Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses

whowhowhomwhomwhichwhichthatthatwhosewhosewhenwhenwherewhere

We use We use adjective clausesadjective clauses also called also called relative clausesrelative clauses to identify or give to identify or give additional information additional information about nouns (people, about nouns (people, places, or things)places, or things)

WhoWho and and WhomWhom are used are used only for only for peoplepeople ..WhoWho is the subject of the is the subject of the clause.clause.After After whowho you should see you should see a verba verb

WhomWhom is the object of the is the object of the clause. After clause. After whomwhom you you should see a subject should see a subject (noun or pronoun)(noun or pronoun)

Sentences with adjective Sentences with adjective clauses can be seen as clauses can be seen as combination of two combination of two sentences.sentences.I have a I have a friend.friend. + + SheShe loves to shoploves to shopI have a friend I have a friend who loves who loves to shopto shop..

whowho

The The manman is playing is playing baseball.baseball.

The The manman is holding a is holding a bat.bat.

The man The man whowho is is holding the bat is holding the bat is playing baseballplaying baseball

whomwhom

I see the I see the doctordoctor in in the room.the room.

The The doctordoctor is my is my father.father.

The doctor The doctor whomwhom you see in the room you see in the room is my father.is my father.

WhichWhich is used only for is used only for thingsthingswhich can be both which can be both subject and object of the subject and object of the clause.clause.

whichwhich

The The telephonetelephone is in is in your room.your room.

The The telephonetelephone is is ringing.ringing.

The telephone The telephone whichwhich is in your room is is in your room is ringing.ringing.

ThatThat is used for both is used for both people and things. (less people and things. (less formal than whom and formal than whom and which)which)ThatThat can be both subject can be both subject and object of the clause.and object of the clause.

thatthat

I see the I see the flowersflowers.. The The flowersflowers are in are in

the pondthe pond The flowers The flowers thatthat you you

see are in the pond.see are in the pond. I see the flowers I see the flowers thatthat

are in the pond.are in the pond.

WhoseWhose is the possessive is the possessive and is used for both and is used for both people and things and people and things and must be followed by a must be followed by a noun.noun.Whose + nounWhose + noun can be can be subject or objectsubject or objectI heard the scientist I heard the scientist whose workwhose work isis attracting attracting interest.interest.I met the scientist I met the scientist whose whose workwork I I admire.admire.

whosewhose

The girl is crying.The girl is crying. HerHer cat is sick. cat is sick. The girl The girl whosewhose cat is cat is

sick is crying.sick is crying.

The verb in the adjective The verb in the adjective clause is singular if the clause is singular if the subject relative clause subject relative clause refers to a singular noun. refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to It is plural if it refers to a plural noun.a plural noun.Ben is my friend Ben is my friend who who lives in Boston.lives in Boston.John and Alex are John and Alex are my my friends whofriends who livelive in in Boston.Boston.

The boy is my friend.The boy is my friend.He lives down the street.He lives down the street.

Two news articles were Two news articles were written by my science written by my science professor.professor.They appeared in the latest They appeared in the latest edition of Nova.edition of Nova.

The Japanese food is The Japanese food is sashimi.sashimi.Keith likes it best.Keith likes it best.

The boy The boy who lives down the who lives down the streetstreet is my friend. is my friend.

Two news articles Two news articles which which appeared in the latest appeared in the latest edition of Nova edition of Nova were were written by my science written by my science professor.professor.

The Japanese food The Japanese food that that Keith likesKeith likes besbestt is sashimi. is sashimi.

The people are very The people are very interesting.interesting.Maria works for them.Maria works for them.

The TV newscaster is on The TV newscaster is on channel 7.channel 7.I trust her opinions most.I trust her opinions most.

The people The people whom Maria whom Maria works forworks for are very are very interesting.interesting.

The TV newscaster The TV newscaster whose whose opinionsopinions I trust mostI trust most is on is on channel 7.channel 7.

