty #aer
*er year n co#*aron to ,ow F'c?y C@C were *,ae o't% ,ere ,a8e een #ore
contro8ere etween co'ntre e8eo*e an e8eo*ng t,at ,a owe t,e re'cton
o+ green,o'e gae%
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2% 1&R!&RE REE3
)a?c an ongwe .1 t'e an ea 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte#
wa 'e +or t,e *er+or#ance anay o+ aternat8e new re+rgerant #"t're a
'tt'te +or C@C12 H@C14a an C@C22% Conerng t,e co#*aron o+
*er+or#ance coe++cent (COP! an *re're rato o+ t,e tete re+rgerant an ao t,e
#an en8ron#enta #*act o+ oone ayer e*eton an goa war#ng re+rgerant
en o+ HC20/HC600a (40/60 y wt%! an HC20/HC12G0 (20/0 y wt%! were
+o'n to e t,e #ot 'tae aternat8e a#ong re+rgerant tete +or 12 an 22
re*ect8ey% ,e re+rgeraton e++cency t,e *er+or#ance coe++cent (COP! o+ t,e
yte# ncreae wt, ncreang e8a*oratng te#*erat're +or a contant conenng
te#*erat're n t,e anay% Better *er+or#ance coe++cent 8a'e (COP! t,an t,oe o+
t,e non'*er,eatng /'coong cae were otane a a re't o+ t, o*t#aton%
P%,anga8e at a .2 anaye t,e Co#*reon e+rgeraton Cyce wt, )++erent
e+rgerant% In t, anay t,e *er+or#ance o+ co#*reon cyce aee
t,eoretcay wt, ++erent re+rgerant% In co#*reon re+rgeraton yte#
,yrocaron re+rgerant 'c, a 20 an 600a were conere a a re+rgerant y
#"ng o+ t,ee at ++erent #a +racton ao't 20R0 25RG5 50R50 an
G5R25 re*ect8ey% =aro' *er+or#ance #ea're ?e co#*reor c,argete#*erat're *re're rato 8o'#etrc coong ca*acty (=CC! 8o'#etrc e++cency
an #a +ow rate were anaye% ,e re't were co#*are wt, ,aogenate
re+rgerant 'c, a 14a 12 +or ++erent conener an e8a*orator te#*erat're%
Haogenate co#*o'n are ,a8ng rect en8ron#enta #*act n t'rn o+ O)P an
&P% A#ong t,e ,yrocaron re+rgerant gro'* t,e #"t're o+ 20 an 600a at
concentraton o+ 50 eac, ,a o*t#'# *er+or#ance n ter# o+ ,g,er re+rgeraton
e++ect etter ,eat tran+er an COP%
A% Ba?aran P%o,y Mat,ew . t'e t,e *er+or#ance co#*aron o+ =CS 'ng
Eco-+reny re+rgerant ,a8ng ow &P 'c, a H@C-152a H@C-2 HC-20 HC-
12G0 HC-600a an E-1G0% ,ey co#*are t,e *er+or#ance o+ t,oe re+rgerant wt,
14a a *oe aternat8e re*ace#ent% ,er re't ,owe t,at t,e aternat8e
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re+rgerant n8etgate n t,e anay E-1G0-152a an -600a ,a8e a g,ty ,g,er
COP t,an -14a +or t,e Conenaton te#*erat're 50o C an E8a*oratng te#*erat're
rangng etween -0oC to 10oC% ,ey ao +o'n t,at a o+ t,e n8etgate re+rgerant
,a8e #'c, ,g,er e+rgeratng e++ect an entro*c co#*reon wor? t,an -14a%
M% Mo,anraj S% ayraj C% M'raee,aran P% C,anrae?ar .4 e"*er#enta
n8etgaton o+ -20/-600a #"t're a an aternat8e to -14a n o#etc
re+rgerator o+ 200 > ca*acty% ,ey were 'e #"t're -20 /-600a n weg,t
