The 5th Engineering International Conference (EIC 2016)

Feasibility of Piezoelectric Tiles Adoption:A Case Study at

Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) Malaysia

BCChew, HSLoo, Izyan Adilah Bohari, Syaiful Rizal Hamid & Fatin Hafizah Sukri 

Faculty of Technology Management and TechnopreneurshipUniversiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

5th October 2016Patra Jasa Hotel, Semaranng, Indonesia

Functions of an International Airport• Aerodrome• facilities for domestic/international flights

management• roles for customs and passport control (cargo,

logistics, passengers)• commercial outlets for food, products and

services• First gate for international passengers

Larger Airport = Consume enormous energy 24/7 365 days = create negative socioenvironmental implications (low air quality, GHG emission, energy depletion)

Solar (the most popular choice)

We propose Piezoelectric

Solar Panels on KLIA Terminal Rooftop

2014

Concept

Piezoelectric Tile

KLIA Terminal (Main Entrance)

Our Research Objectives

• to examine the potential factors that will foster piezoelectric tiles adoption as an alternative energy source for KLIA, and

• to assess the possible strategies for KLIA in speed up piezoelectric tiles adoption in the airport terminals.

Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad (MAHB)

Data of MAHB• an investment holding company • one of the Malaysian government linked

companies• operates and manages 39 airports in Malaysia (5 international airports, 16 domestic airports and 18 short take-off and landing STOLports

• 2 airports in India (Rajiv Gandhi International Airport and Hyderabad Airport)

• 1 airport in Turkey (Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International Airport) (Annual Report, 2015).

Signatory of the Aviation Industry Commitment to 2008 Action on Climate Change, to create a pathway to carbon neutral growth and a carbon-free future.

Memberships in the Airports Council International and Airports Council International Asia Pacific Regional Environmental Committee

Environmental Strategy: reducing environmental impacts, whilst balancing its operational requirements as a commercial airport management company

5 main areas MAHB is working on: reducing carbon emissions, reducing energy usage, emphasising renewable energy, encouraging recycling, reducing water consumption (Sustainable Report, 2015)

Data of MAHB

Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

Data of KLIA• The largest international airports in Malaysia• Operates since June 1998 • Capacity to handle 25 million passengers per

annum. • In 2015, KLIA handled total 22.6 million of

passengers • In 2015, KLIA is ranked as the 13th busiest

airport in the world (Airports Council International 2016)

Literature Review of Technology Adoption

• Up to date, the topic of technology adoption is still largely dominated by the sociological model of Roger’s (1962) Innovation Adoption Lifecycle.

Literature Review of Technology Adoption

• What seems lacking is the technology adoption which is angled from management and the organisational perspective.

Definition of Technology Adoption

• Enos and Park (1998): adoption is the sequence of decisions made determining how, when, where, and with what consequences a technology is to be employed.

• Hall and Khan (2002): technology adoption is the choice to acquire and use a new invention or innovation.

Under-researched area

• Rogers (2003): there is still relatively little efforts has been devoted to analysing innovation differences, that is in investigating how the properties of innovations affect the rate of adoption.

• Hall and Khan (2002) “What factors affect the rates at which the technology adoption occur?”

TEMIF (Chew, 2012)

• Technical, Environmental, Managerial, Institutional and Financial factors

• It is a decision making model which assesses factors that can be considered for technology adoption.

• Taking in both internal (organisational) and external (macro) factors that need to be considered for technology adoption along the decision making process.

TEMIF (Technical Factors)

Environmental Factors-Managerial Factors

Institutional Factors-Financial Factors

What are the Theoretical Problem of Technology Adoption?

• Rosenberg (1972): in the history of diffusion, the overall slowness and the wide variations in the rates of acceptance.

• Hall and Khan (2002): diffusion is often characterised by uncertainty and limited information.

• Dixit and Pindyck (1994): the adoption of new technology is characterized by (a) uncertainty over future profit streams, (b) irreversibility that creates at least some sunk costs, and (c) the opportunity to delay.

• Hall and Khan (2002): an option value to waiting, that is, adoption should be delayed until benefits are somewhat above costs, thus providing another reason why diffusion may be rather slow.

Research Methods• 1st September 2014-30thJune 2016. • The process started with the communication established between the

researchers and one of the General Managers at Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad (MAHB)

• After 3 months, a call for technical proposal was answered and sent to the General Manager for the company to review.

