adlerian therapy report.palencia
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INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
(ADLERIAN THERAPY)Kristine Joey DB. Palencia
Master in Industrial Psychology
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Outline:
BiographyView of Human Nature
Key ConceptsTherapeutic Techniques and
ProcessSocial, Cultural and Spiritual
Issues
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Biography• Born: February 7, 1870 near Vienna
– Third child of seven– Apparent physical comfort, but miserable
in childhood (Adler struggled with rickets; and at the age of 5, he nearly died of pneumonia)
– Known for his efforts at outdoing his older brother
• Received a medical degree in 1895• Married in 1897
– Eventually had four children– Only son became a psychiatrist and
continued Adler’s work
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• Joined Freud’s discussion group in 1902– Adler’s views were initially compatible
with Freud’s• Adler’s views changed and he began to
criticize Freud’s theories• In 1911, Adler and nine others broke
away from Freud and formed “The Society for Individual Psychology”
• Involvement in WWI helped develop the concept of social interest
• Died: May 28, 1937 of heart attack
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View of Human NatureAdler believed…
We are not determined by our environment, or our instincts, or our early child-rearing—we can change.
Every child is born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toward the future, not determined by the past.
We move toward the future to make ourselves whole and complete and to fill our drive, our striving for perfection.
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In attempting to overcome feelings of inferiority, we all develop unconscious beliefs or private logic that leads us to our subjective final goal.
All behavior is goal-directed and is purposeful and is related to the drive to attain the image held in our subjective final goal
We believe that our subjective final goal will bring us sense of mastery, superiority, and—eventually—perfection, completion and wholeness
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Individual develops a style of life that is reflective of the person’s movement toward his/her subjective final goal.
If unimpeded by feelings of inferiority, one would naturally move toward meaningful relationships, the best of interest of others, the betterment of society and an understanding of our place in the universe.
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Key ConceptsUniqueness of the Individual
Each person is seen as unique, with innate abilities and personal characteristics that interact with and are affected by early childhood experiences and the memories of those experiences
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Feelings of Inferiority
Primary feelings of inferiority—are universal, such as when the infant and young child struggle to overcome natural physical, cognitive and physiological hurdles of life.Secondary feelings of inferiority—occur as a result of psychological strtuggles from poor parenting, child abuse or neglect, and cultural injustice.
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Feelings of Inferiority
Secondary feelings of inferiority can result in a person who retreats
into self in an effort to avoid a sense of feelings of inferiority by
striving for superiority over others
or other maladaptive behaviors. By
its nature, it will cause discomfort
and strife among people.
We are all driven to overcome
basic and natural feelings of
inferiority and ultimately, we learn
how to cooperate with others for
the betterment of ourselves and
society in an effort to reach our
unique subjective final goal and
state of perfection.
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Private Logic vs Common Sense
Private Logic
One’s inner voice, self-
talk, or internal images
that justifies one’s
style of life and fuels
one’s subjective final
goal.
Common SenseSuggests that we must
put effort into developing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
that benefit the common good
Common sense tells us that despite the fact that we all have our own private logic, to live peacably and constructively, we must find the commond ground that allows us to get along with one another.
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Compensation
Compensation is a process through which individuals attempt to rid thmeselves of feelings of inferiority.
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•It is the person’s unique image of what he or she want to be, and the person imagines that attainment of this image will lead to a sense of completion and wholeness.
Subjective Final Goal
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Style of Life
Style of Life is a unique repertoire of behaviors, cognitions, and values.
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Social Interest
Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community; community feeling or social concern
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Holism
Individual
Holistic Entity
Completion of Self and Perfection
Attempting to move toward
Even when such movement leads toward problematic behavior, Adler believed it is individual’s misguided attempt to strive the completion of self and perfection.
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Schema of Apperception
Developed cognitive
rules
Assimilation of our
experiencesApperception
Schema
Schema of apperception is how we come to understand and make sense of the experiences in our lives.
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Birth Order•Among the factors that lead to different life-styles are the ordinal positions of birth and different experiences in childhood.
•Birth order can greatly affect how one feels about oneself
Birth order is the chronological order of sibling births in a family.
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Adler’s View of Some Possible Traits by Birth Order
Positive Traits Negative TraitsOldest child
Nurturing and protective of others; good organizer
Highly anxious; exaggerated feelings of power; unconscious hostility; fights for acceptance; must always be “right”; highly critical of others; uncooperative
Second childHighly motivated; cooperative; moderately competitive
Highly competitive; easily discouraged
Youngest childRealistically ambitious Pampered style of life; dependent on
others; wants to excel in everything; unrealistically ambitious
Only childSocially mature Exaggerated feelings of superiority; low
feelings of cooperation; inflated sense of self; pampered style of life
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•For individuals who initially come for counseling, courage means being willing to take a look at how early feelings of inferiority fueled their private logic, led to compensatory behaviors, and were partially responsible for the development of their subjective final goals.
