advance c notes rahul singh

Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C

UNIT-VHISTORY OF UNIX/LINUX

Lu~ 1969 ds dsu Fkkelu (Ken Thompson) and Msuhl fjph ds AT+T Bell esa Unix dk fuekZ.k fd;k mUgksaus bldk fuekZ.k Lo;a rFkk vius lgikfB;ksa ds fy, fd;k FkkA blds ckn bleas dbZ yksxksa us vusd vkSj ;qfVyhV izksxke tksM+sA Bell Lab Computer ds O;kikj esa ugha Fkh blfy, mUgksaus bldks fo’ofo|ky; ds uke ek= dher esa csp fn;kAUnix ‘C’ Language esa cuh gqbZ gSaA Linux Unix dk gh Lo:i gSaA Linux ,d Standard Operating System gSa ftls lHkh yksx pkgs os oSKkfud gks] izksxzkej gks] dkQh le; ls mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA blds fuekZrkvksa us blds Source Code dks Internet ij eq¶r esa miyC/k djok fn;kA ftlls bldh yksdfiz;rk c<+hA tSls tSls yksxksa us bls ns[kk vkSj blesa dbZ u;s Function vkSj u;s izksxzke Add fd;s ftlls ;g vkSj vf/kd yksdfiz; o Powerful gks x;kAWhat is Linux:- Linux ,d Operating System gSaA Linux ,d GUI (Graphical User Interface) Based OS gSaA Linux Operating System esa Kernel lcls fuEu Lrj ij gksrk gSaA vkSj Supervisor, Sub routine gksrs gSaA Kernal ds mij Shell gksrk gSaA Shell og Interface gSa tks User vkSj kernel ds chp e/;orhZ dk dk;Z djrk gSaA User lnSo Shell ls Interred djrk gSaA vkSj Shell Kernal ls Intrect djrk gSaA User lh/ks Kernal ls Intrect ugha dj ldrk gSaA tc User dksbZ Command nsrk gSaA rks og Shell ds ikl tkrk gSaA Shell mls Kernal ds ikl mlds le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djds Hkst nsrk gSaA blfy, Shell dks Command Interpreter Hkh dgrs gSaA

PHOTOKernal:- Kernal Linux dk eq[; Hkkx gSaA Kernal Linux dk g`n; gSaA Linux dh tku gSaA ;g Hardware Parts ds lkFk Intrect djrk gSaA rFkk mUgsa Manage djrk gSaA ;g dEi;wVj dh Memory dks Hkh Manage djrk gSaA ;g Error dks gVkrk gSaA User ds }kjk fn;s x;s Request dks Execute djrk gSaA ;g Shell dks 'kq: djrk gSa rFkk mldks User ds lkFk tksM+rk gSaA ;g File System Provide djrk gSaA Linux esa Kernal cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA Computer ds Start gksrs gh lcls igys Kernal Load gksrk gSaA Kernal Linux ds lcls fupys Lrj ij dk;Z djrk gSaA rFkk iwjs System ij Control djrk gSaA Architecture of Linux System:- Linux ds eq[; :i ls nks Hkkx gksrs gSa%&

(1) Kernal (2) System Program

Kernal lnSo Hardware rFkk System dks vyx&vyx j[krk gSaA D;ksafd izksxzke LorU= gksrs gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh Hardware ij System dks ju djuk vklku gksrk gSaA Kernal Cells ds }kjk vU; vkSj izksxzke tSls Shell A Fiters ds ikl Interact djrk gSaA Linux esa System Cell dks ge 3 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA

(1) File Manipulation (2) Process Control(3) Information

Linux File System:- ,d Linux dh QkbZy Byte dk leqg gksrh gSaA lHkh File Text Form esa gksrh gSaA MkbZjsDVjh (dir) Hkh vius vki esa ,d QkbZy

Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +919424364291


gksrh gSaA Contents ;g gksrs gSa fd fdUgh nwljh QkbZy dks dSls <qa<k tk,A ,d File dk Path Name ,d Text gksrk gSa vkSj ;g crkrk gSa fd ;g File ml Directory Structure ij dgk¡ ij iM+h gSa uhps fn;s x;s Figure ;g crkrk gSa fd Linux File System Tree ds :i gksrk gSaA ftlesa ,d gh Root Nore gks ftls Record dgrs gSaA lHkh Non None dire gSa vkSj File No ds :i esa Tree Structure Advantages of Linux & fo’ks"krk,a %& Linux ,d High Level Language ‘C’ esa fy[kh xbZ gSaA bldh fo’ks"krk,a fuEu gSa%&

(1) ,d Linux – Computer dks nwljs Linux Computer ls tksM+ ldrs gSaA (Netwroking)

(2) Linux ,d Multi user gSa blesa ,d le; esa dbZ User ,d lkFk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA (Multi user)

(3) Linux lHkh Devices dks ,d File ds :i esa ekurk gSaA (4) Linux dk File Structure Hierarchical gksrk gSaA (5) Linux esa Text Processing dk dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gSaA (6) Linux esa Multi Tasking Facility ¼lqfo/kk½ Hkh miyC/k gSaA (Multi

tasking)(7) bldk Use Network esa Hkh f;dk tkrk gSaA

Advantages:-(1) Linux cgqr Powerful gSaA (2) Linux is Free ;g Internet ij Free miyC/k gSaA (3) Blesa Networking dj ldrs gSaA (4) Linux vius Source Code ds lkFk Internet ij Free miyC/k gSaA (5) ;g gj rjg ds Hardware esa dke dj ldrk gSaA (6) Multi Processing (7) Password Security(8) Pipe lining (9) Multi Therocling (10) Swap Space (Memory) (11) Re direction

Shell ,d ¼;qfVyhVh½ Utility Program gSaA tks User vkSj Kernal ds e/; Interface dk dk;Z djrk gSaA ;k Shell ,d ,slk Utility Program gSa tks User ds lkFk tqM+rk gSaA Shell ,d Command Interpeter gSa tks User dh Hkk"kk esa Transfer dj nsrk gSaA Shell vyx&vyx lqfo/kk,a iznku djrk gSaA tSls csxjkm.M] Meta Character Facility, Customized Envirnment.


User User II

Application

Program

System

Program

Operating

System

Computer Hardware


Linux File Systemgj Directory ,d fuf’pr Formal esa gksrh gSaA Linux File System dh fuEu fo’ks"krk,a gSa %&

(1) Hierarchical Structure gksrk gSaA(2) blesa ,d:irk gksrh gSaA (3) blesa u;h File cuk ldrs gSaA (4) File esa MkVk dks c<+k ;k NksVk dj ldrs gSaA (5) blesa lqj{kk lqjf{kr jgrh gSaA (6) ;g File Bytes dk leqg gksrh gSaA


Root

dev bin Time User etc HP Linux

directory

Console

100

.

. Sh CSF

.

.Incluse Pass

word

Go up

Unit

4b

Tmake

half

.

. . .

.

.bin

.

.

Spec Trof

f

.

.


INUX FILE SYSTEM:- blesa Directory [kqn ,d File gksrh gSaA tks nwljh Files dks [kkstus esa dke vkrh gSaA File dk Path Text dk String Form esa gksrk gSaA tks ,d File ds jkLrs dks crkrk gSa fd og dgk¡ ij iM+h gSa rFkk Linux dk File System Tree From esa gksrk gSaA Linux dk File System esa CykWd gksrs gSaA blesa pkj Block gksrs gSaA

(1) Boot Block(2) Super Block(3) I node Table(4) Data Block

(1) Boot Block:- lcls igyk Block Boot Block gksrk gSa bl Block dks File System ds }kjk mi;ksx esa ugh fy;k tkrk gSaA bldks Booting Process ds fy, vyx ls NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSaA blesa ,d Hardware Program Load gksrk gSaA tks ,d File ftldk uke Kernal gSaA mldks System ds Start gksrs gh Load dj nsrk gSaA Boot Program ftl txg ij yksM gksrk gSa og mls Boot Strap Loader dgrs gSaA ;gh vkxs tkdj File dks eseksjh esa yksM dj nsrk gSaA

(2) Super Block:- File System ds nwljs Block dk uke Super Block gSaA bldk eq[; dk;Z Disk Block dk Allocation djuk gSaA e’khu ds cUn gksus ij lkjh lwpuk fMLd ij fy[k nh tkrh gSaA D;ksafd tc Hkh dEi;wVj okil 'kq: gksrk gSa rks og File System dh lwpuk dks fQj ls pSd djrk gSa vxj ;g lwpuk ugha fy[kh xbZ gksrh gSaA ;kfu fd vxj geus File System esa cnyko ugha fd;s gksrs rks ifj.kke ?kkrd gks ldrs FksA blfy, Super Block Disk dk og Hkkx gSa ftls le; le; ij cnyk tkrk gSaA ftlesa File System ls lEcfU/kr fuEu Information gksrh gSaA

(1) File dh Size o Status (2) Free Data Block dh tkudkjh o mldk Address ,d File de ls de ,d Block Use

djrh gSaA pkgs muesa ,d v{kj Hkh D;ksa u gks ,d Block dh Size vf/kdre 512 byte gks ldrh gSaA

(3) I node Section ds ckjs esa tkudkjh tks fd Super Block ds ckn vkrk gSaA gj ,d I node ,d File dks Represent djrk gSa ftlesa mldk uEcj Hkh lkFk esa gksrk gSaA

(4) vk[kjh ckj Super Block dc fy[kk x;k Fkk dh lwpuk blesa gksrh gSaA (5) File System Type ;kuh dh Logical Block dh Size.