WhoWhowhomwhomwhichwhichthatthat(0)(0)can be the object of the can be the object of the preposition in its clause. preposition in its clause. If the preposition is at If the preposition is at the beginning of the the beginning of the clause, clause, whom whom or or whichwhich must be usedmust be used

In formal English we put the In formal English we put the preposition at the beginning preposition at the beginning of the clause. Also, we use of the clause. Also, we use only only whomwhom not not whowho or or thatthat to refer to people, and to refer to people, and whichwhich not not thatthat to refer to to refer to things.things.He’s the writer He’s the writer who I work who I work forfor ..He’s the writer He’s the writer for whom I for whom I workwork ..That’s the book That’s the book that I told that I told you about.you about.That’s the book______________That’s the book______________

She is a scientist.She is a scientist.We agree with her.We agree with her.She is a scientist She is a scientist whom whom we agree withwe agree with. . She is a scientist She is a scientist with with whomwhom we agree. we agree. She has developed a She has developed a theory theory which/that (0) we are which/that (0) we are interested ininterested in. . She has She has developed a theory developed a theory inin whichwhich we are interested. we are interested.

WhereWhere modifies the noun modifies the noun place (country, city, place (country, city, building, house, room, building, house, room, street, and so on) street, and so on) I want to know the name I want to know the name of the city of the city where you where you were bornwere born

WhenWhen modifies the noun modifies the noun time time ( century, year, day, ( century, year, day, night,) night,) Your friend wants to Your friend wants to know know when you were when you were born.born.

Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses come in two types: come in two types: restrictiverestrictive and and nonrestrictivenonrestrictive

RestrictiveRestrictive adjective clauses adjective clausesidentify the noun or identify the noun or pronoun modified. They pronoun modified. They give information needed give information needed in order to know who or in order to know who or what the pronoun refers what the pronoun refers to.to.

My sister My sister who lives in who lives in CaliforniaCalifornia is a doctor. is a doctor.

The car The car that has broken that has broken headlightsheadlights belongs to my belongs to my brother.brother.

NonrestrictiveNonrestrictive adjective adjective clausesclauses give extra give extra information about the information about the noun or the pronoun but noun or the pronoun but is not needed to identify is not needed to identify it.it.

My sister, My sister, who lives in who lives in CaliforniaCalifornia , is a doctor., is a doctor.

The Eiffel Tower has an The Eiffel Tower has an elevator, elevator, which I rode to which I rode to the top.the top.

Nonrestrictive Nonrestrictive adjective clausesadjective clausesUseUse

who, which, whom, whose,who, which, whom, whose,

Where, whenWhere, when

In nonrestrictive In nonrestrictive adjective clausesadjective clausesDo not useDo not use the relative the relative pronoun pronoun THATTHATDo not omitDo not omit the object the object relative pronounrelative pronounAlways put commasAlways put commas around a nonrestrictive around a nonrestrictive clauseclause

Adjective phrasesAdjective phrases

do not have a subject do not have a subject and do not have a verb. and do not have a verb. They can only be formed They can only be formed from clauses with from clauses with subject relative subject relative pronouns.pronouns.

To change an adjective To change an adjective clause with clause with bebe to an to an adjective phrase, adjective phrase, deletedelete the subject relative the subject relative pronoun and the form of pronoun and the form of bebe

The book The book which iswhich is written in Spanish is written in Spanish is difficult.difficult.The book The book written in written in SpanishSpanish is difficult. is difficult.

Any students Any students who arewho are in in this class can learn to this class can learn to speak English.speak English.Any students Any students in this in this classclass can learn to speak can learn to speak English.English.

To form an adjective To form an adjective phrase with a verb phrase with a verb other other thanthan BeBe,, delete the delete the subject relative pronoun subject relative pronoun and change the verb to and change the verb to its present participle (-its present participle (-ing) forming) form

People People who livewho live in big in big cities often see new cities often see new movies.movies.

People People livingliving in big cities in big cities often see new moviesoften see new movies

If an adjective If an adjective clauseclause is is restrictive the adjective restrictive the adjective phrasephrase is restrictive. is restrictive.

If an adjective If an adjective clauseclause is is nonrestrictive, the nonrestrictive, the adjective adjective phrasephrase is is nonrestrictivenonrestrictive

Thank you for your pay Thank you for your pay attention !attention !

Good luck!Good luck!