Courage
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Therapeutic Techniques for Adults
Building a Trusting Relationship
Socratic Questioning and use of the Dialectical Method
Encouragement Teaching and Interpretation
Assessment Spitting in the Client’s Soup
Examining Early Recollections Guided imagery Exercises
Exploring the Family Constellation
Role-Playing and Acting “As If”
Dream Analysis Catching Oneself
Task Setting
Powerpoint Templates Page 24Watts and Peitzak (2000) suggest a broad range of encouragement skills as cited above
Encouragement SkillsDemonstrating concerns for clients through active listening and empathy
Communicating respect for and confidence in clientsFocusing on client’s strengths, assets, and resourcesHelping clients generate perceptual alternatives for discouraging fictional beliefs
Focusing on efforts and progressHelping clients see the humor in life experiences
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Client-Therapist Dialogue:
Counselor: Well, I guess
you are the king of the
house! She should just
listen to your every wish.
Why, you shouldn’t even
have to make any effort
at having a dialogue with
her—should you?
Client: Well, you know, I really
feel like I deserve more respect
from my wife. I work hard, earn
lots, and I feel like she doesn’t
even give me the time of day. All
she does is take care of the
house, and now that the kids are
older, she doesn’t even have the
responsibility. She just lives off
my money. She needs to listen to
me more and respect what I say.
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Basic Adlerian principles have been adopted for children for a number of reasons:
Adler believed that feelings of inferiority experienced in childhood are the main causes for maladaptive behaviors.There is no clear separation between the unconscious and conscious; thus, one can work directly with children’s current knowledge base and do not have to “break through” to some mysterious unconscious.Adlerian therapy is optimistic and anti-deterministic, and change can occur (or start) at any point in a person’s life.Adler stressed the importance that external changes and interventions can make in inducing change. Thus, effective parenting and teaching can all impact a child’s mental health.Adlerian principles can be easily understood, thus making them easy to use by laypersons and by children.
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Therapeutic Techniques for Children
Building a Trusting Relationship
Limit-Setting
Encouragement Natural Consequences
Democratically Held Discussion Groups
Logical Consequences
Assessment Catching OneselfArt, Play, and Creative Therapies
Task Setting
Responding to Identified Behaviors
Commitment and Practice
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BUILDING A TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP
Counselors should be good relationship-builders by using attending and empathy skills, being nonjudgmental, being optimistic, focusing on strengths, asking questions in a nonthreathening manner, and fostering open discussion.
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ENCOURAGEMENT
Dinkmeyer and Dreikurs (1963) suggested four ways that encouragement is shown:
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DEMOCRATICALLY HELD DISCUSSION GROUPS
Counselors, teachers, and parents can lead democratically held discussion groups by ensuring that all individuals are given an opportunity to talk, that all individuals are heard, and that basic principles like consensus-taking or voting are applied when making decisions.
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Building the Relationship
Assessing and Understanding
Lifestyle
Insight and Interpretation
Reeducation and Reorientation
It involves development of a trusting relationship
Help clients begin to examine their current lifestyles and resulting dysfunctional behaviors
Therapist shows the client how the evidence points toward the development of the client’s misguided private logic and resulting dysfunctional life.
The goal is to have the client adopt a new style of life based on the insight that has been gained about the client’s current lifestyle.
Encouraging the client for beginning the therapeutic journey
Therapist uses a wide range of methods to uncover relevant information about the client’s feeling of inferiority, misguided private logic and compensatory behaviors, and to better understand the resulting lifestyle.
The therapist can educate the client how his/her style of life has impacted to him/her
Either the therapist devises a plan for change or the client, in consultation with the therapist, jointly discuss ways in which the client can change
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Social, Cultural and Spiritual Issues
•Adler saw how power is misused by parents, in relationships, by men over women, by culture over culture, and by one country over another
•He saw the desire for power and superiority as being a root of class struggles and oppression of minorities
•He believed that the desire for power rsulted in the loss of social consciousness and the reason why wars are raged.
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•He believed that people could understand that the very oppression was the root of their feelings of inferiority and that those same feelings are the cause for a cycle of oppression that they could cause.
•Adler saw religion as serving an important purpose for people.
•Religions suggest that God symbolizes perfection and reflects an image of how to embody our values.