(3) I node Table:- ;g File System dk rhljk Block gSaA blesa File ls lEcfU/kr lHkh Information gksrh gSaA tks Hkh File cukbZ gSa mldh Entry bl Area esa t:j gksrh gSaA mls mlds 64 byte ds }kjk Identify fd;k tkrk gSaA ftls I node dgrs gSaA I node dh Complete List dks I list dgrs gSaA gj I node ,d vyx uEcj ds }kjk Identifier fd;k tkrk gSaA tks Block esa I node dh fLFkfr crkrk gSaA blesa ,d uEcj gSaA vkSj is-ii ls bls Repress dgk djrs gSaA gj I node esa File ds fuEu Attribute gksrs gSaA

(1) File Type (2) Number of Link(3) Owner ¼ekyhd½(4) Group (5) File mode



(6) Number of byte in a File(7) Data & time last Modification (8) Data & time last change to the I node(9) Array of 13 Element.

(4) Data Block:- bl Block esa lHkh File dk Data Store gksrk gSa vkSj File ds Free Block Hkh blh Block esa gksrk gSaA ;g oks txg gSa tgk¡ ij vkidk okLrfod Data a File Store gksrh gSaA gj ,d File dks de ls de 2 Block fn;s tkrs gSaA gj Block dk ,d uEcj gksrk gSaA og I node esa LVksj gksrk gSaA gj ,d File dh I node Entry gksrh gSaA blesa 13 Entries gksrh gSaA ftldk Use File Blocks ds 'kq:vkrh Address dks LVksj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ;g ekuk tkrk gSa fd Linux dh ,d File eas 10 Data Block gks ldrs gSaA

File System ds BlocksHome dir. And Working dir. Supervisor ds }kjk gj User dks ,d home dir. Nh tkrh gSaA tSls gh User First Time Login ;g File Tree dk Starting Path gSa tgk¡ ij ls og dgha ij Hkh vk tk ldrh gSaA home dir. ds vUnj User viuh File cuk ldrk gSaA home dir. Dk uke T;knkrj User dk gksrk gSaA D;ksafd User dh Sub dir. gksrh gSaA User dh home dir. System Variable home esa Stored jgrh gSaA Echo $ Home:- ;g Command Content ns[kus ds dke vkrk gSaA fdlh ,d le; ij User tc fdlh ,d dir. esa dke dj jgk gksrk gSa rks ml dir dks Working dir. dgrs gSaA F Seek:- ;g File System dks pSd djrk gSaA F Disk:- ;g Hard Disk ds Partision djus ds dke vkrk gSaA Starting up the Linux System:- Linux System dks Start djuk lcls vklku Administrative dk;Z gSaA tSls gh Power Switch on gksrk gSaA Booting Process Start gks tkrk gSaA tks Kernal dks yksM djrk vkSj Log in Prompt ij ykdj NksM+ nsrk gSaA

(1) Boot Program Kernal dks RAM esa Load djrk gSaA (2) Seek dh lgk;rk ls ;g Boot File System dks pSd djrk gSaA (3) ;fn File System lgh gSa rks Normal Start up Process 'kq: gks tkrk gSaA

ojuk gesa Seek Check Command Click up Section ls tqM+k jguk iM+rk gSaA

(4) Linux Multi user or Normal Mode nksuks esa Available gksrs gSaA (5) Signal User Mode:-

(i) ;g Root Password ds fy, System dks Promt djrk gSaA (ii) ;g vkikrdkyhu lsok ds fy, vkjf{kr gksrk gSa (iii) ;g dbZ rjg ds Major Operation dks Hkh Maintain djrk gSa tSls

Hardware & Software dk Operation djukA(iv) ;g dsoy Root ds }kjk gh ju gksrk gSaA


Data Block

I node Table

Super Block

Boot Block


(v) ;g crkrk gSa fd flQZ ,d gh Terminal Active gSa ckdh lHkh Terminal nwljs User ds fy, Fead gksrs gSaA

(vi) ;g I node Multi User Mode esa Hkh ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSaA tc User Ctrl+D Command ds }kjk Logout djrk gSaA

(vii) ;g Mode Root vkSj vU; nwljs Users dks ,d lkFk handle djrk gSaA

(viii) dqN File ds Content ds vk/kkj ij Root Permission dks Update fd;k tkrk gSaA

Shutting Down Linux System:- tSls Multi user System esa cUn djus dk lqfu;ksftr rRo gksuk pkfg,A ;fn User dks fcuk Wasinis fn;s gSa System cUn dj fn;k tk, rks ;s xyr gksxkA D;ksafd dbZ Background Processor Background esa pyrs gSa ftudk [kRe gksuk Hkh t:jh gSaA blfy, User dks Message nsus ds ckn System Properly Shut Down fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn bldk Use Singal User Mode ij fd;k tk jgk gSaA rks ;g t:jh ugha gSa fd vU; fdlh nwljs User dk /;ku j[kk tk, D;ksafd blesa ,d oDr ,d gh O;fDr dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA Redirection in Linux:- fdlh Hkh Operator System esa I/O Device ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk vknku&iznku djus ds fy, 110 Calls dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA bl rjg ds System ykHk gSaA

(1) User dh Flexibility dks c<+kok feyrk gSaA (2) Program dks fy[kuk o Design djuk vklku gks tkrk gSaA

Linux esa User tks Hkh Command nsrk gSaA Shell ds ek/;e ls Kernal rd igq¡p tkrk gSaA MkVk dks i<+us o fy[kus dk lk/kkj.k rjhdk bldks Standard I/O dgrs gSaA Pipe Line:- Pipe Line Concept dk iz;ksx%&(1) fdlh Hkh funsZ’k ds Output dks Linux ds fdlh Filter ds lkFk Link djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA Example:- Cal : more bl funsZ’k ds }kjk Screen Pause More esa pyh tkrh gSaA Cd dk Output More Command dk Input gksxk vkSj More dk Output Standards Output dks Hkst fn;k tk;sxkABack Ground or For Ground Processing:- tks Hkh Process Internalty Run gksrk gSa vkSj Operating System ds dke dks djus ds fy, ftudk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA Background Processing dgrs gSaA Shell vius :i esa ,d Process gksrk gSaA tks lnSo ju gksrk jgrk gSaA tc Hkh User dksbZ Command nsrk gSa rks Shell mldks ju djus ds fy, Process Create dj nsrk gSa tc rd og Command Process ugha gksrk gSa rc rd vU; funsZ’k dks nsus ds fy, gesa Prompt dk bUrtkj djuk gksrk gSaA ysfdu dbZ ckn Shell Chil Process ds gksus dk bUrtkj ugha djrk gSa rkfd User ds Prompt fQj ls fey tk, vkSj og ml Command ns ldsaA blfy, ,d ls T;knk funsZ’k lkFk ju fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl rjg dh izfØ;k }kjk gh Multitasking dks izkIr fd;k tkrk gSaA Linux Command:-

(1) BC Command (Binary Converter):- bl Command dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh Decimal No. dks Binary No. esa Change djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

(2) Cal Command:- bl Command dk iz;ksx fdlh eghus ;k o"kZ dk Calendar ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA



(1) Bash & Cal:- blds orZeku esa py jgsa eghus dk Calendar crk;sxkA (2) Bas $ & Cal 10 & 1975:- blls 1975 ds October eghus dk Calendar

fn[kk;sxkA(3) Cat Command:- bash $ cat <File Name:- bl Command dk mi;ksx u;h File cukus o Files ds Contents dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk mlesa Add Hkh dj ldrs gSaA File cukus ds fy, $ > File NameFile Contant # < File NameBash cat >> File Nameblls File esa dqN Add Hkh dj ldrs gSaA File dks Ctrl+D ls Save djrs gSaA (3) CD Command

bash $ Cd <directory bl Command dks mi;ksx fdlh Directory dks Change djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSaA (4) MK Dir (Make Directory) Syntax:- bash $ MK Dir <directory Name> bl Command dk Use Directory cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

(5) More Command:- bash $ Cat <File Name> : More bl Command dk Use fdlh Hkh cM+h File dks Content dks chp eas

jksddj ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA (6) RM : Remove File

bash $ rm <File Name>bl Command dk Use fdlh Hkh File dks gVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

(7) rm dir Commanbash 7 rm dir <Directory Name>bl Command dk mi;ksx Directory dks Delete djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