*ro*orton o+ 45%2 /54%%,ey *er+or#e Contn'o' r'nnng tet 'ner ++erent
a#ent te#*erat're o+ 240C 20C 20C0C an 40C%,er o8era *er+or#ance
,a *ro8e t,at t,e ao8e ,yrocaron re+rgerant #"t're co' e t,e et ong ter#
aternat8e to *,ae o't -14a%
Ao' et a .5% carre o't e"*er#enta n8etgaton to n8etgate t,e *er+or#ance
o+ a ,o'e,o re+rgerator 'ng a *,ae c,ange #atera (PCM!% ,e PCM ocate on
t,e ac? e o+ t,e e8a*orator n orer to #*ro8e t e++cency an to *ro8e a torage
ca*acty aowng e8era ,o'r o+ re+rgeraton wt,o't *ower '**y% ,e yte# ,a
een tete wt, water an wt, a e'tectc #"t're (+reeng *ont J C! an +or a range
o+ o*eratng conton (PCM t,c?ne a#ent te#*erat're t,er#a oa!% ,e
anay or t,e re't ,ow a gn+cant #*ro8e#ent o+ t,e *er+or#ance co#*are to acon8entona yte# wt, a 10 to 0 ncreae n COP e*enng On t,er#a oa an
ty*e or PCM 'e%
)% >e'eF et a .6% *',e a reearc, oc'#ent w,c, *ro8e an o8er8ew o+ t,e
e++ort o+ t,e @ISBEE *roject n E'ro*e w,c, a# to 'e t,er#a energy torage n t,e
+or# o+ P,ae C,ange Matera (PCM! to rng ao't nno8aton an #*ro8e#ent n
t,e co c,an n'try% An a8ance controer ta?ng nto acco'nt t,e F'aty energy
'e an en8ron#enta #*act e8eo*e% Bae on t,e generc *rnc*e o+ *rect8e
controer t, controer eter#ne an o*t#a contro trategy on a ay *ero ta?ng
a8antage o+ t,e t,er#a energy torage ca*acty% ,e reearc,er ' '*on t,e re't
o+ Ao' et a% an conc'e t,at y 'ng a *rect8e contro a**roac, an *,ae
c,ange #atera n re+rgeraton yte# *re8o' e"*er#ent ,ow gn+cant
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en,ance#ent on energy con'#*ton% By antc*atng on t,e re+rgeraton e#an
ta?ng nto acco'nt +oreeeae cenaro 'ng crtera 'c, a F'aty o+ t,e *ro'ct an
energy *er+or#ance #*e#entng a *rect8e contro a**roac, an t,er#a energy
torage e8ce t,e @ISBEE *roject aow to e8eo* an nno8at8e an a+er a**roac,
o+ controng t,e re+rgeratng yte# n8o8e n t,e +oo co c,an a**caton%
MarF'e et a .G 'e Co#*'tatona +' yna#c (C@)! to c,aractere t,e ar+ow
an te#*erat're tr'ton n a nat'ra con8ecton t,er#a energy torage re+rgerator%
,e #oe co#*are t,e ,o'e,o re+rgerator te#*erat're taty wt, ++erent *,ae
c,ange #atera (PCM! ncor*orate nto t,e torage co#*art#ent% Scenaro
n8etgate nc'e t,e PCMQ orentaton te#*erat're an co#*art#ent egn% ,e
re't 'ggete t,at a ,oronta PCM con+g'raton *ro'ce ower co#*art#ent
te#*erat're t,an a 8ertca con+g'raton% ,e te#*erat're tr'ton wt, a ,oronta
PCM wa tete e"*er#entay an t,e re't were n agree#ent wt, t,e C@)
*recton% Bot, t,e #'aton an t,e e"*er#enta re't 'gget t,at a e'tectc wt,
a *,ae c,ange te#*erat're eow 0JC #'t e e#*oye to #antan t,e co#*art#ent
