Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)Unit A Scientific Method 1. Define the following terms:

● Variable: a variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment.

● Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe.

● Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in an experiment.

● Controlled Variable: The controlled variable is the variable that does not change during an experiment.

● Hypothesis: an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation

● Inference: the act or process of reaching a conclusion or opinion about something from known facts or evidence

● Observation: an act or instance of noticing or perceiving something using your five senses

● Prediction: The act of making an educated guess as to the outcome of a situation.

● Data: Facts collected from an experiment.

2. The steps Scientists use to solve a problem is called the Scientific Method .3. List each of the steps of the scientific method.

Ask a Question .**Research then, Formulate a Hypothesis .Design an Experiment .Analyze the Data .Draw a Conclusion . Share the Results

4. What is the difference between an observation and an inference in science class?

An observation is when you use your "five senses" to determine - how something smells, looks, tastes, sounds, or feels. Where as an inference is something that you assume based on previous knowledge - such as, you would infer that a bug with wings will fly because you have seen other bugs with wings fly, even if you haven't seen that particular one fly.

Read the following sentences and circle the letter of the word that best fills each blank:

The 5 method is a process that scientists use to help them test new ideas. The first step in the process is defining the 6 . Next, information must be gathered using one or more of the five 7 .The scientist then makes an educated guess or a(n) 8 . This is tested by performing one or more activities called 9 . Observations are made and recorded. The recorded observations

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)are known as 10 . Afterward, the scientist comes to a 11 that either supports or does not support the hypothesis. When a hypothesis is tested many times and supported by data, it becomes known as 12 .

5. blank 5variablescientificcontrolbiological

6. blank 6conclusiondataexperimentquestion

7. blank 7sensescontrolssolutionssolvents

8. blank 8variablefactorhypothesisconclusion

9. blank 9theoriesexperimentspropertiesnone of the above

10. blank 10datahypothesesstructuresexpressions

11. blank 11meetingconsiderationlaboratoryconclusion

12. blank 12solventcontroldeductiontheory

13. What does it mean to ask a TESTABLE question? It's basically a hypothesis. You have to be able to disprove it. For example, "Is the sky blue?" is not a testable question because there's no way to disprove it. "Are all dogs allergic to chocolate?" is a testable question because you could conceivably set up an experiment to demonstrate that some dogs are not.

14. How should our hypotheses be written in this class? In the form of “ If ____________, then ____________. “

15. What does it mean to make sure an experiment is CONTROLLED? Controlled experiment is one in which there is strict control exercised on variables, with typically one or more variables being changed or “manipulated” while all other variables are held constant or the same across experiments.

16. What’s wrong with the following procedure step? “Put sugar in the vase of the flowers.” We don’t know how much sugar to put in the vase. What are we testing? Do we have a control? Are we testing different amounts?

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

Unit B - Matter, Properties and Change (6.P.2.1, 6.P.2.2, 6.P.2.3)

Define the following

1. Matter- the substance or substances of which any physical object consists or is composed

2. Energy- the ability to do work

3. Physical Property - a property (as color, hardness, boiling point) of matter

4. Freezing Point - the temperature at which a liquid freezes and becomes a solid

5. Boiling Point - the temperature at which a liquid boils and becomes a gas

6. Density - a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume

7. Chemical Property - characteristics of a substance that describe its ability to combine with other substances to form new ones

8. Physical Change - a usually reversible change in the physical properties of a substance

9. Chemical Change - a usually irreversible chemical reaction involving the rearrangement of the atoms of one or more substances and a change in their chemical properties or composition, resulting in the formation of at least one new substance:

10. Atom - the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

11. Molecule - the smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a compound.

12. Element - a substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

13. Chemical Symbol - an abbreviation or short representation of a chemical element; the symbols in the periodic table

14. Metals - any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid

15. Periodic Table - the arrangement of elements

16. Compound - composed of two or more parts, elements, or ingredients:

6.P.2.1 Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms and atoms of the same element are all alike, but are different from the atoms of other elements.

● There are more than 100 elements that combine in a multitude of ways that make up all of the living and nonliving things that we encounter.

