THE WATER QUESTION UNDER EXTREME POVERTYTHE EXAMPLE OF BOLAMA, GUINEA-BISSAU

THE WATER QUESTION UNDER EXTREME POVERTYTHE EXAMPLE OF BOLAMA, GUINEA-BISSAU

Adriano A. Bordalo & Joana Savva-BordaloAdriano A. Bordalo & Joana Savva-Bordalo

GUINEA-BISSAU

28,000 km2 land area(32,000 km2)Tropical rain forest (85%)Wet - June to NovemberDry - December to May

28,000 km2 land area(32,000 km2)Tropical rain forest (85%)Wet - June to NovemberDry - December to May

1,600,00 inhabitantsAIDS - 7% [30%]GDP - $188

1,600,00 inhabitantsAIDS - 7% [30%]GDP - $188

13.6% “potable” waterCholeraDiarrheasMalariaRespiratory diseases

13.6% “potable” waterCholeraDiarrheasMalariaRespiratory diseases

WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON

EUROPE - 150 litersEUROPE - 150 liters

WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON

AFRICA - 50 litersAFRICA - 50 liters

WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON WATER CONSUMPTION PER PERSON

AFRICA - 50 litersAFRICA - 50 liters

RURAL POPULATIONnetwork

URBAN POPULATIONnetwork

5252 L 72 L72 L

WATER USES WATER USES

THE ORIGIN OF WATER THE ORIGIN OF WATER

THE ORIGIN OF WATER THE ORIGIN OF WATER

WATER CONSTRAINS WATER CONSTRAINS

WATER CONSTRAINS WATER CONSTRAINS

WATER CONSTRAINS WATER CONSTRAINS

WATER CONSTRAINS WATER CONSTRAINS

WATER CONSUMPTION WATER CONSUMPTION

21 liters

40 liters (Muslim areas)

RATIONALE RATIONALE

1. Seasonal water quality

2. Disease

3. Sustainable measures

1. Seasonal water quality

2. Disease

3. Sustainable measures

SAMPLING STRATEGY SAMPLING STRATEGY

28 - 43 wells

Bolama precipitation (1998-2007)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Month

mm

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION

1998 - 2007

Bolama precipitation (1998-2007)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Month

mm

PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION

1998 - 2007

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

J F M A M J J A S O N D

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

Bolama - Precipitation

Month

mm

WATER ACIDITY WATER ACIDITY

wet seasonwet season

dry seasondry season

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

EU

pH

FECAL CONTAMINATION FECAL CONTAMINATION

wet seasonwet season

dry seasondry season

0 25 50 75 100 125

fecal coliforms 100 ml-1

EU

IRONIRON

wet seasonwet season

dry seasondry season

0 50 100 150 200 250µg l-1

EU

FECAL COLIFORMSFECAL COLIFORMS

uncontaminated zone

WATER QUALITY INDEXWATER QUALITY INDEX

50-60% - reasonable50-60% - reasonable

40-50% - mediocre40-50% - mediocre

<40% - bad<40% - bad

WATER NETWORK?WATER NETWORK?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D0

100

200

300

400

500

600PatientsPrecipitation

No patients

Precipitation (mm)

Month

PRECIPITATION & DISEASE PRECIPITATION & DISEASE

Bolama 2006/07

2006 2007

PRECIPITATION & DISEASE PRECIPITATION & DISEASE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D0

100

200

300

400

500

600IntestinalPrecipitation

No patients

Precipitation (mm)

Month

2006 2007

CHILD MORTALITY CHILD MORTALITY

MalariaRespiratory infectionsDiarrhea

35%15%15%

UNDP, 2002

CHOLERA EPIDEMICS CHOLERA EPIDEMICS

1986, 1987,1994, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005

2008

PROBLEM

400 g of oyster shells Acidic water

pH

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

23:32 0:32 1:32 2:32 3:32 4:32 5:32 6:32 7:32 8:32 9:32Time (UTC)

EUEU

SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS

1 drop bleach in one liter of water

PROBLEM

Fecal materials

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 20 40 60 80

Time (minutes)

Fecal coliforms (cfu 100 ml-1)EUEU

SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS

XX

MORE SOLUTIONS MORE SOLUTIONS

wells

MORE SOLUTIONS MORE SOLUTIONS

XX latrines

acknowledgmentsacknowledgments

AMI - International Medical AssistancePortuguese Embassy - BissauAIDA - Spanish CooperationBolama Regional Health AuthorityICBAS - University of PortoIPO - Porto