te#*erat're wt,n acce*tae #t% ,e #oe ncate t,at co#nng ,oronta an
8ertca PCM n a +' ,eg,t co#*art#ent or 8ng t,e a#e co#*art#ent nto two
rawer wt, a ,oronta PCM con+g'raton +or eac, rawer are +eae egn o*ton
+or t,e ,o'e,o t,er#a torage re+rgerator%
E% Oro >% Mro et a . #*ro8e t,e t,er#a *er+or#ance o+ co##erca +reeer 'ng
*,ae c,ange #atera (PCM! 'ner oor o*enng an eectrca *ower +a're% A
co##erca PCM wa eecte wt, a #etng te#*erat're o+ 1J C w,c, contane
n 10 ## t,c? tane tee *ane *ace ++erent ocaton n t,e +reeer% )'rng
,o'r o+ eectrca *ower +a're% ,e 'e o+ PCM #antane t,e +reeer te#*erat're 4-6
J C ower an t,at o+ t,e +roen *ro'ct re#an at acce*tae e8e +or #'c, onger
t#e% t, +reF'ent oor o*enng t,e ene+t o+ t,e PCM e8ent w,en t,e
te#*erat're o+ t,e canet near t,e #etng te#*erat're o+ t,e PCM%
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Sattar M% A% et a .% Aee t,e *oty o+ 'ng ,yrocaron re+rgerant en n
o#etc re+rgeraton yte#% A o#etc re+rgerator egne to wor? wt, -14a
wa 'e a a tet 'nt to ae t,e *oty o+ 'ng ,yrocaron an t,er en a
re+rgerant% P're 'tane o'tene an #"t're o+ *ro*ane 'tane an o'tene were
'e a re+rgerant ,e *er+or#ance o+ t,e re+rgerator 'ng ,yrocaron a
re+rgerant wa n8etgate an co#*are wt,% ,e *er+or#ance o+ re+rgerator w,en
-14a wa 'e a re+rgerant% ,e e++ect o+ conener te#*erat're an e8a*orator
te#*erat're on COP re+rgeratng e++ect conener 'ty wor? co#*reon an ,eat
rejecton rato were n8etgate% ,e energy con'#*ton or t,e re+rgerator 'rng
e"*er#ent wt, ,yrocaron an -14a wa #ea're% ,e re't ,ow t,at t,e
co#*reor con'#e an 2 e energy t,an t,at o+ H@C-14a at 2J C a#ent
te#*erat're w,en o-'tane an 'tane wa 'e a re+rgerant re*ect8ey% ,e
energy con'#*ton an COP or ,yrocaron an t,er en ,ow t,at ,yrocaron
can e 'e a re+rgerant n t,e o#etc re+rgerator% ,e COP an ot,er re't otane
n t, e"*er#ent ,ow a *ot8e ncaton o+ 'ng HC a re+rgerant n o#etc
re+rgerator%
%ummary of 1iterature Re>iew
, *a*er t'y on t,e a**caton o+ PCM to o#etc re+rgerator an +eaty o+
20 600 an 20/600 Ben a re+rgerant% ,e reearc, +oc'e on t,e egn
an o*eraton o+ t,e t,er#a torage re+rgerator a#ng to #*ro8e t,e a**ance
e++cency te#*erat're taty an energetc a'tono#y% o ac,e8e t,e *roject goa +rt
t,e *er+or#ance o+ a con8entona re+rgerator wa anaye n *artc'ar t,e e an
e++cency o+ t,e co#*reor an t #*act on t,e o8era yte# *er+or#ance% ,e
o*eraton o+ t,e t,er#a torage re+rgerator wa n8etgate y et#atng t,e PCM
#etng an +reeng t#e%
Se8era egn o*ton were #'ate to ent+y t,e #ot e++ect8e PCM con+g'raton
(,oronta or 8ertca! an *,ae c,ange te#*erat're% A tet rg wa egne an