● Matter is composed of extremely small particles, too small to be seen with a classroom microscope, called atoms .

● Atoms have all of the properties of matter. Meaning that ALL atoms have mass and occupy space .

2.

3.

1.

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

● Atoms are the smallest part of an element that has the same properties of the element.

● All atoms of the same element have the same properties . This means that all iron atoms have the same mass and occupy the same amount of space.

● Also, all iron atoms are different from carbon atoms or from any other element.

Atoms● An atom is the smallest particle in matter that has all the properties of that material.

● Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.

● One grain of sand on a typical beach contains more atoms than there are grains of sand on the entire

beach.

● Atoms cannot be broken into smaller pieces.

Elements● All the different kinds of matter in the universe are made from approximately 100 different types of

atoms called elements .

● An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical

or physical means.

● In any element, all of the atoms are exactly the same .

● Each element can be identified by its specific physical and chemical properties.

● An element is a pure substance represented by a chemical symbol .

● The elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of all living matter.

● Elements can be represented through graphics. Because elements are pure, they will be represented

by one shape or two or more of the same shape.

Label the Element CARBON below (Atomic Number, Atomic Symbol, Atomic Mass)

1. Atomic Number

2. Atomic Mass

3. Atomic Symbol

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

6.P.2.2 Explain the effect of heat on the motion of atoms through a description of what happens to particles during a change in phase. 1. Matter and Energy

● Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space .

● Matter makes up everything in the universe.

● Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.

● Change can move matter from one place to another (motion).

● Change can also be a change in form (solid to liquid).

● Energy is always involved when a change in matter occurs.

● Matter appears in different forms. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of

molecules. Atoms and molecules are constantly in motion.

● Increased temperature means greater energy of motion so most

substances expand when heated.

2. States of Matter● Particles of matter move more quickly when heated .

● This change in particle temperature is what causes the change from one state to

another .

● The three states of matter are solid , liquid , and gas .

State of Matter

SolidThe particles in a solid

are packed tightly together and have the

least energy. They vibrate but stay where

they are.

LiquidThe particles in a liquid

move more freely, enough to slide past one

another.

GasThe particles in a gas are the farthest apart and

have the most energy. They move the fastest with a random

motion..

Example

Facts

has a definite shape & volume

has no definite shape but has definite volume

has no definite shape and no definite volumes

Examples: table, rock, ice, metal

Examples: milk, water, vinegar, lemonade

Examples: air, helium,oxygen, water vapor

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)6.P.2.3 Compare the physical properties of pure substances that are independent of the amount of matter present including density, melting point, boiling point, and solubility to properties that are dependent on the amount of matter present to include volume, mass and weight.

1. Mass● Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is also a physical property of matter.

● A pebble has less mass than a boulder of the same type rock.

● The mass of a specific object never changes.

● An object on Earth would have the same mass on the Moon or on Jupiter.

2. Weight (Note: Be very careful not to confuse weight with mass .)

● Weight measures the force of gravity on an object.

● Weight for a specific object changes whenever gravity changes. Jupiter has stronger gravity than

Earth. Therefore, you or any object would weigh more on Jupiter than Earth. The Moon has weaker

gravity than Earth. Therefore, you or any object would weigh less on the Moon than on Earth.

● Use this chant to remember the difference between mass and weight.

The mass of an object always stays the same.Weight depends on gravity and it can change.

3. Volume● Volume is the amount of space that something takes up.

● Scientists use a centimeter ruler to measure the volume of a solid rectangular object.

● The formula is volume = length x width x height and the volume is recorded in cm3.

4. Freezing, Melting, and Boiling Points● Liquids change to solids at their freezing point .

● Solids change to liquids at their melting point .

● Liquids change to gases at their boiling point. This is called evaporation .

● Condensation is the process of a gas (like water vapor) changing to a liquid

● Different substances have different freezing and boiling points.

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

Fill in the chart below with the correct words (melting, evaporation, condensation, freezing)

1. Evaporation

2. Melting

3. Condensation

4. Freezing

5. Solubility● Solubility means the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific volume of solvent

under certain conditions.

