ads-b: a pilot's guide
TRANSCRIPT
John ZimmermanSporty’s Pilot Shop
ADS-B: A Pilot’s GuideUnderstanding the system and the avionics
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Sit back, relax and learn!
• How-to articles
• iPad Tips & News
• iPad Newsletter
•What is ADS-B?
•Key terms
•How does it work?
•Panel-mount avionics
•Portable receivers
•Tips and advice
presentation overviewADS-B: A Pilot’s Guide
PollDo you use ADS-B today?
1) Yes – portable receiver
2) Yes – ADS-B Out
transponder
3) No
ADS-B System Overview
Quick HistoryWhere did ADS-B come from?
• Capstone Program launched in Alaska in the late 1990s
• Can we use new technology to improve safety?
• Accurate position with GPS/WAAS
• Transmit to ground and airplanes
• Ground station network
• New aircraft transponders
• Datalink weather
Answer: yes.
Where are we now?Quick History
• Current system built on success of Capstone program
• Final ADS-B Out rules finalized in 2011 – nothing is changing now
• Ground station network is complete
• Lots of options for hardware
Pretty mature system now.
What does it all mean?Key Terms
• NextGen
• ADS-B
• ADS-B Out and ADS-B In
• ADS-B transponder options
• 1090ES and 978 (UAT)
• ADS-B In terms
• FIS-B and TIS-B
NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System
Key Terms
• Transforms America’s air traffic control system from an aging, ground-based system to a satellite-based system
• The goals of NextGen are to:
• Shorten routes
• Save time and fuel
• Reduce traffic delays
• Increase capacity
• Increase safety
• World peace, free beer…
NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System
Key Terms
NextGen
ADS-B
NextGen has 5 major elements – only one of them is ADS-B
ADS-BKey Terms• Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast
• Automatic: it works in the background
• Dependent: depends on other aircraft being equipped
• Surveillance: it’s a technology to track aircraft
• Broadcast: each aircraft broadcasts its position and velocity
ADS-B In and OutKey Terms
NextGen
ADS-B
ADS-B Out ADS-B In
ADS-B In and OutKey Terms• ADS-B Out: a surveillance technology for tracking aircraft
• Aircraft report position, velocity and altitude once per second
• Aircraft will be required to equip with ADS-B Out by the end of 2020 if operating in class A, B, C airspace and above 10,000 ft.
ADS-B In and OutKey Terms
• ADS-B In: an aircraft’s ability to receive transmissions from ground stations and other aircraft
• Allows pilots to receive weather and traffic
• ADS-B In equipage is optional
978 vs. 1090Key Terms
NextGen
ADS-BADS-B Out ADS-B In978 1090 978 1090
978 vs. 1090Key Terms
• ADS-B in the US supports two different datalinks:
• 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES)
• 978 MHz Universal Access Transceiver (UAT)
1090ESKey Terms
• 1090ES – ADS-B Out
• ES is based on 1090 MHz just like Mode A/Cs transponders
• Mode S transponders can be upgraded to ES transponders by adding a WAAS GPS and upgrading software
• ES is the only ADS-B transmitter accepted outside the US and above 18,000 ft.
Must be certified and installed
978 UATKey Terms
• 978 UAT – ADS-B Out
• Only allowed in the US, and only below 18,000 ft.
• If you use 978 UAT you still need to carry at least a transponder
Must be certified and installed
1090ESKey Terms
• 1090ES – ADS-B In
• Can detect other aircraft equipped with 1090ES transmitters
• Receives other traffic from ground stations
• Does NOT receive weather
Can be portable or installed
978 UATKey Terms
• 978 UAT – ADS-B In
• Can detect other aircraft with 978 MHz transmitters (air-to-air)
• Receives information about other traffic from ground stations
• 978 receivers are capable of receiving ADS-B weather
Can be installed or portable
NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090Key Terms
Confused yet?
NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090Key Terms
• 1090ES (Out)• Above 18,000
ft.and int’l
• Turboprops and jets
• 1090ES (In)• Traffic only• No weather
• 978 (Out)• Below 18,000
ft. in US only• GA/piston
• 978 (In)• Traffic• Weather
FIS-BKey Terms
• Flight Information Services – Broadcast
• Text weather (METARs, TAFs, PIREPs)
• Graphical weather (radar)
• Airspace status (TFRs, NOTAMs)
• Constantly broadcast
TIS-BKey Terms
• Traffic Information Services – Broadcast
• A custom traffic report sent only toaircraft equipped with ADS-B Out
• Aircraft with ADS-B In can also see otheraircraft if they are equipped with ADS-BOut (air-to-air traffic)
• Most airplanes do not have ADS-B Out
• Not the same as Mode S or TIS traffic
ADS-B In – how does it work?
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?• Weather is broadcast continuously – AM radio
• Traffic is different. Ground stations only broadcast in response to ADS-B Out aircraft – text messaging
• FAA sends a customized traffic product to each Out aircraft
• 30nm in diameter around the Out aircraft and within 3500 ft.
• If you’re close to an ADS-B Out aircraft (in the “hockey puck”) you could see traffic. But it’s for the other aircraft.
• Since most airplanes do not have ADS-B Out, this is rare.
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
• Except – you will always receive air-to-air traffic
• Doesn’t depend on ground stations
• Single band receives only 978 air-to-air; dual band receives both
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
Key takeaway:
Unless you are squawking ADS-B Out and creating your own customized hockey puck of information,
you are not getting an accurate picture of surrounding traffic.
ADS-B TrafficADS-B In – how does it work?
ADS-B weather productsADS-B In – how does it work?
Factoid:
Four types of ADS-B ground stations, arranged in this
pattern.
Station Type Weather Products and Range
Surface
(Only at select airports)
500 NM winds and temperature aloft, 100 NM METAR, TAF, SIGMET, NOTAM, 150 NM Regional NEXRAD
Low altitude
(67% of airborne stations)
500 NM winds and temperature aloft250 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA150 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM (no CONUS NEXRAD)
Medium altitude
(22% of airborne stations)
Entire CONUS NEXRAD,750 NM winds and temperatures aloft,375 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA, 200 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM
High altitude
(11% of airborne stations)
Entire CONUS NEXRAD,1000 NM winds and temperature aloft,all 158 CONUS Class B/C airport METAR/TAF500 NM AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA250 NM regional NEXRAD100 NM NOTAM
ADS-B weather timingADS-B In – how does it work?Product Range * Transmission Interval
CONUS NEXRAD composite reflectivity (low resolution)
Contiguous US 15 minutes
Regional NEXRAD composite reflectivity (medium resolution)
150 to 250 nm 2.5 minutes (5 minute update)
AIRMETs / SIGMETs 100 to 500 nm 5 minutesMETARs 100 to 500 nm, all class B and C
airports5 minutes
NOTAM(D), FDC NOTAM, TFRs
100 nm 5 minutes
PIREPS 250 to 500 nm 10 minutesSpecial use airspace 500 nm 10 minutesTAFs 100 to 500 nm, all class B and C
airports10 minutes
Winds and Temps aloft 500 to 1000 nm 10 minutesSportys.com/Stratus
ADS-B vs. XM WeatherADS-B In – how does it work?Data ADS-B XM
METARS Small airports within 250 – 500 nm and all class B and C airports
Nationwide
TAFS Within 250-500 nm NationwideWinds / Temps Aloft Within 500-1,000 nm NationwidePIREPS Within 250-500 nm NationwideRadar Low-resolution CONUS (lower 48)
Medium-resolution regional within 250 nm
High-resolution nationwide
AIRMETS / SIGMETS Within 250-500 nm NationwideCoverage US, Puerto Rico, and Guam US and CanadaCloud satellite image None YesNOTAMs Within 100 nm NoneTFRs Within 100 nm NationwideSpecial use airspace status
Within 250-500 nm None
Cost Free (your tax dollars at work) $35-$55 monthly subscription fee
ADS-B vs. XM WeatherADS-B In – how does it work?