• After 3 months, we were invited to the MAHB main office located at Sepang to present our research proposal.

• Since then, 5 series of focus group have been organised within 12 months. Data is accumulatively triangulated.

• Each of the focus group, small model of piezoelectric technology designed by the researchers from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) is presented. The additional information on poster and videos are shared in order to guide the research process and primary data collection.

Data Collection• There are 2 categories of respondents. • 8 senior managers where each of them was from different departments + 6

technical professionals from different departments. • A good blend that represented the snapshot of the organisation particularly

these departments would involve directly on the suggestion of piezoelectric tiles adoption.

• They are experienced managers and knowledgeable technical who are not only establish the organisation’s policies but also execute the daily operations on business management or engineering.

• All of the group interview sessions were audio-recorded and then transcribed carefully, reviewed by the respondents on the transcript to construct a basis for reliable data analysis.

• All of their identities are anonymised with the representation of Manager (to represent the senior managers) and Engineer (to represent technical professionals).

Data AnalysisYin (2009) Explanation Building1. Devise a theoretical base proposition (TEMIF), which the researchers will seek to test. 2. Undertake data collection through an initial case study in order to be able to compare the findings from this in relation to this theoretically based proposition. 3. When necessary, amend the theoretically based proposition in the light of the findings from the initial case study. Only the sub-factors are amended, while the key factors of TEMIF were remained.4. Undertake a further round of data collection in order to compare the findings from this in relation to the revised proposition. This also justifies the need to conduct subsequent focus group for data triangulation and verification.5. Where necessary, further amend the revised proposition in the light of the findings from the second case study.6. Undertake further iterations of this process until a satisfactory explanation is derived. 7. Meanwhile secondary data (company reports, websites, newsletters) were used to triangulate the primary data to obtain more comprehensive information and understanding of the responses.

Discussion and Analysis

• Technical Factors: Demand and Usage-The respondents understand the technology, its benefits-The airport energy consumption 10,000MWh per month.

45% is for cooling, 27% is for lighting.-Aim to get Level 3 Optimisation certification-KLIA has averagely 62,000 passengers moving at the

terminal daily (exclude employees, public)-KLIA terminal building has 5 stories with total 142,200sq

meter -KLIA 2 is a certified green building, KLIA is not,

• Technical Factors: Competitive advantages, positive impacts or benefits - Extend MAHB and SunEdison jointly launched

Malaysia's first airport solar power system at KLIA in 2014

- Solar power system is expected to save the airport about RM2.1million annually based on its current energy costs

- Piezoelectric provides unique renewable energy generation

• Technical Factors: Properties of the new technology piezoelectric system generates electric charges when it is stressed

and strained mechanically Negative charge is produced on the expanded side & positive charge

on the compressed side Clean, reliable and required less maintenance Material: Polymer composites, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) high

resistance to depolarization, small dielectric loses in the exposition of high electric fields, high electromechanical coupling, high resistance to depolarization under high mechanical stress and great deformation ability

thickness mode vibration in the neighbourhood of 13 MHz and a planar diatation mode at around 14 KHz

the sheet is stretch to 500 microstrains quasistatically at a frequency below 15 KHz, the electrical power that able to collect is approximately 9 watts

Connection: Series-Parallel Connection

Technical Factors: Technology Life Cycle• The first commercial wave of the piezoelectric application

were launched into the market through international media which captured the world attention on this innovative and fun technology.

• 2008 piezoelectric is firstly adopted at London’s first eco-disco. 2008 pedestrians walk on piezoelectric sheet which generate electricity for the Christmas illumination in Tokyo. 2008 Japan Railway East installed the special piezoelectric sheet allowed commuters walk on and generate electricity

• Piezoelectric technology adoption at KLIA: to gain its early adopter status since the technology is still at the phase of application launch.

Environmental Factors: Politics1. National Renewable energy Policy and Action Plan 2009: to enhance

the utilisation of renewable energy sources to contribute towards national electricity supply security and sustainable socioeconomic development

2. Renewable Energy Act 2011: to provide the establishment and implementation of a special tariff system to catalyse the generation of renewable energy and to provide for related matters

3. Solar energy gained its first political limelight since Malaysia has its geographical advantage

4. Next, it is foreseeable biomass, hydro, full cell, wind and piezoelectric would emerged from the renewable energy mix.

5. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia: Agency to administrate and manage the implementation of the feed-in tariff mechanism mandated under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 signifies the effort of the Malaysian Government in renewable energy development and deployment.

• Environmental Factors: Economics KLIA Aeropolis developed through three major clusters (a)

air cargo and logistics, (b) business and aviation parks, and (c) meetings, incentives, conferences event and leisure places.

Key projects for aviation focused at Aeropolisi. Fixed base operators ii. Maintenance, repair and operations iii. Original equipment manufacturers These economic initiatives will create approximately 40,000 jobs; as well as the tourism related initiatives geared towards tourism receipts to RM79 billion in 2025 (Runway to Success, 2016).-Piezoelectric could be adopted in these projects

• Environmental Factors: Social Runway to Success 2015 – 2020aim to establish urban townships and communities around the airports in order to create Aeropolis airport cities Sustainability Policy 2009committed to achieve socioenvironmental sustainability in operating its business• 3000 acres of Aeropolis has been developed which centralised KLIA (from

the 10km X 10km land bank within the vicinity of KLIA).

The Aeropolis development is aligned to Malaysia’s development agenda such as the National Logistics and Trade Facilitation Masterplan 2015-2020 (provide strategic direction for the development of the logistics industry to further improve its productivity and competitiveness)National Aerospace Blueprint 2015–2030 (aims to become the aerospace training and education destination in Southeast Asia by 2020 and the aerospace manufacturing centre in the region by 2025)

Piezoelectric could be adopted in these projects

KLIA Aeropolis

• Environmental Factors: Technology Energy Management Unit of MAHB: to invest in

energy efficient and low carbon equipment and infrastructure.

piezoelectric could be taken as one of the renewable energy mix in significant GHG reduction piezoelectric could be taken as one of the renewable energy mix in significant GHG reduction

Education: responsibility in combating climate change and safeguards the environment.

Giving the customer experiences as one of the contributors in generating renewable energy

• Environmental Factors: Environment MAHB’s overall business planning, initiatives

and targets. Four focus areas of resource management: energy, water, waste and carbon

Strategic action plans are developed with the aim to achieve the following outcomes:

(a) Cost savings (b) Avoidance, reduction of carbon emissions (c) To promote the airport as a green airport company.

Managerial Factors: MAHB’s Sustainability Policy• 1.Integrate sustainability as a consideration in all planning and

development decisions• 2.Operate in a healthy, safe, secure and efficient manner.• 3.Nurture the professional and personal growth of the people. • 4.Develop and effectively implement an Environmental Action Plan

for all airports.• 5.Rehabilitate the social, natural and economic environment to

improve the company’s global environmental performance.• 6.Honour the company commitment to creating a pathway towards

carbon-neutral growth and aspire for a carbon-free future• 7.Take a leadership role in sustainability initiatives• 8.Promote local art, culture and heritage, and promote the use of

locally and sustainably sourced products, services and labour.

Institutional Factors new installation needs to be conducted in the

case of piezoelectric technology adoption. Employees need to be trained to operate the

new technology.

Strategy Phase  ActivitiesPhase I 50 energy harvesting tiles will be rented for a one year period.

Energy statistics are recorded. Awareness will be held. KLIA Airport main entrance

Phase II Purchase of the energy harvesting floor tiles. Total square footage and number of tiles will be determined by

given walking area. Major expenses: tile installation (tile and labor cost).

Phase III Future expansion opportunities will be considered. Implementation of energy harvesting floor tiles in other spot of

terminals.

• Financial

• FinancialExpenses Phase I Cost

(Rental)Phase II Cost(Purchased)

Material RM 666.90 per tilesRM33,345

RM 500 per tilesRM 700,000

Installations RM 5,000 RM 30,000

Service Contract RM 10,000 RM 40,000

Awareness Events RM 5,000 RM 2,500

Total Cost RM 53,345 RM 782,500

• Based on the Phase 1 result, 50 tiles = 0.34 kW

= 340 WPower produced by 1 LED bulb = 10 WWhen comparison, 340 W / 10 W = 34 bulb

Power generates from 50 piezoelectric tiles able to light up 34 bulb!

• Based on the Phase 2 result, 1400 tiles =7.07kW

= 7070 WPower produced by 1 LED bulb = 10 WWhen comparison, 7070 W / 10 W = 707 bulb

Power generates from 1400 piezoelectric tiles able to light up 707 bulb!