● A solute’s solubility depends on the chemical nature of the solvent .

● Another important factor that influences solubility is the temperature of the system (the solute and

the solvent).

● The most common solvent is water .

6. Physical Properties● Physical properties are used to __________, ________________, and _____________ matter.

● A _______________________ is a single kind of matter that has distinct physical properties.

● A ______________________ property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed

_____________ changing the substance into something else.

7. Physical Changes● A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material

into a difference substance is a physical change.

● Give 3 examples of physical changes:

1. molding clay 2. cutting paper 3. changes in state of matter

8. Chemical Properties

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2. 4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.

3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)● Chemical properties are used to identify , describe , and classify matter.

● A substance is a single kind of matter that has distinct chemical properties.

● A chemical property describes matter based on its ability to change into a new kind of matter with

different properties

9. Chemical Changes● A change in matter that produces a new substance is a chemical change.

● Unlike a physical change, a chemical change produces new substances with properties different

from the original substances

● The formation of a new substance in a chemical change can result in the production of a gas ,

change in temperature , production of a precipitate , or unexpected color change .

● Use this chant to help you remember indicators of a chemical change.

A chemical change has come to passWhen you see a new solid, liquid, or gas.The color may change or the energy too.

A chemical change makes something new.● Give 3 examples of chemical changes:

1. souring milk 2. burning wood 3. rusting nail

In the table below tell whether the property listed is a PHYSICAL or a CHEMICAL property

Physical or

Chemical Property?

Property

Physical or

Chemical Property?

Property

Physical or

Chemical Property?

Property

P color C ductility P mass

P composition P elasticity P molding

C conductivity C explode C odor

C cooking P hardness C oxidization

C decaying P luster C rusting

P density P malleability P shape

P size C tarnishing P texture

C solubility P temperature

Unit C - Energy: Conservation and Transfer (6.P.3.1, 6.P.3.2, 6.P.3.3)

Vocabulary 11. reflection - as in casting back a light or heat,

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

1. energy - ability to do work

2. kinetic - of, relating to, or resulting from motion.

3. potential - having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future.

4. thermal energy - Thermal energy is the internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules.

5. conductor - A material or an object that conducts heat, electricity, light, or sound.

6. insulator - a substance that does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound.

7. conduction - the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

8. convection - the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.

9. radiation - energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

10. electromagnetic waves - one of the waves that are propagated by simultaneous periodic variations of electric and magnetic field intensity and that include radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

mirroring, or giving back or showing an image

12. refraction - change in direction of propagation of any wave as a result of its traveling at different speeds at different points along the wave front

13. wavelength - the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.

14. electromagnetic radiation - a kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously.

15. electromagnetic spectrum - the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

16. infrared - (of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength just greater than that of the red end of the visible light spectrum but less than that of microwaves. Infrared radiation has a wavelength from about 800 nm to 1 mm, and is emitted particularly by heated objects

17. ultraviolet - (of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength shorter than that of the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than that of X-rays.

18. ozone - a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light

19. visible spectrum - The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.

6.P.3.1 Illustrate the transfer of heat energy from warmer objects to cooler ones using examples of conduction, radiation and convection and the effects that may result.1. A. thermally

B. mechanically C. electrically D. electromagnetic

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)2. thermal, heat, warm, cooler, conduction, convection, radiation, conduction, convection

3. Draw a picture which illustrates the three ways of heat transfer in matter. Student pictures may vary

4. conductors, insulators

Draw an illustration of each below.Student drawings may vary.

conductor insulator

5. conductors, conductor, insulator, conductors, insulators

Draw an illustration of each below. Student drawings may vary.

Benchmark 1 Study Guide (ANSWER KEY)

6. electromagnetic

Student drawings may vary.

Absorption Transmission Refraction Reflection

7. Identify the 2 parts of this spectrum.

Make sure that students know the entire spectrum is called the Electromagnetic spectrum and then that a small part of it is visible light. Need to know the functions of the other parts i.e. infrared rays deal with heat, ultraviolet also called UV rays come from the sun, etc.

visible, electromagnetic, infrared, ultraviolet