contr'cte to 8aate e"*er#entay t,e t,eoretca #oe w,c, *recte t,e
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*er+or#ance o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, a ,oronta PCM% ,e e"*er#enta re't otane
+or a *rototy*e re+rgerator w e *reente an c'e%
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% SCOPE O@ HE POB>EM / OBECI=E
,e #an oject8e o+ t, *roject wor? to t'y an to e8eo* a new ,er#a Energy
torage (ES! yte# 'ng Et,yene &yco a PCM an 20/600 en a aternat8e
re+rgerant +or o#etc re+rgerator%
1% o e8eo* 8a*o'r co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# wt, 20/600 en a an
aternat8e re+rgerant
2% o carry o't t,e e"*er#entaton wt, PCM D wt,o't PCM
% o n8etgate t,e +eaty o+ PCM n o#etc re+rgerator to #antan *a8e
coong ne can
4% o 8aate Coo*ac? #'aton re't wt, e"*er#enta re't
5% o oer8e te#*erat're n+or#aty n can wt, PCM
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4% ME&$-D-1-7
*+ Experimental %etup
E"*er#enta et'* to carry o't n8etgaton on re+rgerator *er+or#ance w e a+oow
@g%G ,e ayo't agra# o+ t,e re+rgerator wt, PCM
,e E"*er#ent w cont o+ 2 tage atng 4-6 ,o'r eac,% @rt tage w e
co#*ete wt,o't 'ng PCM% Secon tage wt, Et,yene gyco a PCM% ,e
e"*er#ent w c,e'e on conec't8e ay to en're e e++ect 'e to c#ate an
t,e e"*er#ent t#ng w e trcty +oowe to otan any e8aton% ,e weat,er
eta w ao e note%
Matera ?e*t ne PCM o"% ,e o'e wae PCM o" contan Et,yene gyco
n etween an t,e o"% ,e o" #ae o+ tane tee to en're #a"#'# ,eat
tran+er an not to react wt, Et,yene gyco%
*2 %imulation
e+rgerator *er+or#ance *ara#eter w e #'ate 'ng Coo*ac? o+tware% ,e
#'aton re't otane w e 8aate agant otane e"*er#enta re't% ,e
conc'on w e #ae ae '*on t,e re't%
< M-.&$ 3%E )1!. -" 3-R5
ae 1; Mont, we *an o+ wor?
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)eriod of 3or )roposed 3or
15 'y 9 15 A'g >terat're 'r8ey an ecng t,e roa reearc, area
16 A'g 9 15 Oct >terat're re8ew an e+nng *roe# tate#ent
16 Oct 9 15 $o8)e+nng oject8e an co*e o+ t,e *roject Coecton o+ neceary
ata
20)ec 9 15 an Cot et#aton an e"*er#enta et'* *re*araton
16 an 9 15 @e E"*er#enta reang re't c'on
16 @e 9 15 A*r S#'aton =aaton conc'on
16 A*r 9 15
May
Project Stage-2 )ertaton wrtng S'#on o+ )ertaton
6 !.&& ($!R&
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@g % &antt C,art
RE"ERE.(E%1 A%S% )a?c S% ongwe 7A *er+or#ance co#*aron o+ 8a*o'r-co#*reon
re+rgeraton yte# 'ng 8aro' aternat8e re+rgerant7 Internatona Co##'ncaton
n Heat an Ma ran+er G (2010! **% 140914
2 P%,anga8e )r%P%So#a'nara# %S8a?'#ar C%Se8a '#ar &%=etre8an3S#'aton Anay o+ Co#*reon e+rgeraton Cyce wt, )++erent e+rgerant7