Directory iw.kZ :i ls [kkyh gksus ij gh ;g mldks Delete djsxkA(8) Who Command:-

bash $ whobl Command ds }kjk User dc Log in gqvk gSa vkSj ml Machine dk uke

Hkh crkrk gSaA ftlls Log in gqvk gSaA (9) PS Command

bash $ PSbl Command dk iz;ksx Process Status dks ns[kus ds fy, dh tkrh gSaA

(10) Clear Command bash $ Clear bl Command dk iz;ksx Screen dks lkQ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

(11) Kill Commandbash $ Kill <Processor ID. No.>bl Command dk iz;ksx fdlh Process dks chp esa jksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSaA (12) LS Command (List Command)

bash $ lsbl Command dk mi;ksx File & Directory dks List ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSaA



(13) Pwd Command (Print Working Command):- ;g Command User dh Working Dir. dks Screen ij Print dj nsrk gSaA

bash $ Pwd(14) WC Command (Word Count)

Syntax:- bash $ wc file bl Command dk Use Word Count djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA r – linew – wordsC – Character

(15) Banner Commands:- ;g fdlh Hkh Picture ;k Large Size dh Strings dks Print djus ds fy, dke vkrk gSaA

bash $ banner “String”Editor:- ;fn ge MkVkcsl ij dke dj jgsa gSa rks gedks SQL Quarry Script, Proccesor, Tigg fy[kus iM+rs gSaA bu lHkh dk;ksZ ds fy, ftl oLrq dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa og gSa Editor, Editor esa lcls eq[; gSa Vi editor bldk fuekZ.k William Bill Joy us fd;k gSaA Linux ds lHkh Editor esa ls Vi Editor egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;g User dks GUI Environment Facility Provide djrk gSaA ;g ,d full Screen Editor gSa tks lHkh Linux System ds lkFk miyC/k jgrk gSa rFkk ;g lcls Power Full Editor esa ls ,d gSa blds rhu More gksrs gSa%&

(1) Input More:- blesa dksbZ Hkh Key dks Text ds :i Entered(2) Command More:- blesa fdlh Key dks Command :i esa Entered(3) Exmore:- tks Hkh Command Enter gksrs gSa os Last Line ij Display gksrs

gSaA Example of Pointer:-

int n = 10;int * Ptr;int ** V;Print (“%/”,n); > 10Ptr = & n;Print of (“%d”, * Ptr); - 10V = & Ptr;Print (“%d”, * * N); - 10

UNIT-IIPointer ds Variable gSa tks vkSj Variable dk Address Store djrs gSaA

Syntax:- declaration <Data Type> <*> <Pointer Variable Name>;

blds eq[; nks fpUg gSa%&



(1) & - Address of Operator (2) * - Value at Address Operators

Example % U – For Print Address Int * PTR;

bldks fuEu izdkj ls le> ldrs gSaA (1) Ptr is Pointer Variable(2) Ptr is a integer Pointer(3) Ptr is an Pointer to int(4) Ptr and Pointer Variable which can Store the Address of any integer Variable(5) Ptr is an Pointer Variable Which is Pointing to an int Value.

Operators:- fdlh Hkh Programming Language esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys Operator ds ladsr gksrs gSa tks fd dEi;wVj dks xf.krK vFkok rkfdZd lax.kuk,a djus ds fy, funsZ’khr djrs gSaA ‘C’ Programming Language esa Hkh izek.kd o Operator dk iz;ksx x.kuk djus] fu.kZ;k ysus ds fy, gh fd;k tkrk gSaA

Operator 8 izdkj ds gksrs gSaA (1) Arithmetic Operators ¼vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj ½(2) Relational Operator(3) Logical Operator(4) Assignment Operators (5) Increment and Decrement Operators (6) Conditional Operators(7) Bit Wise Operators(8) Special Operators

(1) Arithmetic Operators ¼vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj½:- ;g Binary Operator gSa bldk mi;ksx xf.kfrK leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa ;s fuEu gSa%&

+ tksM+ Addition- ?kVk Subtraction* xq.kk Multication / Hkkx Division% Hkkx&vo’ks"k Modulp Division

(2) Relational Operators:- tc nks la[;kvksa esa lekurk o vlekurk izdV djuh gks rks bl Operator dks mi;ksx djrs gSa blesa fuEu gSaA

Operator Mathematical Symbol ‘C’ SymbolEqual to = = =No Equal to = ! =Less than < <Greater than > >>Less than Equal to < <<Greater than Equal > >

(3) Logical Operator:- ,d ls T;knk vuqikfrd Operators dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, gesa Logical Operator dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSaA ‘C’ esa Logical Operator fuEu gSaA



& & and ¼tksM+us okyk½AA or ¼vyx djus okyk½! Not ¼udkjus okyk½

& & (and) esa nksuks ckrs lR; gksrh gSa (or) AA esa ,d ckr lR; gksuh pkfg,A(Not) ! lgh dks xyr o xyr dks lgh crkkrk gSaA (4) Assignment Operator:- tc ge fdlh Variable dks eku iznku djrs gSa rks ge Assignment Operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ‘C’ Programming Language esa ;g Operator (=) gSa

int a = 10;This is Assignment Operator

(5) Increment and Decrement Operator:- tc gesa fdlh Variable esa ls ,d ?kVkuk o tksM+uk gks rks ge Increment Decrement Operator dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ‘C’ esa ;g ++, -- gksrs gSaA

x++, ++xx--, --x

(6) Conditional Operator (?):- ‘C’ Programming Language esa Conditional Operator gSaA ?? ;fn gesa ;g fy[kuk gSaA

if (x!=y)x = a;elsex = b;

bls Conditional Operator dh lgk;rk ls bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSaA x = (x! = y)? a:6;

(7) Bit Wise Operators:- bl Operator dk iz;ksx Bit dks tk¡pus vkSj Bit dks nka;s vFkok cka;s gVkkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA Bit Wise Operator fuEu gSaA

& and! or^ Exclusive or<< Shift Left>> Shift Right~ One’s Complement

(8) Special Operator:- ;s fuEu gksrs gSaA ( ) [ ]

Pointer and Function:- ge Pointer dk iz;ksx Function esa Hkh dj ldrs gSaA tc ge dksbZ Array Function esa ikl djrs gSa rks ges’kk Array dks izFke Element dk Address gh Function dks ikl gksrk gSaA tc fdlh Function esa dksbZ Variable ikl djrs gSa rks ml Function esa ml Variable Hkh ,d dkWih gh ikl gksrh gSaA tc gesa fdlh Variable dks gh ikl djuk gks rks ge ml Variable dk Address ikl djds ,slk dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj Function dks Call djus dks Call by Reference dgk tkrk gSaA

# include <stdio h># include <conio.h>

Memory of Pointer:- tc ge fdlh Array dks ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks og Array ,d Address ds ckn ml Address esa Variable ds izdkj ds vk/kkj ij ,d fuf’pr dM+h cukrk gSaA



tSls%& geus int izdkj dk Array O o ?kksf"kr fd;k Static int a [s] = {10,20,30,40};

tc ge Array ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks Array ds lcls igys Element ds Address dks Base Address dgrs gSaA ekuk fd Array a base Address 3000 gSaElement a [0] a[1] a[2] a[3]Value 10 20 30 40Address 3000 3002 3004 3006vc ge Array dk base Address fuEu izdkj ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

Ptr = & a[0];orPtr = a;

mnkgj.k%& # include <stdio .h># include <conio .h>Void Main ( ){int num [s], total, I, * Ptr;Ptr = num;Print f (“in address of num [0] = %4”, Ptr);For (I = 0; I<s; I++){Ptr = & num [i];Print (“) n Enter Number :: num [% of] :: %4 =Scand f (“% f”, num [i]);Fflush (sttin);Total = total + * Ptr;}Print (“\n Total = % f”, total);Print (“\n Ptr = %4”, Ptr);Print (“\n*ptr=%d”, ptr);}getch ( );{

Pointer and Structure:- tc ge dksM Hkh Array ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks mldk ,d Base Address vo’; gksrk gSa base Address dk iz;ksx ge Structure ds lkFk gh djrs gSaA blh izdkj tc ge Structure ds izdkj dks Pointer dks Structure izdkj ds Variable dk eku iznku djrs gSaA rc Pointer mlds lcls igys vFkkZr~ mlds Base Address dks xzg.k djrs gSaA Power ds }kjk Structure dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, Array Pointer – dks yxkuk vko’;d gksrk gSaA Structure ds iz;ksx djus gsrq fo’ks"k funsZ’k ‘C’ Programming Usage esa Structure dk fo’ks"k egRo gSaA Structure ds iz;ksx ls ge Variable }kjk iz;ksx Bytes dh fLFkfr;ka lqfpr dj ldrs gSaA ftlls izksxzke dh tfVyrk o yEckbZ de



gks tkrh gSaA ‘C’ Program ds fØ;kUo;u dh xfr vf/kd gks tkrh gSa vkSj ;fn Structure dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk, rks blds ifj.kke ?kkrd gks ldrs gSaAStructure dk iz;ksx djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

(1) Structure Variable dks ?ksf"kr djus ds fy, ge Structure Variable ls igys * ¼LVkj½ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