XM ADS-B National ADS-B Regional
ADS-B coverageADS-B In – how does it work?
Panel-mount ADS-B
5 things to know before you upgradeADS-B In Action
1. ADS-B Out will be required in most airspace where a Mode C transponder is today
2. A WAAS GPS must be included in your install
3. ADS-B Out compliance must be panel-mount (no portables).
4. ADS-B In equipage is optional.
5. You still need your Mode C transponder if 978.
What about experimental aircraft?ADS-B In Action
1. FAA: “Non-TSO ADS-B Out avionics may be installed on amateur-built and light sport aircraft with experimental airworthiness certificates.”
2. S-LSA upgrades must be approved by the manufacturer. Harder to do.
3. Glass cockpits are in the same situation – part of the TC so it’s not automatic.
Pay attention
What about portables?ADS-B In Action
• Technically feasible, but don’t count on it.
• Would be like an IFR approach-approved portable GPS – doesn’t exist.
• FAA: “Portable ADS-B Out systems, also known as ‘suitcase’ units, should not be operated (transmitting) aboard any aircraft. While marketing associated with these units may imply approval for use by way of an FCC license, the FAA prohibits their use.”
http://1.usa.gov/1E0vadh
Garmin GDL 88ADS-B In Action
• 978 (UAT) with lots of options:
• Out/In/Both
• With or without GPS
• With or without dual antennas
• Works with GTN and GNS series
• Integration with new Connext system
• Remote mounted
• Starting at $3,995 list price
Garmin GDL 84ADS-B In Action
• 978 (UAT) Out
• 978 and 1090 In
• Includes WAAS GPS
• Includes FlightStream to send weatherand traffic to iPad (no panel interface)
• Remote mounted
• Starting at $3,995 list price
Garmin GTX 330ESADS-B In Action
• 1090ES Out transponder
• Panel-mounted
• No GPS option
• GTX 330 can be upgraded to ES
• Starting at $2,995 list price
FreeFlightADS-B In Action
• Lots of options:
• RANGR 978 – In, Out, In/Out
• RANGR FDL-1090TX
• Add-on GPS option
• STC’d on dozens of airplanes
• Remote mounted
• Starting at $3,995 list price
Appareo panel-mountADS-B In Action
• All-in-one box: ADS-B Out and WAAS GPS
• Integrates with Stratus 2 for enhanced ADS-B In
• Already have a Stratus? Halfway done
• Quick installation – in avionics stack
• Pricing TBA; shipping late 2015
Questions to considerADS-B In Action
• Lots of options: In, Out, In and Out; 1090 vs. 978
• Do you ever fly above 18,000 ft. or outside US? Need 1090.
• Do you already have ADS-B In (portable)? Might only need to buy Out for the panel.
Questions to considerADS-B In Action
• Ask about total installation cost. This can be a lot depending on the type of box and airplane.
• WAAS GPS? You need it!
• Lots of installation errors – look in ForeFlight with ownshipor send email to FAA:[email protected]
When to equip? Now!ADS-B In Action
• “Bottom line: equipping with ADS-B Out now, instead of waiting, was clearly worth the investment and makes receivers like the Stratus so much more capable when it comes to traffic.” - Vertical Magazine
• Don’t fix a Mode C transponder – replace it!
Portable ADS-B Receivers
PortablesADS-B In Action
• Many of the benefits of installed ADS-B, for less money
• iPad has been the game changer
• Great for renters, clubs
• Portable devices are ADS-B In only
• Lots of options to choose from
PollWhat iPad app are you flying with?