Internatona o'rna o+ Engneerng an Inno8at8e ec,noogy (IEI! =o'#e 2 I'e
10 A*r 201 **% 12G-11%
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A%Ba?aran P%o,y Mat,ew 3A Per+or#ance Co#*aron o+ =a*o'r Co#*reon
e+rgeraton Syte# :ng Eco @reny e+rgerant o+ >ow &oa ar#ng
Potenta7 Internatona o'rna o+ Scent+c an eearc, P'caton =o'#e 2 I'e
Se*te#er 2012%
4 M% Mo,anraj S% ayaraj C% M'raee,aran P% C,anrae?ar 3E"*er#enta
n8etgaton o+ 20/600a #"t're a an aternat8e to 14a n a o#etc
re+rgerator7 Internatona o'rna o+ ,er#a Scence 200 **% 1-%
.5 % Ao' )% >e'cF )% &on 3Per+or#ance en,ance#ent o+ a ,o'e,o
re+rgerator y aton o+ atent ,eat torage7 nternatona jo'rna o+ re+rgeraton
1(200!** 2901%
.6 )% >e'cF P% Sc,aart @% rnF'et &% A8are B% =ernen P% =ero8en S% =an
)er S' E% en? @% ay M% Pran et a 3,er#a energy torage ; a ?ey tec,noogy
+or t,e +oo co c,an7 2r II Internatona Congre o+ e+rgeraton A'g 2011
Prag'e Cec, e*'c%
.G C% MarF'e &% )a8e &% Ma#ent % E8an I% oo 3,e 'e o+ *,ae c,ange
#atera n o#etc re+rgerator a**caton7 Proc% Intt'te o+ e+rgeraton% 201‐14
** 2‐12%
. E% Oro >% Mro M% M% @ar >%@% Caea7I#*ro8ng t,er#a *er+or#ance o+
+reeer 'ng *,ae c,ange #atera7 nternatona jo'rna o+ re+rgeraton 5(2012! **
4-1%
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. M% A% Sattar % Sa'r an H% H% Maj'? 3Per+or#ance In8etgaton o+ )o#etc
e+rgerator :ng P're Hyrocaron an Ben o+ Hyrocaron a e+rgerant7
Internatona o'rna o+ Mec,anca Syte# Scence an Engneerng =o'#e 1 $'#er
1 ** 50-55
.10 Coo*ac? So+tware (2001!% )en#ar? ec,nca :n8erty )e*art#ent o+
Mec,anca Engneerng A8aae;
,tt*;//www%et%we%#e?%t'%?/Coo*ac?/:/ownoa%,t# %
.11 )an+o (200!% SR Co#*reor an Conenng 'nt eecton too A8aae;
,tt*;//www%an+o%co#/B'neArea/e+rgeratonAnArContonng/Pro'ctRSeec
tonRooR)eta/S*'%,t#%
.12 B%O% Boaj 3E"*er#enta t'y o+ 152a an 2 to re*ace 14a n a o#etc
re+rgerator7 Energy 5 (2010! **% G-G
.1 M% Mo,anraj D S% ayaraj D C% M'raee,aran 3Co#*arat8e ae#ent o+
en8ron#ent-+reny aternat8e to 14a n o#etc re+rgerator7 Energy E++cency
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o#etc re+rgerator7 A**e ,er#a Engneerng (1! **% 111-11
.14 B%O% Boaj M%A% A?nt'ne an %O% @aae 3Co#*arat8e Anay o+
Per+or#ance o+ ,ree Oone-@ren H@C e+rgerant n a =a*o'r Co#*reon
e+rgerator7 o'rna o+ S'tanae Energy D En8ron#ent 2 (2011! **% 61-64
.15 ,anga8e P So#a'nara# P% 3Part oa *er+or#ance o+ anay o+ 8a*o'r
co#*reon re+rgeraton yte# wt, ,yrocaron re+rgerant7% Sc In e 201L
G2; **%454-60%
.16 <%S% C,ang M%S% # S%% o 3Per+or#ance an ,eat tran+er c,aractertc o+
,yrocaron re+rgerant n a ,eat *'#* yte#7% Internatona o'rna o+ e+rgeraton
2 (2000! **% 22-242%