(2) tc rd Structure Variable dks eku iznku ugha fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk og garbyye eku n’kkZrk gSaA

(3) Structure Memory eas iz;ksx Eye dk Address dgykrk gSaA ;g Ja`[kykc) bytes gksrs gSaA

(4) Computer Memory Address “O” 'kq: gksrs gSa Memory esa la[;kvksa dh vf/kdre la[;k dEi;wVj dks izdkj o ij fuHkZj djrh gSa

mnkgj.k%&# include<stdio .h># include<conio .h>Stuct student{char name [20]int rno;int marks;};void main ( ){Struct Student record [2], * ptr;Clrscr ( );For (ptr record; Ptr record+2; ptr++){Prtn+f (\n Enter Name);Gets (ptr name);Print//(“\n Enter roll no.”);Scanf (“o/od”, + ptr >rno);)Ff/sh (stdio); - Memory Clean function Print f(“\n%s) to Ptr++;}}outputEnter Name mahendraEnter Roll No. 10Enter Marks 80Enter Name MukeshEnter Roll No. Mukesh Enter Marks 70

Name Roll No. Marks Mahendra 10 80Mukesh 11 10



Dynamic Memory Allocation:- dHkh dHkh ge viuk izksxzke ju djrs le; ge viuk MkVk cnyuk pkgrs gSaA mlesa dqN Qsj cny djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa Data Structure dk iz;ksx dj Dynamic Memory Management Languages ls tksM+ ldrs gSaA Dynamic Data dks ge Program Run le; cny ldrs gSaA bl fo/kh ds }kjk ge Memory Space bPNkuqlkj ?kVk o c<+k ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa izksxzke ju ds le; Memory Sapce cukuk gks rks ge Dynamic Memory All dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Dynamic Memory Allocation ds fy, ge Memory Management Function Use djrs gSaA tks eseksjh esa Space cukus ds fy, dke vkrk gSaA

‘C’ Program Storagetc ge dksbZ Hkh ‘C’ Program Run djrs gSa rks bl izdkj eseksjh esa viuk Space cukrs gSaA

(1) lcls igys ‘C’ Program ,oa Static a Global Parmanent Storage Area esa viuk Space cukrs gSaA ml Space dks Permanent Store Area dgk tkrk gSaA

(2) mlds ckn Local Variable esa viuk Space cukuk gSaA ml le; dks Stock dgrs gSaA

(3) bu nksuks ds chp dqN Space Free gksrk gSaA ftls Heap dgk tkrk gSaA

Memory Allocation nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa(1) Static Memory Allocation (2) Dynamic Memory Allocation (3) Static Memory Allocation

tc ge dksbZ Simple Variable feclaration djrs gSa rks og Static Memory Allocation gksrk gSaA (2) Dynamic Memory Allocation:- tc ge izksxzke dks ju VkbZe ij Allocation djrs gSa rks og Dynamic Memory Allocation gksrk gSaA blesa Malloc Function dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk # include <alloc.h> header file dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA tc gesa Memory Space dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa rks ge Malloc Function dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA bls Function ds }kjk Block Memory esa Space cukrk gSaA rFkk ,d Pointer Number ykSvkrk gSa tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ?ksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSa ;k ,slk dg ldrs gSaA tks Malloc Function Memory Space ds fy, gksrk gSaA lq=%& Ptr = (type*) malloc (Size byte);blesa geus Ptr ,d Pointer Variable fd;k ftldk izdkj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSaA # include <stdio.h># include <conio.h>


Local Variable

Free Memory

Global Variable

C Program

Instruction

Stock

Heap

Parmanent Stock Area


Programmetc ge Memory esa Space cukrs gSa rks dHkh gesa ml Space dh t:jr ugha jgrh gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl ,d ,slk Space miyC/k gSa tks lksj dk;Z ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ml le; ge Free Function dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;k eseksjh dks Free djus ds fy, Free Function dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA lq= Free (Pointer);Pointer Variable gSaA ftlesa malloc ( ) vFkoik Alloc function ds iz;ksx }kjk Block dk Address vkrk gSaA Free (ptr);Realloc Function:- tc gekjs ikl MkVk vf/kd gksrk gSa ,oa ge malloc (g) vFkok Calloc (0) Function }kjk de Memory Space cuk ysrs gSaA dHkh gekjs ikl MkVk de gskrk gSa vkSj ge eseksjh esa vf/kd Space cuk ysrs gSa bl leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, Relloc Function dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA bl Function ds }kjk ge malloc ( ) vFkok Calloc ( ) Function }kjk cuk;s x;s Block dks Memory Size esa cny ldrs gSa blds fy, gesa ml Block esa base address dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa vkSj malloc () vFkok Calloc ds Function ds iz;ksx }kjk Pointer Variable esa LVksj gks tkrk gSaA

Page No. 45 to 47 fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgk gSaA

UNIT – IIIQkby izcU/ku

Qkby izc/kau (File Management):- vHkh rd geus scanf()vkSj print() QaD’ku iz;ksx fd;s] tks dh&cksMZ rFkk Screen ds chp dk;Z djrs gSaA scanf() }kjk iz;ksx MkVk dks ge rHkh rd iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tc rd izksxzke Execute gksrk jgsxkA izksxzke ds lekIr gksus ij ;g MkVk Lo;e~ lekIr gks tk;sxkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gSa fd bu QaD’kul~ ds iz;ksx ls ge de MkVk dks iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj tgka vf/kd MkVk dks iz;ksx djus dh t:jr gksrh gSa ogka ge Qkby dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Qkby fMLd esa ml LFkku&fo’ks"k dk uke gSa tgka ,d fo"k; ls lacaf/kr MkVk laxzg jgrk gSaA bls ,d uke fn;k tkrk gSa] ftls Qkby dk uke (file name) dgk tkrk gSaA bl Qkby ds uke ds }kjk ge Qkby dks dHkh i<+k tk ldrk gSa] mlesa MkVk dks tksM+k vFkok ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSa vkSj ml Qkby dks u"V Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ^lh^ Qkby ij ;s lkjh fØ;k;sa I/O fØ;k,a ‘C’ Hkk"kk dh ykbczsjh ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSaA

‘C’ esa Qkby ds lkFk fØ;k,a djus ds fy, eq[; Function fuEu izdkj gSa tks ‘C’ esa iz;ksx stdio.h gSMj Qkby esa miyC/k gksrs gSa vr% bu Functions dks iz;ksx djus ls igys stdio.h Qkby dks include fd;k tkrk gSaA

#include<stdio.h>Qkby izcU/ku esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys Functions



(1) fopen ()- ;g Function, Qkby dk iz;ksx ,oa fuekZ.k djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn Qkby eSeksjh esa miyC/k gSa rks ;g ml Qkby dks [kksy nsrk gSaA

(2) fclose()- ftl Qkby dks [kksyk x;k gSa ml Qkby dks can djus ds fy,A(3) putc()-fdlh MkVk Qkby esa v{kj fy[kus ds fy,A(4) getc()- fdlh Qkby ls v{kj i<+us ds fy,A(5) fputs() – fdlh MkVk Qkby esa v{kjksa ds lewg gks fy[kus ds fy,A(6) fgets() – fdlh MkVk Qkby ls v{kjksa ds lewg dks i<+us ds fy,A(7) getw() – fdlh Qkby esa integer eku i<+us ds fy,A(8) putw() – fdlh MsVk Qkby esa integer eku fy[kus ds fy,A (9) fprint() – fdlh Qkby esa MsVk dk ewY; fy[kus ds fy,A(10) fscanf() – fdlh Qkby esa fdlh MsVk dk ewY; i<+us ds fy,A(11) fseek() – fdlh MsVk Qkby esa fuf’pr LFkku dks [kkst djus ds fy,A(12) ftell() – izkjaHk ls ysdj vafre fLFkfr rd iz;ksx esa vkus okyh Byts dh la[;k crkus ds fy,A(13) rewind() – Qkby ds izFke v{kj rd igqapus ds fy,A

fdlh Hkh MsVk Qkby dh Qkby dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, ,d Qkby lwpdkad dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA ftl izdkj ge int, float vkfn izdkj ds lwpdkad iz;ksx djrs gSa] mlh izdkj Qkby ds lkFk fØ;k;sa djus ds fy, dh&oYMZ File izdkj dk ld lwpdkad ifjorZukad vko’;d gksrk gSaA

FILE file_pointer;Qkby izcU/ku ds Functions dk iz;ksx

Fopen() bl Function dk iz;ksx ge ,d Qkby dks [kksyus ds fy, djrs gSa%&

FILE *fp;Fp = fopen (“file_name”, “mode”);tc ge fdlh Qkby dks [kksyrs gSa rks gesa vfuok;Z :i ls ;g ladsr

nsuk iM+rk gSa fd bl Qkby dks fdl fØ;k ds fy, [kksyuk gSa vFkkZr~ Qkby dks [kksyus dk mn~ns’; D;k gSa\ Qkby dks [kksyus ds lw= esa gesa fuEu rhu phtksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA

(1) file pointer (2) file name (3) modevc nwljs LvsVesUV dk v/;;u djus ij vki ik,xsa fd bl Qkby lwpdkad

dks bl Function ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA blesa Qkby dk uke ,oa mode vFkkZr~ Qkby dks [kksyus ds mn~ns’; dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA

Qkby dks [kksyus ds mn~ns’; rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa%&(1) Qkby ds MsVk dks i<+us ds fy,A (2) Qkby esa MsVk dks tksM+us ds fy,A(3) Qkby esa MsVk fy[kus ds fy,A

Qkby [kksyus ds lw= esa Qkby dk uke vkSj eksM fLVªax gSaA vr% bUgsa m)j.k fpUgksa esa j[kk tkuk vfuok;Z gSaA

“eksM” ds }kjk ge mijksDr rhuksa dk;Z fuEu izdkj laikfnr dj ldrs gSa & w – Qkby esa v{kj vFkok v{kjksa ds lewg vFkok fdlh ifjorZukad ds eku dks Qkby esa fy[kus ds fy,A ;fn Qkby igys ls gSa rks og fy[kus ds fy, [kqy tkrh gSa] fdUrq fufgr MsVk feV tkrk gSaA ;fn ml uke dh Qkby ugha gSa rks u;h Qkby cu tkrh gSaA



r - ;fn Qkby dks i<+uk gks rks ge Qkby dks jhfMax eksM esa [kksy Qkby esa tks MsVk lajf{kr gSa mls [kksy i<+ ldrs gSaA a - ,isfUMax vFkok ,M eksM ds }kjk Qkby dk MkVk lajf{kr gjrk gSa rFkk ge ml Qkby ds vUr esa vkSj MkVk ,M dj ldrs gSa ,oa ;fn ml uke dh Qkby u gks rks u;h Qkby cuk nh tkrh gSaA

dqN Compiler Qkby dks i<+us] fy[kus dh lqfo/kk ,d gh ckj Qkby dks [kksyus ds lkFk iznku djrs gSaA a++ - bl izdkj dk eksM iz;ksx djds Qkby dks [kksyus ij ge Qkby dks i<+ vFkok Qkby esa MkVk ,isUM dj ldrs gSaA blds fy, gesa nks ckj Qkby [kksyus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrhAw+ - bl izdkj dk eksM iz;ksx djds Qkby dks [kksyus ij ge Qkby dks i<+ vFkok Qkby esa MkVk jkbV dj ldrs gSaA r+ - bl izdkj dk eksM iz;ksx djds Qkby dks [kksyus ij ge Qkby dks i<+ vFkok Qkby esa MkVk fy[k ldrs gSaA

mode dk ‘+’ fpUg ds lkFk iz;ksx ‘C’ izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk ds izR;sd dEikbyj esa miyC/k ugha gksrk] ijUrq mode dk ‘+’ fpUg ds iz;ksx ds fcuk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

ge ,d lkFk vusd Qkbyksa ds fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq [kksy ldrs gSaA tSls&

FILE *fp2, *fp3, *fp4;fp1 = fopen(“radha”,“r”);fp2 = fopen(“bank”,“w”);fp3 = fopen(“cust”,“a”);fp4 = fopen(“main”,“a+”);

;gka ij geus rhu Qkbyksa radha, bank, cust dks fofHkUu izdkj ds eksM esa [kksykA izFke Qkby radha dks geus i<+us ds fy, [kksykA f}rh; Qkby bank dks geus fy[kus ds fy, [kksyk o r`rh; Qkby cust dks geus MkVk ,M djus ds fy, [kksyk o prqFkZ Qkby u;s MsVk tksM+us ds lkFk&lkFk i<+us o fy[kus nksuksa dk;ksZa ds fy, gSaA

fclose()tc ,d lkFk vusd Qkbysa fofHkUu iz;kstuksa ds fy, [kksyh tkrh gSa] rks iz;kstu iwjk gksrs gh mUgsa cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSa vFkok izksxzke ds lekIr gksus ij lHkh Qkbysa Lor% can gks tkrh gSaA fdUrq Qkby dk iz;kstu iwjk gksrs gh Qkby dks fuEufyf[kr funsZ’k }kjk cUn dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,&

fclose(fole_pointer);tSls gesa mijksDr [kqyh lHkh Qkbyksa dks cUn djuk gks rks ge fuEu funsZ’k nsaxs&

fclose(fp1);fclose(fp2);fclose(fp3);fclose(fp4);

putc():- bl Function dk iz;ksx MkVk Qkby esa v{kj dks fy[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

putc(c,fp);



bl funsZ’k dk ikyu djrs gq, dEikbyj Qkby lwpdkad ls v{kj ifjrZukd ‘C’ dks [kqyh gqbZ Qkby esa jkbV dj nsxkA

putc(‘A’,fp);bl izdkj geus v{kj ‘A’ dks Qkby esa jkbV dj fn;kAtc ge putc() Function dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks buds }kjk [kqyh gqbZ Qkby esa v{kj dgka fy[kk tk,xk] ;g ml Qkby ds eksM ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA ;fn ;g Qkby “w” vFkok “w+” eksM esa [kqyh gqbZ gSa rks putc() Function v{kj ‘A’ dks Qkby ds izFke v{kj ds :i esa jkbV djsxk vkSj fQj tc ge vxyk v{kj putc() Function ds }kjk jkbV djsxsa rks ;g bl v{kj ds ckn jkbV djsxkA ;fn Qkby “a” vFkok “a+” eksM esa [kqyh gSa rks putc() Function, v{kj ‘A’ dks Qkby ds vfUre v{kj ds :i esa jkbV djsxkA bl eksM esa putc() Function }kjk jkbV fd;k x;k v{kj vfUre v{kj ds :i esa gh jkbV gksxkAgetc():- bl Function dk iz;ksx MkVk Qkby ls v{kj dks i<+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

c = getc(fp);bl funsZ’k dk ikyu djrs gq, dEikbyj Qkby lwpdkad fp ls v{kj i<+dj ifjorZukad ‘C’ dks iznku djsxkA Qkby lwpdkad Øe’k% ,d&,d v{kj dks ;k rks i<+rk (getc) vFkok fy[krk (putc) gSaA tc Qkby dh lekfIr EOF ¼,.M vkWQ Qkby½ vkrh gSa rks dEikbyj Lor% dk;Z djuk can dj nsrk gSa] bl rjg Qkby lekfIr ij EOF dk ladsr nsuk vfuok;Z gSaA MkWl esa ;g v{kj ctrl+z (^z) o ;wfuDl esa ;g v{kj ctrl+d (^d) gSaA Example – 1 –

#include <stdio.h>main( ){FILE *fp;Char c;Printf(“\nINPUT LINE AND PRESS EOF MARK :\n”);Fp = fopen(“try”,“w”);While ((c = getchar()) ! = EOF

Putc(c,fp);fclose(fp);printf(“\nDISPLAY”);fp = fopen(“try”,“r”);while((c = getch(fp)) !=EOF)

printf(“%c”,c);fclose(fp);}output INPUT LINE AND PRESS EOF MARKCELEBRATE 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE^ZCELEBRATE 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

fiNys i`"B ij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa geus Qkby izcU/ku esa iz;ksx fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc() Function dk iz;ksx fd;kA loZizFke geus Screen ij Text buiqV djus dk funsZ’k fizUV dj ,d Try uke dks Qkby “w” eksM esa



[kksyksA mlds ckn iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV fd, izR;sd v{kj dks getchar() Function }kjk ifjorZukad c esa LVksj dj ifjorZukad c dks putc() Function }kjk Qkby esa jkbV dj fn;kA getchar() function iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk rc rd buiqV ekaxrk jgsxk tc rd iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk End of file mark iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA Dos esa ;g Ctrl ^dh% ds lkFk v{kj ‘Z’ dks nckdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSa tcfd Unix esa ;g v{kj Ctrl ^dh^ ds lkFk v{kj ‘d’ nckdj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds ckn [kksyh xbZ Qkby dks fclose() Function }kjk can dj fn;kAf}rh; pj.k esa geus Qkby dks “r” eksM esa [kksykA ftlls ge ml Qkby esa LVksj MkVk i<+ ldsaA blds fy, geus getc() Function dk iz;ksx fd;kA loZizFke geus getc() Function }kjk Qkby esa LVksj v{kj ifjorZukad c dks iznku fd;k] mlds ckn ifjorZukad c dks Screen ij fizUV dj fn;kA ;g Øe rc rd pyrk jgsxk tc rd fd End of the mark u vk tk,AExample-2-

#include <stdio.h>main(){

FILE *fp;char c, name[12];print(“\nENTER FILE NAME:”);scanf(“%s”,&name);fflush(stdin(;fp = fopen(name,“r”);while((c = getc(fp)) !=EOF)

printf(“%c”,c);fclose(fp);