1) ForeFlight Mobile
2) Garmin Pilot
3) WingX Pro7
4) Other
SkyRadar D and DX
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Dual band traffic
• Optional AHRS
• WiFi connection
• Works with WingX, Avilution, iFly
• Requires external power
• $689 or $849 (with AHRS)
iLevil SW and AW
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Single-band traffic
• Built-in AHRS
• Works with WingX Pro7
• Internal battery and solar panel (SW)
• $1195 for SW
• $1395 for AW (adds pitot/static)
Dual XGPS170
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Single-band traffic
• Built-in battery
• Works with WingX Pro7, FlyQ, others
• $549.99
Sagetech Clarity
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Dual band traffic
• Optional AHRS model
• Built-in battery
• Works with WingX Pro7, FlyQ, Fltplan.com
• Small size and light weight
• $1150 and $1400 (AHRS)
Garmin GDL 39 and GDL 39 3D
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Dual band traffic
• Optional AHRS model
• Optional battery
• Works with Garmin Pilot app
• Also works with Garmin GPSs
• $549 to $899 (AHRS with battery)
Appareo Stratus
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Single or dual band traffic models
• Optional AHRS model
• Built-in 8-hour battery
• No wires or antennas (WiFi)
• Works with ForeFlight app
• $499 or $899 (dual band + AHRS)
Choosing a Receiver
• ForeFlight Mobile Stratus 1 or Stratus 2
• Garmin Pilot Garmin GDL 39 or GDL 39 3D
• WingX Pro 7 SkyRadar, Dual XGPS170, Clarity, iLevil
• FlyQ Dual XGPS170, Clarity, iLevil
First choose an app
Choosing a Receiver
• Choose an app first, not the receiver.
• ADS-B reception is comparable among all (good enough).
• Consider battery life – if you don’t want to plug in, it’s nice to have; if you’re going to hardwire it’s not important.
• Decide if traffic is an important factor – if it’s low priority or you’re ADS-B Out, single band is fine.
Buying tips
Choosing a Receiver
• Do you fly IFR? If yes, the AHRS is a nice backup; if not you can save some money.
• Consider the hardware/app integration – how do features work, how do you complete firmware upgrades?
• All receivers include a GPS, so you don’t need a separate one.
Buying tips
ADS-B In Action
Turn on weather with map layersForeFlight and Stratus
Use different chart layersForeFlight and Stratus
METARs and TAFsForeFlight and Stratus
METARs and TAFsForeFlight and Stratus
TFRsForeFlight and Stratus
AIRMETs and SIGMETsForeFlight and Stratus
Pilot ReportsForeFlight and Stratus
Winds AloftForeFlight and Stratus
NOTAMsForeFlight and Stratus
Traffic – tap for more infoForeFlight and Stratus
Also includes GPSForeFlight and Stratus
AHRS – split screen attitudeForeFlight and Stratus
AHRS – synthetic visionForeFlight and Stratus
Tips for Flying with ADS-B
Tips and Tricks
1. Turn ADS-B receiver on
2. Go to Settings app on iPad,connect via WiFi or Bluetooth
3. Start the app
4. Turn on weather overlays
Connecting to your iPad
Tips and Tricks
• Take some time to find the right spot – in your airplane
• Line of sight for ADS-B (ground based)
• View of the sky for GPS (satellite based)
• Keep it steady for AHRS (if applicable)
• Direct sunlight?
Location, location, location!
Tips and Tricks
• Use external antennas if needed
• Heated windshields can have an effect – experiment (DV window, suction cup)
• Don’t worry about low vs. high towers – practically speaking, you’ll get lots
Reception issues
Tips and Tricks
• Make it a habit to check ADS-B status
• Battery life
• Age of weather products
• GPS reception
• LED dimming
Checking status
Tips and TricksChecking status with ADS-B Out
Tips and TricksShow ADS-B ground stations
Tips and TricksCharging tips
• Know your device’s battery life
• Stratus and Clarity = 8 hours
• Garmin, Dual and iLevil = 3-5 hours
• Most need 2 amp chargers, like the iPad
• Charge it when you charge your iPad
Tips and TricksConnect to multiple devices
Tips and TricksMeasure tool
Tips and TricksRubber band flight planning
Tips and TricksRemember the delay
Tips and TricksUse your eyeballs!!!
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