}mijksDr mnkgj.k }kjk ge iz;ksxdÙkkZ ls Qkby dk uke buiqV djkrs gSa ftldks fd jhM djuk gSaA iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV dh xbZ Qkby dks geus foU;kl name esa LVksj dj fy;kA vc geus bl foU;kl esa LVksj Qkby dks “r” eksM esa [kksydj getc() Function }kjk Screen ij fizUV dj fn;kAfputs():- ;g Function fdlh MkVk Qkby esa v{kjksa ds lewg dks fy[kus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA lw=%& fputs¼fLVªax_use] Qkby_dk_uke½;tSls eku gekjs ikl ,d foU;kl name gSa mlesa fuEu MkVk LVksj gSa & char name[20];strcpy(name,“RADHA POCKET”);;fn gesa foU;kl name dk eku Qkby esa fy[krk gSa ftldk Qkby lwpdkad fp gSa rks ge bldk iz;ksx fuEu izdkj djsxsa &

fputs(name,fp);fgets():- fdlh MkVk Qkby ls v{kjksa ds lewg vFkok ykbu dks i<+us ds fy, fgets Function dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA lw=& fgets¼foU;kl] vf/kdre v{kjks dh la[;k] Qkby lwpdkad½foU;kl dk rkRi;Z ml foU;kl ls gSa ftl foU;kl esa Qkby ls read fd;k MkVk LVksj gksrk gSaA vf/kdre v{kjksa dh la[;k ls rkRi;Z gSa fd Qkby ls vf/kdre fdrus v{kj i<+s tkus pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn ge Qkby lwpdkad dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftl Qkby ls gesa ;g fLVªax jhM djuh gSaA



……………………char name[100];fp = fopen(“file”,“r”);fgets(name,100,fp);………….………….

Putw() ,oa getw():-bu nksuksa QaD’kuksa dk iz;ksx integer izdkj ds MkVk ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSaA budk dk;Z ogh gSa tks putc() rFkk getc() QaD’kuksa dk gSaA varj dsoy ;g Gsa fd getc() ;k putc() v{kj ds fy, iz;qDr gksrs gSa vkSj putw() ;k get2() iw.kkZadksa ds fy,Alw= & putw(integer,fp);

Getw(fp);tSls & (num = getw(fp)) ! = EOF

Printf(“%d”, num);mnkgj.k &

#include<stdio.h>main(){

FILE *fp2, *fp3;char file [15];int num, ctr;printf(“\nINPUT FILE NAME:”);gets(file);fflush(stdin);fp1=fopen(file,“w”);for(ctr = 0; ctr <25; ctr++);{

printf(“\nENTER INTEGER:”);scanf(“%d”, &num);fflush(stdin);if(num = = 0)

break;putw(num,fp1);

}fclose(fp1);fp1 = fopen(file,“r”);fp2 = fopen(“even”,“w”);

while((num = getw(fp1)) ! = EOF){

if(num%2 = = 0) putw(num,fp2);

}fclose(fp1);fclose(fp2);fp1 = fopen(file,“r”);



fp2 = fopen(“even”,“r”)printf(“\n\ncontents of %s file”,file);

while((num = getw(fp1) !=EOFprintf(“%4d “,num);

printf(“\n\nContents of even file”);while((num = getw(fp2) !=EOF)

printf(“%4d ”,num);fclose(fp1);fclose(fp2);}outputINPUT FILE NAME RADHAENTER INTEGER 1ENTER INTEGER 2ENTER INTEGER 3ENTER INTEGER 4ENTER INTEGER 5ENTER INTEGER 6ENTER INTEGER 7ENTER INTEGER 8ENTER INTEGER 9ENTER INTEGER 0Contents of RADHA file:- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Contents of even file:- 2 4 6 8

Fprint() ,oa fscanf():- ;s nksuksa Function yxHkx ogh dk;Z djrs gSa tks printf() rFkk scanf() Function djrs gSaA vUrj ;g gSa fd funsZ’k Qkby ij dk;Z djrs gSaA getc(), getw(), putc(), putw() ;s Function ,d ,d v{kj vFkok iw.kkZad dks i<+us ;k fy[kus dk dk;Z djrs gSa fdUrq fprintf() o fscanf() Function Qkby esa fufgr fefJr MsVk dks ,d lkFk i<+us ;k fy[kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s funsZ’k Hkh lEiw.kZ fLVªax i<+us ds ckn EOF dk ladsr nsrs gSaALw= & fprint)fp, “control string”, list);

Fscanf(fp, “control string”,list);tSls & fprint(fp, “%d %s %f”, rno,name,weight);

fscan(fp, “%s %d”, name, & marks);

mnkgj.k & #include<stdio.h>main(){

FILE *fp;Int qty, price, amt, ctr, total = 0;char file [10], item[20];printf(“\nINPUT FILE NAME:”);scanf(stdin,“%s %d %d”, item, &qty, &price);fflush(stdin);



fp = fopen(file,“w”);printf(“\n\t******INPUT******);for(ctr=0; ctr <4; ctr++){

print(“\nITEM NAME\tQTY.\tPRICE\n”);fscanf(stdin, “%s %d %d”, item, &qty, &price);fprintf(fp, “%s %d %d\n”,item,qty,price);

}fclose(fp);fprintf(stdout,“\n******\t******\t******\n”);fp = fopen(file,“r”);printf(“\n\nNAME \tQTY\tPRICE\tAMOUNT\n\n”);for(ctr = 0; ctr <4; ctr++){

fscanf(fp,“%s %d %d, item, &qty, &price);amt = qty * price;fprintf(stdout,“\n%s\t%d\t%d\t%d”,item, qty, price, amt);amt = 0;

}fclose(fp);}fclose(fp);

}OutputINPUT FILE NAME : RADHA ******INPUT******ITEM NAME QTY PRICEA2ZCOM 61 60A2ZACC 75 60A2ZQUE 100 60A2ZDTP 220 100

****** **** *****

NAME QTY PRICE AMOUNTA2ZCOM 61 60 3660A2ZACC 75 60 4500A2ZQUE 100 60 6000A2ZDTP 220 100 22000

TOTAL 36160tc gesa ,d ls T;knk izdkj ds MkVk dks ,d gh Function ds }kjk iz;ksx djuk gks rks ge fscanf() vFkok fprint() Function dk iz;ksx djrs gSaAmijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus fscanf() ,oa fprintf() Function dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl izksxzke esa iz;ksdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV fd;k x;k MkVk mlh ds }kjk buiqV dh xbZ Qkby esa Hkh lqjf{kr gksxkA loZizFke geus iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk ml



Qkby dk uke buiqV djk;k ftl Qkby esa og MkVk LVksj djuk pkgrk gSaA iz;ksdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV dh xbZ Qkby dks fopen() Function }kjk jkbV eksM esa [kksyk x;kA mlds ckn iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk item, name, qty ,oa price buiqV djk, x,A bl izdkj geus ns[kk fd item character (char) izdkj dk ,oa ckdh nksuksa ifjorZukad integer (int) izdkj ds gSaA iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV fd;k x;k MkVk fscanf() Function dh lgk;rk ls iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV Qkby esa jkbV djk;k x;kA izksxzke ds f}rh; pj.k esa geus iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV dh xbZ Qkby dks “r” eksM esa [kksyk ,oa fscanf() Function dh lgk;rk ls Qkby esa LVksj MkVk dks lEcfU/kr ifjorZukadksa esa LVksj dj fprint() ,oa stdout Function dh lgk;rk ls Screen ij iznf’kZr fd;kAfseek():- bl Function dk iz;ksx MsVk Qkby esa ,d fuf’pr LFkku dh [kkst djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA

fseek(file_pointer, offset, position);;gka ij fLVªax offset dk rkRi;Z dksbZ Hkh uEcj vFkok long int izdkj dk ifjorZukad gSaA

fseek(fp, OL, 0) Qkby ds izkjaHk esa tkus ds fy,Afseek(fp, OL, 1) orZeku fLFkfr ij :dus ds fy,Afseek(fp, OL, 2) Qkby ds vUr esa tkus ds fy,Afseek(fp, m, 0) m+1 ckbV vkxs c<+us ds fy,Afseek(fp, m, 1) m ckbV vkxs c<+us ds fy,Afseek(fp, -m, 1) orZeku fLFkfr ls m ckbV ihNs tkus ds fy,Afseek(fp, -m, 2) ckbV Qkby ds izkjaHk esa tkus ds fy,Afseek(fp, -m, 0) ckbV Qkby ds izkjaHk esa tkus ds fy,Afseek(fp, -m, 1) ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[kus ds fy,Afseek(fp, -m, 2) Qkby ds var esa tkus ds fy,A

Ftell():- bl funsZ’k }kjk ;g irk py tk;sxk fd vkjaHk ls orZeku fLFkfr rd fdrus ckbV~l dk mi;ksx gks pqdk gSaA

N = ftell(file_pointer);;gka ij ifjorZukad n ,d long integer (long int) ifjorZukad gSaA bl Function }kjk ge Qkby dh orZeku fLFkfr vFkkZr~ Qkby lwpdkad }kjk vHkh rd fdruh ckbV~l iz;ksx dh tk pqdh gSaA rewind():- bl funsZ’k }kjk Qkby lwpdkad Qkby ds vkjaHk esa lsV gks tkrk gSaA bldk ykHk ;g gSa fd ge ,d gh Qkby dks dbZ ckn vkjke ls i<+ ;k fy[k ldrs gSa] mls ckj ckj u rks [kksyuk iM+sxk] u can djuk iM+sxkA

rewind(file_fpointer);;fn gekjk Qkby lwpdkad fp gSa rks ge fuEu izdkj funsZ’k nsrs gSa &

rewing(fp);feof():- bl Function dk iz;ksx Qkby ds vUr dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn Qkby dk iwjk MkVk i<+k tk pqdk gSa rks ;g Function v’kwU; iw.kkZad



(Nonzero integer) ykSvkrk gSa ;fn Qkby dk MkVk vHkh iwjk ugha i<+k x;k rks ;g 'kwU; ykSVkrk gSaA bl izdkj ge fy[k ldrs gSaA

feof(file_pointer);if(feof(fp) = =0)

print(“\nNOT EOF”);vkSj

if(feof(fp))print(“\nEND OF FILE”);

ferror():- bldk iz;ksx dh jhfMax dks pSd djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn lgh izdkj MkVk i<+k tk jgk gSa rks ;g 'kwU; ykSVkrk gSa vkSj ;fn Qkby lgh izdkj ugha i<+h tk jgha gSa rks v’kwU; iw.kkZad (Nonzero Integer) ykSVkrk gSaA

forror(file_pointer);tSls &

if(ferror(fp) !=0)printf(“\nNOT Read”);

dHkh&dHkh ,slh fLFkfr vkrh gSa fd Qkby lgh izdkj ugha [kqy ikrh ge ;g pSd dj ldrs gSa dh Qkby lgh izdkj [kqyh vFkok ughA ;fn Qkby lwpdkad dk eku 'kwU; (NULL) gksrk gSa rks bldk vFkZ gSa fd Qkby ogha [kqy ldhA

if(file pointer = = NULL)printf(“\nFile Could Not Be Opened”);

Command Line Arguments:- tc dHkh Hkh gesa izkWEIV ij dksbZ dek.M nsrs gSa rks og ,d dek.M ykbu vkjX;qesUV gksrh gSaA blesa lcls igys ml izksxzke dk uke fy[kk tkrk gSa tks Execute gksrk gSa vFkkZr~ tSls gesa ,d Qkby dk uke cnyuk gks rks fuEu dek.M dk iz;ksx djsaxsA Ekuk rename ,d ‘C’ esa fy[kk izksxzke gSa tks Qkby dk uke cnyrk gSaA

Rename first.c main.cmijksDr ykbu iw.kZ dek.M ykbu vkjX;qesUV dgyk;sxhA ge tkurs gSa fd izR;sd ^lh^ izksxzke esa ,d main() Functin vo’; gksrk gSaA ;g ,d izdkj ge main() Function dks Hkh eku iznku dj ldrs gSaA ge main() function dks nks vkjX;qesUV argc rFkk argv ikl djrs gSaA tks iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk dek.M ykbu ij fn;s tkrs gSaA argc ,d vkjX;qesUV dkmUVj gSa tks n’kkZrk gSa dh iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk fdrus vkjX;qesUV dek.M ykbu esa iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSaA argv ,d char izdkj dk foU;kl gSa ftldk vkdkj argc ftruk gksrk gSaA blesa iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk iz;ksx fd;s x;s vkjX;qesUV LVksj gksrs gSaA tSls & rename first.c main.cbl dek.M esa ifjorZukad argc dk eku 3 ,oa argc rhu element dk ,d char izdkj dk foU;kl gSa blesa fuEu Øe ls eku LVksj gksxsa&

argv[0]-rename argv[1]-first.cargv[2]-main.c

mijksDr nksuksa ifjorZukadks argc ,oa argv dks gesa main() Function ds vo’; ?kksf"kr djuk gksrk gSaA

main(argc, argv)



int argc;char *argv[];{……..……..}

blds fy, ;g vko’;d gSa fd argv[0] ges’kk izksxzke dk uke gksAmnkgj.k& MkWl izkWEIV ij izksxzke dh executable Qkby dk uke fy[kdj ftl Qkby ds Contents ns[kus gSa mldk uke Vkbi djds enter ^dh^ nckus ls okafNr Qkby ds Contents vFkkZr~ Qkby esa fLFkr VSDLV Screen ij fizUV gks tk,xkAekuk bl izksxzke dh Executable Qkby dk uke Display gSa vkSj bl readme Qkby ds Contents ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks vxz izdkj dek.M nsxsaA

#include<stdio.h>main(argc, argv)int argc;char *argv[];{

FILE *fp;fp = fopen(argv[1], “r”);if(fp = = NULL){

printf(“\nFile does not exits\n”);exit();

}while((c = getc(fp)) ! = EOF)

printf(“%c”,c);fclose(fp);}

Program <file name>MijksDr izksxzke ds fy, dek.M ykbu vkjX;qesUV fuEu izdkj gksxkADisplay readmebl izdkj ifjorZukad argc dk eku 2 ,oa argv[0] dk eku display o argv[1] dk eku readme gksxkAmnkgj.k &

#include <stdio.h>main(argc, argv)int argc;char *argv[];{

FILE *fp, *fp1;int ans = 0;char c:fp = fopen (argv[1], “r”);if(fp == NULL)(



print(“\nFile does not exists\n”);exit();

}if(fp1 !=NULL){

printf(“\nFile already exists\nPress 1 to overwrite:”);scanf(“%d,&ans);if(ans ==1)

goto ok;else

exit();}

ok;fclose(fp1);

fp1 = fopen(argv[2], “w”);while((c = getc(fp) ! = EOF)

putc(c,fp1);fclose(fp);fclose(fp1);}

fiNys i`"B ij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ,slk izksxzke cuk;k x;k ftlls ge ,d Qkby ds v{kj nwljh Qkby esa jkbV dj ldsaxs vFkkZr~ bl izksxzke dks ge MkWl dh dkWih vFkok ;wfuDl dh cp dek.M dh Hkkafr iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA MkWl izkWEIV dj izksxzke dks Executable Qkby dk uke fy[kdj mlds vkxs ml Qkby dk uke fy[ksaxs ftl Qkby ds Contents ge nwljh Qkby esa jkbV djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj var esa ge ml Qkby dk ¼ubZ Qkby dk uke½ fyf[kaxs ftl Qkby esa ge Contents jkbV djuk pkgrs gSaA ftl Qkby esa ge Contents jkbV djuk pkgrs gSa ;fn og Qkby igys ls fLFkr gSa rks izksxzke iz;ksxdÙkkZ ls vksojjkbV djus dks iwNrk gSaA ;fn iz;ksxdÙkkZ 1 nckrk gSa rks og Qkby dks vksojkbV dj nsxk vU;Fkk og izksxzke dk dk;kZUo;u izksxzke ls ckgj vk tk,xkA ekuk izksxzke dks Executable Qkby dk uke nakal gSa vkSj ge radha Qkby ds Contents arun uke dh Qkby esa jkbV djuk pkgrs gSa rks ge dek.M ykbu vkjX;qesUV fuEu izdkj nsxsa&

nakal radha arunvkb, vc ge vxys v/;k; dh vksj pysaA vxys v/;k; esa ge izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk ‘C’ esa Mk;ukfed Le`fr foHkktu fyaDM fyLV ,oa izkslslj (Dynamic Memory Allocation Linked List and Preprocessor) ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsAMk;usfed Le`fr foHkktu (Dynamic Memory Allocation):- dHkh&dHkh gesa ,slh vko’;drk gksrh gSa fd ge izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; viuk MkVk cnyuk pkgrs gSa vFkok MkVk esa dqN Qsj&cny djuk pkgrs gSaA tSls gesa fdlh QeZ ds xzkgdksa dh ,d fyLV esa izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds nkSjku Qsj cny djrs gks rks ge Dynamic Data Structure dk iz;ksx dj Dynamic Memory Management Techniques ls ,slk dj ldrs gSaA Dynamic Data dks ge izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; cny ldrs gSaA bl fof/k ds }kjk ge bPNkuqlkj eseksjh Lisl c<+k vFkok ?kVk ldrs gSaA ge vHkh rd MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy, foU;kl dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu tc ge foU;kl dk iz;ksx djrs



gSa rks ge foU;kl dk vkdkj izksxzke esa igys ls gh ?kksf"kr dj nsrs gSaA ;fn ge mlesa ?kksf"kr vkdkj ls de MkVk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks eseksjh Lisl dk iwjk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA tcfd foU;kl ds ?kksf"kr gksus ij eseksjh esa Lisl cu tkrk gSa ;fn gesa izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; eseksjh Lisl cukuk gks rks ge Dynamic Memory Allocation dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Dynamic Memory Allocation ds fy, ge Memory Management dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks eseksjh esa Lisl cukus] Lisl dks fjDr djus esa dke vkrs gSaA

Malloc ;g Function Memory esa Lisl cukus ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSaA

Calloc ;g Function Hkh eSeksjh esa Lisl cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Free ;g Function Memory Lisl dks fjDr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Realloc ;g Funciton Memory Lisl dk vkdkj cnyus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Storage of C Programe

tc ge dksbZ ^lh^ izksxzke ju djrs gSa rks mijksDr izdkj ls eSeksjh esa Lisl curk gSaA lcls igys ^lh^ izksxzke ,oa Static o Global ifjorZukad Parmanent Storage Area esa viuk Lisl cukrs gSa vFkok ml Lisl dks Parmanent Storage Area dgk tkrk gSaA blds ckn ^lh^ izksxzke esa iz;ksx yksdy ifjorZukad tgka viuk Lisl cukrs gSa ml Lfkku dks Stack dgk tkrk gSaA Parmanent Storage Area ,oa Stack ds chp eSeksjh esa dqN Lisl fjDr gksrk gSaA ftls Heap dgk tkrk gSaA bl Lisl dk vkdkj izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; cnyrk jgrk gSaA D;ksafd bldk vkdkj izksxzke esa iz;ksx yksdy ifjorZukadks ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA yksdy ifjorZukadks dh e`R;q ij bldk vkdkj vf/kd o ?kksf"kr gksus ij bldk vkdkj de gks tkrk gSaA blfy, dHkh&dHkh bl izdkj dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSa fd ge izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; eSeksjh esa Lisl ugha cuk ikrsAmalloc():- tc gesa eSeksjh Lisl dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa rks ge malloc() Function dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl Function ds }kjk ,d Block eSeksjh esa Lisl cukrk gSa rFkk ,d lwpdkad uEcj ykSVkrk gSa tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA lw=& ptr = (type*)malloc(size byte);;gka geus ptr ,d lwpdkad ifjorZukad fy;k ftldk izdkj izksxzke esa ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSaA

ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));


Local Variable

Free Memory

Grobal Variable

C ProgramInstruction

Stack

Heap

Parmanent Stock Area


mijksDr LvsVesUV ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij malloc() Function nks CkbV dk eSeksjh Lisl ^lh^ izksxzke }kjk cuk, x, ghi eSeksjh Lfkku ij cuk,xkA mijksDr LvsVesUV esa malloc() Function esa Integer (int) izdkj dk Lisl cukus ds fy, (int*) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA bl izdkj ;g Function Memory esa Integer (int) izdkj ds eku ds fy, Lisl cuk;sxk rFkk ifjorZukad ptr dks igyh ckbV dk Address iznku djsxkA ;gka ij gesa ptr dks integer (int) izdkj dk ?kksf"kr djuk gksxkAchar *ch;ch = (char*)malloc(5);1 2 3 4 5ch addresstSls & Struct link list *new;

new = (Struct link list*)malloc(sizeof(struct lin_list));;gka ij geus ,d lwpdkad ifjorZukad new structure link_list izdkj dk ?kksf"kr fd;kA blds ckn geus malloc Function dks lgk;rk ls ,d structure link_list ds fy, Lisl eSeksjh esa cuk;kA malloc Function ifjorZukad new dks structure link_list ds fy, cuk;s x;s Lisl dh igyh ckbV dk Address iznku djsxkA ;fn eSeksjh esa Lisl ugha curk gSa rks ifjorZukad new esa NULL fLFkj gks tk;sxkA bl izdkj ge pSd dj ldrs gSa fd eSeksjh esa Lisl cuk vFkok ughaAmnkgj.k&

#include <stdio.h>main(){

int “ptr,”new, ctr=0new = (int*)malloc(3*sizeof(int));new = = NULL){

printf(“\nNO SPACE”);exit();

}printf(“\nInput Three Integers:”0;for(ptr = new; ptr <new+3;ptr++)

scanf(“%d”,ptr);printf(“\nVALUE\tADDRESS”);for(ptr = new; ptr <new+3; ptr++)

printf(“\n%d\t%u”,*ptr,ptr);iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV fd, x, iw.kkZadksa dks malloc() Function ds }kjk cuk, x, Lisl esa LVksj fd;kAloZizFke lwpdkad ifjorZukad new dks geus malloc() Function }kjk cuk, x, Lisl dh izFke ckbV dk Address iznku fd;kA ;fn malloc() Function ghi eSeksjh esa Lisl cukus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSa rks gekjs }kjk iz;ksx lwpdkad ifjorZukad esa NULL LVksj gksrk gSaA blhfy, geus new = = NULL LVsVesUV }kjk tkapk fd] D;k malloc() Function }kjk mfpr Lisl vu;k x;k vFkok ughaA ;fn Function }kjk Lisl ugha cuk;k x;k rks ^lh^ izksxzke dk lekiu gks tkrk gSa vkSj ;fn cuk;k x;k gSa rks og iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV



dh xbZ la[;k dks malloc() Function }kjk cukbZ xbZ eSeksjh esa LVksj djrk gSaA calloc():- bl Function ds }kjk Hkh ge eSeksjh esa Lisl cukrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx eq[;r% foU;kl vFkok Structure dks LVksj djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA malloc() ds }kjk ge ,d Block dk eSeksjh Lisl cuk ldrs FksA ysfdu calloc() Function dh lgk;rk ls ge ,d gh vkdkj ds dbZ Block eSeksjh esa ,d lkFk gSaA lw=%& ptr = (type*)calloc(n,elements);

ptr = ¼eSeksjh dk izdkj *½calloc¼la[;k] CykWd dk vkdkj½;bl LVsVesUV ds iz;ksx }kjk gesa Block izkIr gksxsa] ftrus Block geus la[;k ds LFkku ij iz;qDr fd;s gSaA izR;sd Block dk vkdkj] CykWd ds vkdkj esa fn;s x;s eku ftruk gksxkA ;g eSeksjh esa yxkrkj Lisl cukrk gSa vkSj izR;sd ckbV~l dks 'kwU; iznku djrk gSaA

……….……….{

int cust_no;int cust_na;int cust_bal;

}; struct list customer, *cust;cust = (customer *)calloc(10,sizeof(customer));………..………..

bl LVsVesUV }kjk geus bu xzkgdksa ds fjdkMZ ds fy, eSeksjh esa Lisl cuk;kA ;fn ifjorZukad cust dk eku NULL vFkkZr~ 'kwU; ugha gSa rks bldk ;g rkRi;Z gSa fd eSeksjh esa Lisl cu x;kA ;fn ifjorZukad cust dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSa rks bldk rkRi;Z ;g gSa fd eSeksjh esa Lisl ugha cukA

if(cust = =NULL)printf(“\nNot Memory Space”);

Free():- tc dHkh ge eSeksjh esa Lisl cukrs gSa rks ge ml Lisl esa MkVk LVksj dj ldrs gSa ysfdu dHkh&dHkh ,slh vko’;drk vkrh gSa fd geus tks Lisl cuk;k vFkok tks gekjs ikl Lisl miyC/k gSa] gesa mldh vko’;drk ugha gksrhA tc ,slh fLFkfr vkrh gSa rks gekjs ikl tks Lisl miyC/k gksrk gSa mls nwljs dk;Z ds fy, NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A Lisl dks fjDr djus ds fy, ge free() Function dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Lw=&free ¼lwpdkad½;lwpdkad ifjorZukad gSa ftlesa malloc() vFkok calloc() vFkok Function ds iz;ksx }kjk CykWd dk Address vkrk gSaA

free(ptr);realloc():- dHkh gekjs ikl MkVk vf/kd gksrk gSa ,oa ge malloc() vFkok calloc() Function }kjk de eSeksjh Lisl cuk ysrs gSaA dHkh gekjs ikl de MkVk gksrk gSa vkSj ge eSeksjh esa vf/kd Lisl cuk ysrs gSaA bu leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, ge realloc() Functin dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl Function }kjk ge realloc() vFkok calloc() Function }kjk cuk;s x;s CykWd dk eSeksjh vkdkj cny ldrs gSaA blds fy, gesa ml CykWd esa Base Address dh



vko’;drk gksrh gSa tks malloc() vFkok calloc() Function ds iz;ksx }kjk lwpdkad ifjorZukad esa LVksj gks tkrk gSaA lw=& lwpdkad = realloc ¼lwpdkad] u;k vkdkj½;

ptr = realloc(ptr,new size);tSls & ptr = (int*)malloc(100*sizeof(int));

ptr = realloc(ptr,50*sizeof(int));c<+k;s vFkok ?kVk;sA ml LFkku ij Lisl uk miyC/k gksus ij realloc() Function nwljs LFkku ij u;k CykWd cuk nsrk gSa rFkk iwjkus CykWd ds Contents u;s Block esa LVksj dj nsrk gSaA realloc() Function Block dk izFke Address lwpdkad dks iznku djrk gSaA


advance c notes rahul singh

Education

gksrs gsaa

kz gsaa computer ds

djrk gsaa g shell dks

rk gsaa g file system

linux ds eq

hkkxksa esa fohkkftr

cny ldrs gsaa bl fokh

information linux file